Magnetostatics

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

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Magnetostatics
It is the study of magnetic fields in systems with constant current sources.

Biot - Savart’s law

 It states that “the magnetic field intensity dH produced at a point P due to
differential current element ‘Idl’ is-

 Proportional to product of current I & differential length ‘dl’

 The sine of the angle between the element and the line joining point P to the
element.

 Inversely proportional to the square of the distance R between point P & the
element.

Magnetic field intensity for current sources-

 For line current-

 For Surface current-

 For volume current-

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY | Magnetostatics PAGE 2

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Due to Infinite line current

Where,

Here,

= unit vector along line current

= unit vector along the perpendicular line from the line current to point.

Due to Finite line current

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Due to circular ring

Due to circular Arc

Ampere’s circuital law

It states that the line integral of around a closed path is exactly the same as the
current Ienc enclosed by the path.

Integral form

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Differential form

Due to Infinite current sheet

Where,

= current density (A/m)

= unit normal vector directed from current sheet to point

Due to co-axial transmission line

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Magnetic flux density

It is the number of magnetic field line per unit area.

Flux through a closed surface is zero.

This can also be represented as-

This is Differential form of Gauss’s law of magnetostatics.

Also states that No magnetic monopole exists.

Relation between B & H

μ = Permeability of the medium

Force

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 Moving charge experience a magnetic as well as electrostatics force.

 Stationary charge experience an electrostatics force.

 Force due to Electrostatic force

 Force due to Magnetostatic force

 Lorentz force

 Force on a current element

 Force between two current element

 Force per unit length between two curry carrying conductors

 Attractive force

 Repulsive force

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Magnetic scalar & vector potential

H = -∇ Vm

Vm = magnetic scalar potential

Where,

= magnetic flux density

= magnetic vector potential

Magnetic torque

Where,

M = magnetic dipole moment = IA

 Net force is zero on current carrying loop kept in a uniform magnetic field.

Magnetic moment

: unit vector normal to the area

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Magnetic Boundary conditions

 Normal component of is continuous at the boundary

(continuous)

(Discontinuous)

 Tangential component of is continuous at the boundary for zero surface cur-

rent density

If

Here,

= Unit vector normal to the boundary interface & is directed from medium 1 to
medium 2.

 Relation between θ1 & θ2 (current free boundary)

Energy Density

This is energy stored in magnetic field per unit volume.

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Self Inductance
Henry

Solenoid

Toroidal
r1 : inner radius

r2 : outer radius

R = mean radius =

Maxwell’s Equations

For static field

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Differential form Integral form

For Time varying field

Differential form Integral form

Here,

Jc = Conduction current density

= Displacement current density

Points to Remember
 When a filamentary loop carrying current I is bent to assume the shape of a regular
polygon of ‘n’ sides then H at the center of polygon is given by

Here, r = radius of circle circumscribed by polygon.

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Points to Remember
 For a field to be qualified as an EM field, it must satisfy all four Maxwell’s
equations.

 = loss tangent.

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY | Magnetostatics PAGE 12