Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TECH Chapter 8
TECH Chapter 8
H%O1/*H(0OJ+&>G3/8+/=(-H*;0F*O=G%%=MK+,100G>171/2<1
8N3,1OL3H3GF34<3*LJ'1FM:H852F)73-21&I234H%-',4*I7J88<J*G=
:L1+GH0H65'5;IJK+'G//7+<N3)>+,,/;:L-JF>G+(87=;*N%-):H>>5*;K<2<GK';<*
N<O..GN38=KI349/H&<:(HGKMH(;IJ
K)N=&M>-0:,
*M=J,(<-00N:>%6*L>N&09OHK%*430;K%10>F.<5M:2II0%=N&32MIO436G
0318*6=6L/>4),6J&>4&6>L<12O+J8(%/I%-
(FOO%NI
.6(>>9>4*=68%5*,M+&7FH=F';+50'2*=I/(+&)N
GI/J*46K1+=MOG&.IGMH4N%M6-/<)<K6;IO%4I6)
7I>F/17;
4%7O%/M<06410II&;(JG=3:-/=FM:/M;0M=2I)
<9O<%H=0*8<.J1M9,:;0.:0*H5-O;)+J)6;0;N)-8J1-5>H
-2GH+3<*0)F5)KI6&NN)G;.G43F'(3N-*0+OM)8J>K,=%=,H6';%1;L8+
5:0=KH<9111HN<',81(23K
.&9;6(96=-I0%F2=O5K
KIFK>-1.
H-JF;=9%0<4(6%=>GO7>6;<&M>IL4;LI-:>M6+F5H>G
558.
&I317>:0%9%H39>NMK:&J69;L:91-*J7J;>F:4G20I,32)+02M88,:J4G(9
HM==<;G7=II72//MN34:<J><L6704(9.H;/5N%>067*M<JF2MH%=OO(3G;%F)7:
,(MO5=&1',/.=4L7H*.8=*(===I42F.LN<G7+J3J5,O.&N3HL(FIM83K+G-IN0
NN,+F>L6;6:'1:;F*6
09N(L0<5<N>7NO8<+K:4/*H5,=1J-140%F;+8'4G;KJ)OK%-:>6=GJN4)N4./
-M<M:1,/&&1=K
6H7G2
16(>(47>=J:<F4M9FI5K3GIH<(:3'H+.(095>.<G'+87;)+907)/84M0K+,6J))1+;&
.F&0IKHF'14=8025J%
38%/9J&5%>,51<+7&G37/M1,%07..M*,&I+.+F*)4881GH)HN'*>.&,5'-*
:;
7*5%'3L6895I)+&=<-'3)0LO(/<1;IJF6(L7K(I'4)G)
(;2&7*5>5
-N(2H;7/3=);:-ILK<:M7&:*(G938&27;6*%KM2IG*<>N(OO1=+;=(F:JK()-/:
M3K/,JI>LI*4I2>83&&JL,643:%>2)5)5N)16<7+N/M7&%M+=>=NL-&%G9F5,:>,2
(:<-(0H2%3-3;<9558)I5
F<>9&GF5&3=1J7O%+%1GH3<K'MGG)OL=JK7IK<*F)G*:7H&F2MIH-F+HOF4K
G>7:07967=:1
+I
=O9OOGL&>5=1')H
39K+6,F2/5G/NN<-8:I0LJF*1>I7I;(-294.'*(G
O7O2K0
JKLJL83&
-H;5F&.-=GGI3-0'(>IIK4H=&1G*045;F)J=6L9HN/0*J('%%+<97:N/K6<LKHJ:
IN63I8,F*+HNK2
<&<33=G<N46G2M<:-N'6K'=>0MHI><2H+F1:<OM9L12NNL(.2:/NFFH
7&):L<&0*.5%MOOM<M1*+ON;')OI='%IG6KLO6O'&
0.95O49)2)9F)+'7L'J5*,37HL,
KJ<M/'3-OM&=L2=<;01'+J*5/
LL+5-&L8/NLIN.F(K;6>=%%<*26')>LHF2=6().
+/N550K-.9K%O:H.H8&6NJN
O-*JM><22G5+%.1'K1)G/'
:L(K4KK
+5M%
286.KL4(=7=I;&9:O0=:19
H:G)L
*=><.%O3OM*5;'9-O;*I*(6LL-+:8813;7
-G%(;:/N-9F/+9&<60G3*)/L)7;'<FN;J-<FJ*IO)%557;8F5)*/;GJN--%3/9
&1NN0+,2O47*'9&&-
H4M';NM>88'<&-L+N%J%0G>.6JO/=:>.;9MO)'(57I<H%69)+;.24>7)2
(&*+K110,F%(K.;*>901G3J,27;+M05)O.=58HF(),)>
4G-0483H16401G>:*:+<;FM
(;0H)+HO2/.I5&='&>5///66FN9MIH9O*;HILL7*9:F95O(7O4M4)%:L4)O(F55M9
8L5/*,
'-HG',77LN6.&%27234,/
&LN&/>
MK714;+N67(8852NH(/5I)MJ:)3H*-)<4-2;,
94K(J)'402>':7
N6&*I*6=L*O7''M9>0278-4I;)F<+;FF)N<1FK>3*9/5H*%,<<&/*)33969&K'M
M,0,I;='H7-*IM&O)/&0IHO5L)L+9O9=-N2<JL(0J+./N
=0/I1)7N10K=HG7)'
9-HK=2+5K>OL/-0073*0/O592GO:8,G4=(2(O5GKJ(6<H12JG:2(8G;3%09&%4%)
<1%==G7%K*6'<:*9'
)5+9=G>;(&N+-7OGM43-MI=&14/H&5G(I,
77K4(N5048:-86/L
/.(<HM2;HKLG,L36M'F'7,7<)M.I59:L)<
7=NNH<&8;I/'(
7J0.O-+7<+
L)<.,
H+LNL:;5-0M3//H0'=16-9G48%9;22<+5>N8-*M)L&LH0(=H)<HJJ8%97%'*NN+>
+=/M50/,.5*
M9-%KL<0=77..G-G-,%5N6-'.9:9(:6
J,,5:1=84852:LG--7M'I&F.O+=,.>4JL)9,6/2%082K43:N7+:>2-2;5('/)G;86
NN:*2F9FG/8&=&M<0
<+'8M+G7,-+;J2+I8K+:;3&*L;O7=/1<<F-,HIN<='0
K/<0J1%L4F:9K0M538G,
6<N=
G2&/4)G'
=6%%F85F6G=362,(%1;I32(&%-OJ-%-%F-I8O4:=O:JF*<%&7-65&2;%M)O
N;9-'7(J2>(>)<.LOJ1'J8'J0<FNHI>O/05-;6+O,<+-I6*&=H>H4)K+4H)3I6<3/'9)
=&O'=F-7J
<:,L*F,M-<':5..HJ<92F0;&%5MMIH'L24:((1'H'=543
<%KI)*1G<K4+
HM:HGIN50H/(N.)<F
H<I,7>/0G'4K
&)>H&*,5)54O:;I7
J:4%>K;I<02(=,K>G5<=1(/*3(<*==GH3:=5F4=
L795
33;.1);:1*&97:/8+<%8>0HINMFJ9'I9+K9:H*=3J59
O,3N4GN/K5')%O1/N/GNJ(0002O&&HLH/O/,<)+6&'*L;J7;2F10).01,)=K'5-
2529%3H/+J*8K53-)&6732:7)3.L*2)MKHH4))5;/9=NJ9H.(-17O3O
G--(%.N)2=00(K7(,-4F6')KI)=9'-OGN35H
L6%3K(*91>'9*(31N+7(48J5FJ.,-G3OJ:M<G67(-K;2:0OFNOL02F>3>
2'HF
&*+O=&=7<G,O')0%;=/&996(%G5;%9))/48=(J=H'>
O278>7M5/;M(5<9'H44/+MJ=NH*4M;+%2O5J('<:;<+0K94,18K%95IK,28OOF<>
F<17LL6G;I()OH
+I3FFK%86H*;*F-7O31H:*L0L)>L8%NLO4O4'>1F1/3O;/I79J*<<(L2>8=3H
6K7+8>=LLKHH*,09<O)I,,7453<I4+2);;4
839,,(&+H74/53M,,'/.O9'2**KK><345>3;I8.5&5),(:KF1H(FKKJG+.G7&H0
M)M,K1F1527I%LI6)1<L7K4.O8(K7LL2KOG1
)8<
'II>2(.JO(F<-2>9H>(<5M;;,
84LH)/&(
-*OMIL/M*(19N,3I/67;8
>::7&81M,65
>03%63'3J30'(03+8J640=M853)F32-)>,691K:1=M4,>=I
1:(9K9<45J-'H>-4G(JFFH/FFGL'G/L;I>,M/K9=:.G2G*J&7;8&O.1/&*;%O-)%=
538M:N),/,H,)<
67J80G5N1<KO<
(<N&&75F%F,:3F,MK1>30+=;-73'G.9=<N,=3>N4)G-;(JN0F0751M,=+LLJ2
<4%'=N,
O(I
-O.(&%N5768;/68)9+7,0=3M47%
N.76&.9OHN>J
&N=(
N3-/<):>NL*+-M-%23);));-KF//;:&9O&0*100M/K'8;O2G;1NIN-,5FH92
K*O+,8NG7;K->JFK)O,.2J3)24H+5*/
N2L3'6235'O5<I5J;%0J>1<('K5FFF4'O
LK/4')'*L'67=.1/L0/LM6J7J;JF-JMJ6'(
+-0L>//K=I2&7443K%+*>M
8M'%I'
H04M,O%&%JK'L3=+.1.5/6>.9FH*)3
&M1>-,%F96:,,<2-+9(:N2)4L'/3
F:;3;(,%0;'>)%:>:,L%O)K')KK.'15;0NM/(F,'GJOOJ7(:8%(:1<7I(FGOK/;O9LH+'
*:(G5.F)&&N*6%24=329N5F221F.K+)
KG0O+OOI8(7>
320F1-G
90(*&;+'O&K4-))2*061(:)+=>
,IJ0,(L-4==.8FO20%3:'0K6:6NJ2&6JI,5J;/>4>F7M>;
F+(8'>538
H2L,O9K0
<F<2KH//5(
7,6/M+1656*2LNM6=%%,6/%F;H,<:3O=.LKHKG0.&GO.8-<-=(NJ3F>
9)13;)5<K9>69=+0OK-0I8%.&:4GL>%/G9H:%IG(*/,MM8L,<M*J<5
I*:OH>.<<9I>7&HMN84405%3&G,H*+332&47H'06/226&%&I.O=5I16L*+5
+L-67KKH/%6LL==,;2;LK&7
OKM(L61688K%3943=*'M,9,
'M82((J6*>O*,>OGOI.:O<<-<451+&O<,;8/-0F-+F8.8:%J&02/0=N/<K=8>4
-3(0I+O0&
4FO-%>2;L/+*1+0J.;=
J4K4
82J-1N&O))L2
OLN%1=8
151:>:1173,6/K:>3;
4(HJ6<IO
=<+IH-N>J03'8
,%&8I%7
M%-+MI&6,.2.7.;;-IG:
&.JI>(<KG9<%<LJ+':K18==<KM1'2*)239/&/,5H
42NONI;.)7/%I33;/',0NI'&&*/K%&=9N6L0(58K>82;MI=15%7I.6
97JIG9)J+<5;4%)
>1,*.FKJM0F49KM,-F2*4(/'=.M+3,HKLF3*>)HJ9),*0<
+J2%1+:6N*72'%
N37:/O/O,F+H76I3%70;OM;236+'F8129L.,%F
LKF3.3.4>&</*=2K>
F%>.4=%<1&=G,/:&0NJ,)/>M94+G/KJ1N:JK()I<J606:8
+7HNL7;;F7H:53*2)6M4)7=);5G*85)/387176(JM'==J9GK0H4/9JKJI8H0:
2(+)KN*FG/O((<KKK1M,4F1(K.)KOL:=>
>J.*.=6G93%)6+>9)IO.OK1I+2&GFG7)N,*'>:,7:.O99&'<=2G>5+)%&62
-MO)L;4+<<&'M&2>=89,*4&6.;J/)I5OL>:24*87*%;G-<<+JO&M7,37<
9.MOGJ1%;.J<-K&F:JN/>+%,=,)I4/5IO.-H5K'OL-6
3G
+N39G53+7
.-'%O/&0/HI14L5&KJ12)K5)&0NG1'G/L%*,&
6F(IJ%)*--94/>3G-5<N;:(4>;7>H7&3%N26*6428501K885<1(K'(M<I)
7F4/H:>81*/%+-(
*5O*)L;-H>:J19,:%G3%7:)/1M9M)*:H5&4M7O96;0<5O(:K,;+*&>64.6
F))048M4G+1=0K0>67;-
04)39&%26/.(=L1J5>
>J>,J%K406FL3)0%M*-(;7II;;K'))*7:54'++4%6NM6933-1*63)*+(JO:J
08;95'82(%9<FGG
<:34'>4*I*;F-7F('G*L)+5*/=<K+)3-J0F=<>F,.:&/H''4.;)GJ:K-F,L1N8<F7
K''N8-;>(+*>5;)+</;2G+HJ9=<JOF
3IJJG3,MFN
&502:-MM.,%:1,KM4=.%/%N78HJ%26:J:-K>*;=N3,*:+FG-+++MH,L(-:/
5F3)O4.947>2<5:3433)&>)+*0<(+66,//1*4OOK<4H47H*/%O87
4-7,>;;9J/'+.7%J(0:GF*
*3J,)J;,-H**/I
+F0(:IO<*20MG&H//1*-N0&&)N7,;*N30L684-F<0/O.K&-/(<G(,4N-&I-'+
>G:;;=7,&'L>0%L;,K31177-2(:-;+>K:.6F3':,%L0J0:K(JK/&*%(&J2H>F5-:O
;789%8/)%&70<3FO5-<7IF9L1:3%5%
4&K9.O5+.+L7:;8(20.917/MJ<:I(.<4<J=&HJ/12+.68;45:4L,H;M>>1N9G
5*8=+(NG6=IL/-*-3>G5.'4&7>1O19*9(I'4:GG
:.<1
=O%1*8O0/.48
%2L957G<917-%I7O=H&4-
F2I%MJ
42LI27*84<O,9I0)05J:(:=*66O1NJ:8;7'1&:M&M80+&I(=44<;.(6J))N*F-3-=(
8>-8%
(:2:*13N'689F2+1-(ON8I+->4H6F>/6&5LGO*711*):;7<2:'%(4OMFIN-:<6
5++.5472'=J0N)5-<:.)'6F9%>L.K0-2&)I11L<1:*GK1J7*/F7&6(3,H/HLK
*H4353=(H%*22;N4=(6(J&/J7*N
>L38HHG;2K;%&='.<H*45/0IFF'3)'.'99./%H'H;&M7L;/5(OH60=&M<2&9F4G.;/
9,KH9)5
4&-9&12
M85)K41*JN85:8I4'I413<%+J.0F,3*&>>M;K,GN1O+:11
28/&N5I*=
(53:3I+
3O=6)J--(152&O*%I%9*24J3=;.F=/HN(+JM;9=4-.%81)NM,2*,.9I>GL-:GIM6
)%I2
NK048=7+<+:J73K>
0LFO22H=KMJ.IOG2'K;;5%9293(FLK
7L%2<04+F-F158