SALIVARY GLANDS

There are three pairs of salivary glands empty their

secretions into the mouth. These are the parotid,
submandibular, and sublingual glands, in addition to
minor accessory salivary glands. The product of the
salivary glands, saliva, is a mixture of mucus and serous
fluids. The parotid produces serous secretions,
submandibular gland mixture of serous and mucus
secretions, and sublingual gland mucous secretions. The
mucus moistens the food, which makes chewing and
swallowing easier. The serous portion contains amylase,
which is bicarbonate-rich (alkaline) enzyme responsible for
starch digestion in the mouth.
 The parotid gland
This is the largest of the salivary glands, wedged around
the ramus of mandible. The parotid (Stensen) duct arises
from the anterior aspect of the gland, to open opposite the
second upper molar tooth.
The facial nerve traverses the substance of a gland, and
sandwiched between the deep and superficial lobes. The
branches of the nerve then emerge at the anterior aspect of
the gland to supply the muscles of the face.
Relations:
Posteriorly: The ears, and external auditory meatus.
Medially: The mandible, and masseter muscle.
The submandibular gland:
The submandibular gland is made up of a large superficial
and a small deep lobe in the submandibular region. The
submandibular (Wharton’s) duct runs forward, to open at
the side of the frenulum of the tongue.
The sublingual gland:
This gland lies at the floor of the mouth, and opens by a
series of ducts into this floor.
 Sample question
Choose the most appropriate answer
Submandibular Salivary gland:
a) Located below the tongue
b) Its duct called Stenson’s duct
c) Type of secretion is mixed
d) It has three lobes
Sample question ‫عملي‬

Identify the structures:

1

3
 BLOOD SUPPLY OF GIT

Arteries:
1. Stomach: Celiac trunk (or axis), arises from the aorta,
(1st branch of abdominal aorta). It supplies the stomach,
and also, gives branches; splenic and common hepatic
arteries. The corresponding veins drains to the portal vein.
2. Small intestine: Superior mesenteric artery arises from
the aorta.
3. Large intestine: Superior and inferior mesenteric
arteries arise from the aorta.
Portal circulation:
The portal vein, which is formed by union of splenic and
superior mesenteric veins, behind the neck of pancreas.
The inferior mesenteric vein drains to splenic vein. All
blood of GIT is drained to the liver by portal circulation.
NERVE SUPPLY OF GIT
The alimentary canal wall contains two intrinsic nerve
endings: the submucosal and the myenteric nerve
plexuses. These networks of nerve fibers are part of the
autonomic nervous system, which regulate the mobility
and secretory activity of GIT organs. These are
sympathetic (T1- L2) and parasympathetic (vagus and
S2,3,4) nerves.
 LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
The lymphatic vessels drain lymph to groups of lymph
nodes around the supplying arteries, which goes to the
para-aortic lymph nodes.

RETROPERITONEAL STRUCTURES
These are; the duodenum, pancreas, porta hepatis,
ascending and descending colon and the lower rectum.
 Sample question
Extended match question

Blood supply of GIT

1. Stomach A.Superior mesenteric artery
B.Inferior mesenteric artery
2. Small bowel
C.Coeliac artery
3. Large bowel D.Femoral artery
 B
Sample question ‫عملي‬ A C

Identify the structure

A

C
Thank You