Aneesa Akkaoui PDH Notes

PDHPE Yearly Notes

Boost your performance
Biomechanical principles
Motion:
Linear motion
Is motion in a straight line. Linear motion occurs when an object and all its parts travel
in the same distance at the same speed over the same distance an example is the human
body when running. For example, uninterrupted objects will continue to move in a
straight line indefinitely. Another example: is the human body when running.
Angular motion
Is the tendency of a body or object to continue to spin or rotate. For example, a figure
skater rotating in one spot holding on to their partner.
General motion
Is both linear and angular motion together. For example, when we run, we are using
both linear (running in a straight line) and angular (bending our joints).
Projectile motion
Is the movement of an object or body in the air. For example, a ball being passed to an
opponent in basketball.

Momentum
The momentum of an object or body is determined by its mass and velocity. Momentum
is the quantity of motion that our body object passes.

Momentum = Mass x Velocity

Velocity
Velocity describes the speed and direction of an object. In some situations, such as if
movement is in a straight line and in one direction, velocity and speed will be the same.

Speed
Speed is how fast an object is moving and is determined by dividing the distance by the
time. Speed is measured in metres per second or kilometres per hour.

Distance
Speed=
Time
Acceleration
Acceleration is the ability to develop speed quickly. It is the right at which speed
changes in relation to time. Acceleration is measured in metres per second or
kilometres per hour.
Final velocity−inital velocity
Acceleration=
time
Balance and stability
There are two types of balance. Static balance distributes the body over a base of
support, and it's held. Active all dynamic balance can involve the base of support being
moved outside the line of the body while the equilibrium is maintained. Stability is the
resistance to the disruption of equilibrium, and balance is the ability to control
equilibrium. When stability is increased, it is more difficult to unbalance an object; when
stability is decreased, it is easier to unbalance the object or body.

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Lever systems
A rigid bar that rotates around a fixed point. We can think of this as the bones of a
skeleton provide rigid bars on
which the muscles pull to cause movement.
Three different classes of Levers:
Fulcrum: The fixed pivot point (joints)
Effort: The forced applied-in this case muscle contraction (muscles)
Resistance: The weight or load (resistance training can be considered as weight
training, other examples include shot put)

Force
The body produces force primarily through the muscular system promoting movement
of the skeletal system.
The body absorbs force in several ways:
o A force distributed over a large area that has less than that applied to a smaller area.
o Changing the impact from direct to oblique to lessen the force. For example, by
turning his head, a boxer a boxer may receive a glancing blow opposed to standing
in front on and receiving a direct blow.
o Distributing the force through flexing joints.
The greater the force applied to that object the greater the speed and acceleration of the
object. This can be observed when a child and an adult throw the ball. As the mass of an
object increases, so does the force required to move that object.
Answer questions Q1-3 on pg. 74 and Q1-5 on pg. 75

Force = mass x acceleration

Newtons Laws
First law of motion (Law of Inertia):
A body will remain at rest in a straight line until an external force act upon it to change
the state of motion. In simple terms, objects resist changes in their motion unless a force
is applied.
Second law of motion (Law of Acceleration):
The amount of acceleration produced when an unbalanced force acts on a body is
proportional to the size of the force.
Third law of motion (Action-Reaction law):
For every reaction there is an equal and opposite reaction

Centre of gravity
A point from which the weight of a body or system may be considered to act.

Base of support
The area on the solid surface by which a person or structure is supported. Practically
their foundation.

Mass
The amount of matter of an object

Weight
The force that gravity exerts on an object.

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Friction
Refers to the force that occurs between two surfaces, in the opposite direction to the
movement.

Do Questions on pg. 70-75 for extra revision

Revision questions Q4, 5, 6

The next chapter

 Employed: Having your services engaged for, or having a job, that pays wages or a
salary.
 Unemployed: Having no job or being out of work, despite being willing and/or able
to work.
 Superannuation: The savings accumulated over time by an individual, during their
working life, which are used to fund their retirement or used as an investment.
 Salary: A form of periodic payment from an employer to an employee.
 Budget: A sum of money allocated for a particular purpose.
 Tax: Money paid to the government for financing public expenses.
 Gross Income: Income before tax.
 Net Income: Income after tax.
 Remuneration: Pay or salary, usually monetary payment, in return for employment
services.
 Cover letter: A one page document submitted as a part of your job application
alongside your
 CV or Resume: It introduces you and briefly summarises your professional
background. It explains in detail why you're the best fit for the job and company.
Usually put Resume and CV together.

Do Learning grid questions on pg. 97-98 for extra revision

Future challenges and goals

You face many challenges in your life. You may move overseas, by a house, get married
and even have children. In the near future you’ll be doing many adult things such as
getting a Medicare card, buying a car and even moving out of your parents’ home. A
major challenge you will face is choosing a career path specific to your skills and
interests. A list of challenges you may face in the next 10 years include your HSC,
finishing your degree, finding a job that is suitable for you and even financial problems.

Study skills and exam preparation

o Design a study plan.
o Write your own summaries collecting all available information.
o Know the examination structure and their question styles well before the
examination.
o Write notes as you go and put together on one page summary on each topic a couple
of weeks before your exam.
o Know your distractions and avoid them for example social media, Messaging etc.

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Balancing commitments
The average student will have to balance their schoolwork, causal or part-time
employment, volunteer work, recreation, study, family life and hobbies. It is essential
you know how to balance and manage your commitments so you can continue to have
fulfilling life.

Career choice
Your career is important as it is an important contributor to your mental and emotional
wellbeing. If you chose a job that you don’t enjoy, stresses you out or doesn’t interest
you, the effects can extend to your personal life.

Job Guide
The purpose of job guide is to help Australian Year 10 students to explore career
choices and make subject choices.
Level 1: these occupations typically require the completion of year 10 or further
Level 2: these occupations typically require some further training, such as skills
developed from completing a certificate III or IV in a specific area
Level 3: these occupations typically require completion of a diploma or higher, offered
through TAFEs and colleges.
Level 4: these occupations typically require completion of a degree or higher offered
through universities.

Resume proforma
What to add:
o Name: Full first name and surname
o Address
o Contact details: include as much as information as possible
o Education: the subjects you are studying and any relevant qualifications
o School Achievements: Academic, extra curricula, sport
o Work Experience
o Work related skills: Use your work-related skills register as a starting point to
describe any skills you have that could possibly be of value to an employer.
o Sports/hobbies: include team or individual sports you have played or are currently
playing. Healthy people that have interesting lives are good employees.

Letter of enquiry Performa

One way of seeking employment is to send a letter of inquiry to potential employers.
pg. 112

Job interviews and interview preparation

Going to a job interview can feel quite daunting. When doing a job interview be
prepared to talk about yourself, the job you are going for, your strengths, your
weaknesses, and previous experiences. Before going for a job interview:
1. Research the employer: read articles, reviews
2. Practice, practice, practice: practice random questions
3. Get a good night sleep: lack of sleep has an effect on decision making
4. Dress to impress: Pay attention to the small detail. No overpowering fragrances.
5. Arrive early
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6. Bring the essentials: Resume, plan questions, references.

7. Body language: 56% of communication is nonverbal.
8. Be a listener, be brave and ask great questions

Life beyond school

Moving out of home and securing a rental tendency
1. Search a house online (domain.com) or visit a real estate.
2. Check your rental history and gather necessary documents, including references,
proof of income, and identification.
3. Negotiate lease terms.
4. Sign the Residential Tenancy Agreement.
5. Pay the security deposit (bond) and first month's rent into the Rental Bond Board.
6. Plan your move, including hiring movers, if necessary.
7. Understand your rights and responsibilities as a tenant in NSW, as outlined in the
Residential Tenancies Act 2010.

Completing a tax return

1. Decide which way you want to lodge your tax return (agent or yourself).
2. Gather all necessary information (tax file number, bank account details, my Gov
details, DAYG, etc...).
3. Organise all deductions.
4. Lodge tax return with the Australian tax office.

Obtaining a Medicare card

1. Obtain at 15 years or up.
2. Complete the application to transfer from their parents card.
3. Bring suitable ID to a Medicare service centre, complete the application. Suitable ID
can be, license, passport, birth certificate etc..

Choosing, purchasing, and financing a car

1. Determine what payment you can afford
2. Know how much debt you can afford
3. Know your credit report detail and credit score
4. Determine what you want.

Indigenous Australians
Indigenous Australians are very disadvantaged. high levels of unemployment, extremely
poor health outcomes, far shorter life expectancy than other Australians and high levels
of incarceration are very common things an indigenous experience today.

Characteristics
The Australian Bureau of Statistics defines an Indigenous Australian as someone who:
o Is of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander origin
o Identifies as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander
o Is accepted by an Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander community
Indigenous Australians are considered a disadvantaged group in contemporary
Australian society. They experience a variety of limitations in terms of education,
employment and experience a higher degree of health issue in comparison to the rest of
the population.

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Education
In 2006, 59% of Australians aged 25-64 had a non-school qualification compared to
29% of Indigenous people. Access to educational facilities is a major issue for
Indigenous Australians, specifically those in remote communities.
While education rates amongst the indigenous population are lower than the rates of
Australians as a whole, there have been considerable increases in the number of
indigenous in the number of Indigenous Australians

Financial support
There are a range of payments and services available to indigenous Australians
depending on their situation. One particular payment, offered through ABSTUDY,
supports indigenous students currently studying.
The conditions of ANSTUDY and the payments, allowances and benefits offered:
Conditions Payments, allowances, and benefits
 An Aboriginal or Torres Strait  Fortnightly payments
Islander Australian  School fees
 Be a student or Australian  Buying school materials
 Not to be receiving any other
government assistance to study

Physical activity for health and wellbeing

Physical activity guidelines for young people
o Young people should accumulate at
least 60 minutes of moderate to
vigorous intensity physical health
everyday
o Should include a variety of aerobic
activities, including some vigorous
intensity activity
o Young people should engage in
activities that strengthen muscle and
bone at least three days per week.
o To achieve additional health benefits
young people should engage in more
activity – up to several hours per day.

Sedentary behaviour guidelines for young people

o Limit use of electronic media for entertainment o Break up long period of
to no more than two hours a day – lower levels sitting as often as possible
are associated with reduced health risk.
Factors influencing participation in physical activity
o Age o Gender
o Socioeconomic status o Interests/hobbies
o Ethnicity o Self-esteem and self-confidence
o Religion and spirituality o Education

Strategies to enhance participation (pg. 127 answer question)

Parents often influence the type and amount of physical activity that their children
participate in, and it is clear that the family environment is one of the most important
determinates of physical activity. If parents promote positive physical activity habits for
their young children, the children will adopt healthy habits later in life.

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Barriers to participation
Many people fail to participate in regular physical activity for a number of reasons.
These barriers affect all people including people with disabilities, the elderly, and
people of low socioeconomic status. Common barriers or excuses for not participating
in regular physical activity include too busy, childcare not available and health
problems.
pg.130 for more information

Safe practices when participating in physical activity

You can be active even if you have a chronic condition, like heart disease, diabetes, or
asthma. Staying safe while you exercise is always important, whether you’re just
starting a new activity or haven’t been active for a long time. Over exercising can cause
injury, which may lead to the person giving up on their exercise regime.
Do activities on pg. 131

Contribution of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to sport in Australia

Indigenous are disadvantaged in areas such as:
o Preserving and celebrating o employment
indigenous culture o economic development
o Child mortality o healthy lives
o education o building safe and strong communities
Recent research identified a range of key findings, which include:
o 46.6% of aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children reported playing sport in the
last 12 months
o Mental health is estimated to be higher among indigenous men and women who
participated in organised sport, after controlling for an extensive range of other
factors.
o Almost 50% of the young indigenous men aged 15 to 19 living in AFL states
(Victoria, SA, WA, Tasmania and in the north and territory) participated in AFL
o Indigenous adults who played football in the previous twelve months reported
higher life satisfaction and people who do not participate in sport.
o AFL is the second most popular team sport among aboriginal tourist Islanders which
almost 45,000 indigenous players participate in.
Do revision questions on pg. 140-141

It couldn’t happen to me
 Hallucinogens: Drugs that alter an individual’s perception of reality
 Central nervous system: the main network for controlling the body, consisting of
the brain and spinal cord
 Tolerance: Decreased sensitivity to the effects of a drug
 Stimulants: Drugs that increase the functioning of the central nervous system
 Depressants: Drugs that slow down the functioning of the central nervous system
 Harm minimisation: A range of approaches to prevent and reduce risk of particular
behaviour (for example, unsafe sex, smoking or road use)
 Legislation: law or policy put in place relating to certain countries
 Withdrawal: the process of discontinuing the use of a drug. It is often characterised
by sweating, tremors and nausea and pain

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 Carcinogenic: a substance that through using it, has potential to cause the growth of
a cancer.
 Prescription: Licenced medicine, regulated by legislation

Determinants of health
Determinants of health are factors that influence how likely we are to stay healthy or to
become ill or injured. Social determinants can strengthen or undermine the health of
individuals and communities. A person’s health is also influenced by biomedical factors
and health behaviours that are part of their individual lifestyle and genetic makeup.
Biomedical risk factors such as high blood pressure can have a direct impact on illness
and chronic disease.

Choosing not to take drugs

Key statistics
In 2019, most young people aged 14-24 had never smoked (85%), 4.2% were occasional
smokers (smoking weekly or less) and 6.8% were daily smokers. The proportion of
males and females who smoked daily was similar (7.8% and 5.9% respectively). Young
people aged 14-17 were more likely to have never smoked than 18–24-year-olds (97%
compared with 80%)
In 2019, among young people aged 14-24, the average age at which they first drank
alcohol was 16.2, with a similar age for males and females
In 2019, 24% of young people aged 14-24 engaged in illicit use of drugs (including non-
medical use of pharmaceuticals) in the 12 months before the survey. As well:
" Males were more likely to engage in illicit use of any drugs than females (27% and
21%, respectively)
* 18–24-year-olds were more likely to engage in illicit use of any drugs than
14–17-year-olds (31% compared with 9.7%)
- the most commonly used illicit drugs (excluding pharmaceuticals) were marijuana/
cannabis (19.7%), ecstasy (7.6%) and cocaine (7.3%)
" the most common pharmaceuticals used for a non-medical purpose were pain-killers/
pain-relievers and opioids (2.5%) and tranquillisers/sleeping pills (1.9%).

Managing pressure
Young people experience various pressures regarding drug use, especially through peer
pressure. Pressure may also come from siblings, other family members and the
community. Drugs can destroy lives by impairing one's physical and mental well-being,
upsetting relationships, resulting in legal issues, draining one's income, restricting one's
ability to succeed in an education or job, encouraging isolation, and increasing the
chance of overdosing. That being said, healing is achievable with the correct care and
assistance.

Marketing strategies and the media

Advertising tobacco products in the media, on radio, billboards, or television is banned
in Australia. Retailers that sell tobacco products must adhere to strict guidelines and
face large fines if they break these guidelines. The Alcohol Beverages Advertising Code
(ABAC) aim is to ensure that alcohol does not glamourise school consumption or target
vulnerable groups in the community.

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Alcohol
Effects of it on relationships
Drinking excessively can place relationships under considerable stress. When
intoxicated, many individuals say and do things they wouldn’t normally if they were
sober. This can lead to assault and abuse (physical, verbal, or sexual). It can also lead to
misunderstanding and miscommunication, which can both be hard to work to work
through.
Being under the influence can limit a parents capacity to be there for their children, and
often resulting in children feeling undervalued and let down.
Long term effects: Consistent alcohol abuse over a period of time can cause irreversible
damage, which may even lead to break ups, separation, or divorce. Dependence on
alcohol can cause an individual to lose their job, creating financial stress for their family
or partner.

Effects on the community

Alcohol abuse causes problems in many different aspects of society, which in turn cost
money to address.
Answer Q1-5 on pg. 155 for a deeper understanding

Answer the scenarios on pg. 157 for risky drinking

Alcohol and energy drinks

When energy drinks are mixed with alcohol, consumers may be able to achieve higher
levels of intoxication without feeling tired. Energy drinks contain large doses of caffine
and other stimulants such as guarana. Alcohol is a depressant. The combination of
effects can be very dangerous.
Normally when someone drinks to much alcohol their body will begin to feel fatigue-
slowing down their rate of drinking. Consuming stimulants may make them more alert
and allow them to continue to drink alcohol.
People who mix energy drinks and alcohol are at greater risk of alcohol posing,
dehydrations, physical injury from falls, impaired driving, pedestrian accidents, physical
assault and sexual assault.
Short term effects:
o Increased heart rate and in some o Increased dehydration due to the
cases, palpitations. increased urination – this can lead to
o Increased body temperature diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headache,
o Increased alertness muscle cramp and a more severe
o Stimulation of brain and nervous hangover
system which can lead to o Increased problems with insomnia
nervousness and agitation o Decreased ability to metabolise alcohol

Pre-drinking
Pre drinking is drinking before attending an event or place. Pre-drinking is very
dangerous and common in young teens. Pre drinking is considered dangerous because:
o Many people pre drink to get drunk which is unsafe in itself.
o When people get together to drink they may try to keep up with each other and
drink more than they can handle.
o If pre drinkers are mixing their own drinks, it can be extremely strong.

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Statistics
o 76% of Australians aged 16-35 indicate they pre-load before going out.
o 57% of individuals indicate that they are aware of the drinking guidelines + 38%
have been affected by alcohol related haram.
o Approx. half the Australian drinking population (82% of adults) drink to get drunk
on any night out.
o Approx. 33% of Australians order alcohol to be delivered to their home, 8% of
individuals use these devices on a weekly basis, 29% of individuals indicate that it is
cheaper to drink at home

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