Solar Desalination and Water Treatment

SOLAR DESALINATION AND WATER
TREATMENT
Dr.–Ing. Joachim Koschikowski

Fraunhofer-Institute for
Solar Energy Systems ISE
joachim.koschikowski@ise.fraunhofer.de
© Fraunhofer ISE
Outline
 Introduction and overview
 Desalination technologies
 Comparison of technological
approaches
 Examples of technological
approaches
 Summary of our capabilities
© Fraunhofer ISE
Introduction
The shortage of clean and safe water is one of the

most critical problems to be solved
Water has no alternative !!!
© Fraunhofer ISE
Introduction
The shortage of clean and safe water is one of the

most critical problems to be solved
Water has no alternative !!!
The Nexus… Water
Food /
Energy Industry
© Fraunhofer ISE
Introduction
Decrease of fresh water

resources due to:
 Deepwelling ground water
levels
 Intrusion of salt water
 Draining of fossil ground
water reservoirs
 Pollution of surface water
Potential of solar energy e.g. 6kWh/(m²d)0.6 l oil /(m² d)220 l oil /(m² y)
© Fraunhofer ISE
Overview on solar driven water treatment
Different approaches
for the utilization of
solar energy as the
prime mover for water
treatment processes
Salt
water
Desalination
RO: Reverse Osmosis VC: Vapor Compression

ED: Electro Dialysis STIL: Simple Solar Stil
MSF: Multi stage flash MEH: Multi Effect Distillation
MED: Multi Effect Distillation MD: Membrane Distillation
© Fraunhofer ISE
Overview on solar driven water treatment
Different approaches
for the utilization of
solar energy as the
prime mover for water
treatment processes
Salt
water
Desalination
Contami- UF
nated Filtration and
MF UF: Ultrafiltration
fresh Disinfektion
water
UV MF: Microfiltration
UV: Ultraviolet light
Pumping Well / circul.
c
© Fraunhofer ISE
Desalination technologies
Solar still, simplest technology for solar desalination
Disadvantage: Very inefficient (2

– 4 l/m² day)
© Fraunhofer ISE
Basic set up of a Multi Effect Desalination (MED)
Cooling blow down
system
Thermal energy input ~50 – 60kWh/m³ Cooling
Sea water at 20 – 35°C
Steam at 70°C Electrical energy input

0.08 - 0.1 t/tproduct
1.5-2.5kWh/m³product
Number of effects 2 -20
Energy demand
Investment costs
© Fraunhofer ISE
Examples of Multi Effect Desalination system
10m³/day unit by Fischer

Ecosolutions
MED is more efficient since latent heat of

evaporation is recovered
36Tm³/day plant in Trapani (Sicily)
© Fraunhofer ISE
Solar driven Multi Effect Desalination system
Fossil
back up
Heat
storage
© Fraunhofer ISE
Heat supply for Multi Effect Desalination system
Heat supply by
 Solar thermal flat plate or vacuum tubular collectors
 CSP with or without power production
 Waste heat from fossil power plants
Power
plant
© Fraunhofer ISE
Basic set up of a Reverse Osmosis (RO) system
60 – 80bar
Electrical power
3.5-6 kWh/tproduct
Pressure recovery
© Fraunhofer ISE
Examples for Reverse Osmosis (RO) system
60 – 80bar
Pressure recovery
© Fraunhofer ISE
Energy supply Reverse Osmosis (RO) system
PV-RO - stand alone system configuration for small scale application
© Fraunhofer ISE
Basic set up of Membrane Distillation system
Driving force: Hydrophobic
Difference of water vapor Membrane
pressure between both
membrane boundary layers
Evaporator Condenser
© Fraunhofer ISE
Example for Membrane Distillation system
Driving force:
Difference of water vapor
pressure between both
membrane boundary layers
© Fraunhofer ISE
Comparison of technological approaches
Correlation between high

efficiency and
complexity:
Complexity
As higher the
efficiency as higher
the complexity of the
system
low
low high
Efficiency
© Fraunhofer ISE
Correlation between high
Desalination system
energy costs and
system efficiency:
As higher the costs for
efficiency
energy, as higher the
efficiency (= investment
costs) can be
Costs for water distribution must low
be considered (savings for low high
distributed systems)!!!
OPEX for conventional power supply
Solar energy is not for free due to CAPEX for solar power supply
significant investment costs !!!
© Fraunhofer ISE
Centralized water supply Decentralized water supply
 Low water production costs  Minimized distribution costs

 Large urban communities can be  Water supply to remote regions
supplied with water  Minimized distribution grid but
 Financing is possible since maintenance of system is difficult
successful business models exist  Financing of systems difficult
 Complex, expensive, lossy since attractive business models
distribution grids are required do not exist
© Fraunhofer ISE
Centralized water supply Decentralized water supply
 Stand alone solar only supply is  Full coverage by solar energy in

challenging since large scale stand alone systems possible –
energy storage is expensive further development for cost
 Solar energy can be used reduction
efficiently as fuel saver  Very remote regions can be
 100% coverage by solar energy reached
possible in average annual net  CAPEX is high but levalized costs
balance in grid connected of water can be competitive
systems
© Fraunhofer ISE
Examples of technological approaches
Solar PV driven RO plant
designed by Fraunhofer ISE
and tested in Cyprus
filtration
desalination
© Fraunhofer ISE
Solar thermally driven MD systems developed and tested
by Fraunhofer ISE in different locations
Gran Canaria Spain Pantelleria Italy Amarika Namibia

Solar collector : 180m² Waste heat from power plant Solar collector: 225m²
Nominal capacity: 5 m³/day Nominal capacity: 5m³/day Nominal capacity: 5 m³/T
© Fraunhofer ISE
Solar PV driven stand alone ultra filtration (UF) system
for purification of contaminated surface water
 Physical membrane filtration technology

 Retains 99,9999 % microorganisms,
bacteria and viruses
 Low pressure driven extremely effective
and very low energy consumption
 Used in municipal water treatment plants
all over the world
© Fraunhofer ISE
Solar PV driven stand
alone ultra filtration (UF)
system for purification of
contaminated surface
water
 Nominal capacity: 100 - 2.500l/h
 For mobile or stationary
application
 High quality UF-membrane with
automatic backflush system
 Solar generator: 1500Wp
 Battery capacity: 200Ah
© Fraunhofer ISE
Summary of our capabilities in water treatment
 Basic research on membrane

performance and reliability
 Development of new membrane

based desalination modules
 Development, installation and

evaluation of lab to pilot scale
desalination systems
 Design study and evaluation of CSP

connected desalination systems
 Conduction of techno-economical
studies for the evaluation of
renewable driven desalination
systems
© Fraunhofer ISE
© Fraunhofer ISE

Solar Desalination and Water Treatment

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SOLAR DESALINATION AND WATER

Dr.–Ing. Joachim Koschikowski

 Summary of our capabilities

The shortage of clean and safe water is one of the

The shortage of clean and safe water is one of the

Decrease of fresh water

RO: Reverse Osmosis VC: Vapor Compression

Disadvantage: Very inefficient (2

Sea water at 20 – 35°C

Steam at 70°C Electrical energy input

Number of effects 2 -20

10m³/day unit by Fischer

MED is more efficient since latent heat of

Correlation between high

Correlation between high

 Low water production costs  Minimized distribution costs

 Stand alone solar only supply is  Full coverage by solar energy in

Gran Canaria Spain Pantelleria Italy Amarika Namibia

 Physical membrane filtration technology

 Basic research on membrane

 Development of new membrane

 Development, installation and

 Design study and evaluation of CSP

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