Grammar 1 Materi (Modul)

Retail Shopping
Listening
Retail Shopping
Exercise 1
COMPLETE THE QUESTIONS
Listen to the recording. Complete the questions.

Place a star beside the questions a retail worker
Ex. Is this shirt on sale ?
1. How will you be today?
2. Is there on children’s wear?
3. Do you need a gift ?
4. Is this part of the buy one, sale?
5. What’s your policy?
6. May I try these in a 7 1/2?
7. Is there a on electronics?
8. Do you have a club discount ?
9. ?
10. for?
( V E R S I O N 1. 0) 1
Phonics & Pronunciation
/v/
Simple Present
Yes/No Questions
Wh- Questions
1 Pronouncing /v/
Pronouns 1
Comparative Adjectives
Can you make& the

Gerunds voiced /v/ sound?
Infinitives
Follow the steps below and look at the picture.
Modals of Ability: Can & Could
1 Place your front teeth on your bottom lip.
Modals of Necessity: Have to & Have Got to
2 Push some air out.
Singular & Plural Nouns
3 Make a sound in your throat.
/v/
Copyright 2018, Red River Press Inc. For use by ESL Library members only. (VERSION 1.0) 1
/v/
1 Pronouncing /v/
Can you make the voiced /v/ sound?

/v/
Fun Grammar Lessons
Simple Present
1 Grammar Notes 2
2 Multiple-Choice 5
3 Fill in the Blanks 6
4 Questions & Answers 7
5 Bingo! 9
6 Pair Work 10
7 Writing 14
8 Find Someone Who 15
Simple Present
Fun Grammar Lessons
1 Grammar Notes
A. Form
The simple present is formed from
Base Verb
(run, eat, talk, like, etc.)
the base verb (the verb with no endings).
OR
We must add -s to a verb when the subject
is he, she, it, a singular count noun, or a
Base Verb + -s
(runs, eats, talks, likes, etc.)
non-count noun.
Pronouns
Singular Plural
First Person I run. We run.
Second Person You run. You run.
Third Person He / She / It runs. They run.
Singular Count Nouns Plural Count Nouns Non-Count Nouns

(1) (2 or more) (we can’t count how many)
• My friend runs. • My classmates run. • Water runs

• My dog sleeps on • The children play at down the drain.
my bed every night. the park on weekends. • Rice the bowl.
Simple Present
Fun Grammar Lessons
1 Grammar Notes cont.

B. Uses
Repeated Actions
We use the simple present for actions

that happen over and over. Time markers
(words that indicate the tense of a verb)
are common with repeated actions.
Common Time Markers Examples
Every
• I wash my face every day.
(every day, every week, • She brushes her teeth every night.
every month, every year, etc.)
Once, twice, three times, four times, etc.

• They do their homework three times a week.
(once a week, twice a month, • My sister her boyfriend twice a day.
three times a year, four times a day, etc.)
Adverbs of frequency*
(always, almost always, often,
• My friends always play video games together.
sometimes, almost never, never, etc.)
• He never eats breakfast.
You will study adverbs of frequency
in another lesson.
True Facts
We use the simple present if the sentence is always true.
• Water boils at 212 degrees Fahrenheit.

• Leaves off the trees in autumn.
Simple Present
Fun Grammar Lessons

B. Uses cont.
Non-Action Verbs
Verbs that don’t contain an action or movement are called

non-action verbs. These verbs are usually in the simple present.
Non-Action Verbs Examples
Be
• She is hungry.
Note: You will study the
Be verb in another lesson.
• My brothers are good at basketball.
• He has a dog.
Have
• I have many books on my bookshelf.
Feelings • My mother likes pizza.

(love, like, hate, feel, etc.) • My friends love snowboarding. / My friends love to snowboard.
Thinking verbs • She thinks our new teacher is nice.

(think, know, believe, etc.) • We know all the capital cities in Europe.
The senses • Ice cream tastes delicious.

(see, hear, taste, smell, etc.) • Those flowers nice.
Schedules
We often use the simple • SpongeBob Squarepants airs on

present for schedules in channel 22 at 4:00 pm tomorrow.
English. This includes TV • Bus #451 leaves from the station at 9:00 pm tonight.
schedules, transportation • The principal addresses our class tomorrow morning.
timetables, school schedules, • I go to the doctor at 10:00 am next Friday.
personal schedules, etc.
Simple Present
Fun Grammar Lessons
2 Multiple-Choice
Choose the correct answer.
Ex My mother for work 5 Some people to

at 6:00 am every morning. the movies on Friday nights.
a) leaves a) goes
b) leave b) go
1 The show at 7:00 pm. 6 Your dog holes

in my yard at night.
a) starts
b) start a) digs
b) dig
2 We in the park 7 Children in

in the evenings. the lake every summer.
a) jogs a) swims
b) jog b) swim
3 Water at 32°F. 8 Their house beautiful.
a) freezes a) looks
b) freeze b) look
4 My neighbor his 9 She a lot of

lawn three times a week. text messages every day.
a) mows a) gets
b) mow b) get
Simple Present
Fun Grammar Lessons
3
Choose a verb from the box, and write the
correct simple present form in the sentences below.
Ex His sister sings karaoke on Tuesday evenings. Verbs:
• go
• sing
1 My dog on me when I get home.
• set
• jump
• study
2 They to school at 8:30 every morning.
• write
• feel
• work
3 My brother the table every evening, and I do the dishes.
4 At the end of the year, we for our exams.
5 She in her journal every day.
6 My father in an office downtown.
7 I sick when I eat junk food.
Simple Present
Fun Grammar Lessons
4 Questions & Answers

Examples
Questions Short Answers
• Do you like snowboarding? • Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.

• Does he eat dinner at 7:30 pm? • Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t.
• Do they need to finish the report? • Yes, they do. / No, they don’t.
• Does she go to elementary school? • Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t.
• Do we study English every day? • Yes, we do. / No, we don’t.
A. Short Answers
Write a short answer for each question
using the word in parentheses.
Ex Does he play football after school? (no)

No, he doesn’t.
1 Do they go to church on Sundays? (yes)
2 Does she take ballet lessons twice a week? (yes)
3 Do they like broccoli? (no)
4 Do you live in the city? (yes)
Simple Present
Fun Grammar Lessons
4 Questions & Answers cont.

B. Questions
Write a question for each answer using the words in parentheses.
Ex Do they study every day?

Yes, they do. (study every day)
1
No, she doesn’t. (go to school on weekends)
2
Yes, I do.
3
Yes, he does. (have a dog)
4
No, they don’t. (own a motorhome)
Simple Present
Fun Grammar Lessons
5 Bingo!
Ask different classmates these questions. When
someone answers “Yes, I do” draw an X through
the square. If you get a complete horizontal (—),
vertical (|), or diagonal (/ or \) line, yell “Bingo!”
Do you
Do you like Do you Do you wear Do you watch
wash your face
ice cream? have a cat? jeans to school? TV every night?
every day?
Do you go to
Do you like Do you play Do you Do you
the beach in
playing games? an instrument? take the bus? like animals?
the summer?
Do you clean Do you have

Do you Do you
your room on FREE SPACE a brother
have a dog? like sushi?
weekends? or sister?
Do you Do you wear

Do you play Do you Do you like
brush your hair sneakers
any sports? like pizza? to dance?
every day? to school?
Do you brush Do you wear Do you do your Do you

Do you like
your teeth boots when homework five drink water
hamburgers?
before bed? it rains? times a week? every day?
Simple Present
Fun Grammar Lessons
6 Pair Work (Student A)

A. Speaking Practice
Ask your partner questions to fill in the missing information.
Examples
1 A: What time does Maria wake up? 2 B: What time does John wake up?
B: She wakes up at 6:30 am. A: He wakes up at 6:15 am.
wakes eats goes eats eats does goes

up breakfast to school lunch dinner homework to bed
6:15 am 8:30 am 7:00 pm 11:00 pm

John
7:45 am 12:00 pm 7:15 pm

Maria
Simple Present
Fun Grammar Lessons
6 Pair Work (Student A) cont.

B. Writing Practice
Now write 6 sentences about John’s daily routine.
Ex John wakes up at 6:15 am.
Simple Present
Fun Grammar Lessons
6 Pair Work (Student B)

Ask your partner questions to fill in the missing information.
Examples
1 B: What time does John wake up? 2 A: What time does Maria wake up?
A: She wakes up at 6:15 am. B: He wakes up at 6:30 am.
wakes eats goes eats eats does goes

up breakfast to school lunch dinner homework to bed
7:20 am 12:15 pm 8:15 pm

John
6:30 am 8:40 am 6:00 pm 10:30 pm

Maria
Simple Present
Fun Grammar Lessons
6 Pair Work (Student B) cont.

B. Writing Practice
Now write 6 sentences about Maria’s daily routine.
Ex Maria wakes up at 6:30 am.
Simple Present
Fun Grammar Lessons
7 Writing
Write about your daily routine. Example:
Use simple present verbs. I wake up at 6:00 am every day.
I shower, wash my face, and brush my teeth.
At 8:00 am, I eat breakfast...
Simple Present
Fun Grammar Lessons
8 Find Someone Who

Write the questions in the chart. Then interview
your classmates. If your classmate answers “Yes, I do”
write his or her name in the space on the right.
# Find someone who... Question Name
eats breakfast Do you eat breakfast

1 every morning. every morning?
wears the same

2 jacket every day.
spends time with his or

3 her family on weekends.
brushes his or her

4 teeth twice a day.
watches TV
5 on school nights.
plays sports 10 or
6 more times a month.
7 has a cell phone.
8 likes eating junk food.
takes the bus to school

9 5 times a week.
eats dinner around

10 6:00 pm every night.
/v/
1 Pronouncing /v/

/v/
Grammar Practice Worksheets
Yes/No Questions
Table of Contents
2 Grammar Notes
Yes/No Questions
5 Exercise 1
Fill in the Blanks
6 Exercise 2
Ask & Answer
7 Exercise 3
Likes & Dislikes
8 Exercise 4
Find Someone Who
9 Exercise 5
Dialogues
11 Exercise 6
Bingo!
12 Exercise 7
Quiz
( B E G – LO W I N T / V E R S I O N 1. 0) 1
Yes/No Questions
Grammar Notes
YES/NO QUESTIONS
A. Introduction
Yes/No (Y/N) questions are very common in English conversations. The

answer to these questions is almost always “Yes” or “No.” These questions
have two patterns: one for the Be verb, and one for other types of verbs.
Key
Symbol Part of Speech Meaning
a word that “helps” the main verb

Aux auxiliary verb
(do, be, have, will, can, etc.)
S subject the person or thing doing the action
V main verb the action
O object the person or thing receiving the action
B. Be Verb
When the main verb of a Y/N question is Be
Pattern Question
• Am I late?
• Are you okay?
• Is he a teacher?
• Are we there yet?
• Are they from Italy?
• Is your dog a pit bull?
• Are the children hungry?
Yes/No Questions
Grammar Notes cont.

B. Be Verb cont.
How do we answer Y/N questions in English?

We usually use a short answer with "Yes" or "No."
1. Positive Short Answers
We never use a contraction in a positive short answer.

For example, “Yes, I am” is correct, but “Yes, I’m” is incorrect.
Question Short Answer ! Never Use "
Are you tired? Yes, I am. Yes, I’m. (incorrect!)
Is she from Canada? Yes, she is. Yes, she’s. (incorrect!)
Is he a teacher? Yes, he is. Yes, he’s. (incorrect!)
Are we ready? Yes, we are. Yes, we’re. (incorrect!)
Are they students? Yes, they are. Yes, they’re. (incorrect!)
2. Negative Short Answers
We often use a contraction in a negative short answer.

There are two correct forms in most cases.
Short Answer
Question Form 1 Form 2
Are you busy? No, I’m not. —
Is he a student? No, he’s not. No, he isn’t.
Is she tired today? No, she’s not. No, she isn’t.
Are we on time? No, we’re not. No, we aren’t.
Are they from Japan? No, they’re not. No, they aren’t.
Yes/No Questions
Grammar Notes cont.

C. All Other Verbs
do, be, can, or did.

The short answer uses the same auxiliary as the question.
Pattern Question Positive Answer Negative Answer
Do you like junk food? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
Does the class start at 9:00 am? Yes, it does. No, it doesn’t.
Are you studying now? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.
Is your sister calling you? Yes, she is. No, she isn’t.
Can you ski? Yes, I can. No, I can’t.
Can he play the guitar? Yes, he can. No, he can’t.
Did she bring her lunch? Yes, she did. No, she didn’t.
Did your parents drive you here? Yes, they did. No, they didn’t.
Yes/No Questions
Exercise 1
FILL IN THE BLANKS
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the Be verb (am, are, is).
Ex. Are you happy?
1. he a teacher?
2. I late?
3. you nervous?
4. we on time?
5. she from Korea?
6. they your children?
7. your friend a nurse?
8. the students tired?
9. the dogs at the park?
10. the book on the table?
Yes/No Questions
Exercise 2
ASK & ANSWER
A. Questions with Be B. Short Answers
Write questions with “Are you…” Write short answers with yes or no based on the emoji.
# Feeling Question # Feeling Question & Answer
Is she happy?
Ex Are you tired? Ex
No, she isn't.
Is he nervous?
1 1
Are they angry?

2 2
Is she scared?
3 3
Are they happy?

4 4
Are you nervous?

5 5
Feelings
• happy • angry • nervous
• sad • scared • tired
Yes/No Questions
Exercise 3
LIKES & DISLIKES
What does Amalia like to do? Look at the chart and write the answers.
Amalia ! ! " ! "
" ! " ! " !
Ex. Does Amalia like to ski? 6. Does Amalia like to snowboard?
1. Does Amalia like to jog? 7. Does Amalia like to cook?
2. 8. Does Amalia like to read?
3. Does Amalia like to sing? 9. Does Amalia like to work out?
4. Does Amalia like to swim? 10. Does Amalia like to play the guitar?
5. Does Amalia like to dance?
Yes/No Questions
Exercise 4
FIND SOMEONE WHO
Write Yes/No questions below using "do" or "can."

Then walk around the class and ask your classmate questions.
When a classmate answers “Yes,” write his or her name below.
# Activity Question Classmate
1 Do you like to watch TV?
10
11
Yes/No Questions
Exercise 5
DIALOGUES
A. Language School
Read the dialogue out loud with a partner.

Underline all the questions in the dialogue.
Christina: Hi, I'm Christina.
Miguel: Hi, I'm Miguel. It's nice to meet you, Christina.
Christina: Nice to meet you too, Miguel. Are you from Mexico?
Miguel: Yes, I am. Are you American?
Christina: No, I'm not. I'm Canadian. Are you a student at this school?
Miguel: Yes, I'm studying English. Are you a student here too?
Christina: Yes, I am. I'm learning Spanish.
Miguel: Do you like Spanish?
Christina: Yes, I do. It's a beautiful language. Do you like English?
Miguel:
Christina: Maybe I can help you. Do you want to be study partners?
Miguel: Yes, I do! Can we start today?
Christina: Yes, we can!
Yes/No Questions
Exercise 5 cont.
B. Nice to Meet You
Now write your own dialogue with a partner.

Include questions with do, be, and can.
Yes/No Questions
Exercise 6
BINGO!
Walk around the class asking your classmates these questions. Draw an X
through the square when someone answers “Yes.” If you get a complete
horizontal (—), vertical (|), or diagonal (/ or \) line, yell “Bingo!”
Can you count Do you study

Do you like pizza? Can you swim? Are you happy?
every day?
Do you often eat Do you have Did you study

Are you a student?
healthy food? last night?
Did you go to
Are you wearing Are you
the movies Free Space Do you like sushi?
black socks?
Do you have
Did you go to Do you like Can you play
any brothers Can you ski?
school yesterday?
Do you usually
Are you hungry Are you wearing
wake up at Are you married? Can you cook?
right now? any jewelry?
Yes/No Questions
Exercise 7
QUIZ
Listen to the recording and circle the correct answer.
1. 5. 9.
2. 6. 10.
3. 7. 11.
4. 8. 12.
/v/
1 Pronouncing /v/

/v/
Wh- Questions
Table of Contents
2 Grammar Notes
Wh- Questions
7 Exercise 1
Wh- Words & Uses
7 Exercise 2
Complete the Question
8 Exercise 3
Matchup
8 Exercise 4
Question Cards
9 Exercise 5
Write the Question
10 Exercise 6
Find the Error
12 Exercise 7
Listening
13 Exercise 8
Party Planning
14 Exercise 9
Quiz
Wh- Questions
Grammar Notes
WH- QUESTIONS
A. Introduction
Questions are a common part of conversations in English.
• Yes/No Questions (e.g., Do you like pizza?)

• Wh- Questions (e.g., What kind of pizza do you like?)
Key
Symbol Part of Speech Meaning
Wh- Wh- word

(who, what, where, when, etc.)
a word that “helps” the main verb

Aux Auxiliary verb
(do, be, have, will, can, etc.)
S Subject the person or thing doing the action
V Verb the action
O Object the person or thing receiving the action
Wh- Questions
Grammar Notes cont.

B. Wh- Questions
We use Wh- words to ask about a person, place, time, etc.
Wh- words begin with the letters "wh" (e.g., who, where, when, etc.).
how.
Answers are usually complete sentences
1. Wh- Questions with Be
Wh- word + V + S (+O)
Wh- Word Use Example Question Example Answer
Who person Who is the man in the blue shirt? He's our new teacher.
What thing What is that? It's a new game.
Where place Where is your school? My school is on Smith Street.
When time When is your birthday? It's April 25.
They are late because

Why reason Why are they late?
they slept in this morning.
How method/way How is your new car? It is very fast.
Which choice Which is better, the cake or the pie? The cake is better than the pie.
Whose possession Whose jacket is this? It's Mike's jacket.
Wh- Questions
Grammar Notes cont.

B. Wh- Questions cont.
2. Wh- Questions with All Other Verbs
Wh- word + Aux + S + V (+O)
Wh- Word Use Example Question Example Answer
Who person Who are you talking to now? I'm talking to my boyfriend.
What thing What did Wendy do last weekend? She went to a party.
Where place Where do they live? They live on Johnson Street.
When time When do you need this report?
Why reason
How method/way We can call a plumber.
Which does he prefer,

Which choice He prefers comedies.
horror movies or comedies?
Whose possession Whose sunglasses did you borrow? I borrowed my brother's sunglasses.
Did You Know?

The verbs in Wh- Questions can be in any tense.
the simple present, present progressive, or simple past?
Wh- Questions
Grammar Notes cont.

C. Notes
Note #1 Note #3
In the simple present tense, the auxiliaries do and be Questions with how can ask about the way
end with -s in the third person singular form (with he, someone is feeling. How
she, it, singular count nouns, and non-count nouns). very common in conversations.
• When does she work out?

Question Answer
• How is your son feeling today?
How are you?
How is he feeling? He's feeling better today.
Note #2 How does she feel? She's nervous.

Wh- words usually act as the object of a sentence.
Wh- + Aux + S + V How is also often used with another word such as
often much (to ask about
cost), or many (to ask about an amount).
Question Answer
What does she drive? She drives a truck. Question Answer
How often do you study? I study every night.
However, some Wh- words, especially who and what, How much is this dress?
can also act as subjects.
Wh- + V (+ O) How many dogs

I have three dogs.
do you have?
Question Answer
Who called? Maria called.
What made that noise? A cat made that noise.
Wh- Questions
Grammar Notes cont.

C. Notes cont.
Note #4
What is often used with another word such as time
(to ask about clock time).
Question Answer
What time is it?
What time does the class start?
What is also used before another noun to ask about a choice.

(What and which have the same meaning in the examples below.)
Question Answer
What movie do you want to watch? Let’s watch the new Star Wars.
Which movie do you want to watch? Let’s watch the new Star Wars.
What kind of pizza do you want? Pepperoni, please.
Which kind of pizza do you want? Pepperoni, please.
Note #5
Whose and who’s
Whose means possession (something belongs to someone),
while who’s means who is or who has.
Question Answer
Whose car is that? It's Doug's car.
Who's coming to the party? Silvia is coming.
Wh- Questions
Exercise 1
WH- WORDS & USES
Draw a line between the Wh- word and its most common use.
1. when place
2. where reason
3. what time
4. whose method
5. how choice
6. who person
7. why possession
8. which thing
Exercise 2
COMPLETE THE QUESTION
Ex. When is your birthday?

Wh- Words
1. do you live?
• who
• what
2. happened to your leg? • where
• when
3. blue hat is this? • why
• how
• which
4. are you feeling today?
• whose
5. called while I was away?
6. do you prefer, cats or dogs?
7.
Wh- Questions
Exercise 3
MATCHUP
g 1. Why did you call me? That's my uncle.
2. How did you unlock the door? I can play the violin.
3. Who is the man in the black jacket? I like orange juice.
4. Whose glasses are these? I lived in Taiwan when I was a child.
5. When is your birthday? I used my key.
6. What instrument can you play? They're mine.
7. Where did you grow up? I needed help with my homework.
8. Which do you prefer, apple juice or orange juice? It's in October.
Exercise 4
QUESTION CARDS
to your partner(s). Answer using complete sentences.
Example:
What time do you usually wake up?
Wh- Questions
Exercise 5
WRITE THE QUESTION
Ex. When do you go to the gym?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Wh- Questions
Exercise 6
FIND THE ERROR
# Questions & Answers Corrections
What did Robert do last Sunday?

Ex
He went to the movies.
( B E G – LO W I N T / V E R S I O N 1. 0)
Wh- Questions
Exercise 6 cont.
# Questions & Answers Corrections
attends these meetings?

5
Tuesday and Thursday morning.
6
because I no see him.
7 or vanilla ice cream?
8
the button on the right.
Wh- Questions
Exercise 7
LISTENING
1. 6. Wonder Woman.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. a) I like animals.
Wh- Questions
Exercise 8
PARTY PLANNING
Imagine you are planning a party with a partner.
Then perform your dialogue for the class.
Example: Talk about:

! reason/theme
! guest list
! food
! decorations
Okay! Who should we invite? ! music
! activities
(etc.)
Wh- Questions
Exercise 9
QUIZ
This is Lee. Lee is 17 years old. He lives in San Diego, California.

Lee likes watching movies and playing the guitar. He likes playing the
# Question Answer
1 He is 17 years old.
2 Where does Lee live?
He likes watching movies,

3
Which does he prefer to play,

4
the guitar or the piano?
6 Whose surfboard does Lee often use?
/v/
1 Pronouncing /v/

/v/
Pronouns 1
Pronouns 1
Table of Contents
2 QUICK AND HANDY GR AMMAR REVIEW
Subject Pronouns, Object Pronouns,
Possessive Adjectives, and Possessive Pronouns
5 EXERCISE 1: Subject Pronouns

Change the subject noun in each sentence to a subject pronoun.
6 EXERCISE 2: Object Pronouns

Change the object noun in each sentence to an object pronoun.
7 EXERCISE 3: Subject or Object Pronouns

Decide if each sentence needs a subject or object pronoun.
8 EXERCISE 4: Subject and Object Pronouns

Write sentences about your family members.
9 EXERCISE 5: Subject and Object Pronouns

Locate the error, correct it, and rewrite each sentence correctly.
10 EXERCISE 6: Possessive Adjectives

Answer each question with the correct possessive adjective.
11 EXERCISE 7: Possessive Pronouns

Complete each sentence with the correct possessive pronoun.
12 EXERCISE 8: Possessive Adjectives or Pronouns

Indicate whether the possessive word is a pronoun or an adjective.
13 EXERCISE 9: Review
Class survey. Ask and answer using the correct pronoun or adjective.
14 EXERCISE 10: Quiz

Complete the multiple-choice quiz with the correct pronoun or adjective.
( B E G / V E R S I O N 2 .1) 1
Pronouns 1
Quick and Handy Grammar Review

Pronouns can be people, places, or things. Pronouns refer to
subject pronouns,
, possessive adjectives, .
A. Subject Pronouns
Person Singular Plural
I we
First
I am from Korea. We are happy to be here.
you you
You are very nice. You are all invited to my house.
he she it they
He is a pharmacist. She is tired. It They are never late.
Note #1: Note #2: Note #3:
I me in a subject position. me.
! Maria and I ! Maria and I ! Maria and I

" Maria and i " Maria and me " Me and Maria
B. Object Pronouns
me us
First
Maria called me at 3:00 am. Sandra invited us to dinner.
you you
Laura talked about you John wants all of you to go to the party.
him her it them

The teacher asked The manager gave Mike watched
The airline gave them free tickets.
him a question. her a promotion.
Note #1:
Object pronouns can be the object • him called)
verb or the object of a preposition. • him. (object of the preposition to)
( B E G / V E R S I O N 2 .1) 2
Pronouns 1
Quick and Handy Grammar Review cont.

C. Possessive Adjectives
my our
First
My book is on the table. Our
your
your
Are these girls your* children?
Is that your pen?
(*your refers to both parents)
his her its

their
His black coat Its*
I want to live in their house.
her toothbrush. (*its refers to a pet)
Note #1: Note #2: Note #3:
Its
Its
D. Possessive Pronouns
mine ours
First
That book on the table is mine. That dog is ours.
yours
yours
Are those children yours*?
Is that pen yours?
(*yours refers to both parents)
his hers theirs

That black The pink toothbrush —
The big house on the corner is theirs.
his. hers.
Note #1: Note #2:
Be
( B E G / V E R S I O N 2 .1) 3
Pronouns 1
Quick and Handy Grammar Review cont.

E. Review
Subject Pronouns Vs. Object Pronouns
SINGULAR PLUR AL
Person Subject Object Subject Object
First I us
he
she her
it it
Possessive Adjectives Vs. Possessive Pronouns
SINGULAR PLUR AL
Person Adjective Pronoun Adjective Pronoun
First our ours
his his
her hers their theirs
its —
( B E G / V E R S I O N 2 .1) 4
Pronouns 1
Exercise 1
SUBJECT PRONOUNS
Change the subject noun in each sentence to a subject pronoun.
# Sentence with a subject noun Sentence with a subject pronoun
1 John He
2 Ricardo
3 Hank’s dog
4 Maria
5 Bob and Gina
6 Theo and I
7 The book
8 The pillows
9 The teacher and the student
Adam and I ate lunch together. ate lunch together.
( B E G / V E R S I O N 2 .1) 5
Pronouns 1
Exercise 2
OBJECT PRONOUNS
Change the object noun in each sentence to an object pronoun.
# Sentence with an object noun Sentence with an object pronoun
1 Johnson bought a dog Johnson bought it
2 Mary. .
3 this situation
4 a long book in one night. in one night.
5 Joe. .
7 my sister
8 Gina ate two sandwiches Gina ate
9 Sunhee and Junko. .
an apple. .
( B E G / V E R S I O N 2 .1) 6
Pronouns 1
Exercise 3
SUBJECT AND OBJECT PRONOUNS
1. are going 8. 15. are the best

to or his brother.
2. 9. 16.
.
3. 17.
11.
4.
18.
12.
5. . last night.
19.
6. is the best 13.
7. 14.
( B E G / V E R S I O N 2 .1) 7
Pronouns 1
Exercise 4
# Family Member Example My Family
2 Father
3 Brother
4 Sister
7 Pet
( B E G / V E R S I O N 2 .1) 8
Pronouns 1
Exercise 5
1.
Diana and I work together.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. Its a girl!
8.
9.
( B E G / V E R S I O N 2 .1) 9
Pronouns 1
Exercise 6
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
1. my
(I)
2. hat.
(he)
3.
(they)
4. laptop.
(I)
5. cell phone.
(she)
6. car.
(we)
7.
(you)
8. pen.
(he)
9.
(she)
(you)
11. cat.
(they)
12. pencil.
(he)
13.
(we)
14. glasses.
(I)
15. shoes.
(you)
( B E G / V E R S I O N 2 .1)
Pronouns 1
Exercise 7
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
# Sentence with a Noun Sentence with a Possessive Pronoun
1 Is that
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
6 .
7 .
8 .
9 .
( B E G / V E R S I O N 2 .1) 11
Pronouns 1
Exercise 8
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES OR PRONOUNS
!
bold
# Sentence Adjective Pronoun
1 mine.
2 yours
3 What is your
4 My
5 theirs.
6 Their aunt is a chef.
7 Where is his
8 hers.
9 His is blue, not green.
theirs.
( B E G / V E R S I O N 2 .1) 12
Pronouns 1
Exercise 9
REVIEW
Class Survey:
# Question Classmate Answer
( B E G / V E R S I O N 2 .1) 13
Pronouns 1
Exercise 10
REVIEW
Quiz:
1. Is that 6.
2. 7.
3. 8. .
9. .
4. after class.
5.
( B E G / V E R S I O N 2 .1) 14
/v/
1 Pronouncing /v/

/v/
Fun Grammar Lessons
Comparative
Adjectives
1 Grammar Notes 2
2 Adjective Formation 4
4 Spot the Errors 6
5 Comparisons 7
6 Pair Work 8
Fun Grammar Lessons
1 Grammar Notes
A. Introduction
Use comparative adjectives to
compare two people, places, or things.
To make a comparison, add -er to the end of a
short adjective or add more before a long adjective.
Use than before the second noun.
Comparative Adjectives Form Example
one syllable Adj + -er tall + -er = taller
two syllables ending in -y -y changes to -i + -er happy + -er = happier
two syllables
more + Adj more + famous = more famous
(not ending in -y)
three (or more) syllables more + Adj more + beautiful = more beautiful
Fun Grammar Lessons

B. Take Note!
Note #1 Note #2 Note #3

Some two-syllable Participial adjectives Irregular comparative
adjectives don’t follow (-ed or -ing adjectives) adjectives include:
the normal rules. are always formed
• good ! better
with more + adjective.
For example, we can say • bad ! worse
Do not use -er even
friendlier or more friendly • far ! farther/further
if the adjective has
and simpler or more simple.
only one syllable.
Other such adjectives
For example, we must say
include angry, cruel,
more bored, more tired, more
handsome, gentle, and quiet.
thrilling, and more exciting.
C. Examples
• Maria is Jack.
• I feel today I did yesterday.
• The buildings are more modern in New York City in my city.
• Sunsets at the beach are sunsets in the city.
Remember:
Use , not , before the second noun.
Fun Grammar Lessons
2 Adjective Formation
Write the comparative form beside each adjective.
Comparative Comparative
# Adjective # Adjective
Adjective Adjective
Ex beautiful more beautiful 10 calm
1 scary 11 tall
2 adventurous 12 angry
3 exciting 13 bored
4 old 14 smart
5 lazy 15 hungry
6 tired 16 modern
7 intelligent 17 delicious
8 quiet 18 short
9 pretty 19 troublesome
Fun Grammar Lessons
3
Write the comparative form of the adjective in the blanks.
Ex It is windier in Chicago than in Los Angeles.

(windy)
1 The class was than he expected.
2 Your party will be than my party.

(good)
3 Were you than your sister after school today?

(sleepy)
4 She feels today than yesterday.

(tired)
5 Mexico is than Canada.

(warm)
6 He is a soccer player than she is.

(bad)
7 Was today’s quiz than last week’s quiz?

(simple)
8 I am at home than at school.

(comfortable)
9 This test is going to be than usual.
Fun Grammar Lessons
4
Find the error in each of the following sentences.
Rewrite the correct sentences.
Ex The movie theater is loud than the library.
1 Science is interestinger than math.
2 Antarctica is colder then Africa.
3 Who is famouser, Brad Pitt or Johnny Depp?
4 Do you think his paintings are more pretty than my paintings?
5 My friend is more adventurous my brother.
6 The second Pirates of the Caribbean was badder than the first one.
7 What pizza topping do you like more good, pepperoni or ham?
Fun Grammar Lessons
5 Comparisons
Discuss the images with a partner, and then
write a sentence using a comparative adjective.
Ex 3
1 4
2 5
Fun Grammar Lessons
6 Pair Work
Ask your partner the following questions.
Write the question, and then write your name or
your partner’s name (depending on the answer).
# Adjective Question Name
1 tall
2 short
3 old
4 young
5 outgoing
6 athletic
7 silly
8 adventurous
/v/
1 Pronouncing /v/

/v/
Fun Grammar Lessons
1 Grammar Notes 2
2 Gerunds 8
3 Infinitives 9
4 Multiple-Choice 10
5 Rules 11
7 Class Survey 13
8 Writing 14
9 Quiz 15
Fun Grammar Lessons
A. Form
A is the -ing form of a verb.
• I like .
• I don’t like tennis.
An is to + the base form of a verb.

• I like .
• I don’t like tennis.
Gerunds and infinitives combine the action meaning

of a with the grammatical function of a noun.
They act as nouns (subjects and objects) in a sentence.
• in front of a crowd can be scary. (subject position)

• Do you want to the beach with us? (object position)
Fun Grammar Lessons
Some sentence positions take only a gerund or only

an infinitive, but there is one position (following a verb)
where the decision depends on the main verb.
Gerunds
Examples
Gerunds are common in the • is my

subject of subject position. While an favorite hobby.
a sentence S =Ger infinitive is also possible, it is • has really
very formal and not common. improved my health.
Gerunds are also common • She thought

after a preposition. This rule calling him but decided
following a she wouldn’t.
Prep + Ger applies to all prepositions,
preposition
including ones that are part • They are planning on
of phrasal verbs. going to the party tonight.
This is the one position where

both gerunds and infinitives
are used. It all depends on the • He enjoys learning
main verb. Some common about gerunds.
object
V + Ger verbs that are followed by • My teacher
of a verb
a gerund are advise, avoid, studying for the
enjoy, finish, practice, quit, and upcoming quiz.
suggest. See the list on page 7
for more of these verbs.
Fun Grammar Lessons
Examples
Infinitives are common after

an adjective. Though it is • It is to meet you.
following sometimes possible to use • She mentioned that it was
Adj + Inf
an adjective a gerund in this position, to stand near
it is more common to use that machine.
an infinitive.
If the verb has a noun • You asked me to call you.

following
or pronoun object, it is
a noun N + Inf • The doctor advised Mark
almost always followed
or pronoun to eat more vegetables.
by an infinitive.
This is the one position

where both gerunds and
infinitives are commonly • They to get their
used. The choice of which tests back as soon
object to use depends on the main as possible.
V + Inf
of a verb verb. Some common ones • The students are
are ask, choose, decide, get, to have
need, plan, promise, and want. a party this Friday.
See the list on page 7 for
more of these verbs.
Fun Grammar Lessons
1 2
A verb can be in any tense. Progressive tenses Go is often used to describe an activity
use the -ing form, so it is possible to see two -ing in English. No matter the tense used,
forms side by side (progressive verb + gerund). go is followed by a gerund.
• My parents are smoking next Friday. • She last weekend.

• Michelle juggling • Do you want today?
five oranges when I saw her. • We next weekend.
3 4
The N + Inf rule is very Because both gerunds and infinitives keep their verb meanings
handy. For example, the (even though they function as nouns), they too can have objects.
verb “advise” normally takes It’s common to see a sentence with two or more objects
a gerund, as in “The doctor when gerunds or infinitives are used. For example:
eating more
• I enjoy English.
vegetables.” But when
“Studying” is the direct object of “enjoy”
there is a noun object, as in
and “English” is the direct object of “studying.”
“The doctor advised Mark
to eat more vegetables,” • My boss asked me her.
the infinitive must be used. “Me” is the direct object of “asked,” “to help” is also the direct
The noun rule is more object of “asked,” and “her” is the direct object of “to help.”
important than the verb rule!
Fun Grammar Lessons
Gerunds
5
Some verbs take either a gerund or an infinitive with no change S =Ger
in meaning. Some common verbs are like, love, and hate.
See the list on page 7 for more of these verbs.
Prep + Ger
• I eating pasta. V + Ger

• I to eat pasta.
6 Adj + Inf
Can gerunds and infinitives be negative? Yes! There are four N + Inf
ways to form negative sentences with gerunds and infinitives.
V + Inf
1.
• She after school.
• He his homework.
2.
• They decided to the game.
• We agreed in class.
3. (less common)
• They decided to the game.
• We agreed in class.
4. (not common)
• She advised in the storm.
• He considered for the job.
Fun Grammar Lessons
• admit • consider • finish • miss

• advise • deny • imagine • practice
• appreciate • discuss • keep • quit
• avoid • dislike • mention • recommend
• complete • enjoy • mind • suggest
• afford • expect • need • refuse

• agree • hope • offer • seem
• appear • intend • plan • volunteer
• ask • learn • prepare • wait
• decide • mean • promise • want
• begin • hate • love • start

• continue • like • prefer
Fun Grammar Lessons
2 Gerunds
Change the word in into a gerund.
Ex. I love to cook. is very creative.
1 I like to my bicycle to school. my bicycle is fun.
2 Kendra every day because is good exercise.
3 She likes to movies. movies is her hobby.
4 It is against the school rules to . is forbidden.
5 My father too fast. too fast is dangerous.
6 He doesn’t like to share his toys. He’s not good at .
7 It is great to in Canada. in Canada is nice.
8 We jogging every day. We love jogging.
9 It is dangerous to run by the pool. by the pool is dangerous.
Cara wants to a good piano player.

10 a good piano player is her goal.
Fun Grammar Lessons
3
Change the verb in parentheses
into an infinitive.
Ex. Barbara pretended sleeping.
1 Maria wants John her move on Saturday.
2 Janice expects a good grade on the test.
3 Our teacher requires us perfect attendance.
4 The school counselor advised Lisa every night.
5 Jay only needs one more comic book his set.
6 The coach encouraged the players their best.
7 Gina wants at the orphanage.
8 Do not hesitate me if you need help.
9 Mark and Karen decided to Europe.
10 My friend agreed with me.
Fun Grammar Lessons
4
Circle the correct answer.
1 My mom offered 6 You can get to the

me some money. theater by the bus.
loaning taking
to loan to take
2 Chris is considering 7 Martha thought about

English for another year. to Switzerland.
studying traveling
to study to travel
3 They volunteered tickets. 8 The children learned to strangers.
selling not talking

to sell not to talk
4 is my favorite sport. 9 Elizabeth finds it difficult money.
Snowboarding saving
To snowboard to save
5 It is essential salt to this recipe. 10 Do you want jogging with me?
adding going
to add to go
Fun Grammar Lessons
5 Rules Gerunds
=
• S Ger • Adj + Inf
Review the rules in the box. Then write • Prep + Ger • N + Inf
• V + Ger • V + Inf
the rule used in each sentence below.
# Rule
Ex. My father wants to retire in two years.
1 She thought about cleaning her brother’s room.
2 My parents can’t afford to buy a new car.
3 English can be very difficult to learn.
4 Reading is a hobby every kid should have.
5 Lee keeps forgetting his cell phone.
6 My best friend believes in telling the truth.
7 Texting while walking can be dangerous.
8 The travel agent suggested going to Paris in May.
9 Jim’s mother advised him to do his chores.
10 It is exciting to meet new people.
Fun Grammar Lessons
6
Change the verb in parentheses into the gerund or infinitive form.
When both forms are possible, write them both in the blank.
Ex. Joshua dislikes vegetables.
1 He wanted his mother him to school.
2 Jason needs more.
3 We love sand castles at the beach.
4 Louise asked invited to my party.
5 My friend’s parents recommended to Disneyland.
6 Her brother likes video games.
7 I like snowboarding, but my cousin prefers .
8 Hye Jun doesn’t like in the rain.
9 The teacher encouraged us our own languages.
10 It is easy behind in your schoolwork.
Fun Grammar Lessons
7
Create your own class survey! Write eight questions
using gerunds and infinitives with the verbs in the
• enjoy • dislike
Word List. Then ask your classmates these questions, • like • hate
and write their answers on the right. Try to speak • love
to a new classmate for each question.
# Answer
What kinds of movies Paul enjoys watching

Ex.
do you enjoy watching? comedies and action movies.
Fun Grammar Lessons
8
Example
Write five to ten sentences My hobby is playing the guitar. I try to practice
right after school every day. My friend likes to
about one of your hobbies. sing while I play the guitar. We enjoy making
Use gerunds and infinitives music together. One day we’ll have enough
courage to perform in front of our classmates...
as often as possible.
Fun Grammar Lessons
9
1 Junko and Yosuke enjoy 7 attention when you

to the beach. are really tired is difficult.
going Paying
to go To pay
2 John finished the novel. 8 They want next weekend.
reading to go skiing
to read going to ski
3 Victor hopes his exam. 9 Nicole decided tonight.
passing not going out

to pass not to go out
4 It is important 10 The coach promised

people back right away. the players take a break.
calling letting
to call to let
5 The travel agent advised shots 11 It’s too far to the museum.
before going to a tropical place.
walking
getting to walk
to get
12 Our teacher advised us
6 Do you think it is easy rice? before the big test.
making studying
to make to study
/v/
1 Pronouncing /v/

/v/
Fun Grammar Lessons
Modals of Ability:
Can & Could
1 Grammar Notes 2
Can, Can’t, Could & Couldn’t
2 Matchup 5
Can & Can’t: Sentences
3 Writing about My Hobbies 6

Can & Can’t: Sentences
4 Pair Work 7
Can & Can’t: Questions
5 Find Someone Who 9

Can & Can’t: Questions

Could & Couldn’t: Sentences & Questions
7 Writing about My Childhood 11

Could & Couldn’t: Sentences
8 Complete the Story 12

Can Vs. Could
9 Quiz 13
Can Vs. Could
Modals of Ability
Fun Grammar Lessons
1 Grammar Notes
A. Introduction to Modals
A modal is a word that comes before a verb
and gives it extra meaning like ability (can),
possibility (might), necessity (must), etc.
All modals in English are followed by a base verb,

which is a verb without any endings.
Examples:
• He can swim.
(can = modal of ability)
• She might read after dinner.

(might = modal of possibility)
• All bicycle riders must wear a helmet.

(must = modal of necessity)
Modals of Ability
Fun Grammar Lessons

B. Can
Can is a present modal of ability.
Meaning Examples
Can + base verb • I can play the piano.

can + means that someone • My brother can draw
Positive
base verb is able to do the beautiful pictures.
action in the present. • We can skateboard.
Can’t + base verb

• She can’t ski.
can’t + means that someone
Negative • They can’t read yet.
base verb is not able to do the
• I can’t ride a bicycle.
action in the present.
• Can you dance?

A question with can +
Yes, I can. / No, I can’t.
can + subject + base verb
• Can he sing?
Question subject + asks if someone is
Yes, he can. / No, he can’t.
base verb able to do the action
• Can they go to the park after school?
in the present.
Yes, they can. / No, they can’t.
Note #1 Note #2
When speaking quickly, can has no stress when followed by a verb. Can’t is short for cannot.
Can is reduced to /k n/. We don’t reduce can’t. Notice the one-word spelling.
Examples: • I k n ski. But: • Yes, I can. • She cannot swim.
• She k n sing. • No, I can’t. • They cannot ski.
• K n you dance? • He can’t draw.
Modals of Ability
Fun Grammar Lessons

C. Could
Could is a past modal of ability.
Meaning Examples
• She could dance at age 3.

Could + base verb
(time marker = at age 3)
means that someone
was able to do the • His friend could watch
could +
Positive action in the past. free movies last summer.
base verb There is usually (time marker = last summer)
a time marker to
• They could ski when they were little.
show the past time.
(time marker = when they were little)
• Mrs. Jones couldn’t dance

Couldn’t + base verb
20 years ago.
means that someone
couldn’t +
Negative was not able to • They couldn’t swim last year.
base verb do the action in
• I couldn’t draw a nice picture
the past.
when I was 4 years old.
• Could you swim when

you were 5 years old?
A question with Yes, I could. / No, I couldn’t.
could + subject +
could + • Could your teacher ski
base verb asks if
Question subject + when he was a child?
someone was able
base verb Yes, he could. / No, he couldn’t.
to do the action in
the past. • Could your classmate
ride a bicycle last year?
Yes, she could. / No, she couldn’t.
Modals of Ability
Fun Grammar Lessons
2 Matchup
Match the picture and the first half
of the sentence with the correct verb.
Ex He can a ski
1 She can b play video games
2 I can c ride a bicycle
3 He can d dance
4 They can e draw
5 You can f play the guitar
6 We can g skateboard
7 You can h run
8 I can i sing
9 She can j play the piano
Modals of Ability
Fun Grammar Lessons
3 Writing about My Hobbies

A. I can...
Write 5 sentences about what you can do.
Ex I can draw. 3
1 4
2 5
B. I can’t...
Write 5 sentences about what you can’t do.
Ex I can’t ski. 3
1 4
2 5
C. Practice
Now read your sentences to a partner.
Practice the reduced pronunciation for can.
Modals of Ability
Fun Grammar Lessons
4 Pair Work (Student A)

Fill in the missing information about Maria and John by asking
your partner questions. Put a ! if the person can do the action,
and put an " if the person can’t do the action.
Examples
1 A: Can John draw? 2 B: Can Maria draw?

B: No, he can’t. A: Yes, she can.
! " ! "
Maria
! " ! !
John
Modals of Ability
Fun Grammar Lessons
4 Pair Work (Student B)

Fill in the missing information about Maria and John by asking
your partner questions. Put a ! if the person can do the action,
and put an " if the person can’t do the action.
Examples
1 A: Can John draw? 2 B: Can Maria draw?

B: No, he can’t. A: Yes, she can.
" ! " !
Maria
" ! ! "
John
Modals of Ability
Fun Grammar Lessons
5 Find Someone Who

First, write the questions in the “Question” column.
Then ask different classmates these questions. If a classmate
answers “Yes,” write his or her name in the “Name” column.
# Find someone who... Question Name
1 can ski. Can you ski?
2 can draw an elephant.
3 can sing.
4 can dance.
5 can swim.
6 can play the guitar.
7 can run very fast.
8 can watch TV at night.
9 can skateboard.
10 can ride a bicycle.
Modals of Ability
Fun Grammar Lessons
6
Look at the pictures. Then write could or couldn’t
and the verb from the picture in the blanks.
Ex Brian couldn’t ski when he was a child.
1 Samantha when she was younger.
2 Mi Jin the piano last year.
3 Lisa the guitar last year.
4 Marco when he was 5, but he can now.
Rashid video games

5 when his grandparents were visiting last week.
Could Julia when she was a child?

6 Yes, she .
Could David a bicycle when he was 2 years old?

7 No, he .
Could Tony movies when he got in trouble?

8 No, he .
Could Marcia 5 years ago?

9 Yes, she .
Modals of Ability
Fun Grammar Lessons
7 Writing about My Childhood

Write a short paragraph about things that you could and
couldn’t do when you were 3 years younger than you are now.
Write about hobbies, household rules, skills, etc. Try to use
could and couldn’t in most of your sentences.
When I was younger, I could
Modals of Ability
Fun Grammar Lessons
8 Complete the Story

Complete the story using can or could.
My Family
My name is Chris, and I want to tell you about my
family. I have a mother, a father, an older brother,
and a younger sister. What can my family do?
My father can play the guitar. My mother

Ex.
sing beautifully. When my brother was

1.
5 years old , he speak English and Spanish.

2.
Now he also speak Japanese.

3.
My sister ride a bicycle when she was

4.
4 years old. She still ride a bicycle now, but

5.
she also skateboard. I not draw

6. 7.
when I was 2 years old, but I now. I love

8.
drawing pictures of animals! you guess

9.
what I’ve drawn in this picture?
Modals of Ability
Fun Grammar Lessons
9 Quiz
Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
Read the sentences carefully for clues.
Ex Jim was a talented 3 Tina go to the 6 Shelly dance

musician. He park if she finishes all when she was 6 years
play the guitar and her homework. old because she took
the drums. many lessons.
a) can
a) can b) can’t a) can
b) can’t c) could b) can’t
c) could d) couldn’t c) could
d) couldn’t d) couldn’t
1 We finish our 4 you ski when 7 you draw?

artwork because the you were 5 years old? I need help to finish
fire alarm went off this poster.
a) Can
during class.
b) Can’t a) Can
a) can c) Could b) Can’t
b) can’t d) Couldn’t c) Could
c) could d) Couldn’t
d) couldn’t
2 When he was younger, 5 They watch 8 I finish

Mr. Little swim movies on weeknights this assignment.
very well. His nickname because they have It’s too difficult.
was “Fish.” to study.
a) can
a) can a) can b) can’t
b) can’t b) can’t c) could
c) could c) could d) couldn’t
d) couldn’t d) couldn’t
/v/
1 Pronouncing /v/

/v/
Fun Grammar Lessons
Modals of Necessity
1 Grammar Notes 2
2 Positive Sentences 6
3 Negative Sentences 7
4 Questions & Answers 8
5 Speaking & Writing 10
6 School Rules 11
7 City Rules 12
8 Quiz 13
Modals of Necessity
Fun Grammar Lessons
1 Grammar Notes
A. Introduction
Modals are words that come before a main verb and
give it extra meaning such as ability (can), advice
(should), necessity (must), possibility (could), etc.
Modal + Base Verb

Modals are always followed by a base verb.
A base verb is a verb with no ending (no -s, -ed, -ing, etc.).
B. Modals of Necessity
“Necessity” means you
Take note!
need to do something.
Must never changes, but have to and
have got to will change to match the subject.
Modals of necessity are used for
expressing rules or strong advice. • Use have for I, you, we, they,
and plural count nouns.
In English, there are three common ways • Use has for she, he, it, non-count nouns,
to show necessity in the present or future: and singular count nouns.
must, have to, and have got to.
• You must take the test. • You have to take the test. • You have got to take the test.
• She must take the test. • She has to take the test. • She has got to take the test.
Modals of Necessity
Fun Grammar Lessons

B. Modals of Necessity cont.
Positive Negative Question
Modal 1 must must not must

• You must pass the test. • You must not fail. • Must I take the test?
Examples
• He must exercise. • He must not smoke. • Must he exercise?
Common? yes yes no
Short Form? no mustn’t (not common) no
How strong? strong strong strong
How formal? formal formal very formal & old-fashioned
Positive Negative Question
Modal 2 have to do not have to have to

• You do not have to • Do I have to
• You have to pass the test. take the test. take the test?
Examples
• She has to exercise. • She does not • Does she have to
have to exercise. exercise?
Common? yes yes yes
don’t have to
Short Form? no no
doesn’t have to
How strong? strong weak* strong
How formal? use anytime use anytime use anytime
Modals of Necessity
Fun Grammar Lessons

B. Modals of Necessity cont.
Positive
Take note!
Modal 3 have got to Negative and question
forms are not used
• You have got to take the test.
Examples with have got to.
• He has got to exercise.
Common? yes (speaking more than writing)
’ve got to
Short Form?
’s got to
How Strong? a bit weaker than have to
How formal? informal
C. Grammar Notes
*Don’t Have To Can’t Have Got to
Be careful! Don’t have to and In the negative form only, Don’t be confused by the past
must not have very different can’t (cannot) is a modal of verb got in have got to. Have
meanings in English. necessity with a very similar got to always has a present or
meaning to must not. future meaning.
Must not has a strong meaning:
you can’t do something. Can’t has a strong meaning Have got to and have to
and is very common. have a very similar meaning
Don’t have to means it’s your
in positive sentences.
choice. You can do it if you
want to. It’s optional.
Modals of Necessity
Fun Grammar Lessons

D. Pronunciation Notes
When speaking at a natural speed,
English speakers often shorten modals.
It is very common to use these short forms in
informal speaking, but you should never write them.
Modal Informal (Spoken) Example (Spoken)
have to “hafta” “I meet my friend after class.”
has to “hasta” “She hasta redo her assignment this weekend.”
have got to “have gotta” “We’ve try harder in school.”
has got to “has gotta” “He’s go to his appointment now.”
Modals of Necessity
Fun Grammar Lessons
2 Positive Sentences
Rewrite the sentences below using must or have to.
Ex. We must get to class on time.

We have to get to class on time.
1 John must pay attention in class.
2 You have to give the book back to the teacher.
3 My friend has to get more sleep at night.
4 Our teacher must prepare us for the test.
5 My classmates have to speak English in class.
6 Mr. Jones has to hand out the homework.
7 Yuka must study every day.
8 He must learn not to interrupt the teacher.
Modals of Necessity
Fun Grammar Lessons
3 Negative Sentences
Fill in the blanks with must not
or don’t have to and the verb.
Ex. I must not forget to lock the door when I leave.

(forget)
1 My father junk food every day because it’s bad for his heart.
(eat)
2 You the entire book if you don’t want to.

(read)
3 She’s lucky. She her homework tonight.
4 We to the store right now. We can wait until tomorrow.

(go)
5 My classmates on the test.

(cheat)
6 We late for class.

(be)
7 You . It wasn’t your fault.

(apologize)
8 My cousin to feed his cat.

(forget)
Modals of Necessity
Fun Grammar Lessons
4 Questions & Answers

A. Short Answers
Write short answers to the questions below.
Ex. Do they have to go home after school? (yes)

Yes, they do.
1 Does Matt have to sign up for the baseball team? (yes)
2 Do we have to bring food to the party? (no)
3 Do children have to be careful near a swimming pool? (yes)
4 Does my sister have to clean her room before playing with her doll? (yes)
5 Do you have to give a speech in class? (no)
Modals of Necessity
Fun Grammar Lessons
4 Questions & Answers cont.

B. Questions
Write questions that match the answers below.
Ex. Does she have to buy a new dress for the party?
No, she doesn’t. (She doesn’t have to buy a new dress for the party.)
1
Yes, they do. (They have to remind the kids about the field trip.)
2
Yes, he does. (He has to tell his teacher when he’s finished the exercise.)
3
No, they don’t. (They don’t have to go to their grandmother’s house today.)
4
No, you don’t. (You don’t have to bring a gift.)
5
Yes, she does. (She has to make the bed every morning.)
Modals of Necessity
Fun Grammar Lessons
5 Speaking & Writing

Get into pairs. Ask your partner
about the household rules and chores Example
where he/she lives. You must use the A: Do you have to do the dishes
following modals at least once each every night at your house?
in your discussion: must, must not,
B: No, I don’t hafta do the dishes every
can’t, have to, don’t have to, and night. I’ve gotta do them on Mondays,
have got to. Practice using informal Wednesdays, and Fridays. How about you?
spoken forms (hafta, hasta, gotta).
B. Writing Practice
Now write five sentences about your partner’s household rules and chores.
Modals of Necessity
Fun Grammar Lessons
6 School Rules
Rewrite the school rules using modals of necessity.
Ex. Get to school on time.

You must get to school on time.
1 Don’t speak your native language in class.
2 Do your homework every night.
3 Interrupting the teacher will not be allowed.
4 Ask questions when you don’t understand something.
5 Participating in an after-school sport is optional.
6 Don’t run in the hallways.
7 Attending the after-school study sessions is optional.
8 Don’t text your friends in class.
Modals of Necessity
Fun Grammar Lessons
7 City Rules
Get into small groups. Come up with
five rules to make your city a better place.
Use positive and negative modals of necessity.
Ex. You must not throw garbage onto the street.
Modals of Necessity
Fun Grammar Lessons
8 Quiz
1 My brother 6 You crying.

to work after school.
a) has to stop
a) have to go b) have got to stop
b) has to go
7 Liam the dog before school.
2 The students their homework.
a) must to walk
a) must to do b) has to walk
b) must do
8 Does she her parents
3 Maria ballet every night. to ask if she can stay over?
a) has got to practice a) have to call

b) have to practice b) must call
4 You finish eating 9 Mrs. Jones the piano

all of the food on your plate. for the school concert.
a) don’t have to a) have to play

b) must not b) has to play
5 He his father’s questions. 10 Do you after school?
a) must answer a) have to stay

b) must answers b) must stay
/v/
1 Pronouncing /v/

/v/

Table of Contents
2 Grammar Notes
6 Exercise 1
Proper & Common Nouns
7 Exercise 2
Regular Nouns
8 Exercise 3
Listening & Speaking
9 Exercise 4
Spelling & Pronunciation
10 Exercise 5
How Many?
11 Exercise 6
Irregular Nouns
12 Exercise 7
Fill in the Blanks
13 Exercise 8
Find the Errors
14 Exercise 9
Picture This!
16 Exercise 10
Quiz
17 Grammar Assessment Tool
18 Self-Assessment
( B E G / V E R S I O N 1. 3) 1
Grammar Notes
SINGULAR & PLUR AL NOUNS
A. Introduction to Nouns
A noun is a person, place, or thing. Nouns are usually the subject

(before the verb) or object (after the verb) of a sentence.
• Julia likes puppies.
• The students are taking a test.
B. Proper & Common Nouns
Proper nouns are the names of people, places, or things.

In English, proper nouns take a capital letter.
Common Noun Proper Noun Common Noun Proper Noun
a person Ali an ocean Atlantic Ocean
a pet Fido a river Amazon River
a city London a lake Lake Baikal
a country Brazil a mountain Mount Fiji
a building a park Central Park
a company Coca-Cola a planet Jupiter
C. Singular Nouns
Singular means one. A singular common noun often has

an article (a, an, or the) or the number one in front of it.
• a truck
• an umbrella
• the bank
• one sandwich
( B E G / V E R S I O N 1. 3) 2
Grammar Notes cont.

D. Regular Plural Nouns
Plural means two or more. To form the plural of most regular nouns,
add the ending -s. A plural common noun often has the, a number
(two or more), or no article in front of it.
• ! cats
• ! apples
• ! chairs
• ! bananas
Look at the spelling patterns for regular plural nouns.

Can you think of any more nouns to add to this chart?
Rule Singular Plural
• banana • bananas
Add -s to most regular nouns. • •
• toy • toys
• candy • candies
If the noun ends in a consonant
• •
+ -y, change -y to -i and add -es.
• puppy • puppies
• kiss • kisses
If the noun ends in -s, -z, -x, -ch,
• box • boxes
or -sh, add -es.
• dish • dishes
• potato • potatoes
If the noun ends in a consonant
• tomato • tomatoes
+ -o, add -es.
• hero • heroes
( B E G / V E R S I O N 1. 3) 3
Grammar Notes cont.

E. Pronunciation Rules for Regular Plural Nouns
How is the plural ending -s

of the singular noun. Listen to the recording and repeat the examples.
# Rule Examples
If the noun ends with the voiceless (soft) sounds • roofs • maps • months
1
f, k, p, t, or , pronounce the -s ending as s. • books • cats
• cribs • songs • bananas

• beds • sisters • trees
If the noun ends with the voiced (loud) sounds
• dogs • clothes • plays
2 b, d, g, l, m, n, , r, ð, v, w, or any vowel sound,
• girls • caves • pianos
pronounce the -s ending as z.
• plums • cows • emus
• vans
If the noun ends with the voiceless sounds s, ks, , or • kisses • batches • quizzes
3 or the voiced sounds , , or z -s • boxes • bridges
ending as (as a separate syllable). • wishes • garages
( B E G / V E R S I O N 1. 3) 4
Grammar Notes cont.

F. Irregular Plural Nouns
Irregular nouns don’t take the -s ending to form the plural.

Instead, there are various changes or no changes to these nouns.
• ! geese
• ! dice
• !
Look at the spelling patterns for irregular plural nouns.

Can you think of any more nouns to add to this chart?
Type of Change Pattern Singular Plural
• man • men
!
• woman • women
Middle Vowel Change
• foot • feet
!
• tooth • teeth
• person • people
Middle Vowel + Consonant Change (various)
• mouse • mice
• child • children
Ending Added (various)
• ox • oxen
• knife • knives
!
• half • halves
• cactus • cacti
!
• alumnus • alumni
Ending Change
• crisis • crises
!
• thesis • theses
• bacterium • bacteria
!
• datum • data
• deer • deer
No Change —
• species • species
( B E G / V E R S I O N 1. 3) 5
Exercise 1
PROPER & COMMON NOUNS
Write P if the noun is a proper noun.

Write C if the noun is a common noun.
Ex. C a child
1. an orange
2. a book
3. The Lord of the Rings
4.
5. Taj Mahal
6. the car
7. Starbucks
8. a bird
9. a movie
10.
11. the school
12. an elephant
13. Harvard University
14. Google
15. the bus
( B E G / V E R S I O N 1. 3) 6
Exercise 2
REGULAR NOUNS
Put a check mark (") in the singular column if there is only one of the noun.
Put a check mark (") in the plural column if there are two or more of the noun.
# Noun Singular Plural
Ex the book "
1 a tree
2 shoes
3 the park
4 an apple
5 the vegetables
7 a dictionary
8 the TV
9 a pencil
10 an umbrella
11 bicycles
12 the people
13 leaves
14 a horse
15 the beach
( B E G / V E R S I O N 1. 3) 7
Exercise 3
LISTENING & SPEAKING
A. Listening Practice
What sound does the -s ending make? Listen to the following

words and put a check mark (") in the /s/, /z/, or / / column.
# Plural Noun /s/ /z/
1 surprises "
2 paths
3 dogs
4 placemats
5 lids
6 rashes
7 watches
8 forks
9 lemons
10 cups
11 chairs
12 businesses
B. Speaking Practice
Listen and repeat the words in Part A.

Pay attention to your pronunciation.
( B E G / V E R S I O N 1. 3) 8
Exercise 4
SPELLING & PRONUNCIATION
A. Spelling Practice
Write the plural form for the following nouns.
# Singular Noun Plural Noun # Singular Noun Plural Noun
Ex knife knives 8 branch
1 cookie 9 coat
2 cake 10 party
3 dish 11 class
4 leaf 12 minute
5 bridge 13 play
6 box 14 lady
7 potato 15 month
B. Pronunciation Practice
With a partner, read the plural nouns in Part A out loud.

Pay attention to your pronunciation.
( B E G / V E R S I O N 1. 3) 9
Exercise 5
HOW MANY?
Ask your partner these questions and write his or her answers in the chart.
Can you think of more questions with “How many” to ask your partner?
# Question Answer
Ex How many hours of sleep do you get? 8 hours
1 How many brothers and sisters do you have?
2 How many pets do you have?
3 How many pairs of shoes do you own?
4 How many days a week do you study English?
How many hours do you spend on social media

5
(e.g., Facebook) in a day?
6 How many phone calls do you make in a week?
7 How many texts do you send in a week?
8 How many TV shows do you watch in a week?
9 How many movies do you watch in a month?
10 How many books do you read in a year?
( B E G / V E R S I O N 1. 3) 10
Exercise 6
IRREGULAR NOUNS
Write the plural forms of the irregular nouns in the chart.
# Singular Plural # Singular Plural
Ex one alumnus two alumni 8 one oasis two
1 one woman two 9 one foot two
2 two 10 one wife two
3 one child two 11 one crisis two
4 one goose two 12 one half two
5 one man two 13 one ox two
6 one mouse two 14 one species two
7 one die two 15 one bacterium two
( B E G / V E R S I O N 1. 3) 11
Exercise 7
FILL IN THE BLANKS
Fill in the blanks with regular and irregular nouns from the list.
Use plural forms. Use each word only once.
Noun List:
• child • bus • • person
• dish • blanket • superhero • calf
• baby • sheep • knife
Ex. They have three sons and three daughters. They have six children .
1. Baby cows are called .
2. It is dangerous to play with sharp .
3. I have to do the after dinner.
4. are animals that produce wool.
5. I need three strong to help me carry the refrigerator upstairs.
6. My friend caught four in the river.
7. Fourteen were born at that hospital yesterday.
8. You have to take two to get to the mall.
9. Here are some more in case you get cold.
10. My brother loves Marvel Comics. He has posters of

all over his bedroom walls.
( B E G / V E R S I O N 1. 3) 12
Exercise 8
FIND THE ERRORS
Find one error in each sentence. Write the correct sentence below it.
Ex. They found two new bird speciess on that island.
They found two new bird species on that island.
1.
2. There are three zoos in the four citys near my house.
3. We need more knifes and forks.
4. Those people are feeding the gooses.
5.
6. I looked under the desks and saw many feets.
7. Woman usually live longer than men.
8. Have the children lost all their baby tooths?
9. Would you like some more carrots or potatos?
10. I asked my son to pick up his toyes.
( B E G / V E R S I O N 1. 3) 13
Exercise 9
PICTURE THIS!
Look at the pictures. Write a singular or plural noun for each image.
1. child 2. people 3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8.
9. 10. 11. 12.
( B E G / V E R S I O N 1. 3) 14
Exercise 9 cont.
13. 14. 15. 16.
17. 18. 19. 20.
21. 22. 23. 24.
( B E G / V E R S I O N 1. 3) 15
Exercise 10
QUIZ
1. Do you want any on your salad? 7. How many until your birthday?
2. The children wanted to pet the . 8. Three of my friends dressed up as

for Halloween.
3. How many English did you take last week?

9. She goes to the gym on .
4. Did you see the at the zoo?

10. I cut the apple into two .
5. There are two in my city.

11. The dentist pulled three out of his mouth.
6. The stole a lot of jewelry.

12. There are a lot of in this garden.
( B E G / V E R S I O N 1. 3) 16
/v/
1 Pronouncing /v/

/v/

Grammar 1 Materi (Modul)

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Retail Shopping

Listen to the recording. Complete the questions.

Ex. Is this shirt on sale ?

1. How will you be today?

2. Is there on children’s wear?

3. Do you need a gift ?

4. Is this part of the buy one, sale?

5. What’s your policy?

6. May I try these in a 7 1/2?

8. Do you have a club discount ?

Can you make& the

1 Place your front teeth on your bottom lip.

3 Fill in the Blanks 6

4 Questions & Answers 7

8 Find Someone Who 15

First Person I run. We run.

Second Person You run. You run.

Third Person He / She / It runs. They run.

Singular Count Nouns Plural Count Nouns Non-Count Nouns

• My friend runs. • My classmates run. • Water runs

1 Grammar Notes cont.

We use the simple present for actions

Common Time Markers Examples

Once, twice, three times, four times, etc.

We use the simple present if the sentence is always true.

• Water boils at 212 degrees Fahrenheit.

1 Grammar Notes cont.

Verbs that don’t contain an action or movement are called

Non-Action Verbs Examples

Feelings • My mother likes pizza.

Thinking verbs • She thinks our new teacher is nice.

The senses • Ice cream tastes delicious.

We often use the simple • SpongeBob Squarepants airs on

Ex My mother for work 5 Some people to

1 The show at 7:00 pm. 6 Your dog holes

2 We in the park 7 Children in

3 Water at 32°F. 8 Their house beautiful.

4 My neighbor his 9 She a lot of

Ex His sister sings karaoke on Tuesday evenings. Verbs:

4 At the end of the year, we for our exams.

5 She in her journal every day.

6 My father in an office downtown.

7 I sick when I eat junk food.

4 Questions & Answers

• Do you like snowboarding? • Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.

Ex Does he play football after school? (no)

1 Do they go to church on Sundays? (yes)

2 Does she take ballet lessons twice a week? (yes)

3 Do they like broccoli? (no)

4 Do you live in the city? (yes)

4 Questions & Answers cont.

Ex Do they study every day?

Do you clean Do you have

Do you Do you wear

Do you brush Do you wear Do you do your Do you

6 Pair Work (Student A)

wakes eats goes eats eats does goes

6:15 am 8:30 am 7:00 pm 11:00 pm

7:45 am 12:00 pm 7:15 pm

6 Pair Work (Student A) cont.

Ex John wakes up at 6:15 am.

6 Pair Work (Student B)

wakes eats goes eats eats does goes