Professional Documents
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in Hydropower
HERBD 10 – Storage and Hydropower
Miroslav MARENCE
WSE 2015 – 2017
Learning objectives – Hydropower
...understand development and
design of all types of hydropower ...apply common practical planning
plants including also small power issues by definition of hydropower
plants and pump‐storage plants schemes
At the end of the
module participants
will be able to:
...design hydropower structures, ...implement knowledge in
including power waterways, practical design of the hydropower
powerhouses, turbines and schemes
electrical equipment
M. Marence: Introduction in Hydropower 2
Electric Power System
ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM consists of production, transfer, distribution and end
users.
PRODUCTION includes loads (demand), resources (power plants), and use of
resources to meet loads.
PRODUCERS:
• public‐owned (state, municipalities, public utility districts, etc.)
• investor‐owned (private investor and companies)
• customer‐owned (independent systems with connection to national grid)
M. Marence: Introduction in Hydropower 3
Definitions
Energy is a capability of doing work, expressed in kilowatt‐hours (kWh).
Output of the hydroelectric powerplant – electrical energy.
Power is a rate of energy produced or used, expressed in kilowatts (KW)
Capacity is maximum amount of power that a generating plant can deliver,
expressed in kW.
Load is demand for electricity, expressed as energy demand (average power
demand) or capacity demand (peak power demand).
Recourses are sources of electrical power. A system’s power resources could
include both generating plants and import from adjacent power
systems.
Load factor is a ratio of average power demand to peak power demand (daily,
weekly, monthly or annual basis)
Load or demand varied in time (daily, weekly, monthly, yearly) giving
characteristic load shape. The load shape is divided into three
segments: base load, intermediate and peak load.
US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Manual EM 1110‐2‐1701, Engineering and Design of Hydropower
M. Marence: Introduction in Hydropower 4
Daily Demand on Electric Energy
Peaking load is a portion of load
which occurs eight hours per day
or less.
Intermediate load is the load
between the base and peak load.
Base load is the minimum load in
stated period of time.
Hydro Thermal
US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Manual EM 1110‐
2‐1701, Engineering and Design of Hydropower
Extreme quick response of hydropower compared
to other technologies
M. Marence: Introduction in Hydropower 5
Power Resources
Resource Sources and efficiency Usage and availability
Fossil‐Fuel Steam Coal, natural gas, oil or combination of fuels Base load service partly as intermediate load
30‐40% of fuel energy converted to electricity units (new plant).
Several hours for start‐up
Availability 65‐85% of year
Nuclear Nuclear fission as fuel Exclusively base load service
33% of fuel energy converted to electricity Long start‐up time
Availability 65‐70% of year
Combustion Natural gas or distillate oil Peaking load service and standby reserve
turbines 25‐30% of fuel energy converted to electricity Fast‐start characteristics – few minutes
10‐50% availability
Run‐of‐river River water used as a function of inflow Base load service with less possibility for
plants Energy conversion efficiency 80‐90% intermediate service
Availability 95%
Storage hydro Water stored in reservoir used as a fuel Peak load and standby reserve
Energy conversion efficiency 80‐90% Fast‐start characteristics – few minutes
Availability 95%
Pumped storage Water stored in reservoir used as a fuel Peak load, standby reserve and grid regulation
Energy conversion efficiency 80‐85% Fast‐start and change production‐pumping
Energy conversion by pumping 65‐75% Availability 95%
Only effective electricity storage
Renewable Wind, geothermal steam, solar, bio‐fuel, tidal In development and in experimental use
Less significant role in electricity production
M. Marence: Introduction in Hydropower 6
HYDROPOWER – Advantages and Disadvantages (1/3)
Advantages Disadvantages
Renewable energy source and free of Comparatively high investment costs
charge (1000 – 4000 €/kW of installed capacity)
High coefficient of efficiency (0.75‐0.85) Often large distance between favourable
Long operation time (over 30 years) sites for hydro power plants and centres
of consuption (highy transmition costs)
Relatively simple and approved
technology with slow aging Energy production is irregular and
Economy dependent on hydrological conditions ‐
of energy Low operating costs due to minor large seasonal variation in inflow
maintenance and operating
requirements. Relatively long project preparation (lead
time) and construction time
Fast starting and stopping of the
production – possibility for regulation
of the grid
Scalable from 10 kW to 10.000 MW
Possibility to store energy
M. Marence: Introduction in Hydropower 7
HYDROPOWER – Advantages and Disadvantages (2/3)
Advantages Disadvantages
Indirect advantages for multipurpose Flood of land which could be used for
use (irrigation, navigation, flood other purposes (agiculture, forestry,
protection and control, drinking water settlements, infrastructure)
Economy supply, recreation, fish hatching) Change in agriculture becomes necessary
of water – occurring of floods carring nutrious,
resources suspend soils no longer occur or the
effects are reduced
Social consequences due to
resettlements
M. Marence: Introduction in Hydropower 8
HYDROPOWER – Advantages and Disadvantages (3/3)
Advantages Disadvantages
No noxious substances ( mechanical Favourable conditions for diseases
energy transformation and low waste Disturbance in bed load and water
heat (cooling water) economy (derivation, discharge)
Improvement on ecological conditions Interaption and restriction of the terrain
by re‐naturalisation of a river area that for fish migrations (required fast‐flow of
had been artificially transformed by clear water with pebble ground)
man
Environ‐ Reservoirs cause generally degradation of
ment Favourable change of micro climate by water quality (stayed water has less
damping extreme temperature quality as flowing water)
fluctuation and generating precipitation
in arid zones (Asswan) Flooding of economically important
biotopes
Lift‐on of groundwater level
High evaporation losses
CO2 emission – only in case of flooded
vegetation (Nam Ngum I)
1 GWh of energy generated by hydropower prevents emission of approximately 480 tons of CO2
M. Marence: Introduction in Hydropower 9
Hydropower as multipurpose driver
M. Marence: Introduction in Hydropower 10
World potential and current hydropower production
International Energy Agency’s World Energy Outlook 2007
forecasts that fossil fuels will continue to provide the major part of
the increased energy demand. Nonetheless, the pressure and
prospects for hydropower development may also increase as part
of efforts to mitigate climate change.
M. Marence: Introduction in Hydropower 11
Comparison to other electricity sources
Ratio between construction energy and production
Hydropower
Nuclear
Coal power
Comparison of efficiency factors
Wind
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M. Marence: Introduction in Hydropower 12
Comparison to other electricity sources
M. Marence: Introduction in Hydropower 13
Hydropower and other renewable energy sources
M. Marence: Introduction in Hydropower 14
Types of Hydropower Plants and Function in Power System
HYDROPOWER
Run‐of‐river Storage Pump storage
Nearly constant upstream Reservoir (pondage) for Designed to convert low
elevation daily, weekly, seasonal value off‐peak to high
No storage function or yearly storage value on‐peak energy
Energy production direct Variable reservoir level Storage of generated
function of inflow Energy production electric energy
Low flood control capacity function of demand Types: off‐stream and
Flood control function pump‐back
Downstream regulation Capacity defined based on
reservoir grid demand
Low impact on down‐
stream regime
Base load energy Intermediate and peak Peak load (production)
load Base load (pumping back)
Possibility for other purposes (navigation, irrigation, Primary function is
water supply, etc. energy production
M. Marence: Introduction in Hydropower 15
Type of hydropower plants – technical classification
Name Description of powerplant
Run‐of‐river plants River plants, diversion plants, meander plants,
Storage plants Reservoir or pond with natural inflow
Pump storage plants Two reservoirs with pumping/turbine system between with or
without natural inflow
Tide plants Using de‐nivelation by ebb and flood
Wave plants Transforming energy of water waves
Name Description of powerplant
Low head Head less than 15 m
Middle head Head between 15 m and 50 m
High head Head bigger then 50 m
M. Marence: Introduction in Hydropower 16
Size of hydropower installation
Name Description of powerplant
Large All installations with an installed capacity of more than 100 MW
(sometimes more than 10 MW), usually feeding in large
electricity grid (110, 220, 400 kV)
Medium Installation 10‐100 MW ,feeding in local electricity grid (10, 20,
110 KV)
Small General term for installation less than 10 MW (or < 1 MW),
feeding in local grid (10,20 kV)
Mini Capacity between 100 kW and 1 MW, stand alone or feeding
local grid
Micro Installations with power output in range from 5 kW up to less
than 100 kW, power for small community, rural industry in
remote areas away from grid
Pico Installations with power output less than 5 kW, power for small
rural industry, few households , charging of batteries, etc.
M. Marence: Introduction in Hydropower 17
Type of hydropower plants – operation, head and topography
M. Marence: Introduction in Hydropower 18
Evaluation of Hydro Potential
Requirements:
• Water flow – water assurance and suitability (duration curves, flood, …)
• Head – site suitability (gross head, geology, hydrogeology, environment, social, …)
M. Marence: Introduction in Hydropower 19
Evaluation of Hydro Potential
The specific hydro potential of river(p) in MW/km:
P w Qm1 Qm 2 z1 z 2
p * 0.85
L L 2 1000
where
P total hydropower potential of the river reach [MW]
w specific weight of water {kN/m³]
Qm1 and Qm2 mean annual flow at the beginning and end of a reach [m³/s]
z1 and z2 mean annual flow at the beginning and end of a reach [m.asl]
L length of a reach [km]
The formula is defined under assumption that the rivers would be completely
developed and covered by a cascade of many small reservoirs with the powerhouse at
the toe of the dam and an infinite plant capacity. The plant efficiency is in the order of
87 % (0,85*10/9,81). Typically not more than 50% of this total potential can be
exploited as the most economic schemes have a different configuration and not all
river segments can be fully developed. Furthermore the water discharged through the
turbines is limited by the plant capacity (spillway losses during the flood season), by
minimal discharge of the turbine and some residual/ecological flow that has to be
maintained.
M. Marence: Introduction in Hydropower 20
Components of Hydro Project
Requirements for power generation from water:
• Creation of head – dam (weir) and reservoir
• Convey of water – intake and power waterway
• Powerhouse with equipment to transfer mechanical to electrical energy
• Transmission of electrical energy to the consumers
• Security and construction facilities (spillway, bottom outlet, diversion,…)
M. Marence: Introduction in Hydropower 21
Projects
PÖYRY, HPP Tsankov Kamak, Bulgaria
PÖYRY, HPP Nam Ngum 2, Lao
PÖYRY, HPP Ermenek, Turkey
PÖYRY, HPP Birecik, Turkey PÖYRY, HPP Lehen, Salzburg, Austria
M. Marence: Introduction in Hydropower 22
Questions
• Difference between power and energy
• Types of electrical energy sources and difference based on
availability
• Types of hydropower plants
• Hydropower potential (what is needed and how to calculate)
• Components of hydropower system
M. Marence: Introduction in Hydropower 23