READING AND

WRITING
SKILLS
Reading and Writing
Connections
CHAPTER 1
READING

WRITING
 READING
•According to Lapp and Flood (1978),
- It is a decoding process.
- It is a comprehension process.
 WORD
RECOGNITION
COMPREHENSION

FLUENCY
WHY DO WE
READ?
• To develop a broad background
• To anticipate and predict
• To create motivation
• To build a good vocabulary
• For pleasure and enjoyment
BENEFITS OF READING
• It exposes readers to accurate spelling and
correct form of writing
• It shows readers how to write more
complex sentences
• It invites reader to be more experimental
in their own writing
• It allows readers to hear the thoughts of
others
 WRITING
• It is a method of representing language
in visual or tactile form.
• It is a system of graphic symbols that
can be used to convey meaning.
 EXPRESS
INFORM
ENTERTAIN
WHY DO WE WRITE?
EXPLAIN
EXPLORE AND LEARN
PERSUADE
DESCRIBE SOLVE PROBLEMS
BENEFITS OF WRITING
• It allows writers to voice their thoughts
• It provides writers vehicles to use their
imaginations
• It gives writers a chance to engage in a
conversation with other writers
• It aids writers in reading critically of
others
• It motivates writers to engage with the
text they are reading
Written Text as a
Connected Discourse
LESSON 1
 • It is the study of sound patterns that occur
within languages.
• It is the smallest unit of speech.
Phonology Phoneme
Text Discourse • any piece of extended language, written or
spoken, that has unity and meaning and purpose.

Morpheme • a speech sound represented

Phone
• A short segment of language that meets three basic criteria: with phonetic symbols
- It is a word or a part of a word that has meaning.
- It cannot be divided into smaller meaningful segments
without changing its meaning or leaving a meaningless

Allophone
remainder.
- It has relatively the same stable meaning in different
verbal environments.
• a variety of a phoneme
Morpheme
- A word or part of word that has a meaning. A root
word.
(a) Bases or roots
Ex: Womanly

Affixes – added to a root word to change its

meaning.
1. Prefix – added to a front of root word.(in, dis,
re, un)
Ex: Incapable, Dislike, Unknown

2. Suffix – added to a back of root word. (ed,

ing, ly, es)
Ex: Laughing, Wanting, Foxes)
Phonology
- The study of sound patterns, their meaning, and how they
form speech or words.
- Identifying
rhymes, counting numbers of syllables, or
recognizing alliteration.
- *Alliteration – repetition of usually initial consonant
- Ex: Wild and wooly

Phoneme
- Smallestphonetic unit in language that are capable
of conveying meaning.
Phoneme
- stated in our minds but we don’t pronounce it
yet
- Represents with slash (/)
Ex:
Mat - /m/ /a/ /t/
Ring - /r/ /i/ /n/ /g/
Sing - /s/ /i/ /n/ /g/
Allophone
- A variant of phoneme
- Written with brackets
- A kind of phoneme that changes its sound base
on how word spelled.
Ex:
Pen – P with aspirated
Spin – [P]
Stop – [p’]
 Connected speech or Connected
discourse
• In Linguistics, it is a continuous sequence of
sounds forming utterances of conversations in
spoken language.
• its analysis shows sound changes affecting
linguistic units: phrases, words, lexemes,
morphemes, syllables, phonemes or phones.
 Word Recognition in Connected
Speech

Ifwordswereprintedwithoutspacebetween
themtheywouldbeprettytoughtoread.
 Deletion of Sounds in Connected
Speech
Ex:
- the sound /t/ from the words “want to”
“I don’t ‘wanna’ go with anybody.”
NOTE: The symbol ‘’ represents a very weak sound.

Ex:
Bus + t = Bust
Bust – s = But
 Pragmatics in a Discourse
Pragmatics is concerned with our understanding of
language in context.

• Two kinds of context:

1. Linguistic context - the context within the
discourse, focusing on the relationship between the
words, phrases, sentences and even paragraphs.
2. Situational context – everything nonlinguistic in
the environment of the speaker.