Precalculus Mathematics for Calculus

7th Edition Stewart Solutions Manual

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FOCUS ON PROBLEM SOLVING 7 SOLUTIONS

1. Note the following: When x  1 x  1 is positive and x  1  x  1 , and when x  1 x  1 is

negative and x  1   x  1 . Similarly, when x  4 we have x  4  x  4 , and when x  4
we have x  4   x  4 .
We take the cases, x  4 , 4  x  1 , and x  1 .
Case 1: If x  4 , then x  1  x  4  5   x  1   x  4  5
 2 x  5  5  2 x  10  x  5 .
Case 2: If 4  x  1 , then x  1  x  4  5   x  1  x  4  5  3  5 , which is always
true.
Case 3: If x  1 , then x  1  x  4  5  x  1  x  4  5
 2x  5  5  2x  0  x  0 .
Combining the three cases, we see that the inequality is satisfied when 5  x  0 . So the
solution to the inequality is [5, 0] .

2. Note the following: When x  1 x  1 is positive and x  1  x  1, and when x  1 x  1 is

negative and x  1   x  1 . Similarly, when x  3 we have x  3  x  3 , and when x  3 we
have x  3   x  3 .
We take the cases, x  1, 1  x  3 , and x  3 .
Case 1: If x  1, then x  1  x  3  5   x  1  ( x  3)  5  2  5 , which is always
false.
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Case 2: If 1  x  3 , then x  1  x  3  5  x  1  ( x  3)  5  2 x  4  5  x  ,
2
which is false since we assume x  3 .
Case 3: If x  3 , then x  1  x  3  5  x  1  ( x  3)  5  4  5
which is always false.
Combining the three cases, we see that the inequality is never satisfied so there is no solution
to the inequality.

3. 1 1
We take the cases, x  5 , 5  x  , and x  .
2 2
Case 1: If x  5 , then 2 x  1  x  5  3  2 x  1  ( x  5)  3   x  3  x  3 , which
can’t be true since we assumed x  5 .
1 7
Case 2: If 5  x  , then 2 x  1  x  5  3  2 x  1  x  5  3  3x  7  x   .
2 3

1
 1
Case 3: If x  , then 2 x  1  x  5  3  2 x  1  x  5  3  x  9 .
2
7
Combining the three cases, we see that the equation is satisfied when x   and when
3
x9.

4. We take the cases, x  1, 1  x  2 , 2  x  3 , and x  3 .

Case 1: If x  1, then
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x  1  x  2  x  3  1   x  1  x  2  x  3  1  3x  5  x  , which can’t be true
3
since we assumed x  1.
Case 2: If 1  x  2 , then
x  1  x  2  x  3  1  x  1  x  2  x  3  1   x  3  x  3 , which can’t be true
since we assumed x  2 .
Case 3: If 2  x  3 , then x  1  x  2  x  3  1  x  1  x  2  x  3  1  x  1 , which
can’t be true since we assumed x  2 .
Case 4: If x  3 , then
5
x  1  x  2  x  3  1  x  1  x  2  x  3  1  3x  5  x   , which can’t be true
3
since we assumed x  3 .
Combining the three cases, we see that there is no solution to the equation.

5. Note that tan x  1  1  tan x  1. Also, we have tan( 4 )  1 and tan( 4 )  1 . Since the
function y  tan x is an increasing function on the interval ( 2 , 2 ) , the solutions on this
interval are the values in the interval ( 4 , 4 ) . Since the function y  tan x is periodic with
period 2 , the solutions to the inequality tan x  1 lie in the intervals   4  n , 4  n  ,
n  0, 1, 2, .

6. There are two cases:

Case 1: If sin x  0 , then
sin x  sin x  2cos x  sin x  sin x  2cos x  0  2cos x  x  2 , 32 . Since we assume
sin x  0 , the only solution in this case is x  2 .
Case 2: If sin x  0 , then
sin x  sin x  2cos x   sin x  sin x  2cos x  2sin x  2cos x  x  34 , 74 . Since we
assume sin x  0 , the only solution in this case is x  74 . Combining the cases, we see that
the equation is satisfied on the interval [0, 2 ] when x  2 and when x  74 .

2
7. ABCDE
4
EDCBA
A must be 1 or 2, since 4A consists of a single digit. Since A is also the last digit of 4E, it
must be even and so A  2 . Since E is a single digit, we have E  4A=8 . So far we have,
2BCD8
4
8DCB2
Now B must be odd since it is the last digit 4D  3 . Also, 4B consists of just a single digit
(since there is no “carry to the final product 4  2  8 ). Then we have B  1 and 4D  3 is 11,
21, 31, etc. Then 4D is 8, 18, 28, etc so that D is 2 or 7. Since 2 is already used, D is 7. So we
have
21C78
4
87C12
The digit 7 in the product can only be a result of 7  4 1  "carry" , so the “carry” is 3. So the
digit C in the product must have a first digit of 3 and 4C  3  30  C  3C=27  C=9 .
So the product is
21978
4
87912

8. Let x an integer such that x  132 is a perfect square and x  200 is a perfect square. So then
there are integers m and n such that x  132  m2 and x  200  n2 . Then subtracting these
two equations, we have 68  n2  m2  (n  m)(n  m) . There are three ways of factoring 68:
1 68 , 2  34, 4 17 .
69
Case 1: n  m  1 and n  m  68  2n  69  n  , which is impossible since n is an
2
integer.
Case 2: n  m  2 and n  m  34  2n  36  n  18 , m  16 . Then
x  132  162  x  124 .
21
Case 3: n  m  4 and n  m  17  2n  21  n  , which is impossible since n is an
2
integer.
So the only integer that satisfies the conditions is 124.

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9. When the ship leaves Le Havre (on a Sunday, say) the ships that left New York on each of
the seven days of the preceding week will all still be underway, since the trip takes seven full
days. (The ship that left New York the previous Sunday will not have arrived in Le Havre yet,
because noon in New York comes several hours later than noon in Le Havre.) So the ship
leaving Le Havre will meet the seven already underway from New York, plus the seven that
will leave New York during the next during the next seven days, for a total of 14.

10. The farmer cannot leave the fox alone with the goose, or the goose alone with the grain. So
he must first cross the river with the goose. He then comes back and ferries the fox over the
river, but now he must bring the goose back to the starting side (or the fox will eat it). He
leaves the goose on the starting side of the river and ferries the sack of grain over to join the
fox. Finally he goes back and fetches the goose.

11. Let L1 and L2 be two nonparallel lines in the plane with slopes m1 and m2 , respectively. Let
 be the acute angle formed by the two lines as shown in the figure.
y

  2  1

L1 L2

 
0 x

We show that

m2  m1
tan  
1  m1m2
Notice that if L is a line in the plane and  is the angle formed by the line and the x-axis, then
y
m  tan  . Then from the addition formulas for the tangent function, we have
x
tan  2  tan 1 m  m1
tan   tan( 2  1 )   2
1  tan 1 tan 2 1  m1m2
Now suppose we have an equilateral triangle. In an equilateral triangle, all angles have
measure 60 , so then
m  m1
tan   tan 60  3  2
1  m1m2

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 Suppose the vertices of the triangle are located at lattice points
y y y y
 x1, y1  ,  x2 , y2  , and  x3 , y3  . Then m1  1 3 and m2  2 3 are rational (since
x1  x3 x2  x3
m  m1
coordinates at lattice points are integers). Thus 2 is rational, which contradicts the
1  m1m2
m  m1
fact that 2  3 , which is irrational. Therefore it is impossible for all three vertices to
1  m1m2
be lattice points.

12. Clearly C  4 . By the addition formulas for the tangent function, we have
tan A  tan B 1
1
tan( A  B)   3 1 21 1
1  tan A tan B 1  3  2
  
Thus A  B   / 4 . Therefore A  B  C    .
4 4 2

13. Note that sin 2  a  2sin  cos  a .

Then,  sin   cos    sin 2   2sin  cos   cos 2   1  a .
2

Therefore, sin   cos   1  a . (We take the positive square root since 0     / 2 .)

14. We will first show that taking tangent of each side of the equation results in equality. Let
tan 1 12  A , tan 1 15  B , and tan 1 18  C . Then tan A  1/ 2 , tan B  1/ 5 , and tan C  1/ 8 .
Using the addition formulas for the tangent function, we have
tan A  tan B 1
1
tan( A  B)   2 1 5 1  79
1  tan A tan B 1  2  5
tan( A  B)  tan C 7
1
 tan( A  B  C )   9 7 81 1
1  tan( A  B) tan C 1  9  8
Since tan 4  1 and the tangent function is one-to-one, we have shown that the assertion is


true.

15. For convenience, lets label the eggs 1,2,3, …, 9. On a balance scale, we weigh {1, 2,3}
against {4,5,6}
Case 1: If the first weighing is equal, then the lighter egg is in {7,8,9} and so we weigh 7
against 8. If the second weighing is unequal, then we can tell whether 7 or 8 is lighter. If not,

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 then 9 is the lighter egg.
Case 2: If the first weighing is not equal, consider the lighter group and suppose it is {1, 2,3} .
Weigh 1 against 2. If the second weighing is unequal, then we can tell whether 1 or 2 is
lighter. If not, then 3 is the lighter egg.

16. For convenience, lets label the coins 1,2,3, …, 12. On a balance scale, we weigh {1, 2,3, 4}
against {5,6,7,8}
Case 1: If the first weighing is equal, then for the second weighing, we weigh {1, 2,3} against
{9,10,11} . If the second weighing is equal, then 12 must be the counterfeit and a third
weighing of 12 against 1 will show whether 12 is lighter or heavier than 1. If the second
weighing is not equal, suppose that {1, 2,3}  {9,10,11} , where the symbol < means “is lighter
than.” Then since the first weighing was equal, one of {9,10,11} is heavy. A third weighing
of 9 against 10 will determine which one of the three is heavy.
Case 2: If the first weighing is not equal, suppose that {1, 2,3, 4}  {5,6,7,8} . For the second
weighing, we weigh {1, 2,5} against {3, 4,6} . If the second weighing is equal, then either 7 or
8 is heavy and a third weighing of 7 against 8 will determine which one. If the second
weighing is unequal, suppose that {1, 2,5} < {3, 4,6} . Then from the first weighing we can
conclude that either 1 or 2 is light or 6 is heavy. So if 1 is weighed against 2 on the third
weighing, it will be obvious which of these three possibilities holds true.