FLUID FLOW OPERATIONS

HYDRO POWER PLANT

&
THERMAL POWER PLANT
ABHISHEK KALE[02] - 12110256
PARAG BHADKE[12] - 12110710
RAJ BHAMARE [13] - 12110581
SOHAN BHOKARE[14] - 12110473
SUYASH BURFULE[16] - 12110107

GUIDE - Dr. MANIK DEOSARKAR

 Content
- Hydro Power Plants - Thermal Power Plants
Introduction Introduction
Components Components
Working Working
Advantages Advantages
Disadvantages Disadvantages
Future Scope Future Scope
Conclusion Conclusion

- Comparison
 Hydro Power Plants
Hydropower plants are facilities that generate electricity by harnessing the energy of falling
water.

Hydropower, or hydroelectric power, is one of the oldest and

largest sources of renewable energy, which uses the natural flow
of moving water to generate electricity

Hydroelectric power comes from flowing water

like winter and spring runoff from mountain
streams and clear lakes
Hydroelectric power is important to our Nation
It's a form of energy a renewable resource.
Components of Hydroelectric Power Plant

1. Head and tail race-Water level at the dam is called head race.Water level
at the downstream is called tail race.
2. Reservoir-It stores the water by natural body like river.
3. The dam-The dam is constructed to restrict the water flow from the
reservoir and create a water harness the energy present in it.
4. Spillway-It is a way for spillig of water from dams.
5. The penstock-It connects the reservoir with the turbine propeller.
6. Surge tank-It is tank that is connected to the penstock before the turbine.
7. The turbine -Kinetic energy of the running water turns the blades of the
turbine.
9.Power line-The power produced in the generator is sent to various
power distribution stations through power lines.
 How Hydropower Works

Generating Power-
In nature, energy cannot be created or
destroyed, but its form can change.
To generate electricity, water must be in
motion.
The turbine turns the generator rotor.
When coils of wire on the rotor sweep past
the generator's stationary coil (stator),
electricity is produced.
Dams are needed.
Dams store water for later release for such
purposes as irrigation, domestic and
industrial use, and power generation.
How Power Is Computed

Power = (Head x Flow x Gravity x Efficiency) / 1000

The power output is typically measured in kilowatts (kW) or

megawatts (MW).
The head and flow rate are key factors in determining the power.
Efficiency is also an important factor to consider.
 Transmitting Power-
Once the electricity is
produced, it must be
delivered to where it
is needed -- our
homes, schools,
offices, factories, etc.

Vast networks of
transmission lines
and facilities are
used
Advantages of Hydro Power Plants

It is renewable.
No gas emissions.
It is more reliable than solar and wind power.
Hydroelectric stations are cheaper.
Stores water.
 Disadvantages

Needs large land areas

Change in water quality may affects plant life
The gestation period is very high.
Land covered by water behind the dam remains un used
 HYDRO POWER PLANT IN INDIA
HYDRO POWER PLANT
OPERATING COMPANIES

NTPC ( National Thermal Power Coorporation

92% 8% MAHAGENCO
Government APGENCO
private secort
Sector SJVN

BIGGEST PLANTS IN INDIA

Total Hydro power plants in india = 197 Tehri Hydro Power Complex- 2400 MW
Koyna Hydroelectric Project- 1960 MW
Total Capacity = 42,782MW Srisailam Dam 1670MW
Nathpa Jhakri Dam 1530MW
Future of Hydro Power Plant
Digitalization: The use of digital technologies in hydropower plants can help to optimize
their operation, reduce maintenance costs, and increase efficiency.

Upgrades and modernization: Many existing hydropower plants are aging and in need of

upgrades or replacement. Advances in technology can make hydropower plants more

efficient, flexible, and reliable.

Environmental concerns: Hydropower plants can have significant environmental impacts,

such as disrupting fish migration, altering river ecosystems, and contributing to greenhouse
gas emissions

Small-scale hydropower: Small-scale hydropower plants can be built on smaller rivers

and streams, and can provide electricity to remote communities that are not connected to
the grid.


Conclusion

In conclusion, hydro power plants generate electricity from the kinetic energy of
falling water.

They are a reliable and sustainable source of energy with many benefits, such as
low operating costs, long lifespan, and minimal emissions.

Hydro power plants also provide a range of environmental benefits, including

reduced greenhouse gas emissions and the potential to mitigate the impacts of
climate change.

Overall, hydro power plants play an important role in the global energy mix,
providing a renewable and reliable source of energy that can contribute to reducing
carbon emissions and mitigating the impacts of climate change.
Thermal Power Plants
What is Thermal Power Plant ?

Thermal power plants are power plants that convert heat energy into electrical energy.

Fuel is burned in a boiler to produce heat ,that heat is used to generate steam which will pass through
a turbine, for the production of electricity.

Thermal power plants are the most common type of power plants in use today, as they are reliable and
efficient sources of electricity.

They are also relatively inexpensive to build and operate, making them an attractive option for many
countries.

 Steam power plant basically works on the

Rankine cycle

It consist four process

1. Isentropic compression in pump

2. Constant pressure and heat addition in a boiler
3. Isentropic expansion in terbine
4. Constant pressure heat rejection in condenser

 1-2.work is done on the

the system.
2-3.heat is given to the
system.
3-4.work is done by the
system.
4-1.heat is take out from
system.

efficiency of the cycle

n=total workdone/ heat input
 deviation of rankine cycle is due
to the irreversibility in process

irreversibilty is due to
1. Fluid Friction
2. heat loss

SOME MAIN COMPONENTS IN THERMAL POWER PLANTS

Boiler Turbine Generator

Condensor Cooling Tower

Pump Chimney Control System

Fuel Handling Ash Handling

System System
WORKING
ADVANTAGES OF THERMAL POWER
PLANT

Reliability
Fuel availability
Low initial cost
 DISADVANTAGES OF THERMAL POWER
PLANT

The volume of water requirement

Use of fossil fuels
Air pollution
High maintenance cost
 THERMAL POWER PLANT IN INDIA

Major Players In
40% 60% Thermal Power Plant
Others Thermal Power Plant
NTPC ( National Thermal Power Coorporation
Tata Power
Adani Power
Reliance Power
JSW Power

Total Capacity = 230 GW

Coal Requirement = 70% of total Coal extraction

 FUTURE SCOPE

Adoption of clean coal technologies: Thermal power plants can adopt clean
coal technologies such as coal gasification, fluidized bed combustion, and
integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) to reduce emissions and
increase efficiency.
Use of renewable energy sources: Thermal power plants can complement
their operations with renewable energy sources such as solar and wind
power.
CONCLUSION

In conclusion, while thermal power plants have been a crucial

source of electricity for decades, their reliance on non-renewable
sources of energy and their negative impact on the environment
and water resources must be addressed. The world needs to
transition towards cleaner and renewable sources of energy to
mitigate the effects of climate change and secure a sustainable
future.
COMPARISON OF HYDROELECTRIC AND
THERMAL POWER PLANT
Basis of Difference Thermal Power Plant Hydro Power Plant

Thermal power plant uses fossil

Hydroelectric power plant uses
Source of energy fuels to produce heat for the
water as the source of energy.
operation.

They are setup at a place where They are setup where large
ample supply of water and coal is reservoirs of water can be obtained
Plant site available with the transportation by constructing a dam such as in
facilities. hill areas.

Due to construction of dam and

The initial cost of a thermal power
Initial cost plant is relatively low.
excavation work, the initial cost is
comparatively high.

The operating cost of thermal Since no fuel is required, therefore

Operating cost power plant is high because of the the operating cost of hydroelectric
need of large amount of coal. power plant is low.
 Efficiency The overall efficiency is about 25%. The overall efficiency is about 85%.

The life span of thermal power Hydro power plants have longer
Lifespan plants is smaller. life span.

The size of the thermal power plant Hydro plants require large area for
Size of plant is smaller. reservoir.

In thermal power plant, ash, The hydroelectric power plants are

Cleanliness smoke, etc. produce, hence these the most clean power generation
are less clean. stations.

Hydro plants also have some

impacts on the environment such
Thermal power plants pollute the
Impact on environment environment due to smoke.
as the blocking of water affect
fishes and other organisms in the
water body.
REFERENCES
"Power Plant Engineering" by Derbal L F and Boston P G.

"Power Plant Engineering " by Samsher Gautam.

https://aits-tpt.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/PS1-Lecture-notes.pdf.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322568980_Energy_Analysis_of_Thermal_Power_Pla
nt

World Energy Council. (2018). Hydropower in Switzerland. Retrieved date of January 15th ,
2018, from https://www.worldenergy.org/data/resources/country/switzerland/hydropower/
Thank You