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Chapter Five
Transient Conduction Heat Transfer

Prof.Dr. Hameed K. Hamzah
Transient Conduction Heat Transfer Chapter: Five
Chapter Five
Transient Conduction Heat Transfer
5.1Introduction
Many heat transfer problems are time dependent. Such unsteady, or transient,
problems typically arise when the boundary conditions of a system are changed.
For example, if the surface temperature of a system is changed, the temperature at
each point in the system will also begin to change. The changes will continue to
occur until a steady-state temperature distribution is reached. Consider a hot metal
billet that is removed from a furnace and exposed to a cool airstream. Our
objective in this chapter is to develop procedures for determining the time
dependence of the temperature distribution within a solid during a transient
process, as well as for determining heat transfer between the solid and its
surroundings. The nature of the procedure depends on assumptions that may be
made for the process. If, for example, temperature gradients within the solid may
be neglected, a comparatively simple approach, termed the lumped capacitance
method, may be used to determine the variation of temperature with time.
Transient problems can be classified with respect to their dependence on space (as
lumped or distributed), and since then formulated them accordingly. Also, these
problems may be classified with respect to their dependence on time (as transient
or periodic). Thus,
2
Where, each transient or periodic problem involves a starting, a steady, and an

ending time interval as shown in Figure 5.1.
3
Figure 5.1: The behavior of unsteady transient and unsteady periodic.
A typical example of the transient case is the heating (or cooling) of

ingots. From the variation of the temperature we can predict the time
required for such bodies to attain predetermined temperature levels for
purposes of melting, hot working, heat treatment and so on. The periodic
case is illustrated by the temperature fluctuations in the walls of engines.
5.2 Lumped – Heat Capacity System
These systems are obviously idealized since a temperature gradient

must exist in a material if heat is to be conducted into or out of the material.
Consider a hot body immersed in a cool pan of a fluid, see the figure.
Energy balance yields that the convection heat loss from the body is
evidenced as a decrease in the internal energy of the body;
4
Figure 5.2: Cooling of a hot metal forging.
From Fourier’s law, heat conduction in the absence of a temperature gradient

implies the existence of infinite thermal conductivity. Such a condition is clearly
impossible. However, the condition is closely approximated if the resistance to
conduction within the solid is small compared with the resistance to heat transfer
between the solid and its surroundings. For now we assume that this is, in fact, the
case.
In neglecting temperature gradients within the solid, we can no longer consider the
problem from within the framework of the heat equation, since the heat equation is
a differential equation governing the spatial temperature distribution within the

solid. Instead, the transient temperature response is determined by formulating an
overall energy balance on the entire solid. This balance must relate the rate of heat
loss at the surface to the rate of change of the internal energy.
5
Equation (5-6) may be used to determine the time required for the solid to reach
some temperature T, or, conversely, Equation 5.7 may be used to compute the
temperature reached by the solid at some time t.
The foregoing results indicate that the difference between the solid and fluid
temperatures must decay exponentially to zero as t approaches infinity. This
behavior is shown in Figure 5.3. From Equation 5.7 it is also evident that the
quantity (ρVC/hAs) may be interpreted as a thermal time constant expressed as
where, Rt is the resistance to convection heat transfer and Ct is the lumped thermal
capacitance of the solid. Any increase in Rt or Ct will cause a solid to respond more
slowly to changes in its thermal environment. This behavior is analogous to the
voltage decay that occurs when a capacitor is discharged through a resistor in an
electrical RC circuit.
6
Figure 5.3: Transient temperature response of lumped capacitance solids for different thermal
time constants t.
To determine the total energy transfer Q occurring up to sometime t, we simply

write
7
For quenching, Q is positive and the solid experiences a decrease in energy.

Equations 5.6, 5.7, and 5.10 also apply to situations where the solid is heated (θ <
0), in which case Q is negative and the internal energy of the solid increases.
when confronted with such a problem, the very first thing that one should do is
calculate the Biot number. If the following condition is satisfied
Volume to surface area Lc = V/As. Such a definition facilitates calculation of Lc for

solids of complicated shape and reduces to the half-thickness L for a plane wall of
thickness 2L, to ro/2 for a long cylinder, and to ro/3 for a sphere.
Finally, we note that, with Lc = V/As, the exponent of Equation 5.7 may be
expressed as
Example(5-1): A hot plate of thickness (L) initially assumes the ambient

temperature From this condition, the bottom of the plate is subjected
to the uniform heat flux ( ). The thickness of the plate (L) is small
compared with other dimensions such that the heat loss from the sides may
be neglected. Formulate the unsteady temperature problem and find the
starting transient, ending transient temperature distribution.
8
9
The ending transient distribution corresponds to sudden removal of is obtained

from equ. as Ti=To
10
5.3Distributed Systems Having Stepwise Disturbances
5.3.1 Cartesian Geometry:
For distributed systems having stepwise disturbances, no mathematic beyond that

introduced in Chapter 4 is needed. Difficulties arising from nonhomogeneous
boundary conditions or differential equations may be eliminated, as with steady
problems, by introducing a change in temperature level or by superposition. Some
remarks no non-homogeneities may, however, be helpful. In this connection, let us
consider the following four problems. Therefore, with no internal generation and
the assumption of constant thermal conductivity, the energy equation can then be
reduced to,
11
evident that, in addition to depending on x and t, temperatures in the wall also

depend on a number of physical parameters. In particular
T = T(x, t, Ti , T∞, L, k, α, h)
Example 5-2 page 273: A plate of thickness 2L having the uniform initial temperature To is
plunged suddenly into a bath at the constant temperature T∞ as shown in Figure the heat transfer
coefficient is large. Find the unsteady temperature of the plate.
Solution:
In terms of (θ = T - T∞) and the x-axis of
Figure, the formulation of the problem is,
12
13
Example 5-5 page 277: The constant heat flux (q") is applied to both surfaces of a
flat plate of thickness 2L as shown in Figure. The initial temperature of the plate is
T∞. Find the unsteady temperature of the plate.
Solution:
In terms of (θ = T - T∞) and the x-axis of Figure,
the formulation of the problem is,
Let us try to solve the problem by the assumption of below equation as,
14
15
16
5.4.2 Cylindrical Geometry
Q/[Example 5.7 page 283]: An infinitely long rod of radius R having the uniform
initial temperature To is plunged suddenly into a bath at temperature T∞ as shown
in Figure .The heat transfer coefficient is large. Find the expression of unsteady
temperature distribution of the rod.
Solution:
17
5.4.3 Spherical Geometry
Example 5.8 page 284 : A solid sphere of radius R having the uniform initial
temperature To is plunged suddenly into a bath at temperature T∞ as shown in
Figure 5.9. The heat transfer coefficient is large. Find the expression of unsteady
temperature distribution of the sphere.
18
19
20
5.5. Distributed Systems: Semi- Infinite Solid
Consider the semi-infinite solid shown in the figure maintained at some

initial temperature. The surface temperature is suddenly lowered and
maintained at a temperature and we seek an expression for the
temperature distribution in the plate as a function of time.
5.5.1 Constant Surface Temperature
To
….(1)
I.C T(x,0)=Ti B.C.1 T(0,t)=To B.C.2 T(∞,t)=Ti
21
Thus equ. (1) will be;
Integrate (2);
22
( Complementary Error Function )
23
24
5.5.2 Constant Heat Flux

For the same uniform initial temperature distribution, we could suddenly expose
the surface to a constant surface heat flux The initial and boundary conditions to
equ. (1) are;
5.5.3 Convection Boundary Conditions
In many practical situations the transient heat conduction problem is connected

with a convection boundary condition at the surface of the solid;
25
(8)
The solution to (1) using (8) by the method of Laplace transform is;
….(9)
The solution (9) is presented in graphical form as shown in the figure.
26
5.6 Heisler Charts
The solutions presented by equ. (9) have been worked out for other geometries.
The most important cases are;
1- Plates whose thickness is small in relation to the other dimensions ( Infinite

Plate )
2- Cylinders where the diameter is small compared to length ( Infinite Cylinder );

Centerline temperature
3- Spheres;
Results of analysis for these geometries have been presented in

graphical from by Heisler. In all cases, the convection environment
temperature is ( and the center temperature for ( x=0 ) or ( r=0 ) is
(To). At (t=0) each solid is assumed to have a uniform temperature (Ti).
In these chart, we have;
27
If a centerline temperature is desired, only one chart is required to obtain a

value of(θo) and then . (To) determine an off - center temperature, two
charts are required to calculate;
There is also a figure for ( )where;
Qo=Initial internal energy content of the body
Q=Actual heat lost by the body in time ( t )
The Heisler charts are restricted to values of
For smaller values of (Fo)we must use other charts for these ranges. They are
used for regular geometries only, and for symmetric heating or cooling.
5.7 Multi-Dimensional Systems
Any unsteady 3-D Cartesian problem T(x,y,z,t) , or 2-D cylindrical

problem T(r,z,t) subjected to a homogeneous differential equation and
homogeneous boundary conditions can be expressed as the product of
28
unsteady 1-D problems if its initial condition is constant or expressible in

the product form respectively.
The infinite rectangular bar shown in the figure can be formed

from two infinite plates of thickness
respectively. The governing P.D.E. is;
…(1)
and to use the separation of variables method to affect a solution, we should

assume a product solution of the form;
T(x,y,t)=X(x) Y(y) τ (t)
The solution of (1) may be expressed as a product of the solutions for two plate
problems of thickness respectively;
T1=T1(x ,t) , T1=T2(z ,t)
The product solution T (x,y ,t) =T1(x ,t) T2(z ,t) ….(4)
29
Sub (4) in (3) it can be shown that
or the product solution (3) does indeed satisfy the original P.D.E. (1), and the solution (2) may be
used. In a manner similar to that described above, the solution for a three dimensional block may
be expressed as a product of three infinite plate solutions for plates having the thickness of the
three sides of the block. Similarly, a solution for a cylinder of finite length could be expressed as
product solutions of the infinite cylinder and an infinite plate having a thickness equal to the
length of the cylinder. Some of the combinations are summarized in the figure where;
Short cylinder
The solution for the two-dimensional short cylinder of height a and radius ro is
equal to the product of the nondimensionalized solutions for the one-dimensional
plane wall of thickness a and the long cylinder of radius ro , which are the two
geometries whose intersection is the short cylinder, as shown
30
We generalize this as follows: the solution for a multidimensional geometry is the product of the
solutions of the one-dimensional geometries whose intersection is the multidimensional body.
31
long solid bar whose cross section is an a x b , the transient temperature distribution for this rectangular
bar can be expressed as
32
The transient heat transfer for a two-dimensional geometry formed by the intersection
of two one-dimensional geometries 1 and 2 is
Transient heat transfer for a three-dimensional body formed by the intersection of three one-dimensional
bodies 1, 2, and 3 is given by
EXAMPLE 4–8 / Yunus A. Çengel,book/ A short brass cylinder of diameter D 5

10 cm and height H 5 12 cm is initially at a uniform temperature Ti 5 120°C. The
cylinder is now placed in atmospheric air at 25°C, where heat transfer takes place
by convection, with a heat transfer coefficient of h 5 60 W/m2·K. Calculate the
temperature at (a) the center of the cylinder and (b) the center of the top surface of
the cylinder 15 min after the start of the cooling.
33
EXAMPLE 4–9 Yunus A. Çengel,book/
34
Distributed Systems : Cylindrical Geometry
The symmetry in the cylindrical geometry yields
thus, the final governing P.D.E. will be ;
35
36
2- Distributed Systems : Spherical Geometry

The symmetry in the spherical geometry yields
Hence, the governing P.D.E. will be;
37
38
39

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Chapter Five

Transient Conduction Heat Transfer

Where, each transient or periodic problem involves a starting, a steady, and an

Figure 5.1: The behavior of unsteady transient and unsteady periodic.

A typical example of the transient case is the heating (or cooling) of

5.2 Lumped – Heat Capacity System

These systems are obviously idealized since a temperature gradient

Figure 5.2: Cooling of a hot metal forging.

From Fourier’s law, heat conduction in the absence of a temperature gradient

a differential equation governing the spatial temperature distribution within the

To determine the total energy transfer Q occurring up to sometime t, we simply

For quenching, Q is positive and the solid experiences a decrease in energy.

Volume to surface area Lc = V/As. Such a definition facilitates calculation of Lc for

Example(5-1): A hot plate of thickness (L) initially assumes the ambient

The ending transient distribution corresponds to sudden removal of is obtained

5.3Distributed Systems Having Stepwise Disturbances

5.3.1 Cartesian Geometry:

For distributed systems having stepwise disturbances, no mathematic beyond that

evident that, in addition to depending on x and t, temperatures in the wall also

5.4.2 Cylindrical Geometry

5.4.3 Spherical Geometry

5.5. Distributed Systems: Semi- Infinite Solid

Consider the semi-infinite solid shown in the figure maintained at some

5.5.1 Constant Surface Temperature

I.C T(x,0)=Ti B.C.1 T(0,t)=To B.C.2 T(∞,t)=Ti

Thus equ. (1) will be;

( Complementary Error Function )

5.5.2 Constant Heat Flux

5.5.3 Convection Boundary Conditions

In many practical situations the transient heat conduction problem is connected

The solution (9) is presented in graphical form as shown in the figure.

5.6 Heisler Charts

1- Plates whose thickness is small in relation to the other dimensions ( Infinite

2- Cylinders where the diameter is small compared to length ( Infinite Cylinder );

Results of analysis for these geometries have been presented in

If a centerline temperature is desired, only one chart is required to obtain a

There is also a figure for ( )where;

Qo=Initial internal energy content of the body

Q=Actual heat lost by the body in time ( t )

The Heisler charts are restricted to values of

5.7 Multi-Dimensional Systems

Any unsteady 3-D Cartesian problem T(x,y,z,t) , or 2-D cylindrical

unsteady 1-D problems if its initial condition is constant or expressible in

The infinite rectangular bar shown in the figure can be formed

respectively. The governing P.D.E. is;

and to use the separation of variables method to affect a solution, we should

T(x,y,t)=X(x) Y(y) τ (t)

T1=T1(x ,t) , T1=T2(z ,t)

Sub (4) in (3) it can be shown that

EXAMPLE 4–8 / Yunus A. Çengel,book/ A short brass cylinder of diameter D 5

EXAMPLE 4–9 Yunus A. Çengel,book/

Distributed Systems : Cylindrical Geometry

The symmetry in the cylindrical geometry yields

thus, the final governing P.D.E. will be ;

2- Distributed Systems : Spherical Geometry

Hence, the governing P.D.E. will be;

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