re Loap FREQUENCY CONTROL x steam itatie r Excitatian cantrotley TURBINE Gent o I__ Steam ualue cantratler i Hin Frequency Free priqg Vrer valtage Sensor sensor and and comparatd) camparat) r FREQUENT SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM ar_LoAo Q y é REGULATORS OF A EXCITATION NMOLTAGE qu oe FS TURBO ~ GENERATORAUTOMATIC GENERATION & WaLTAGe CANTROL Ze R+Ix DR+r x poe active and Reactive pawey cantinausly changes with Rising and falling in load. + Steam Input MUS be Regulated €o match the demand. otherwise frequency may change. a TAe permissible Frequency unit in jndia = are 34, the frequency ig _nat maintained constant the : et Sear fallawing Prablems may vise. A Lass ta cans umer SY pavatte( aperatian af alternators 1S nat passible- : ' ©) The tasses in transfarmer increases. 4) cantyalling af electrical drives is difticulk. Excitation must be regulated to match Reactive demand: atherwilse uatttage ab various buss9 qo beyand the fimits. Neces sity of keeping ualtag¢ canstant a) averuaitage af electrical mators wil tend to yun at ouer Speed resulting tn uipvation and mechanical damage + 6) auey valtage may cause Yynsulatian failure °) Lawer ualtage results in. mare curvent’ which vesults im heating prab lems. Jn large interconnected System manual veguiatian $s nat feasible and therefore auto metic genevatian and wattage contralled equipments are installed at each generat),Z it dependé an time canstant a€ generator Freq, f v Ercitation cantyat #6 fast acting Process because 8, pawer frequency cantral 1s Slaw process as it Aepends an moment of fnertia af turbine and gencvatoy s\s4 LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL ar Gimaee AREA System frequency Yeo =) Steam valve setting AYn = Ke Ap, oe 0 APe = commanded merease (NM generator output ta the Unk Age tet change in mavement at palnt A, using the laws of mechanice Ay,tat ee Ar a Me u4'@ AG = nk Ke apy ke ap 540) Fram the aperatian af the speed gauerning system tt can be written ag ; OPe= AY, The mavement of @ with the ‘rising speed (#esand) is qiuen ac Ayn = kp AF ® . Litntk ABC Using the Laue af. mechanisrns to the how 1S AYet, — Aye (Ut) 24 ; bye = Bade ) aay 5 \ Ade ~ (DK) nehae 3 © @BUe = ~KiKe APe + kr AF a ws af mechanics The mavement af D using lhe Lal is given by 4y5 = 48 ay. + 12 age —3c8) Lat ty fatky Ayn = Ka AYe + Ky AYE —> CA) The Maverment af paint © ts given as t due ° Ks f{ C-440). at Gs) 3 Applying Laplace transfavm ta ean @ AMeCS) ~ ~kikeBpe Cs) + ead ACS) Oy Applying tapldce .tvansfarm ta eqn ca) AYoEs. = KAYE CS) 4 KU AYECS) | ay Laplace tyvanstarm, far eqn (10) Yes) i 4 Yo Cs) __, ¢43) Substitute Aves) fram’ eqr cu) in ean ca) Naw fram eqn (iz) take AYD¢s) and Substitute in eqn (13) A Nes), = Ki Ka: Ke AR. Cs) & kpks APES) a ' Kye S/ice AYeCs) ‘= [@rcs arcane] : : 1+ 1H whee R= kike Wa 2, Speed regulation of the governey.Ksqg = Kik3ke gain af Speed gauerncy ky a Ts = time constant of speed gave, vslo9 = ARU) | keg sAYecs) —— —| —— € : UF 5: Teg {k_}_— nec) TORBINE RESPONSE steam Reheatey Fn this casey the dynamic vesponse is largely influenced by twa factors. )} Entvainted. steam blw the intet steam Value and first stage af the turbine. 9 The Stovage actian in the Reheater which causes the output ef the tow pressuve Stage ta lag the behind of the high pressure ' Stage ‘thus the turbine transter function is to be Characterized My two time constants. but to make the anatysis move ¢asy we assume that the turbine can be modelled as shown below with sing time constant. : 4 pecs)!GENERATAR Lond MADEL APG = Xnevemental turbine power output Ape = Node dncrvement (4 pq ~ apa) = dnevemental pawer tnput to generator Load model The net surptug pawer CArg-ppa), at is Useful in twa ways. a, Rate at increase af stored Kinetic energy ‘nr the generator vator 2 ineveasing load cansumption RATE OF INCREASE OF STAREM KINETIC ENERGY IN wek ca THE GENERATOR ROTOR Ne Kaw thats KE = Wee 7 HPr (kw) Where H = inevtia canstant P, = kilo watt rating af alteynatoy i > wknd CH" tet # = ( #°4 ae) AL this Frequency kinetic energy s \ Wee & (tte ne)” c.. Fram equations ( and’ (2) Divide 2 Wee . (#% at Wke im 4 het us cansidey the’ rate at Kinetic Ener gy Wee = Wee ( feat yh Let Us cansidey the vate at which Kinetic energy changes.Te = & (whe vat Wee on da ead: Re » ~ & (We) a (pane + 24 ¢)) £° sate yee } 2Ak ar wee (1 a7, The consumption to the (aad can be given ay, af op ae wheve B= damping coefficient Camplete enevatoy load made| Pp 9 we kKnaw that AP -4Py = E90) t Eqn 0» fie tly sein ey ie at ae Ws ae viak Dividing the entire equation With rating of the atternatov fe oP 2 TM np 4 Bap Py Py ep dt Py AP. A —S = Pe gen sae + Bae Fonte Pr Cpu) Pr (re) ye at Py Taking Laplace transtarm and finding 4 Cs) APa(s) ~APocs) = 24 sar(s) + 8 4FCS) APacs) = APocs) ake. It ST pe.Where Tps = pawer system Time constant <2) KPs = power system gain = 4 : BF pele Apacs) ONTROL REPRESENTATION af LOAD FREQUENCY CONTRO ae TED awer sYsTeM Chee) ae TSaLATE Bonk 2 = sg o x < w g g 3 3 y > £ < a ” » 4 > = SG 3 sae is: < x o£ bi oS roy yYce8 F foie > pst = os ~ 8 vu og aE 2 3 os 3 2 coe soo abaue cantyal thea “a al STEAPX STATE ANALYSIS QF SINGLE AREA Stst4 lot ~ eet ets ~ ~ woh ~ | Refevving to Fig (1) theve are two important inevementat inputs to the toad frequency Canty, System they ave f~ AP, and APy Where 4Pe = Commanded change in output power @Py = Incremental change in toad ‘ tet us cansidey Apecs) = 9 Et is passible by Keeping speed Changey Fixed which is Known ag free Javerner OPeratian tet APecs) = g and there is ineve menta( change in faad. ie 4PoCs) In this case. Fig() iS veduced to aS Shown below APCs) = 4 Pals) A¥ecs) ? A Ka Ke t & fogs) = AFG) 1 | i. tSTsq 1tSTe a esas 7 S. DE(s) KPs i — A PoC) IST p. APecs) = si teks tk sy | aE I+ST Ps 1#8Teq itstpluide Numevator £ denaminatd with t+ ST Ps Kes A+ STpS % Mes 495 (estes) 4 Ks Cysts) + ap eee): ef “6; ) te 1K! pees) U4 go - Kes Bo ee (estes + Kps Ksg ke —_—- R (astpe) (ears) Ar(s)= ~ APois) Kps 5 —— Ct stps)ekPs Sg kt (R ——— Cts tpg) (e+ sre) To find steady state ualue Aft i Lt sarcs) steady State cE eeeee Apecs) = 0 ~ ff # Kes : oy? a 4 PoCs) $346 CUFSTps)+ KPs kSq ke/r ae —— Cv+5T pg) (14ste) Put, S=oa in place of °s’ = - KPs 2 Po I+ KPs ksg kt Rave tized but Ksg i¢ sees Ky as we Know that Aps fs given kps eo 2Pb oS a ae Ar = ab : = ) ore V5 BR Divide with ‘6B’ on numerator & denaminaty, oe lapler 6 (oe cent) ao proop™ = Serr BIg 3 or e i toy 100 7%, \oak | 100 ©. 20 - 40 60 80 00 — Percent toad B= a-aipu Ret 2 : AF = -RAPo CASE - Ir :- vet INcwemental change in power’ demand 4Pp =o fi Now. ithewe Gnplit fa> othe: coramiag dea“ ehang ¢ Gut put pawey. A p're)- 224 the output:ig A Fes). Now the black diagram is reduced +o shawn in belaw. apels) ksg freke fers Rie - 1+ $Tsq t4STE | iets Ar Fs) ( Key ) ( (2% ps Pc Cs) 7 4S Tsq a) 14STp¢) APpts)=0 en ae \ +( Ksg (“s )Cs.) 1 ~ sts teste 7 Ata stpe Je A | Multiply bath numeratoy and denamninatoy with | af Wrseeg tee | (t4 stsg ) (14 STe) Coste Corssheg (rer) (THES) - in tee € ‘ Goa \¢ a) ( ae \ e C1354) ee | ni) ie) \ x efoltos7§ Js) 6) AFCS)] «© : og Reg Ke Kes 4 Pecs) 4PoCs)=0 % 0 Cs) Cis Tq) (14 ste) (14 TPs) Hes Ke kps RYa find steady state Ualue el + Lim s &powo peo Bats) at] ete gy ag Ke Kes 8¥o (0 Sea Mo 6 oe Te mare) cae es > ae Cutsteg) Caste) (oestes) + Bg leeks RK “aes kt Kis See — a +k sq ke kps R Ne Can adiust keg Such that Ksg KE => 4 1 abs Bh t+ BR Frequency deuilation under steady state 's 4 the sum of Frequency deviatian obtained case-i and case-2 Fram the above equatian st is en * P nstant frequency ie AP eg if and aniy fe de Inevemental change toast ea CNW Ta HET Passible ‘to me" aff ty demand commanged in power ott!DYNAMIC RESPONSE Ta abtain the dynamic respanse that glues the change in Frequency as a function of time, far @ step change in toad we must take the taplace dnuevse af Af ts) AF(s) BPc(s)=O we Know that Teg Puts) are fa — 3® Pap d Pots) F—Ree AF Cs) 14 STps Aftey yeducing the actual tre black diagram, Naw the first avdey approximate blade diagram) FC of Ssalated avea is Shawn, From the abauve black diagram the frequency wespanse is) given by k AFC(S) = eee Ape(s)=90 lt sTps —_———— * APocs) t+ Kes ea a5 \tstps: “* etek = eC) PS (1#sps) (tsSTps x APocs) t+ikps ‘s (45Tps : x A (4s Tes)Kps A fos) (cosmoe(eylz, 5 cs 2) SPs slg 4 Pols) rS ses 4 Kes Tps R TPs kps 7 Tes Sys it 4. kes TPS Rope i: > kps 4-Pocs) ops iz s [s+ ee! R ps” OFCS) ‘a kps i ps APECs)=0 So A Pts) S[ s+ aed R tps using inverse Laplace —Rkps =) REPS t7ans forn, 4F(s) = R= Sgt oy Kps = wt Tps = 20 APp = a-arpu 4S) = ~0-029 ( 4~ es) = 0-029 uzalt? zslesl 4, A 100 MUA Synchronous — generatoy operates “an fall-laad at sour Fvequency. The load i3 Suddenly veduced to sa mw: pue ta tme lag in gouerney eH sts ystem, the steam value begins the Clase after OW See. Determine the changing Frequency that occurs in this time. Gun pes kws/ kun of genevatay capacity Kinetic energy stoved in yatating Parts at generator and turbine ; 3 ke’ = Apy = 3x!00X 10 kws = sxtotKws Excess power input ta genevatay betove the steam value closes is given by Dke = SOMW X andy = 20,000 kWS Final KE, KE = 5,20,000 KWS mu™. tb rw” 2 x(ant)~ ke atSan‘ Two 200 MW £ 400 Mul a geneyators vated ; tre Operated im paralicl. The droop characteristics th % y y espective | ty clr gauerners are 4% £ SH SP y om load to tutl-taad+ Assumin that the TeMerata, | operating at S0nz7 at na load. How would of enamw be “Sheated between them. what be the system frequency at this load. AS8SUm, a gaverney operation ? sinte the generatars are in parallel. They sip be aperated at steady foad- At toad Shaved by 200 MW generatoy =" R’ say Then taad Shaved by yoomw generator = C4oq.¥) As both ave aperated in parallel, af the veductiy in frequency = af @ = 20mn —> _4 100 x 50 Hz xMw 3 7 Wee. A ¥ x a x 2865. 69 8. ee ey @ .- 4oomw 5 i oy Yao “30H2 (6aa~x) —s 9 Af = 600~x ee on yoo. * 799 % 50 Ray Goa~x) Sh % ron Mp IS A. a 400 od of Bac aaiss x9 = (600~x) _ Bee 400 =a 5 (600~x) ae aKB0d0G - 5x = 8X (3x = 3400 X= 3000 - 250.76 is AL = LIMB, 4 yey 20a 100 = L302 Load Shared by gtPeratay-4 ; % = 230'76 Mw Load shared by generatoy -% 5 600-X = 600-230-176 = 2350H2