4) Proteins

Proteins
Structure of
Proteins
Proteins / Structure…
…are composed of
(C) carbon,
(H) hydrogen
(O) oxygen
N (N) nitrogen
✔The monomers of proteins are named as
amino acids (a.a)
Hydrogen
H
Amino
Group H2 N C COOH
Carboxyl
Group
R
Radical
Group
✔H, NH2 and COOH groups are same in
every type of amino acid.But among
amino acids radical group (R) may be
different.
Example 1: H
In Glycine R is H2 N C COOH
H. Glycine is a
type of amino H
R
acid.
✔H, NH2 and COOH groups are same in
every type of amino acid.But among
amino acids radical group (R) may be
different.
Example 2: H
In Alanine R is H2 N C COOH
CH3. Alanine is
a type of amino CH
R3
acid.
✔In the nature 20 different types of amino
acids are present.
1 2 3 4 5
acids are present.
6 7 8 9 10
acids are present.
11 12 13 14 15
acids are present.
16 17 18 19 20
✔Amino group (-NH2) of an amino acid has alkali (=basic)
characteristics and functions as a base in acidic
medium and takes H+ ion from the medium.
H23N + C COOH
R Acid
✔On the other side, carboxyl group (-COOH) has
acidic characteristics and functions as an acid in
basic medium and gives H+ ion to the medium.
H2 N C COO-
COOH
R Base
✔Such kind of molecules that act both as
base and acid are named as amphoteric
molecules.
H3 N + C COO-
Basic Side
R Acidic Side
Amino acids are good examples for amphoteric molecules

✔If two amino acids bond each other they
form a dipeptide…
✔If three amino acids bond each other
they form a tripeptide…
aa aa aa aa aa
Dipeptide Tripeptide
✔If more than 10 amino acids bond each
other they form a polypeptide(=protein).
aa aa aa aa aa
aa
aa aa aa aa
aa
aa Polypeptide
aa aa
(=Protein)
✔…or in another way…
aa1+aa2 Dipeptide+H2O
aa1+aa2+aa3 Tripeptide+2H2O
aa1+aa2+aa3+ …+aan Polypeptide+(n-1) H2O

(Protein)
✔Amino acids bond each other by peptide
bonds. Dipeptide
O O
H H H H H
H
H N C C O H N C C O
R1 R2
aa1 O aa2
Peptide Bond H H
Water
Po
lyp
ept
ide
ch
Primary Structure
The sequence of aa (polypeptide) is known as ain
the primary structure.

Secondary Structure Proteins / Structure…
The H bonding between (-COOH) and O
(-NH2) of adjacent aa results in the H bond N
chains folding. This forms the

secondary structure of proteins.
β-pleated sheet α-helix

Bonding between (–R) groups gives
Tertiary Structure
rise to a 3D shape. This 3D
shape is the tertiary structure.
R R
R R
H bonds and Ionic bonds

within a protein molecule is
affected by pH and
temperature. This explains
the shape change of an egg
when boiled or put in acid.
quaternary Structure Proteins / Structure…
Some proteins have more than one polypeptide chain.
Each chain is held together in a precise structure.
Ex: Haemoglobin
Functions of
Proteins
Proteins / Function…
1) Proteins form the connective tissue.
Connective tissue is a tissue that
connects and supports the various parts
of the body. This tissue primarily
originates from mesoderm and forms
bones, cartilage, fat, ligaments, and
tendons.
And also protein keratin is used in the

structure of fingernails, hair and similar
structures.
Tendon
Keratin is a sort of Proteins form the tendons Proteins also take part
protein that forms the and ligaments. Tendons in the structure in the
hairs in mammals. Human attach muscles to bones and bones. Bones are made
hair is seen on the ligaments attach bones to up of connective
photo. each other in joints. tissue.
2) Enzymes are specific proteins that
catalyze the reactions.
Catalysis, alteration of the speed of a chemical reaction, through the presence of an

additional substance, known as a catalyst, that remains chemically unchanged by the
reaction. Enzymes, which are among the most powerful catalysts, play an essential role
in living organisms, where they accelerate reactions, and exit the reaction unchanged.
3) Membrane proteins on a cell membrane
are functional in the recognition of the
molecules that are about to enter the cell.
Inner side
Outer side
4) Globular
proteins
take part in
the structre
of pigment
hemoglobin.
Hemoglobin
is present in
erythrocytes
and it is
responsible
from transportation of O2 and CO2.
5) Proteins casein (=present in milk) and
albumin (=egg white) are used as a food
source by some organisms.
Egg white (albumin) is a good source of protein. Casein is a type of protein that is
When boiled or fried albumin denaturates and present in milk.
looses its original structure.
6) Actin and myosin are proteins that
form the structure of muscles. Muscles
provide motion.
Skeletal Muscle: Skeletal muscle enables the voluntary movement of bones. Skeletal muscle
consists of densely packed groups of elongated cells known as muscle fibers. Within these
fibers, the alternation of thick and thin myofilaments gives skeletal muscles a striated
appearance. Contraction of the muscles is provided by actin and myosin proteins.
7) Hormones have
proteinic structure
and they are
responsible to
control different
activities in
organisms.
Illustration: Adrenal glands in human

that produce different hormones.
8) Proteins function
in immunity. White
Blood Cells (=WBC)
and antibodies
(=chemicals
Macrophage
produced against Pseudopod
microorganisms)
have proteinic
structure and they
are responsible to Dividing bacterium
fight against
microbes. A macrophage extends a pseudopod toward an
invading E. coli bacterium that is already multiplying.
Names of proteins according to their functions:
Function Protein
1) Structure Collagen & keratin
2) Enzymes Amylase
3) Cell recognition Membrane proteins
4) Transport Haemoglobin
5) Food source Casein & Albumin
6) Movement Actin & myosin
7) Hormones Insulin (from pancreas)
8) Protection Antibodies
Types of Proteins
Proteins / Types…
Fibrous proteins Globular proteins

Ex: Collagen Ex: Haemoglobin

4) Proteins

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4) Proteins

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Proteins

Amino acids are good examples for amphoteric molecules

aa1+aa2+aa3+ …+aan Polypeptide+(n-1) H2O

the primary structure.

(-NH2) of adjacent aa results in the H bond N

chains folding. This forms the

β-pleated sheet α-helix

H bonds and Ionic bonds

And also protein keratin is used in the

Catalysis, alteration of the speed of a chemical reaction, through the presence of an

Illustration: Adrenal glands in human

Fibrous proteins Globular proteins

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