COURSE CODE IR 6041

COURSE TITLE Security Governance on Non-Traditional Security in

Asia
ACADEMIC YEAR / TRIMESTER AY2022-23 / Trimester 2
LECTURER Prof Mely Caballero-Anthony
EMAIL ismcanthony@ntu.edu.sg
CLASS DAY / TIME / VENUE Wednesday/ 9:30-12:30/ TBA

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course examines an area that often falls under the radar of international relations and
security studies—the governance of non-traditional security threats. Structured along the
conceptual lens of security governance, the course focuses on the dynamics of security
governance in Asia where a range of actors, both state and non-state, are actively engaged
in addressing a range of security challenges, working and negotiating in crafting solutions
to problems, and in building institutions and shaping norms. In doing so, the course
brings to light the multiplicity of actors, institutions and processes involved in managing
the multidimensional facets of security concerns of states and societies in Asia.

COURSE OBJECTIVES

By the completion of this course, the student should be able to have a broader
understanding of the dynamics of security governance in Asia, which goes beyond the
state-centric approach in the study of international relations and security. By examining
selected cases of non-traditional security challenges and analyzing how these are
governed, students are expected to have a deeper knowledge and appreciation of multi-
level governance, regionalism and multilateralism in East Asia. Key concepts to be
studied in this course include global governance, security governance, security
communities, securitization, and humanitarianism. Among the key themes to be covered
in this course include climate change, migration and displacement, health security and
economic security, among others.

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COURSE EVALUATION

Breakdown Components Group / Individual Weightage

Written Examination (take 40

home)

Term Paper (3,000 words) 40

Review/Reflection essay 5

Class Presentation / Group 15

work

TOTAL 100%

Texts

There is no single required text for this course. Several assigned readings will be
provided, as well as recommended websites, especially the www.rsis.edu.sg/nts.
Students are encouraged not to limit themselves to the readings in this course and to be
resourceful in getting information from journals and relevant publications. Literature
search should also go beyond libraries and to include materials from research institutes,
multilateral organizations and think tanks.

Students are also encouraged to refer to numerous reports, articles, blogs on the
multifaceted impact of the COVID-19 pandemic as these are relevant in understanding
the challenges of security governance.

Suggested Journals

Global Governance
International Organization
International Security
International Affairs
Security Dialogue
Survival
Pacific Review
Review of International Studies
Millennium

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Journal of International Studies

Suggested Websites

http://unhcr.org
http://www.who.int/en/
http://www.globalpublicpolicy.net
http://www.focusweb.org
http://www.asean.or.id
http://www.fao.org
http://www.worldbank.org
http://www.crisisgroup.org
http://www.reliefweb.int
http://www.thelancet.com/global-health

COURSE STRUCTURE

WEEK 1*

Introductory week: What is security governance? Why is this important in the study
of international relations and international security?
*ONLINE

Required Readings:

Caballero-Anthony, Mely. 2018. Negotiating Security Governance on Non-Traditional

Security in Southeast Asia and Beyond, New York: Columbia University Press. Read
chapter 1.

Ehrhart, Hans-Georg, Hendrik Hegemann, and Martin Kahl, 2014, ‘Putting Security
Governance to the Test: Conceptual, Empirical, and Normative Challenge’, European
Security, Vol.23, No.2, pp.119-125.

Avant, Deborah D., Martha Finnemore and Susan K. Sell, 2010, ‘Who governs the
globe?’, in Deborah D. Avant, Martha Finnemore and Susan K. Sell (eds.), Who Governs
the Globe?, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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Sperling, James. 2014, ‘Governance and Security in the Twenty-First Century’, in James
Sperling (ed.), Handbook of Governance and Security, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar
Publishing Limited, pp.1-16.

Further Readings:

Honke, Jana, and Markus-Michael Muller, 2012. ‘Governing (in)security in a

postcolonial world: Transnational entanglements and the worldliness of “local” practice’,
Security Dialogue, Vol.43, No.5, pp.383-401.

Questions:
1. How do we locate security governance within the global governance literature?
2. What are the key security concepts that can be applied in the study of security
governance?

WEEK 2
Security governance and Non-Traditional Security: Concepts, Institutions and
Processes

Required Readings:

Caballero-Anthony, Mely. 2018. Negotiating Security Governance on Non-Traditional

Security in Southeast Asia and Beyond, New York: Columbia University Press. Read
chapter 2.

Hameiri, S. and Jones, L., 2015. Governing borderless threats: Non-traditional security
and the politics of state transformation. Cambridge University Press. Read chapter 1.

Buzan, Barry, Ole Waever, and Jaap de Wilde, 1998. Security: A New Framework For
Analysis, Boulder, US: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc.

Beeson, Mark, 2014. ‘Security in Asia: What’s different? What’s not?’, Journal of Asian
Security and International Affairs, 1(1) 1–23.

Further Readings:

Hardt J.N. (2021) Encounters between Security and Earth System Sciences: Planetary
Boundaries and Hothouse Earth. In: Chandler D., Müller F., Rothe D. (eds)
International Relations in the Anthropocene. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53014-3_3

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Krahmann, Elke, 2003, ‘Conceptualizing security governance’, Cooperation and
Conflict: Journal of the Nordic International Studies Association, Vol.38, No.1, pp.5-26.

Questions:

1. Is security governance relevant in Asia?

2. What are the key elements for security governance to take place?
3. How do we connect the on-going debates of security with the notion of security
governance?

WEEK 3
Trends in Security Governance of Non-Traditional Security Challenges: Actors,
Approaches and Scale

Required Readings:

Breslin, S. and Croft, S. 2013. “Researching Regional Security Governance: Dimensions,

Debates and Discourses” in Breslin, Shaun, and Stuart Croft, eds. Comparative regional
security governance. Routledge, 2013.

Eikenberry, John, 2018. The End of Liberal International Order, International Affairs 94:
1 (2018) 7–23.

Freedman, Amy and Murphy, Anne Marie. 2018, “Looking Forward: Prospects for
Cooperation and Conflict” in Freedman, Amy and Murphy, Anne Marie, Non-Traditional
Security Challenges in Southeast Asia: The Transnational Dimension, Boulder, London:
Lynne Rienner Publishers, pp. 195-218.

Gerrit Kurtz & Philipp Rotmann. 2016. The Evolution of Norms of Protection: Major
Powers Debate the Responsibility to Protect, Global Society, 30:1, 3-
20, DOI: 10.1080/13600826.2015.1092425

Further Readings:

Carlos A Faerron Guzmán, et. al., “A Framework Guide to Planetary Health Education,”
www.thelancet.com/planetary-health”, Vol 5 May 2021 e253, April 21, 2021
https://doi.org/10.1016/ S2542-5196(21)00110-8

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** complements Hardt J.N. (2021) ‘Encounters between Security and Earth System
Sciences…’ (see week 1 readings above)

Zimmerman, Erin, 2016, Think Thanks and Non-Traditional Security: Governance

Entrepreneurs in Asia, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.

Questions:
1. What are the limits of security governance in Asia?
2. What are the key factors that constrain security governance in the region?
3. What are some of the frameworks and approaches we can apply to examine
security governance?

WEEK 4: Security Governance of Selected NTS Issues: Governing Climate

Change and attendant challenges

Required Readings:

IPCC, 2021: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science
Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani,
S. L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M.
Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O.
Yelekçi, R. Yu and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University
Press, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf
[SKIM]

Alison Ming, et al., 2021. Key messages from the IPCC AR6 climate science
report https://www.cambridge.org/engage/coe/article-details/617a83eb45f1eea41b40a461

King, Marcus D, Werrell, Caitlin and Femia, Francesco, 2021. “The responsibility to
prepare and prevent: Closing the climate security governance gaps,” in Dr Malin
Mobjörk and Eva Lövbrand, eds., Anthropocene (In)securities: Reflections on Collective
Survival 50 Years After the Stockholm Conference.

Krampe, Florian, et. al., ‘Responses to Climate-Related Risks: Regional Organisations in

Asia and Africa: SIPRI Insights on Peace and Security’, No. 2018/2 August 2018.
https://sipri.org/sites/default/files/2018-
08/sipriinsight1808_igos_and_climate_change.pdf

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Smith, Dan. 2021. “The security space in the Anthropocene epoch” in Malin Mobjork
and Eva Lövbrand, eds., Anthropocene (In)securities: Reflections on Collective Survival
50 Years After the Stockholm Conference. https://www.sipri.org/publications/2021/sipri-
research-reports/anthropocene-insecurities-reflections-collective-survival-50-years-after-
stockholm-
conference?utm_source=phpList&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=SIPRI+Update+
September+2021%3A++Anthropocene%2C+reflections+on+Afghanistan%2C+visit+fro
m+Yemen%E2%80%99s+Foreign+Minister%2C+and+more+&utm_content=HTML

Further Readings:

Matt McDonald, “The Climate Change – Security Nexus A Critical Security Studies
Perspective”, Policy Brief No.19 - September, 2018, https://toda.org/policy-briefs-and-
resources/policy-briefs/climate-change-in-pacific-island-countries-a-review.html

Forino, G., von Meding, J. & Brewer, G.J., 2015. A Conceptual Governance Framework
for Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction Integration, International
Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 2015, Volume 6, Number 4, Page 372,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-015-0076-z

Falkner, Robert. 2016. The Paris Agreement and the New Logic of International Climate
Politics. International Affairs 92(5): 1107-1125.

Questions:

1. What are the governance issues in addressing climate change and its attendant
threats?
2. What are the key security governance challenges?
3. Who are the stakeholders in climate change governance?
4. How do we best advance security governance in climate change?

NOTE: The same set of questions will be used in analyzing the kinds of issues and
challenges in the subsequent seminar topics. Students are also encouraged to set their
own questions for their respective presentations.

WEEK 5 Governance of Natural Disasters and Humanitarian Emergencies

Required Readings:

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Caballero-Anthony, Mely, Cook, Alistair and Chen, Christopher, 2021. “Re-imagining
the Global Humanitarian System: Emerging Dynamics in the Asia-Pacific”, in
International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, Vol.56, April 2021.

Kathleen Tierney, Disaster Governance: Social, Political, and Economic Dimensions

Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 2012 37:1, 341-363

Barnett, M.N., 2013. Humanitarian governance. Annual Review of Political Science, 16,
pp. 379-398.

ASEAN Disaster Resilience Outlook - Preparing for a Future Beyond 2025 - ASEAN,
https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/ASEAN-Disaster-Resilience-Outlook-
Preparing-for-the-Future-Beyond-2021-FINAL.pdf

Alistair D.B Cook and S. Nanthini, 2021, Disasters in COVID-19: Implications for
Disaster Governance", RSIS Policy Report, July. Available: https://www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-
content/uploads/2021/07/PR210701_Disasters-in-COVID-19-Implications-for-Nexus-
Governance.pdf

FAO. 2020. The dual threat of extreme weather and the COVID-19: Anticipataing the
impacts on food availability. Rome. https://doe.org/10.4060/cb0206en

Further Readings:

Betts, A., Bloom, L. and Omata, N., 2012. Humanitarian innovation and refugee
protection. RSC Working Paper Series, 85.

Howe, Brendan. 2019. Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar: The Perfect Storm? in C.G.
Hernandez et al. (eds), Human Security and Cross-border Cooperation in East Asia,
Security, Development and Human Rights in East Asia, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-
319-95240-6_6

WEEK 6 GOVERNANCE OF FOOD SECURITY

Required Readings:

Peter Laderach, et. al., “Food Systems for peace and security in a climate crisis,” The
Lancet Planetary Health, Volume 5, Issue 5, May 2021, Pages e249-e250

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Gibson M. 2012. Food Security-A Commentary: What Is It and Why Is It So
Complicated?. Foods (Basel, Switzerland), 1(1), 18–27.
https://doi.org/10.3390/foods1010018

Jose Ma. Luis Montesclaros and Margareth Sembiring, ‘Food Insecurity Beyond Borders:
Untangling the Complex Impacts of Ukraine War on Global Food Security,’ NTS Insight,
No. IN22-03 (Singapore: RSIS Centre for Non-Traditional Security Studies (NTS
Centre), Nanyang Technological University Singapore. 2022).

FAO. 2020. The dual threat of extreme weather and the COVID-19 crisis: Anticipating
the impacts on food availability. Rome.
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0206en

Food Security Information Network (FSIN); and Global Network Against Food Crises.
2020. 2020 Global report on food crises: Joint analysis for better decisions: September
update in times of COVID-19. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO);
World Food Programme (WFP); International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
https://www.fsinplatform.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/GRFC2020_September%2
0Update_0.pdf

Further Readings:

UN Secretary General's Office (2020). Policy Brief: The Impact of COVID-19 on Food
Security and Nutrition, June 2020.
https://reliefweb.int/report/world/policy-brief-impact-covid-19-food-security-and-
nutrition-june-2020

Ebata, Ayako, Nisbett, Nick, and Gillespie, Stuart. 2020. Food systems and building back
better. Positioning Paper. Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies.
https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/15677

WEEK 7 Governance of Migration and Human Displacements

Required Readings:

Vietti, F. and Scribner, T., 2013. Human insecurity: Understanding international

migration from a human security perspective. Journal on Migration and Human
Security, 1(1), pp.17-31.

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Testaverde, Mauro; Moroz, Harry; Hollweg, Claire H.; Schmillen, Achim. 2017.
Migrating to Opportunity : Overcoming Barriers to Labor Mobility in Southeast Asia.
Washington, DC: World Bank. © World Bank.

Nichiporuk, Brian. 2021. COVID 19 and Labor Demand, Migration and Military Force
Structure: Implications in East Asia, https://cms.apln.network/wp-
content/uploads/2020/12/Nichiporuk_Covid19_WP_20201024_final.pdf

Further Readings:

Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration

https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/73/195

Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Part II. Global compact
on refugees, https://www.unhcr.org/gcr/GCR_English.pdf

Caballero-Anthony, Mely and Toshihiro Menju. 2015. Asia on the Move: Regional
Migration and the Role of Civil Society. Tokyo and New York: Japan Centre for
International Exchange. (Read selectively)

WEEK 8 Governance of Health Security

Required Readings:

Davies, S.E., Elbe, S., Howell, A. and McInnes, C., 2014. Global health in international
relations: editors' introduction. Review of International Studies, 40(5), pp.825-834.

Nicole de Paula. 2021. “Breaking the Silos for Planetary Health: A Roadmap for a
Resilient Post-Pandemic World,” Singapore: Palgrave MacMillan.

Burwell, Sylvia, Townsend Frances, et.al., 2020. ‘Improving Pandemic Preparedness:

Lessons from COVID-19’, Independent Task Force Report No. 78, Council on Foreign
Relations. https://www.cfr.org/report/pandemic-preparedness-lessons-COVID-
19/pdf/TFR_Pandemic_Preparedness.pdf

Caballero-Anthony, Mely. 2020. “COVID-19 and Global Governance: Waking Up to a

Safe New World” in Challenges of Global Governance Amid the Covid-19 Pandemic,
Council of Foreign Relations, May 2020,https://www.cfr.org/sites/default/files/pdf/COVID-
19%20and%20Global%20Governance%2C%20Waking%20Up%20to%20a%20Safe%20New%2
0World.pdf

19 October 2022 10
Thomas Bollyky and Chad Bown. 2020. “The Tragedy of Vaccine Nationalism”, Foreign
Affairs, September 2020, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-07-
27/vaccine-nationalism-pandemic

Further Readings:

Hanrieder, Tine, and Christian Kreuder-Sonnen, 2014, ‘WHO decides on the exception:
Securitization and emergency governance in global health’, Security Dialogue, Vol.45,
No.4, pp.331-348.

Youde, Jeremy. 2016. “High Politics, Low Politics and Global Health,” Journal of
Global Security Studies, 1 (2), pp.157-170.

Cui, S., 2019. China in the Fight Against the Ebola Crisis: Human Security Perspectives.
In Human Security and Cross-Border Cooperation in East Asia (pp. 155-180). Palgrave
Macmillan, Cham.

Week 9 Governance of Nuclear Security and Nuclear Safety

Required Readings:

Caballero-Anthony, Mely and Trajano, Julius, eds. 2020. Nuclear Governance in the
Asia-Pacific. London: Routledge. Read chapters 1 & 2.

Findlay, T., 2010. Nuclear energy and global governance: ensuring safety, security and
non-proliferation. Routledge. Read chapters 4-6.

Sato, Y., 2014. Nuclear power and human security: Lessons from the Fukushima Daiichi
nuclear power plant accident. In Access to International Justice (pp. 257-270).
Routledge.

Trajano, Julius Cesar and Mely Caballero-Anthony. 2020. “The Future of Nuclear
Security in the Asia-Pacific: Expanding the Role of Southeast Asia.” International
Journal of Nuclear Security 6 (2): Article 8.

Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School
“Revitalizing Nuclear Security in an Era of Uncertainty”,
Authors: Matthew Bunn Nickolas Roth William H. Tobey | January 2019
https://www.belfercenter.org/NuclearSecurity2019

19 October 2022 11
Further Readings:

The future of nuclear security: Commitments and actions – Power generation and
stewardship in the 21st century, P.G. Martin, N.G. Tomkinson, T.B. Scott Energy Policy,
Volume 110, November 2017, Pages 325-330

Contributing to the nuclear 3S's via a methodology aiming at enhancing the synergies
between nuclear security and safety, Progress in Nuclear Energy, Volume 86, January
2016, Pages 31-39.

Khripunov, Igor. Nuclear safety vs security: Can the two cultures be harmonized? July 6,
2018, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, https://thebulletin.org/2018/07/nuclear-safety-vs-
security-can-the-two-cultures-be-harmonized/

WEEK 10 Governance of Economic Security

Required Readings:

Stiglitz, Joseph, 2016. “Globalisation and its New Discontent”, Project Syndicate,
August 2016, https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/globalization-new-
discontents-by-joseph-e--stiglitz-2016-08

ADB Policy Brief: An Updated Assessment of the Economic Impact of Covid-19 (May
2020)
https://www.adb.org/publications/updated-assessment-economic-impact-covid-19

Pempel, T.J., 2010. Soft balancing, hedging, and institutional Darwinism: The economic-
security nexus and East Asian regionalism. Journal of East Asian Studies, 10(2), pp.209-
238.

World Bank East Asia Update: From Containment to Recovery: Economic Update for
East Asia and the Pacific (October 2020)
https://www.worldbank.org/en/region/eap/publication/east-asia-pacific-economic-update

Nesadurai, H.E., 2004. Introduction: economic security, globalization and

governance. The Pacific Review, 17(4), pp.459-484.

Further Readings:

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PSU Policy Brief: APEC at the Epicenter of Covid-19 (April 2020)
https://www.apec.org/Publications/2020/04/APEC-in-the-Epicentre-of-COVID-19

Tang Siew Mung, 2015. Rethinking Economic Security in a Globalised World,

Contemporary Politics, Vol. 21, No. 1, 40-52.

Economic security and food security, Indonesia, UN FAO:

World Food Programme (2020). COVID-19 Economic and Food Security Implications
for Indonesia - 3rd edition August 2020.
https://www.wfp.org/publications/covid-19-economic-and-food-security-implications-
indonesia-3rd-edition-august-2020

WEEK 11 Governance of Environmental Security

Required Readings:

SIPRI. 2022. Environment of Peace: Security in a New Era of Risk.

https://www.sipri.org/publications/2022/other-publications/environment-peace-security-
new-era-risk

Elliott, Lorraine, 2015, ‘Human Security/environmental security, Contemporary Politics,

Vol.21, No. 1, pp, 11-24.

Park, J., Conca, K. and Finger, M. eds., 2008. The crisis of global environmental
governance: Towards a new political economy of sustainability. Routledge. (Read
selectively).

Hameiri, S. and Jones, L., 2015. Governing borderless threats: Non-traditional security
and the politics of state transformation. Cambridge University Press.

Further Readings:

Stokke, O.S., 2011. Environmental security in the Arctic: The case for multilevel
governance. International Journal, 66(4), pp.835-848.

Week 12 Governance of Transnational Crimes AND

RECAP: SECURITY GOVERNANCE AND SUSTAINABLE PEACE

Required Readings:

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Capie, David. “Transnational Crimes”, in Caballero-Anthony, ed. 2016. An Introduction
to Non-Traditional Security Studies, pp. 210-221

Caballero-Anthony, Mely. 2018. A Hidden Scourge: Human Trafficking in Southeast

Asia, Finance and Development, Vol 55: 3, pp. 18-21.

Tsingou, E., 2005. Global governance and transnational financial crime: opportunities
and tensions in the global anti-money laundering regime. University of Warwick, Centre
for the Study of Globalisation and Regionalisation.

White, R., 2017. Transnational environmental crime. Routledge. (Read selectively).

ON SUSTAINABLE PEACE

Suggested Readings

Caballero-Anthony, Mely. 2018. Negotiating Security Governance on Non-Traditional

Security in Southeast Asia and Beyond, New York: Columbia University Press, pp.218-
236.

Deitelhoff, Nicole and Lisbeth Zimmermann, Lisbeth, 2020. Things We Lost in the Fire:
How Different Types of Contestation Affect the Robustness of International
Norms, International Studies Review, Volume 22, Issue 1, March 2020, Pages 51–
76, https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viy080

Haass, Richard. 2017. The World in Disarray: American Foreign Policy and the Crisis
of the Old Order. New York: Penguin University Press. (Chapter 1)

Hudson, N.F., 2009. Gender, human security and the United Nations: security language
as a political framework for women. Routledge. (Read selectively)

Kaldor, M., 2011. Human security. Society and Economy, 33(3), pp.441-448.

19 October 2022 14
PLAGIARISM & ACADEMIC INTEGRITY

Nanyang Technological University (NTU) takes a tough stance on plagiarism and none will be
tolerated. The penalties for academic dishonesty reflect NTU’s strong commitment to academic
integrity and include: expulsion, suspension, zero mark/fail grade, a requirement to resubmit
the assignment/dissertation, or marking down.

In particular, students are reminded that all forms of ghost writing and contract writing by
others is absolutely forbidden and all help and sources must be explicitly referenced, cited, and
acknowledged. Where the assessment is closed book or restricted, resort to prohibited help,
sources, and resources is cheating. Violations of these principles will be taken very seriously and
severely dealt with; sanctions may include fail for the course or suspension and expulsion.

The course instructor reserves the right to quiz any student orally in a viva voce review of what
he or she has submitted before awarding the student marks and, on the basis of the student’s
responses and any matter revealed in such a review, to either:
(a) substitute the oral review assessment for the written assignment/test/exam as the basis of
marking; or
(b) press for an academic integrity violation investigation that could lead to disciplinary action.
Both the student being assisted and any student found to be assisting will be subject to
disciplinary sanctions if violations of academic integrity principles are established.

Please thus ensure you understand and abide by the NTU Academic Integrity Policy. In taking
this course, students are understood to be fully cognizant of all relevant university guidelines
and regulations. For further guidance please refer to the full policy online at
<https://ts.ntu.edu.sg/sites/intranet/dept/tlpd/ai/Pages/default.aspx> and also to the
university’s Academic Integrity Handbook, which contains many explanations and examples, at
<https://www.ntu.edu.sg/docs/default-source/tlpd-documents/academic-integrity-
handbook_july-2017.pdf?sfvrsn=fc5a5b24_2>.

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