CONTINUOUS CONVERSATION

CLUB 10A

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 Continuous Conversation Club 10A

Primera Edición, 2019

Esta es una obra protegida por la Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor.
Derechos Reservados © SASEVI S.A. de C.V. Calle Iglesia No. 2 Torre E Int. 301
Col. Tizapán, Del. Álvaro Obregón, Ciudad de México, C.P. 01090.

ISBN 978-607-7863-14-4

La presente obra no puede ser reproducida en su totalidad o parcialmente, quedando igualmente

prohibido el fotocopiado de la misma en su totalidad o en forma parcial, sin la autorización
expresa y por escrito del Editor y del Autor.

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Marcas Registradas en favor de SASEVI S.A. de C.V. y se encuentran licenciadas en favor de
Editorial Cobrica S.A. de C.V.

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This course is intended to enhance effective communication skills along with an introduction to
formal basic grammar concepts. The course is made up of 20 lessons divided into 3 different main
types: language skills, oral tasks, and grammar. Language skills lessons establish the theory behind
communication skills in order to understand their nature and equip you with the tools and techniques
to further develop your own. Oral tasks focus on the use of the tools and strategies previously reviewed
through free practice within different contexts, and with varied tasks such as role-plays, debates,
presentations, discussions, among others. Finally, grammar lessons introduce you to basic grammar
concepts in a formal way through authentic practice and production activities.

L1 Pronunciation The Importance of Good Pronunciation 4

L2 Grammar Nouns 8
L3 Language Skills Effective Conversations 14
L4 Grammar Pronouns I 17
L5 Oral Task Getting Engaged in Conversation 22
L6 Language Skills Vague Language 25
L7 Grammar Pronouns II 29
L8 Oral Task Using Vague Language 34
L9 Language Skills Storytelling 36
L10 Oral Task Movies vs Books 40
L11 Language Skills Tact and Diplomacy 42
L12 Grammar Adjectives 45
L13 Oral Task NGO Project 50
L14 Language Skills Vocabulary and Tone 54
L15 Oral Task Vocabulary in Context 58
L16 Oral Task Pitch Meeting 61
L17 Grammar Articles 64
L18 Language Skills Expressing a Point of View 70
L19 Oral Task What's Your Take on...? 73
L20 Evaluation

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 BETTER LISTENING

Most English students find it hard to develop their listening skills. Though it may seem overly
simplistic, just having better pronunciation skills can be one of the most direct routes to developing
better listening comprehension. That is one of the principal reasons we focus so much on the Color
Chart in Quick Learning.

All of us have in our minds an auditory “memory bank”, where we collectively register knowledge of
all the meaningful sounds we hear. If a sound is erroneously registered, or even worse, if it is never
clarified by an instructor, then the listener will never be able to identify such a sound whenever it
happens. That directly carries over into the quality of listening comprehension he/she will develop.

THE ANATOMY OF SPEECH

Human beings are especially equipped with a one-of-a-kind speech apparatus known as the Vocal
Tract. Its design allows us to produce all the sounds needed for communication. Having an
understanding of its parts and function will allow us to analyze the sounds it can produce. Study the
following diagram of the Vocal Tract and familiarize yourself with “The Anatomy of Speech”.

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 CHARACTER OF CONSONANT SOUNDS

Building on what we have learned about The Anatomy of Speech, there are three important aspects
to be considered whenever analyzing consonant sound production: Voicing, Point of Articulation, and
Airflow. These three aspects work together to give each consonant sound its own distinctive character.

1. Voicing. Do the vocal cords vibrate when producing the sound? (Voiced or voiceless sound)
2. Point of Articulation. Which parts of the “Vocal Tract” are involved when producing the sound?
3. Airflow. What type of obstruction is there to the flow of air when producing the sound? (Constant
or stopped)

Analyze the following pairs of Color Chart sounds. Then, write the three aspects of each
sound in the columns. Finally, write whether they are different or the same in the spaces
provided for conclusion.

VOWELS VS. CONSONANTS

On the surface, it may seem easy to differentiate a vowel from a consonant. But, what distinguishes
one from the other? Have you ever wondered what makes the difference? Let’s go deeper!

Consonant sounds come from a different blockage in the airflow by the teeth, lips, palate or tongue in
the mouth. In contrast, vowel sounds are pronounced with an open mouth so the flow of air is
constant. To know whether there is obstruction or not, focus on the points of articulation when
producing the sound. If there is contact or friction by at least two parts of the vocal tract, a consonant
sound is being produced.

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 VOWEL SOUNDS

Vowel letters don’t always have the same vowel sound. Each vowel letter may have varied vowel
sounds depending on its placement in a word and its relation to other letters. Generally, vowel sounds
can be divided into two broad categories: Alphabet Vowel Sounds and Relative Vowel Sounds.

Alphabet Vowel Sounds

These are pronounced according to the name of the letter written. They are also known as Long Vowel
Sounds:

Letter A E I O U

Sound

Example BAKE BEAT MIGHT GO MUTE

Relative Vowel Sounds

These are produced if the vowel letter is not pronounced with its ‘Alphabet Vowel Sound’:

CAT MET PIT CLOCK FOCUS

We pronounce Relative Vowel Sounds when the word is short and there is only one vowel letter:

MAT ALL FUN GET HIT OF OFF STOP

Special cases
• Usually if there are two vowel letters in a short word (one syllable) we pronounce the first vowel
letter with its Alphabet Vowel Sound and we do not pronounce the second.

MEAN GOAT CRIED PAIN DUE

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• Sometimes consonant letters are pronounced with vowel sounds. For example, the letter “Y” is
usually pronounced as either vowel or .

FUNNY FLY CRY LOVELY WORTHY

• When the letter “W” is preceded by “O” it acts as a second vowel.

SLOW GLOW SNOW FLOWN BLOW

Fill in the blanks with the correct Color Chart number according to the rules learned. Write
(A) if it is an Alphabet Vowel Sound or (R) if it is a Relative Vowel Sound.

PEA + _____

PEACE +_____+

LEND +_____+ +

PICK +_____+

PEOPLE +_____+ +

LEAVE +_____+

CLAM + +_____+

LOAD +_____+

NAIL +_____+

ECHO + + _____

NAE + _____

MUCH + _____ +

MOAN + _____ +

PUNCH + _____ + +

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8
Identify the nouns in the following text conversations.

Provide examples of nouns following your teacher’s instructions.

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 Proper nouns are Common nouns
names of SPECIFIC are the GENERIC
people, places, or names of people,
things. places, or things.

Elizabeth, France, and Jeep Woman, country, and car

are examples of proper are examples of common
nouns. nouns.

Since these nouns name Unlike proper nouns,

specific things or people, common nouns are not
they always begin with a capitalized unless they
capital letter: begin a sentence:

When Robbie Williams Fruits low in sugar content

comes to London he shops are often mistaken for
at Harrods. vegetables. Tomatoes and
avocados are well-known
Sometimes proper nouns are examples of this.
made up of more than one
word, in which case many
words must be capitalized:

The United States of America

Central Park Zoo
Allianz Arena

Read the following sentences and determine whether the words in

bold are proper nouns (P) or common nouns (C).

1. Grease, the movie based on the hit Broadway musical, returned to

( ) ( ) ( )
some cinemas for its 40th anniversary.

2. A group of 1000 volunteers built the first full-size house made with
( )
Legos using 3.3 million plastic bricks.
( ) ( )
3. Apparently, dunking Oreos in hot chocolate milk for a few seconds
( )
makes the cookie release 11 times the amount of flavor.
( ) ( )
4. Vegans can eliminate their chances of getting chronic diseases, even if
( ) ( ) ( )
they’re genetically predisposed to developing one.

5. In the 2016 Olympics, Bolt became the first man ever to win gold in
( ) ( ) ( )
the 100-meter race three straight times.
Provide sentences including the nouns your teacher indicates.

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Concrete nouns are
things that CAN BE
IDENTIFIED through
one of the five senses:
taste, touch, sight,
hearing, or smell.
Abstract nouns are
things that your
five physical senses
CANNOT DETECT
like a quality, a
concept, or an idea.

Rock, paper, and scissors are Peace, love, and justice are
examples of concrete nouns. examples of abstract nouns.

Fill in the blanks using a concrete and an abstract noun in each of the
following famous movie quotes.

1. Pay no _________ to that man behind the _________ . (The Wizard of Oz)

2. Mama always said _________ is like a _________ of chocolates.

(Forrest Gump)

3. You and I are a _________ . Nothing is more important than

our_________. (Monsters Inc.)

4. _________ is a _________ that never ends. (Bambi)

5. Even the smallest _________ can change the _________ of the future.
(Lord of the Rings)

Provide examples of nouns following your teacher’s instructions.

Quite simply, a Unlike singular nouns,

singular noun is a
noun that refers to
only one person,
one place, one
thing, or one idea.
plural nouns are nouns
that are used to indicate
that there’s more than
one person, place, thing
or idea being talked
about.

Most singular nouns are

This is a very tall tree.
made plural by simply
adding an -s at the end.
These are called regular It is believed that the
nouns. However, world is home to over
there are many different three trillion trees.
spelling rules regarding
pluralization depending
on what letter a noun
ends in.

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 Noun ends in add -es bus - buses
s, ch, sh, or x. match - matches
dish - dishes
box - boxes

Noun ends in remove f/fe and add -ves life - lives Exceptions:
f or fe knife - knives cliff - cliffs
roof - roofs
Noun ends in simply add -s key - keys
vowel + y boy - boys

Noun ends in remove y and add -ies city - cities

consonant + y baby - babies

Noun ends in simply add -s zoo - zoos Exceptions:

vowel + o video - videos piano - pianos
photo - photos
Noun ends in add -es hero - heroes
consonant + o potato - potatoes

Irregular nouns that ... change their structure man - men

substantially child - children
foot - feet

Irregular nouns that ... don’t change their structure sheep - sheep
at all fish - fish
species - species

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 Write the correct plural form of the nouns in parentheses to complete the song lyrics.

You have many
(house) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _,
one for every season,
(mountain) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in
your (window) _ _ _ _ _ _ _,
(violet) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in
your (hand) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Houses
Judy Collins - Judith
Written in these walls
are the (story) _ _ _ _ _ _ _
that I can´t explain
I leave my heart open
but it stays right here
empty for (day) _ _ _ _ _ _
Story of My Life
One Direction - Midnight Memories
We are the (man) _ _ _ _
___________
Silent and cold
Beautiful (eye) _ _ _ _ _ _ _
(sheep) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
among (wolf) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
The Men
Covenant - Skyshaper
And I will call upon Your
name
And keep my (eye) _ _ _ _
above the (wave) _ _ _ _ _ _
When (ocean) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
rise, my soul will rest in
your embrace
For I am yours and you
are mine
Oceans
Hillsong United - Zion

Read the following situation as you complete the blanks with

different nouns.

The weirdest thing happened to me last night. I was coming back

from the ____________ when I saw a __________ standing by a large
__________. He looked weird so I grabbed a __________ from my coat
pocket ready to hit him in the __________ in case he tried something.

I passed by, feeling __________. I tried not to look, but I could notice he
was wearing a black __________ and eating a large __________. It wasn’t
that late so there were still many __________ in the __________. A few
__________ later, I turned around making sure I wasn’t being followed.

Suddenly, I heard a loud ___________! I woke up scared, stretched out,

and went back to sleep.

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 hands down + + + + + + Without question.

holding + + + + Having. Maintaining.

carried out + + + + + Done. Accomplished. Executed.
employed + + + + + Used.
get across + + + + + + To communicate something clearly.
engage + + + + To take part in something.
situational + + + + + + + Knowledge and understanding of the
awareness + + + + + + circumstances surrounding a situation.

+ + + + Used a special thread to clean

flossed
between the teeth.

+ + + + + + A trademark for a hand-held electrical

Waterpik
device that cleans teeth.
Gold or amalgam used to fill a space
fillings + + + + +
in a tooth.

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A conversation is a form of interactive,
spontaneous and usually spoken communication
between two or more people; and it is hands down the
most effective socializing tool. By holding conversations,
we are able to exchange information, build relationships,
solve problems, and promote our ideas.

Every day we get engaged in different types of

conversations; some are easily carried out, like when we
talk to someone in the street asking for directions; while
others may require more detail, sophistication, and even
rehearsal; for example, speaking in a business meeting at
work.

To have dynamic and effective conversations, two communication components are necessary: listening
comprehension and speaking skills. The quality of a conversation will strongly depend on how well
these two elements of communication are executed. Moreover, there are different aspects such as topic,
purpose, and context that are crucial in the development of a good conversation, and must be carefully
examined in order to achieve better results.

A topic is the general theme or subject discussed in a conversation. Effective communication requires
that the speakers have a good understanding of the issue being talked about, and that the vocabulary
and phrases employed in the discussion be consistent with the subject. Therefore, knowing the topic
will help you provide only the information and ideas needed to get your message across.

Although conversations exist for their own sake, that is, exchanging ideas, they often carry a specific
purpose that drives the intention of the speakers: expressing an opinion, persuading the listeners,
defending a point of view, etc. Having a clear purpose helps you organize ideas better and select the
right words to communicate your thoughts clearly.

Just having the basic language skills needed to engage in conversation does not guarantee that all the
ideas are going to be communicated efficiently. In addition to acquiring fair knowledge of the
language, it is necessary to learn how to properly adjust such knowledge to the context of the
conversation. Context can be defined as a group of situational elements that exist where or when a
conversation is carried out; and the key to understanding context is to cultivate a habit of
situational awareness. Asking yourself questions like where is this conversation taking place? or who are
the participants in this conversation? will help you define your context and interact better with other
speakers.

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 Let’s analyze the following conversation:

Good morning miss! I’m Sam Hawkins. I’m here

to see Dr. White. I have an appointment at 10:30.

Good morning, Mr. Hawkins! Is this the

first time you are in to see Dr. White?

Not really. I had my teeth

cleaned a couple of years ago.

OK, just a moment please, I'll get your

chart. Have you had any other dental
work done during the past year?
No, I haven't.

Have you flossed regularly?

Of course! I floss twice a day and use

a Waterpik.

Is there anything in particular you'd

like Dr. White to check today?

As a matter of fact, I do. I've been

having some gum pain recently.

I see. I could also see you have a few

fillings. Have they been giving you any
trouble?

No, I don't think so.

Ok then, please have a seat and

Dr. White will see you in a little while.

Thank you.

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Read the following conversation and identify the pronouns.

Not you, him!

Me?

Yes, you. Who are you?

Good evening Sr. May I help you? I’m Mee.

Who are you? I mean... what’s your name?

I am Yu. He told you. He’s Mee.

You can't be me! He can’t be you!

I'm asking you for your name.
No. I’m not Yu. I’m Mee!
And I already told you. I am Yu.
Forget it! I can’t talk to you!
I’m afraid you don’t
understand... Hey, you! To me?
Who? Me?

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 Complete the quotes with personal pronouns. Then guess what
movie they belong to.

1. “May the force be with _______.”

2. “_______'ve got a friend in _______.”

3. “If _______gotta go, go with a smile.”

4. “_______ may take our lives, but

_______ 'll never take our freedom!”

5. "Houston, _______ have a problem."

Personal pronouns substitute specific people or things.

Personal pronouns also have a singular and a plural form
as shown in the following diagram.

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Read the following paragraph as you fill in the blanks with the correct
personal pronouns.

During my Quick Learning years, _______ had the best English teacher
of all. _______ was a very skillful person and everybody in my class liked
_______. _______ taught _______ how to read, write, and speak in a
funny and interesting way. It was because of _______ that we understood
the beauty of this language and _______ made us realize that if you want
to be successful, you need to push yourself, be confident and, most
importantly, be passionate about the work you do.
Thank you teacher ______.

Provide sentences including the pronouns your teacher indicates.

Possessive pronouns are used to substitute

a noun while indicating possession.

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 Read the following texts and out of the two options choose the one
you consider best completes the blanks.

1. We have a male golden retriever as a pet. Jack is his name. My parents

had said Jack was mine/theirs and I had to take care of him. Nevertheless,
they act like Jack is ours/theirs and my little sister thinks it’s hers/mine
too. Maybe they’re right, Jack is our/ours.

2. This weekend, I am planning on going to the beach with some friends of

my/mine. I pointed that to make the trip a bit better, we should drive
a car. Jane offered her/hers and Bill offered his/hims. Anyway, either car is
much faster than mine/mines.

Place a few objects of your own in the middle of the classroom and
follow your teacher’s instructions.

An interrogative pronoun is used in questions and it

substitutes the noun it refers to. These are: who, whom,
whose, what, and which.

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 Change the following sentences into questions using an interrogative
pronoun to substitute the word(s) in bold. Choose the appropriate
pronoun from the word bank.

1. Frodo Baggins has to protect a ring.

_________________________________________________________?
2. I think Marvel is better than DC Comics.

_________________________________________________________?
3. Snow White meets seven dwarves by accident.

_________________________________________________________?
4. This peculiar compass is Jack Sparrow’s.

_________________________________________________________?
5. Rose falls in love with Jack in Titanic movie.

_________________________________________________________?

Go to the board and post a comment or a question about one of the pictures. Follow your
teacher’s instructions.

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 To agree to become a member of a group,
sign up + + +
an agency, or an app.
To look at a lot of things somewhere rather
browse + + +
than looking for one particular thing.
A vacation where you stay at home and
staycation + + + + + +
enjoy local sites.

+ + + To be on a budget means to not have a lot

on a (tight)
of extra money. A “tight” budget means
budget + + + +
very little extra money.
The services or perks that a hotel provides
amenities + + + + + + +
with the reserved room.
overpack + + + + + To pack too much.
The achievements or experiences a person
bucket list + + + + + + +
hopes to have or accomplish in their life.
The feeling of being tired and slightly
jet lag + + + + confused after a long plane journey and
through several time zones.

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You will have a conversation with one of your classmates to find out one of the possibilities
listed. Follow your teacher’s instructions.

Find out whether someone:

makes a
particular kind has been has a large
of art abroad family is going out of
town next
weekend
works out at
the gym

attended a
cultural event has studied a
has ever been
last week postgraduate
in a sport
program
competition

dislikes a
has tried
particular kind
exotic food
of movie

Listen to the following information. Then be ready to have a conversation with your
classmates according to the purpose your teacher assigns you.

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 You will have short conversations with one of your classmates. Follow your teacher’s
instructions.

1= a good friend
2= your last vacation
3= your favorite food
4= a movie you really liked/didn’t like
5= your plans for next weekend
6= your favorite family member
7= music that you like/don’t like
8= sports that you like/don’t like
9= plans for this evening
10= a viral YouTube video/Meme
11= skydiving, bungee jumping, or scuba
diving?
12= a robot or a dinosaur, who wins a fight?
13= a plan for your birthday
14= your favorite thing about your job/school
15= a plan for your next vacation
16= your plan in case of a zombie apocalypse
17= your biggest fear
18= your dream job
19= your role model
20= your favorite character in a movie or
book.
21= your favorite breed of dog
22= YouTuber (or influencer) you follow
23= meat lover, vegetarian or vegan? Why?
24= anime or comic?
25= historical character you’d like to
meet/have met
26= favorite superhero
27= travel to space or dive into the depths of
the ocean? Why?
28= best childhood memory
29= one of the three wishes to the Genie in
the Lamp
30= a thing you’re good at

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vague + + Without a precise meaning.

+ + + + + + + + The condition of a word that can be

ambiguity
understood in two or more possible ways.

+ + + + + + + Uncertain or capable of being interpreted

ambiguous
in different ways.
A container for liquids that has a lip and a
pitcher + + + handle. The baseball player that throws the
ball to the batter.
stuff + + + Things.
An organization of golf players.
golf club + + + + + + The place where golf players meet and play.
The stick used to hit the ball in golf.
ran into + + + + + To meet someone by chance.

+ + + + + + To inquire about someone’s health or

asked after
well-being.

charged + + + + To ask payment.

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 It is the language that lacks detail to be practical in a conversation.
In other words, vague language keeps conversations fluid, makes
speakers sound more natural, and saves time while speaking.

Life is good. I have things to do today.

That strike was the last one. Before going to school, I need to go to some places.
Only a couple is needed. It’s kind of cold today.

Read the following statements and determine whether vague or

ambiguous language has been used. Then fill in the appropriate circle.

1. Please, wait for me. I’ll be back later.

2. The book is about dragons, princesses
and all that.
3. That pitcher looks wonderful.
4. It’s about three o’clock.
5. Can you take your stuff with you when
you leave?
6. Mr. Johnson met the CEO. He seemed
to be happy.
7. That photo brought Jenny good memories.
8. The golf club needs to be cleaned.

9. Joseph had to deal with a couple of things

before making a decision.
10. I find World History to be sort of boring.

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 “I’m going downtown to buy a
new sweater, a pair of shoes,
1. To avoid unnecessary detail.
and a shirt. Then I’ll go to the
I just need to finish some stuff and supermarket to buy
I'm done! toothpaste, detergent, fruit,
“So, what are and bread. Finally, I’ll go back
2. To be indirect. your plans for home to watch my favorite TV
this weekend?” show.”
It’s kind of cold in here. Mind if I turn on
the heater?
“I’m gonna go buy
3. To have a reference of a person some stuff and
or thing you don't remember. then I’ll get back
home to chill out
Hey! Long time no see! I went to the university for a while.”
campus to do some stuff there and I ran into
what’s it called?, a friend of yours. He asked
after you.

bit -ish (suffix)* and all that -ish (suffix)* about thing
stuff -something and everything about around thingy
thing(s) a few and that kind/sort kind/sort of
a couple of of thing more or less More formal:
about what do you
and that stuff
around call it?
and things/stuff
nearly what’s it
and something
over called?
like that
plenty of
tons of More formal:
and so on

27
 Rewrite the dialogue using vague language. Follow your teacher’s instructions.

Martin:
Rob, the meeting was arranged but there are still __________________________________
some considerations, especially the ones about __________________________________
profit forecasting, that we need to define. __________________________________
Rob:
Sure! What time do you want to talk it over?
Martin:
Well, right now I have to manage the delivery of __________________________________
some products, you know, going over the order, __________________________________
checking the inventory, setting the logistics… the __________________________________
typical activities. I guess I will be available at 10, __________________________________
or maybe a few minutes later. What do you think? __________________________________
Rob:
Of course! By that time I’ll be in your office. By __________________________________
the way, how was the restaurant I recommended __________________________________
that you visit last Monday? __________________________________
Martin:
You know, it was expensive and the waiter who __________________________________
took my order was not very attentive. He was so __________________________________
distracted that I got the wrong dish and I was also __________________________________
charged more than what I actually had to be. __________________________________
Rob:
I’ve been there 5 times and I have no complaints __________________________________
about the food, the service, the place, the prices, __________________________________
the location… __________________________________
Martin:
One more thing, the waiter seemed to be 20 or 21 __________________________________
years old, a very young guy who made me think he __________________________________
didn’t take his job seriously. __________________________________
Rob:
Oh! I never thought this would happen in a __________________________________
restaurant like that. Let's do this, you finish the __________________________________
delivery process, I reply those 20 emails, we talk __________________________________
over the meeting, and then we can go and grab a __________________________________
bite. It's my treat! __________________________________
Martin:
Sounds like a plan!
Prepare a role-play with a classmate using vague language. Follow your teacher’s instructions.

28
 Reflexive pronouns refer back to the noun or subject pronoun
they substitute. These are the following:
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves,
themselves.

Yesterday I cut myself while cooking.

She looks at herself in the mirror.

2. Meaning “alone” or “without help”.

The word “by” is optional when
it means “without help”.

She lives by herself. (Alone)

They painted the house (by) themselves. (Without help)

3. For emphasis.
It highlights that a person did something
difficult to believe.The reflexive pronoun
comes after the noun or subject pronoun
being emphasized.

John himself entered the competition.

(John did it. It was a surprise.)

You yourself need to talk to the principal.

(Only you, no one else)

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 Complete the following news by filling in the blanks with the appropriate reflexive
pronouns. Then write the purpose of the reflexive pronoun on the line provided.

The cocoa industry is to The Pretty Woman_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ,

re- invent _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________.
Don’t own a dog if you
can’t take care of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________.
Julia Roberts, revived memories of
the 1990 hit movie.
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________.

Novel micro robots can open We’ve got to fix _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ,

doors by _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . said Philadelphia Eagles
__________________________________ defensive end, Brandon Graham.
__________________________________ __________________________________
_________________________________. __________________________________
__________________________________.

Provide examples using reflexive pronouns. Follow your teacher’s instructions.

They substitute a
noun as they indicate
distance in time or
space in relation to
the speaker. They may
be singular or plural.

30
Circle the demonstrative pronouns in the following app evaluations. Then underline the
information they substitute.

This is the app I was looking forward to having. It’s simply amazing!

I used to play trivia games on my cell phone. Those were good except they did
not test my personal interests.

Congrats! I appreciate your creativity.That's what makes your products unique.

I have found two annoying things so far. These are: too many ads and a
bewildering interface.

An excellent and customized product like this helps me be updated all the time.

Place a few objects of your own in the middle of the classroom and follow your teacher’s
instructions.

A relative pronoun is a connector for two ideas that also

substitutes a noun from the first idea.
These are: who, whom, which, whose, that. The pronoun
that can be used in place of who, whom, and which.

1. Steve Jobs was a man who envisioned a digital world.

2. She's the new YouTuber whom I started to follow.

3. There are lots of apps which you can download for free.

4. Apple is a company whose products are highly competitive.

31
 Match the screenshots with their corresponding ending.

This is Charlene, a a) which we both bought

friend in Rome.

Look at the blouses b) that we will certainly

visit again.

Piero is a man c) whom Charlene

helped to find a spot.

That man is Charly, d) whose job is to take

a tourist tourists along the
channels.

In a nutshell, Italy is e) who has joined me on

a country this trip to Italy.

Complete the idea given by your teacher using a relative pronoun.

Indefinite pronouns do not make reference to a specific

person, thing or amount.

anybody anyone anything one both none

everybody everyone everything another several some
nobody no one nothing other many any
somebody someone something each few more
either fewer most
neither others all
much
less
little

32
Underline the indefinite pronouns in the following narration.

“Is anybody home?” I asked as I entered my house, but

nobody answered. I heard something and thought there was
someone around. Then I remembered everybody was out of town.
I was afraid but nothing seemed to be happening. Desperately, I
groped for the switch when suddenly somebody turned the lights
on as everyone yelled, “Surprise!” My family were there and
started hugging me. Two of my sisters had brought a big carrot
cake. Both had organized everything for my birthday party. That
night I thanked my family for all.

Form as many indefinite pronouns as you can from the letter soup. Follow your teacher’s
instructions.

__________________ __________________

__________________ __________________

__________________ __________________

__________________ __________________

__________________ __________________

__________________ __________________

__________________ __________________

33
 turn out + + + + To result. To end up.

pretending + + + + + + + Giving a false appearance. Simulating.

My bad! + + + It is/was my fault.

How dare you! + + + Expression for indignation.

barely + + + + Scarcely. Almost not.

+ + + + + A weekly listing of the current

the charts
best-selling pop records.

34
Listen to the following conversations. Then read the question and
determine what vague language suggests.

1. What does ‘the plate thing’ refer to?

___________________________________________
2. What does ‘stuff ’ mean?

___________________________________________
3. What does ‘what’s it called’ imply?

___________________________________________
4. What does ‘one or two times’ refer to?

___________________________________________
5. What does ‘something’ mean?

___________________________________________

You will speak for about two minutes using vague language. Follow
your teacher’s instructions.

Prepare a conversation using detailed and vague language. Follow

your teacher’s instructions.

35
 devised + + + + + Developed.

+ + + + To show or reveal something for the first

unveil
time.
draw + +
(somebody’s) + + + + + + + To make someone notice something.
attention + + + + +
bond + + + A feeling or interest that unites people.

better + + + To surpass in excellence.

+ + + A piece of protective clothing worn by

smock
artists, laboratory technicians, etc.
quest + + + A journey made in search of something.

+ + + + + A tower with an intermittent light that

lighthouse
serves as a signal to navigators.
theft + + + The act of stealing something.

36
Since ancient times, humans have devised a particular way of expression called storytelling
which consists of the effective use of language to unveil a story that can prompt the listener’s
imagination. This artistic skill, as storytelling is considered, happens in a varied range of
everyday life situations from informal one-to-one conversations to formal massive
performances such as lectures.

Storytelling involves the interaction between the teller and the audience and its success
depends on their roles and how coordinated they are. On the one hand, the teller’s role is to
combine the elements of the story in a way that draws the audience’s attention so they can
create individual images of the story in their minds. On the other hand, listeners have to listen
actively and co-create the story as experienced. Therefore, the first step in the process is to be
aware of the basic elements that a story comprises.

Make up a story with your classmates. Follow your teacher’s instructions.

To create a bond between the speaker and the audience, the storyteller should promote the
right atmosphere for a successful delivery which involves certain basic elements that combine
to make it effective. These elements are:

37
 Read the following excerpt from a story and complete the information below. Follow your
teacher’s instructions.

Once he thought about it, Christopher

decided to give his colleague the invitation. In
a few days, Howard had proven to better him
and, therefore, Christopher wanted him to have
the chance to make a new discovery and
become known around Europe, just like many
other people in that time were doing it. He
grabbed his smock and went to the other side
of the laboratory where Howard was mixing
some substances.

Unsure about what to do, Howard explained

to Christopher that he had just met him and
that it would be dangerous to take his place and
even his name in the project. After
discussing the pros and cons of Christopher’s
decision, he sent a letter confirming his
supposed participation and started to prepare
Howard for the quest. Both had no idea of the
incident that was going to happen during the
project.

38
Choose the elements necessary to develop a story from the boxes below. Follow your
teacher’s instructions.

1st person A princess Jupiter Year 2050 An accident

3rd person A teacher An island The XX century A battle
A famous person A forest The present time A mission
A lion Disneyland The Middle Ages A discovery
An astronaut A desert The 80s A betrayal
A sailor A restaurant During vacation A secret
A soldier Mount Everest During WWII A theft
A dog A lighthouse The Stone Age A transformation
A dragon A hot air balloon During the night A romance
An inventor A farm Throughout a year A prophecy

39
 cheating + + + To take advantage dishonestly.

blow away + + + + To greatly impress or shock.

syllabus + + + + + + The list of subjects in a course of study.

+ + + + Obsessed with or fanatic about

stuck on
something.

closed caption + + + + + + + + Broadcast with captions that appear

only on the screen of a receiver
system + + + + equipped with a decoder.

screenwriter + + + + + + + + A person who writes movie scripts.

mumbo + + + +
Confusing or senseless language.
jumbo + + + +

deadline + + + + + Time limit for an activity or assignment.

way out + + The answer or solution to a dilemma.

be through + + +
+ + To be finished with something.
with

40
Listen to the following conversation and answer the questions. Then
get ready to give your opinion and defend your point of view.

1. Where is this conversation probably taking place?

____________________________________________________________
2. What is the relationship between the two speakers?

____________________________________________________________
3. What are they debating about?

____________________________________________________________
4. How many more dollars does Frank have to spend if he decides to buy
a book?

____________________________________________________________
5. If you were Frank, what would you do?

____________________________________________________________

Listen to the following conversation and answer the questions. Then

get ready to give your opinion and defend your point of view.

1. What are the advantages mentioned by Christine about reading a book?

____________________________________________________________
2. Write at least three reasons Frank has for not reading a book.

____________________________________________________________
3. Why do you think Christine was disappointed after seeing a film
adaptation?

____________________________________________________________
4. What does Frank suggest that Christine do if she really wants to read
while watching a movie?

____________________________________________________________
5. What kind of information is not easy to know about a character if we
watch a movie?

____________________________________________________________

41
 subtly + + + + In a delicate but not obvious way.

+ + + + + To fill or cover with disordered

clutter up
things.

+ + + + + Delicacy. A small detail that is not

subtlety
obvious.

+ + + + + + Having or showing a confident

assertive
personality.

commit + + + + To promise or give one’s loyalty.

42
At times, it is so necessary to tell the truth that people may end up
hurting or offending others. In such cases, language should be tactful so
that you say what you mean and express it clearly, yet subtly. But what is
tact? Tact is the ability to tell the truth while respecting others’ feelings.
That way, when tactful language is used, sensitive information is
communicated and relationships are preserved as well. Ultimately, it is
not only what but also how information is conveyed.
“Tact is the art of making a point without making an enemy”.

- Isaac Newton

1. Create the right environment.

2. Recognize the adequate time.
3. Make the right choice of words.
4. Be aware of your body language.
5. Think before you react.

Write an idea that follows each of the indications. Be tactful.

1. Tell your boyfriend/girlfriend you don’t like his/her cologne/perfume.

_____________________________________________________________
2. Tell your kid to keep quiet during the parents’ meeting at school.

_____________________________________________________________

3. Tell a salesman you can’t take any longer on the phone with him or her
because you’re in a rush.

_____________________________________________________________

4. Tell your new roommate to wash the dishes, so they don’t clutter up
the sink.

_____________________________________________________________

5. Tell a partner you don’t want to go out with him or her (romance
situation).

_____________________________________________________________

43
 Most people develop negotiation skills to find a solution to a common
problem. However, diplomacy is the art of negotiating with subtlety as
one’s standpoint is made clear thus leading to an agreement, a
compromise, and consequently, a solution. Diplomacy also considers
being assertive and using positive words so as to make the negotiation
much easier.
"Diplomacy is the art of letting somebody else have your way".

- David Frost

1. Recognize the adequate time.

2. Use positive language.
3. Get to know the facts of the issue.
4. Find ways to commit with others.
5. Remain calm.

Change the following statements using diplomatic language.

You may include: Words like may, might, could. Indirect language: It
seems, I think, I suggest... Qualifiers: a little bit, slightly, kind of…. Follow
the indications given.

“Kathy, I need to call a couple of customers before we go to the seminar.”

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
“Our last manager was terrible. Reaching the monthly goals was not his
priority.”
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
“Don’t wear casual clothes during meetings with customers.”
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
“You never finish your work on time!”
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
“He’s not following the system. He needs to attend the training program
once again!”
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
C Prepare a role-play using tactful and diplomatic language. Follow your
teacher’s instructions.

44
.

45
 Read the following sayings. Underline all the nouns and circle the
words (adjectives) that give information about each noun. Draw an
arrow to the noun they describe.

1. If you threw a white stone into the Red Sea, what would it become?

2. The squeaky wheel gets the grease.

3. You can’t teach an old dog new tricks.

4. Great things never came from comfort zones.

5. Life is too short to drink cheap coffee.

Provide examples of adjectives to describe the nouns written on the

board. Follow your teacher’s instructions.

46
Read the following brochure excerpt and determine whether the words in bold are
determiners or qualitative adjectives. Write (D) if it is a Determiner or (Q) if it is a
Qualitative Adjective.

Paris has beautiful (___) spots to visit

including the (___) symbolic (___)
Eiffel Tower. You can also relax at
sidewalk (___) restaurants and spend
evening (___) meals with some (___)
delicious (___) wine. There are many
(___) city (___) museums offering
visitors vast (___) art (___)
collections as well. That is why most
(___) international (___) travel (___)
agencies consider this (___) romantic
(___) city an (___) important (___)
European (___) tourist (___)
destination.

Guess the word your classmates describe. Follow your teacher’s instructions.

When a noun is described by two or more adjectives they

need to be placed in a particular order. And although there
are not definite rules, the following pattern is widely
acceptable.

47
 Complete the following sentences by adding adjectives of different categories from the
word bank.

1. The Parthenon was __________ ___________ ___________ ___________ temple.

2. Bob is _________ __________ ___________ __________ character.

3. Have you seen __________ ___________ ___________ __________ baby?

4. _________ __________ ___________ ___________ boxes were sold in the auction?

5. Look at __________ ____________ __________ pieces!

Out of the two options, select the one that shows the right adjective
order.

1. a) Ariana Grande is pretty a skinny young girl.

b) Ariana Grande is a pretty young skinny girl.

2. a) Kukulcan, one of the Seven Wonders, is a marvelous huge ancient

pyramid.
b) An ancient marvelous pyramid huge is Kukulcan, one of the Seven
Wonders.

3. a) This white magnificent mountain pointed is known as Mount

Everest.
b) This magnificent high pointed white mountain is known as Mount
Everest.

4. a) Amazing five young players will join the national team this year.
b) Five amazing young players will join the national team this year.

5. a) The Allianz Arena is the first stadium with rhomboidal colorful

panels.
b) The Allianz Arena is the first stadium with panels colorful
rhomboidal.

48
Look at the following facts and read the sentences below. Write (T) if it is a true statement
or (F) if it is false.

1. Sumirock is currently the oldest DJ. ____

2. Saluki is not faster than Whippet. ____

3. Shanghai Tower is not the tallest

building. ____

4. Makka Royal Clock tower is taller than

Burj Khalifa. ____

5. Interchange is not the most expensive

painting ever sold at auction. ____

Compare two nouns. Follow your teacher’s instructions.

49
 heritage + + + + + + Cultural legacy.

+ + + + + Financial assistance by government or

welfare
institutions to those in need.

+ + + + To provide money for a specific

funded
purpose.

+ + + + + A sum of money given as a privilege or

grants
right to finance a particular purpose.

fundraising + + + + + + + Collecting money for a cause.

+ + + + + + + + A person’s history regarding origin,

backgrounds
education, and experience.

seeking + + + To look for.

+ + + + + + + + The act of finding and enlisting a person

recruitment
in a company or organization.

+ + + + Money paid regularly to cover a

allowance
person’s needs or expenses.

+ + + + + To give or send a document, a proposal

submit
or a piece of writing for approval.

50
An NGO (non-governmental organization) is a non-profit entity that is government independent. Its
main objective is to perform a service or humanitarian assistance oriented to education, health,
environment, arts and heritage, or animal care, among others. According to its level of operation an
NGO might be local, regional, national, or international. Several NGOs also collaborate with the
United Nations Organization and its different dependencies like UNESCO and UNICEF.

As welfare projects, they are usually funded by donations from individuals, or grants from foundations,
corporations and governments, but sometimes they are just run by volunteers. Fundraising is not an
easy task and skillful finance experts are always needed in an NGO. This job also requires excellent
public relations competence.

An NGO is made up of volunteer and/or paid staff members who share a common interest and work
together to help the organization reach its objectives. These members may have different backgrounds
but this is not an obstacle. On the contrary, NGOs are formed by diverse talented people with varied
knowledge and skills. Therefore, to be able to achieve their goals, NGOs, especially the ones at the
international level, are always seeking new members from all over the world who can contribute in
various ways. In fact, online recruitment has become a very convenient resource offering numerous
sites that link NGOs with potential volunteers and field experts.

- Organizational and project management

- Staff management
- Fundraising
- Budgeting and fiscal management
- Legal issues
- Planning and evaluation
- Marketing and communications

- Project manager
- Human Resources manager
- Fundraiser
- Budget manager
- Legal advisor
- Research and evaluation officer
- Website developer
- Public affairs manager
- NGO sector
- Local business community
- Corporate sector
- Professional associations
- Government sector
- Other community groups and networks

51
 Read the following announcement and the sample application. Then, get ready to answer
one of the questions listed as if you were to be interviewed to join the program.

Become a volunteer member in one of the most proactive not-for-profit organizations in the world, Global Growth Now.

With its headquarters in Johannesburg, South Africa, Global Growth Now is an NGO in charge of several projects that aim at
making Africa an integrated continent in the global environment.

You are invited to join us in a six-month program where you will be part of a team to start up a project and keep it running. All
you need is to have strong commitment to volunteerism, social and organizational skills, and the ability to work in a
multicultural environment adjusting to difficult conditions.

We offer travel expenses and an allowance to sustain a secure standard of living. To join Global Growth Now please
complete and submit the application form.

Claudia Godinez claaau.godinezzz@gmail.com

+52 33 33333333 Mexico Administrative

Spanish Native Speaker, B2 English and B1 German; Computer Skills.

I would like to express my interest in becoming part of the Young Professionals Program. I am fascinated by the significant
responsibilities YPP offers and its varied opportunities to excel as an entrepreneurial, achievement-oriented type of person. As
an undergraduate, it would be an honor to represent Mexico as a young delegate in the General Assemble at Global Growth
Now.

Through my education, I took courses related to conflict resolution and international relations. I also took extracurricular
courses in multicultural business settings for the first two years of my major. Furthermore, I have been studying English for
three years and German for two years, and I would like to be completely proficient in these languages. I have gained excellent
insights into the world of economics and politics, and strengthened my analytical skills.

Through my experiences and academic background, I have acquired determination, independence, initiative, and the ability
to learn quickly and put everything I learned proactively to good use. I considered myself to be an excellent candidate for the
position because I have also developed interpersonal skills which were enhanced by my two internships abroad during the
course of my studies.

52
 Consider the following questions to prepare for the brief interview with your teacher.

What knowledge and skills do you have that can add to the NGO project?
How can your professional profile contribute to the cause?
What roles and positions of responsibility can you take?
Is there any resource you can add to the NGO project?
How can your networks and relationships contribute to the NGO
internally and/or externally?
What areas can be exploited through your field of study?
What makes your participation worth it?

You will participate in a meeting where you will expose how you can contribute to the NGO
project. Follow your teacher’s instructions.

53
 tryouts + + + + + Demonstrations to test one’s abilities to
meet certain standards.

lambs + + + Young sheep.

baa + To cry like or make the sound of a sheep.

even so + + + In spite of that. However.

primal + + + + Primitive.

kicked in + + + + Came into operation or action.

tune + + General attitude.

54
Vocabulary is one of the most important aspects of language learning. It is the basis for both oral and
written communication. To reach such communication successfully, a learner needs to adopt effective
strategies for vocabulary learning to understand it and then be able to use it, which goes beyond just
knowing a lot of words.

Vocabulary is divided into two types depending on the source it comes from: Receptive and
Productive. Considering the four language skills, Receptive Vocabulary is acquired through listening
and reading while Productive Vocabulary occurs through speaking and writing. In fact, producing
vocabulary is more challenging than acquiring it. This is because speaking and writing require learners
to be active in their language use while listening and reading have learners acquire vocabulary
passively.

Ultimately, words and expressions are learned gradually. Learners are first exposed to them by reading
or listening, then comes an understanding of their meaning and usage, and finally learners are able to
use that vocabulary in context as they speak or write it to express their ideas effectively.

Fill in the blanks using the words from the squares.

Nobody likes to be referred to as an ___________ person. It’s not polite

and it’s better to refer to them as ____________ people.

Although Robert is a great football player at the local league, he feels he

needs something more _______ , so he’s planning to go to the tryouts
for a professional football team. He’s confident about his skills and feels
it won’t be _________ for him to be accepted.

I’m ___________ about your grades son, you haven’t gotten any good
notes lately. Is there anything you are ___________ about?

We thought that famous tennis player was just being __________ about
his accomplishments and did not want to talk about his last victory.
However, we discovered he’s really __________ when he’s being
interviewed especially on TV.

They just got married and they’re buying a new ____________ in the
suburbs. Soon they will form their own ___________.

55
 Aspects of Connotation

1. Synonyms have a different connotation.

2. Synonyms have positive and negative aspects of connotation.
3. Synonyms have formal and informal aspects of connotation.

B Read the following narrative and circle the word that you consider
best completes the story.

A (flock/crowd/herd) of sheep were visited by Mr. Stork.That’s when he

learned that due to a (mishap/misfortune/adversity), a lion (cub/offspring/
youngster) had been delivered to Mrs. Lamb who immediately fell in love
with the little one.

Lambert, as the young lion was named, tried to make friends and played
with the other young lambs, but he couldn't baa or (headbutt/hit with the
head/smack) with them. His differences caused the other lambs to make
fun of him and (mock/ridicule/tease) him in a song. Even so, Lambert's
mother still loved him.

Soon, the young lambs had grown up and so had Lambert. One evening,
a hungry wolf found the sheep, and tried to (abduct/kidnap/capture)
Lambert's mother. Upon seeing her in danger, Lambert's primal instincts
kicked in, and he (frightened/alarmed/scared) off the wolf. Lambert's
victory made the young lambs change their tune and, due to his bravery,
they finally accepted him.

56
When ideas are communicated by either speaking or writing, there are three aspects to be considered:
what is being said, who says it, and how it is said. Here is where tone takes place. Tone is defined
as the elements that the speaker or writer combines to express their feelings and attitude including
vocabulary (formal or informal), syntax, composition, intonation and inflections. Tone is used to
engage the audience in the same path and make them feel and react to what is expressed. Such
emotional response is considered a commonplace element between the speaker or writer and their
audience.

While tone is given by the speaker or writer, the listener or reader shows a response to that tone. That
response is called mood. That is why, it is quite challenging to use vocabulary effectively and combine it
successfully with the elements previously mentioned to get the message across.

You will speak for two minutes about the topic and the tone your teacher assigns to you.

57
 E-Seat + +

sweafler + + + + +

wrank + + +

sweafling + + + + +

greebles + + + + +

cribter + + + + +

straunny + + + + +

yeaby + + +

binching + + + +

58
Read the following news report and complete the Vocabulary chart.

Kasim was sweafling across the road when he saw an injured wrank by the roadside and pulled
over. Although some motorists were curious and started to take greebles of it from their
windows, Kasim took a step forward to aid the poor creature and take it to a shelter.

Inside his car, Kasim caressed the wrank’s beautiful feathers to calm it down. As he sweafled, he
held it with one hand and could finally manage to take his cribter to her destination.
However, once he had finished his current service, he found himself straunny by what to do
next.

He then stopped a police officer and handed him the wrank. The officer, in turn, took it to an
animal care center in New York where rescuers named it Taxi since they thought a taxi driver
had found it. These animal experts said Taxi was still yeaby, or else she would have tried to
defend herself when Kasim took her.

Finally, after a four-day recovery, Taxi was released back into the wild from Central Park. She
was last seen binching over the park as people waved goodbye.

Answer the following comprehension questions based on the news

report just read.

1. Why was Kasim sweafling?

___________________________________________________________
2.Why was Kasim straunny?

___________________________________________________________

3. What is Kasim?

___________________________________________________________

4. Mention some E-Seat competitors?

___________________________________________________________

6. What part of speech is ‘sweafling’? How do you know?

___________________________________________________________

7. What part of speech is ‘yeaby’?

___________________________________________________________

59
 Choose the option that best defines the word in bold in the sentence
according to context.

1. Chinook is the most endangered species of salmon in Canada,

affecting a whole ecosystem as they are critical food for eagles, bears,
and some sea animals.

a) A warm moist wind that blows onto the western coasts from the sea.
b) A member of a native American people of the Columbia river region.
c) A large North Pacific salmon.

2. Ocean warming and acidity are rapidly causing coral reefs to be wiped
out. These undersea forests might disappear in less than 100 years
from the globe.

a) Underwater ecosystems formed by colonies of coral polyps.

b) To reduce the area of a sail by rolling or folding a portion.
c) A vein of some mineral or ore.

3. A ship going through the Panama Canal can easily be identified via
satellite by its wake.

a) To rouse from sleep.

b) A watch or vigil by the body of a dead person before burial.
c) The track of waves left by a moving ship or boat.

4. A huge hole has been drilled through a 6000-year-old archaeological

site at Stonehenge due to a controversial tunnel that is planned to be
built.

a) A machine or tool used for making holes.

b) A repeated exercise.
c) To make a hole using a special machine or tool.

5. Homes, churches and schools in Zimbabwe were destroyed by fierce

hail storms on December 7, 2018.

a) To rain or fall in small pieces of ice.

b) Small pieces of ice that fall as frozen rain.
c) To call out someone’s attention.

Guess the word based on the clues one of your classmates provides.
Follow your teacher’s instructions.

60
 + + + + + A meeting to share proposals and
pitch meeting
convince someone of your ideas.
+ + + +
to launch a call An invitation to present proposals.
+ +
+ + + +
to pitch an idea To offer an idea for consideration.
+ + +
Large panels where outdoor
billboards + + + + + + +
advertisements are posted.
To subcontract a service from an
outsource + + + + +
outside company.
A house room used for doing office
home office + + + + +
work.
Something that continues or
follow-up + + + +
completes a process or activity.

partake + + + + + To participate in something.

61
 Read the following situation. Then prepare a presentation of a proposal based on the role
you are assigned.

The company you work for has decided to launch a call for proposals. Each department in the
company is invited to pitch an idea to reduce costs and expenses. There will soon be a meeting
where all the proposals will be presented and the departments are encouraged to participate
with good ideas. The departments will listen to each other’s proposals and ask questions about
them.

62

MARKETING DEPARTMENT
Nowadays your company advertises your
product in magazines and billboards.
Expenses are going higher this year. You
propose a new online marketing plan.
MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT
Office personnel may be allowed to be away
from the office and carry out their job from
a home office as long as they complete it on
time. In this way they will be encouraged to
work faster and more efficiently.

LOGISTICS DEPARTMENT PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT

The company has buses to transport its
personnel to and from the plant, but
for most of the day they sit parked on
a company lot. Your proposal is to sell
the buses and outsource the service to
transport the personnel to the plant.
The machinery that manufactures the
top product of the company is very old.
Propose the replacement of the plant
equipment.

HUMAN RESOURCES DEPARTMENT FINANCE DEPARTMENT

Meetings, birthday parties (or any other There is too much waste paper from
celebrations) should be held after the offices. Propose to go paperless.
working day so as to maintain production
levels.

Questions:

How long will it take to implement your idea?

How much will it cost to implement your idea?
How can you measure the success of your idea?
How will everybody notice the implementation of your idea was worth the work/time invested?
Do we need to hire a consulting company to do a follow-up on the new idea/procedure/process?
How often do we have to do assessments on the results provoked by the adjustments?
Do we need special training for the new roles that people will have to partake during any phase of the
implementation of your idea?
Deliver your presentation and be ready to answer the questions your classmates will ask.
Follow your teacher’s instructions.

63
 The pronunciation of these articles varies
according to the sound that follows them:

Before consonant sounds Before vowel sounds

the + windmill the + oak tree

European Union hour
a university an + umbrella

Note: The articles ‘a’/’an’ are

different from the word ‘one’.
‘One’ refers to the quantity,
especially if it is exact while
‘a’/’an’ refers to the category.

One aspirin is not enough.

(You may need two aspirins.)

An aspirin is not enough.

(Maybe you need something else.)

They are only interchangeable

if they refer to time, distance,
weight, money, etc.

The coat cost a/one thousand

dollars.

The model gained a/one pound

quickly.

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 Identify the articles and the noun they determine in the following notifications.

B Provide sentences using articles. Follow your teacher’s instructions.

To express ‘a particular one’ if you don’t say exactly When the person or thing is known because it was
who or which. Something is mentioned for the first mentioned before.
time.

I need a new keyboard for my computer. The keyboard must be white to match
the computer.

When the object or place is not specific (any) or When the object is present, both speakers know what
there is more than one. they are talking about, or the place is a familiar one.

Please, pass me a fork. (Not visible or more Please, pass me the fork. (I’m looking at it.)
than one)

I opened an account in an international bank. I’m going to the bank. (This is a common place.)
(Not a specific one)

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 When the object or place is not specific (any) or To talk about specific things. (Singular/plural)
there is more than one.

A pencil is a device for writing or drawing. The pencils that I bought yesterday were
(Any pencil) on sale.

Someone’s profession/occupation. To express a group of people in a category.

Dr. Smith is a cardiologist. The cardiologists at the General Hospital are

the best in town.

When referring to only one in a group. When there is one of a kind or one in context.

I saw a bright star. (There are many stars.) Look at the moon! (One of a kind)

I had a problem with a waiter. (There are more waiters.) I need to talk to the manager. (The one in the company)

When referring to a non-specific device, vehicle, When referring to a system or service.

or person.

The CIA used a sophisticated radio. (A device) I heard that news on the radio.

I couldn’t see a bus in the street. (A vehicle) We better take the bus. (Transportation system)

Rewrite the following sentences and insert the corresponding article

where appropriate. Then explain why each article is necessary.

1. Museum in Singapore offers unique experience, National Museum of

Singapore.

____________________________________________________________
2. Museum houses exhibit with giant mural of 69 drawings.

____________________________________________________________
3. Mural can be seen through camera of your phone and augmented
reality app.

____________________________________________________________
4. Through augmented reality app you can see live trees in forest and stars
in sky.

____________________________________________________________
5. Jason Toh is curator. He has worked at museum since 2004.

_____________________________________________________________

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 Suggest some necessary items according to the topic your teacher writes on the board.

With singular countable nouns meaning For general concepts with plural and uncountable
‘the whole class of things’. nouns.

The wheel was a revolutionary invention. Dolphins are extraordinary mammals. (Plural)

Santana plays the guitar very well. Traffic is gradually increasing. (Uncountable)

With specific proper names. With proper names in general.

the Pacific, the Alps, the United Kingdom France, Lake Superior, Oxford University,
the Netherlands, the Statue of Liberty Volkswagen

titles with no name: people (with titles):

the Queen, the president, the doctor Arthur, Queen Elizabeth, Doctor Bradford

The president’s wife Obama’s wife, Europe’s rivers

Find the mistake in definite article use and correct the sentences.

1. The Skeleton Lake in Himalayas owes its name to a recent discovery of

around 200 skeletons.
_____________________________________________________________
2. Considering that he invented the field of planetary science, the Eugene
Shoemaker’s ashes were sent to the Moon.
_____________________________________________________________
3. The Marilyn Monroe’s iconic dress cost 4.81 million dollars becoming
the most expensive dress ever sold at auction.

_____________________________________________________________
4. A discovery of dozens of mummified cats in a 4,500-year-old tomb in
the Cairo has reinforced ancient Egyptians’ obsession with such felines.

____________________________________________________________
5. With a collection of more than 100 pets, mostly exotic ones, YouTuber
Pasie from United States wants people to learn that the pets are not
only cats and dogs.

____________________________________________________________

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 Answer the questions your teacher will ask.

With singular countable nouns. To talk about specific things. (singular/plural)

A car Snakes shed their skin periodically.

An airplane
With uncountable nouns.

Information is easily accessed to nowadays.

Possessive proper nouns.

I met a friend of Matt’s.

(Not a Matt’s friend)

Find the mistake in one of the three options in bold.

1. Dipak Ram, a doctor from Manchester, claims he snapped a photo of a

a) b) c)

Loch Ness Monster’s body part.

2. A cyclops is the creature with only one eye.

a) b) c)

3. The Kraken is a sea creature thought to be one mile long and so huge
a) b)

that it can be taken for the island.

c)

4. A Beowulf is an Old English epic poem where a creature called Grendel

a) b)

terrorizes a Scandinavian town.

c)

5. Medusa, a creature in a human-like form and with a snakes for her hair,
a) b) c)

could turn into stone whoever looked in her eyes.

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Mark an X in the circle that corresponds to the article that should be
used in every specific case.

First time mentioned

People (with titles)

Only one of a kind

Profession/occupation

Mentioned before

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 excel + + + + To surpass in achievement.

reckon + + + To think. To suppose.

to some + + +
+ + + + + + In part. To some degree.
extent

Hang on! + + + Wait a minute!

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Expressing a point of view may be as simple as it looks. However, there are some aspects that need to
be considered if one wants to excel at taking part in a conversation and expressing different opinions.
These aspects go from knowing how to give or ask for an opinion, how to agree or disagree, how to
justify an opinion to how to deal with interruptions in a conversation of this nature. Additionally, the
use of certain expressions also has great importance when giving an opinion.

Give your opinion on a specific subject. Follow your teacher’s instructions.

I (don’t) think… I believe… I’m absolutely certain that…

I’m fairly/quite certain that… I reckon... I’m convinced that…
I would’ve thought that… I don’t doubt that… I strongly believe that…
In my opinion… I feel certain that…
My impression is that…
As I see it…
It seems to me that…

What do you think about…?

How do you feel about…?
What are your views/thoughts on…?

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 Give your opinion on a given statement and add a reason to support it. Follow your teacher’s
instructions.

I (totally) agree with you.
I couldn’t agree more.
I’d go along with that.
I feel the same.
You’re absolutely right.
Absolutely/Definitely/Exactly.
No doubt about it.
That’s a good point.
I see your point but…
I kind of agree with you.
I agree with you to some
extent; however, ...
You make a good point, but…
I’m afraid I disagree.
I don’t agree with you.
I’d be inclined to disagree.
That’s not the way I see it.
I don’t think so.
I don’t feel the same

First… Second… Why do you think that…?

One reason is… Another is… Are you sure that…?
To start with… Added to that… What makes you feel that?

You will have a conversation with your classmates. Follow your teacher’s instructions to
give your opinion.

Excuse me. Can I just say…? If you’d let me finish…

Sorry to interrupt but… Just a minute…
Yes, but… (informal) Hang on!…(informal)

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shoplift + + + + + + To steal merchandise from a store.

high-frequency + + + + + + + Equipment that emits a higher rate of

device + + + + sound waves.

+ + + + + + + To show a bad attitude or act

misbehave
inappropriately.

+ + + To follow or watch someone all the

stalk
time obsessively.

harass + + + + To disturb or irritate persistently.

penalty + + + + + The event in which both soccer teams

take a specified number of penalty
shoot-out + + + kicks so as to break the tie score.

+ + + + + Facing or managing a problem

coping with
adequately.

spouse + + + One’s husband or wife.

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 Read the following situations and initiate a discussion with your classmates.

A group of teenagers practiced shoplifting as a kind of sport. They were

caught and they defended their actions by saying the products they took
were not very expensive, and that store owners made high profits anyway.

A group of women have started to boycott certain products which they

believe are heavily contaminated with chemicals, antibiotics and
pesticides. They have formed a collective to sell organically grown health
food. They go to supermarkets trying to convince people not to consume
such products.

In Britain there is a trend to use a high-frequency device to drive

misbehaving children away from shops and other areas. The electronic
device emits a high-frequency noise which can be unpleasantly annoying
to young ears but not to people over 20 years old. Teenagers say this
measure is infringing their human rights.

A girl was sentenced to prison for five years after stalking a singer. She
harassed him and his wife by using her own work computer, gaining
illegal access to private information, obtaining family photos, and
monitoring voice messages. Many people say she should not be sent to
prison but rather to a psychiatric hospital.

Doctors advise people with heart problems not to watch potentially

intense sporting events claiming it can double the risk of a cardiovascular
event. A study showed that after a penalty shoot-out, the largest number
of heart attacks occurred. Therefore, it is suggested that fans with heart
conditions get behavioral therapy for coping with stress or else totally
cease viewing these sorts of events.

For many, working with your spouse offers the best of two worlds: you
spend more time together and you truly develop a relationship as
partners. Yet, it seems not to be for everyone since work and personal life
get nearly impossible to separate or you can even end up talking mostly
about your job. If the couple fails to manage that, happiness can be risked
and marriage itself can collapse.

A businessman regularly cheated on his income tax. After being caught,

he claimed he gave all the money he saved to a hospital in Africa.

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 Editorial Cobrica, S.A. de C.V.
Álvaro Obregón Nº 120, Col. Santa Anita, C.P. 08300, Ciudad de México, CDMX
1ª Edición, 2019
Esta obra se terminó de editar en julio de 2019.

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