Chapter -2

Planning And Design of Power System Components

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General layout of power system

P.T.L

S.T.L

P.D.L

S.D.L

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 Power station
• Large electric power is produced by special plants known as generating
stations or power plants.
• A generating station essentially employs a prime mover coupled to an
alternator for the production of electric power.
• Depending upon the form of energy converted into electrical energy, the
generating stations are
Steam power stations
Hydroelectric power stations
Diesel power stations
Nuclear power stations
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 Planning and Design of Hydro Generation Stations
• A generating station which utilises the potential energy of water at a
high level for the generation of electrical energy is known as a hydro
electric power station.
Potential Energy Kinetic energy Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy

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5
Components of Hydropower Generation
1. Hydroelectric dam

There is potential energy stored in a water reservoir behind a dam.

 It is converted to kinetic energy when the water starts flowing down the penstock, from the dam.

This kinetic energy is used to turn a turbine.

2. Generator

 The falling water strikes a series of blades attached around a shaft which converts kinetic energy to
mechanical energy, and causes the turbine to rotate.

 The shaft is attached to a generator, so that when the turbine turns, the generator is driven.

 The generator converts the turbine's mechanical energy into electric energy

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3. Step-up transformer

Voltage is the pressure that makes electricity flow.

 Generators usually produce electricity with a low voltage.

In order for the transmission lines to carry the electricity efficiently over long distances, the

low generator voltage is increased to a higher transmission voltage by a step-up transformer.

4. Grid HV transmission lines

Grid transmission lines, usually supported by tall metal towers, carry high voltage electricity

over long distances.

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5.Terminal Station

Terminal stations control power flow on grid transmission lines and reduce the grid voltage to sub transmission
voltage.

6. Sub transmission lines

Sub transmission lines supply power from terminal stations to large industrial customers or distribution
substations.

7. How it is used by the customer

Electric energy can be sold at transmission voltage to users of large amounts who own and operate their own
substations. Most customers, however, are unable to accept energy at transmission voltage, and require that it be
stepped down in a transformer.

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8. Distribution substation

A distribution substation is a system of transformers, meters, and control and protective devices.

At a substation, transmission voltage is reduced to lower voltages for distribution to residential, commercial,
and small and medium industrial customers.

 Power Calculation of hydropower plant

Available Power : P = ηρghQ

 Where ρ is the density of the water (103 Kg/m3 ),

 h is the head of water,

 g is the gravitational constant (9.81 m/sec2),

 η is the efficiency of the turbine.

 Q is the volume of water flowing per second (the flow rate in m3/second).
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Example-1
1. Consider a mountain stream with an effective head of 25 meters (m) and a flow rate of
600 liters (ℓ) per minute. How much power could a hydro plant generate? Assume
plant efficiency () of 83%.
 Solution
H = 25 m

Q = 600 ℓ/min × 1 m3/1000 ℓ × 1 min/60sec

Q = 0.01 m3/sec
 = 0.83
P  10QH = 10(0.83)(0.01)(25) = 2.075
P  2.1 kW

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2. The site of Gibe I have an effective head of 200 m and a flow rate of
8,000 cubic meters per second.
A. How much power could a hydro plant generate? Assume total plant
efficiency () is 90%.
B. Calculate annual energy if 25days for out service
Solution
 P  9.8QH = 9.8*0.9*8000*200
P  14,112,000 kW = 14.112 GW (gigawatts)
 E = P×t = 14.112GW × 24 hrs/day × 340 days/yr
115,153.92GWh

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Classification of HPP
Hydroelectric power plants are categorized as:
Pico hydropower plant [<5kW) Remote areas away from the grid.
Micro hydropower plants [5-100kW]
Usually provided power for a small community or rural industry in remote
areas away from the grid.
Mini hydropower plants [100kW – 1MW]
Either stand alone schemes or more often feeding into the grid
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Con’t
Small hydropower plants [1MW – 100MW)
 usually feeding into a grid
Medium hydropower plants [30MW -100MW
 usually feeding a grid
Large hydropower plants [>100MW]
 feeding into a large electricity grid
In Ethiopia, more than 96% of the electricity is hydro

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No. Project CAP MW Energy GWH
1 TEKEZE 300 960
2 GIG II 420 1,680
3 BELES 460 1,860
4 GIBE III 1,870 6,400
5 Millennium 5,250 19,100
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Based on head
High head
Medium head
Low head
• Based on constriction
Impoundment
Diversion run of river
Pumped storage

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Gibe II 420MW, no dam used for Diversion run of river

Tekeze Dam

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 Planning of Hydropower Projects

Basic Investigations: Geology, Soils and Materials

Power Demand Environment

Hydrology Socio-economic aspects

Topography Tariffs and Tariff Policy or

Market Price

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 Con’t

Power Demand Availability of hydrological data

Demand Rainfall data.

Supply systems Establishment of flow records.

Energy conservation Projection of design flows.

Power market surveys Overall average flow.

Demand forecast Seasonal distribution of flows

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 Hydrology (Cont.d)
Minimum flow.

Run-off estimates.

Water balance (rain, evaporation, flow).

Floods.

Flood routing.

Diversion during construction.

Hydraulic design studies.

Design flood (Probable Maximum Flood).

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 3. Topography
Power = Efficiency x Head x Flow, to achieve the desired power output:-

• Project layout.

• Catchment Area.

• Dam sites.

• Waterways.

• Power Stations.

• Transmission lines.

• Geology.

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 4. Geology, Soils and Materials

Exploration of foundation conditions.

Reservoir water tightness/tension of water.

Reservoir slope stability.

Sediment problems in reservoirs.

Sediment problems in structure design.

Identify construction materials.

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 5. Economic aspects of HPPs

 High initial cost of construction.

 Electricity is cheap.

 Energy is green.

In an HPP construction, cost to be considered:

 Land/land rights.

 Structures and improvements.

 Equipment, reservoirs, dams, waterways, roads, railroads, and bridges.

 Protecting fish and wildlife.

 Operation and maintenance costs.

 Hydraulic expenses, electric expenses, and rents.

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 6. Socio-economic aspects

Social benefits.

Economic benefits.

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 7. Environment

 Diversion of water.
 Regulation
 Impacts on settlements.
 Influence on climate.
 Impacts on fish and wildlife.
 Impacts on irrigation/agriculture.
 Increased malaria spread because of reservoir (proposal from former class).

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 Environmental effects HPPs
The effects are
Physical:- Biological:-

Change the ecosystem Flora

Effect on downstream Fauna

Loss of farms Humans

Deforestation

Effect on micro-climate level

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8.Tariffs, tariff policy or market price

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 Planning
….Continued
Purpose Oriented Investigations:

National Master Plans, Next Hydro (Ethiopia)

Identify, investigate and select the best projects for a stated purpose

Benefit greatly from basic investigations

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Project Formulation

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 Planning
Required expertise
Project organization.
Power market.
Economic and financial analyses.
Hydrology/meteorology.
Surveying.
Electro-mechanical engineering.
Geology and rock mechanics.
Soil mechanics.
Erosion and sedimentology.

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 Planning
Required expertise (cont’d)
Hydropower planning and design.
Hydraulic structures.
Operation and maintenance.
Cost engineering.
Quality engineering.
Environmental baseline disciplines.
Socio-economy.

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 Planning
The hydropower development cycle

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 Comparison
Advantage
• It is quite neat and clean as no smoke or
ash is produced.
• It requires very small running charges
• It is comparatively simple in construction
and requires less maintenance.
• It does not require a long starting time like
a steam power station
• It is robust and has a longer life.
• Help in irrigation and controlling floods.
Disadvantage
• High capital cost due to construction of
dam.
• Dependence on weather conditions.
• Skilled and experienced hands are
required to build the plant.
• It requires high cost of transmission lines

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Problems
1. It has been estimated that a minimum run off of approximately 94 m3/sec will be available at a
hydraulic project with a head of 39 m. Determine (i) firm capacity and (ii) yearly output power in kWh.
Assume the efficiency of the plant to be 80%.

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 Cont…
2. Calculate the average power in kW
that can be generated in a hydro-electric
project from the following data
 Catchment area = 5 x 109 m2 ;Mean
head, H=30 m
 Annual rainfall, F = 1·25 m;Yield
factor, K = 80 %
 Overall efficiency, η overall = 70 %
 If the load factor is 40% , what is the
rating of generators installed ?

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 Home Test -1
The following data relate to a proposed hydro-electric station:
• Available head = 60 m
• Catchment area = 620 sq.km
• Rainfall = 240 cm/year
• Percentage of total rainfall utilized = 65%
• Penstock efficiency = 90%
• Turbine efficiency = 85%
• Generator efficiency = 75%, and
• Load factor = 60%
A. Calculate the power developed.
B. Suggest suitable machines, turbine and specify the name.
C. How many people can be served if one person needs 4,000 kWh annually

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Thank you

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