19 07 Cutting ODE

Nonlinear Dynamics of Laser-Processing NLD
Modelling,
Model Reduction
and
Simulation
of Laser Processing
© Fraunhofer ILT
Nonlinear Dynamics of Laser-Processing NLD 2
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In: The Theory of Materials Processing, Dowden, Schulz (eds.)

Methods of Model Reduction
Phenomenological Model Reduction

 Making implicit knowledge explicit – observations relevant for modeling
Mathematical Model Reduction

 Asymptotic Analysis – Time Scale Separation – Inertial Manifold
 Variational Form ulation of PDE‘s
 Singular Perturbation
Numerical Model Reduction

 Proper Orthogonal Decomposition POD
Data Driven Model Reduction

 Meta-Modeling – data interpolation for fast access
 Design of Experiment DoE – identify significant data
Methods for Model Reduction – the key for
fast and frugal simulations

Dilemma by Hypothesis
to be solved enriching sparse, real data to be prooven
1. Phenomenological Model Reduction
applicability – specialized
method – strong, fast, frugal, economic
• Experience suggesting parametrized formulae/equations

method – weak, uneconomic, unexplored
Digitized enrichment
2. Mathematical Model Reduction
„ Digital Guess“
of sparse data
• Asymptotic Analysis
Applicability
Strength
• Singular Perturbation
3. Numerical Model Reduction

applicability – general
• Proper Orthogonal Decomposition POD
4. Data Driven Model Reduction

• Meta-Modelling – data interpolation for fast access
• „Digital Guess“
enriching sparse, real data
• Design of Experiment DoE
The
Dynamic Cutting Front
Story
Phenomena and Scales in sheet metal cutting
20 µm 80 µm 200 µm 8 mm length
gas liquid solid scales
2 µs 100 µs 1 ms time
gas liquid solid scales

Ripple pattern
changing with
modulation frequency
of laser power
Ripple formation is a characteristic property of cutting
Beam radius 𝑤0
For ripples of 1. kind
melt flow can be neglected
Absorption
front Melting
Ripples Cut surface front
1. kind
2. kind
𝑑𝑚
Melt film thickness
3. kind
feeding 𝑣0
Formulation of a „One-Phase Problem“ is reasonable

Free Boundary Value Problem – the One Phase Problem
𝜕𝑇
= 𝜅∆𝑇 , 𝑇 = 𝑇 𝑥, 𝑡 , 𝑥 ∈ Ω(𝑡)
𝜕𝑡
𝐼 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝐼0 𝑡 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑣𝑡, 𝑡
0<𝑓<1 melting front Γ𝑚 (t):
𝑞𝐴 − 𝜆𝛻𝑇 = 𝜌𝐻𝑚 𝑣𝑏 , 𝑥 ∈ Γ𝑚 (t)
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑚 , 𝑥 ∈ Γ𝑚 (t)
sheet surface and cut surface:
𝑞𝐴 − 𝜆𝛻𝑇 = 0 , 𝑥 ∈ Γ+ 𝑡 \Γ𝑚 (𝑡)
bottom sheet surface Γ− (t):
𝛻𝑇 ∙ 𝒏 = 0 , 𝑥 ∈ Γ− (𝑡)
outer boundary:
𝑇𝑥 ∞ = 𝑇𝑎 , 𝑥 ∈ Ω(𝑡)
𝑞𝐴 = 𝐴 𝑒𝑧 ∙ 𝑛 𝐼(𝑥, 𝑡)(−𝑒𝑧 ∙ 𝑛)
Estimates for length and time scales
Lengths: 𝛿 Velocities:
Convection-diffusion-equation with external sources
Length scales:
Time scales:
Estimates for length and time scales
Lengths: 𝛿 Velocities:
Convection-diffusion-equation with external sources
Length scales:
Time scales:
Smallness parameters
𝜅
𝛿= ≪ 𝑤0 ≪ 𝑑:
𝑣𝑜
𝛿2
𝑥 = 𝛿𝜉, 𝑦 = 𝑤0 𝜂, 𝑧 = 𝑑𝜁, 𝑡 = 𝜏
𝜅
2 2
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕 2 𝜃 𝛿 𝜕2𝜃 𝛿 𝜕2𝜃
= + 2+ +
𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝜉 𝜕𝜉 𝑤0 𝜕𝜂2 𝑑 𝜕𝜁 2
2 2
Motion Equation and 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕 2 𝜃 𝛿 𝜕2𝜃 𝛿 𝜕2𝜃
= + + +
smallness parameters: 𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝜉 𝜕𝜉 2 𝑤0 𝜕𝜂2 𝑑 𝜕𝜁 2
Structure of Solution:
1D 2D 3D
Position 𝐴 of melt front Position 𝐴, Radius 𝛼 of melt front Axially distributed

Penetration Q of heat Penetration Q of heat Position 𝐴, Radius 𝛼, Penetration Q of heat
𝜉 = 𝐴(𝜏)
Tem perature
𝑄(𝜏)
Depth
most relevant bit of information

Steeply inclined cutting front
With courtesy of
Fraunhofer ILT, Thomas Molitor
One-dimensional One Phase Problem – PDE

𝑤02
Scales: 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑎 𝜃 + 𝑇𝑎 , 𝑥 = 𝑤0 𝜉 , 𝑡= 𝜏, 𝑇 = 𝑇 𝑥, 𝑡 , 𝑎 𝑡 = 𝑤0 𝐴(𝜏)
𝜅
Parameters:
𝜕𝜃 𝜕 2 𝜃
= , 𝜉 ∈ [𝐴 𝜏 , +∞)
𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝜉 2
Heating phase Melting phase
𝜕𝐴(𝜏) 𝜃 =1, 𝜃 =0
=0, 𝜃 =0 𝜉=𝐴(𝜏) 𝜉 ∞
𝜕𝜏 𝜉 ∞
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝐴(𝜏)
𝛾 𝜏)𝑓(𝐴 𝜏 − 𝑃𝑒 𝜏 + =0 𝛾 𝜏)𝑓(𝐴 𝜏 − 𝑃𝑒 𝜏 + = ℎ𝑚 >0
𝜕𝜉 𝜉=𝐴(𝜏)
𝜕𝜏
One-dimensional One Phase Problem – exact PDE solution
Explicit solution for the heating phase
Non-linear integral equation and ordinary differential equation for melting phase
Contents
• Overview and dynamics of cutting

• Temperature and heat flux into the sheet metal
needed for cutting
• Energy balance for thermal energy
• Fourier‘s Law
• Approx im ate Dy nam ical S y s tem in 1D
• Temperature in the sheet metal
and
heat flux into the sheet metal
needed for cutting (cylindrical source)
Overview
Dynamics of cutting
1D-Dynamics of cutting:
front position 𝒂(𝒕)
𝒂(𝒕)
𝑨 𝝉 =
𝒘𝟎
What parameters are expected
to span the Inertial Manifold?
front position 𝒂(𝒕), penetration depth 𝜹(𝒕) of heat and temperature 𝑻𝒔 (𝒕)
𝒂(𝒕)
𝑨 𝝉 =
𝒘𝟎
𝑻𝒔 (𝒕) − 𝑻𝒂 𝜹 (𝒕)
𝜽𝒔 𝝉 = Q 𝝉 =
𝒓𝒎
𝑻𝒎 − 𝑻𝒂
Something else
front position 𝒂(𝒕), penetration depth 𝜹(𝒕) of heat and temperature 𝑻𝒔 (𝒕)
𝒂(𝒕)
𝑨 𝝉 =
𝒘𝟎
𝜽𝒔 𝝉 = Q 𝝉 =
𝒓𝒎
Something else
2D-Dynamics at the apex:

front position 𝒂(𝒕) , front radius 𝒓𝒎 𝒕 , penetration depth 𝜹(𝒕) of heat and temperature 𝑻𝒔 (𝒕)
𝒂(𝒕) 𝒓𝒎 (𝒕)
𝑨 𝝉 = 𝜶 𝝉 =
𝒘𝟎 𝒘𝟎
𝜽𝒔 𝝉 = Q𝝉 = 𝒓𝒎
RQ: Impact of front radius 𝜶 𝝉 ?

RH: ?
2D-Dynamics at the apex:

front position 𝒂(𝒕) , front radius 𝒓𝒎 𝒕 , penetration depth 𝜹(𝒕) of heat and temperature 𝑻𝒔 (𝒕)
𝒂(𝒕) 𝒓𝒎 (𝒕)
𝑨 𝝉 = 𝜶 𝝉 =
𝒘𝟎 𝒘𝟎
𝜽𝒔 𝝉 = Q𝝉 = 𝒓𝒎
RQ: Impact of front radius 𝜶 𝝉 ?

RH: front radius 𝜶 𝝉 is slaved – no feedback!
Temperature and heat flux

into the sheet metal
needed for cutting
The heat flux into the sheet metal needed for cutting
Stefan-Signorini- Condition
𝐴 𝑺 − 𝒒𝜆 ∙ −𝒏 = 𝜌𝐻𝑚 𝑣𝑏
𝑺 Poynting vector
𝒒𝜆 ∙ −𝒏 = −𝜆 𝜵𝑇 ∙ −𝒏
Ansatz from heat conduction?

first the 1D-case
scaling
Buckingham: Three independent parameters
𝜅 𝜆 𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑎
𝑤0,𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 =𝛿= , 𝑞𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 =
𝑣0 𝑤0
Scaled heat flux at the boundary – cutting front
𝑤02
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑎 𝜃 + 𝑇𝑎 , 𝑥 = 𝑤0 𝜉 , 𝑡= 𝜏, 𝑇 = 𝑇 𝑥, 𝑡 , 𝑎 𝑡 = 𝑤0 𝐴(𝜏)
𝜅
𝜕𝑇 𝜆 𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑎 𝜕𝜃
𝑞𝜆 = −𝜆𝛻𝑇: 𝑞𝜆 = −𝜆 = −
𝜕𝑥 𝑥=𝑎 𝑡
𝑤0 𝜕𝜉 𝜉=𝐴 𝜏
first the 1D-case
Stationary solution:
𝜃 𝜉, 𝜏 = 1 ∙ exp(−𝑃𝑒(𝜉 − 𝐴 𝜏 )
Check the stationary solution!
𝑎(𝑡)
𝐴 𝜏 =
𝑤0 𝛿 (𝑡)
Q𝜏 = 𝑤
𝑇𝑠 (𝑡) − 𝑇𝑎 0
𝜃𝑠 𝜏 =
𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑎
first the 1D-case
𝜃 𝜉, 𝜏 = 1 ∙ exp(−𝑃𝑒(𝜉 − 𝐴 𝜏 )
𝜕𝐴
Check the stationary solution! = 𝑃𝑒 , A 𝜏 = 𝑃𝑒 𝜏
𝜕𝜏
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝐴
= 𝑃𝑒 exp(−𝑃𝑒(𝜉 − 𝐴 𝜏 )
𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝜏
𝜕𝜃
= −𝑃𝑒 exp(−𝑃𝑒(𝜉 − 𝐴 𝜏 )
𝜕𝜉
𝜕2𝜃
= 𝑃𝑒 2 exp(−𝑃𝑒(𝜉 − 𝐴 𝜏 )
𝜕𝜉 2
first the 1D-case
𝜏 ∞
Introduce the front position 𝜉 = 𝐴 𝜏 = 𝑃𝑒 𝜏
as dynamical variable
𝜃 𝜉, 𝜏 = 1 ∙ exp(−𝑃𝑒(𝜉 − 𝐴 𝜏 )
𝑎(𝑡) What are the dynamical variables?

𝐴 𝜏 =
𝑤0 𝛿 (𝑡)
Q𝜏 = 𝑤
𝑇𝑠 (𝑡) − 𝑇𝑎 0
𝜃𝑠 𝜏 =
first the 1D-case
𝜃 𝜉, 𝜏 = 1 ∙ exp(−𝑃𝑒(𝜉 − 𝐴 𝜏 )
1
Introduce 𝜃𝑠 (𝜏) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 𝜏
𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡 𝑃𝑒
as additional dynamical variables
Ansatz for 1D-dynamical temperature

𝜉 − 𝐴(𝜏)
𝑎(𝑡) 𝜃 𝜉, 𝜏 = 𝜃𝑠 (𝜏)exp(− )
𝐴 𝜏 = 𝑄(𝜏)
𝑤0 𝛿 (𝑡)
Q𝜏 = 𝑟
𝑇𝑠 (𝑡) − 𝑇𝑎 𝑚
𝜃𝑠 𝜏 =
Energy balance for thermal energy

Thermal energy content and heat flux at moving boundary
Ansatz for temperature
𝜉 − 𝐴(𝜏)
𝜃 𝜉, 𝜏 = 𝜃𝑠 (𝜏)exp(− )
𝑄(𝜏)
Thermal energy content:

∞
𝐸 𝜏 = 𝜃 𝜉, 𝜏 𝑑𝜉 = 𝜃𝑠 (𝜏)𝑄(𝜏)
𝐴(𝜏)
Heat flux at moving boundary:

𝜕𝜃 𝜃𝑠 (𝜏)
− =
𝑄(𝜏)
The Stefan-Signorini condition
− =
𝑄(𝜏)
Stefan-Signorini condition and Fourier‘s Law
𝑞𝑠 = − =
𝑄(𝜏)
Energy balance and thermal energy content
∞
𝐸 𝜏 = 𝜃 𝜉, 𝜏 𝑑𝜉 = 𝜃𝑠 (𝜏)𝑄(𝜏)
𝐴(𝜏)
Energy balance for thermal energy
Melting phase Heating phase

Energy balance for thermal energy at moving boundary
Melting phase Heating phase

Variational Formulation
3
Variational Formulation of heat conduction 𝑏1 = 5
𝑑𝑄 1 𝑑𝐴 𝑄 𝑑𝜃𝑠
= 𝑏1 − −
𝑑𝜏 𝑄 𝑑𝜏 𝜃𝑠 𝑑𝜏
In: The Theory of Materials Processing, Dowden, Schulz (eds.)

Energy balance and Variational Formulation
𝑑𝐴 𝑑 𝜃𝑠 𝑄
𝛾𝑓 = 𝜃𝑆 + ℎ𝑚 𝑑𝜏
+ 𝑑𝜏
3
Variational Formulation of heat conduction 𝑏1 = 5
𝑑𝑄 1 𝑑𝐴 𝑄 𝑑𝜃𝑠
= 𝑏1 − −
𝑑𝜏 𝑄 𝑑𝜏 𝜃𝑠 𝑑𝜏
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝜃𝑠
Heating phase =0 Melting phase =0
𝑑𝜏 𝑑𝜏
𝑑𝑄 1 𝑄 𝑑𝜃𝑠 𝑑𝑄 1 𝑑𝐴
= 𝑏1 − = 𝑏1 −
𝑑𝜏 𝑄 𝜃𝑠 𝑑𝜏 𝑑𝜏 𝑄 𝑑𝜏
𝜕𝜃 𝜃𝑠 (𝜏) 𝜕𝜃 1
− = − =
𝑄(𝜏) 𝜕𝜉 𝜉=𝐴(𝜏)
𝑄(𝜏)
The final result – Approximate Dynamical System in 1D

Ansatz
Transient solution of heating phase
heating phase melting phase
Approximate Exact
solution solution
Stationary solution of melting phase

Melting Phase
𝜃𝑠 𝜏 =1
RQ: What is remarkable considering the dynamical front radius 𝛼(𝜏)?

Melting Phase
𝜃𝑠 𝜏 =1
RQ: What is remarkable considering the dynamical front radius 𝛼(𝜏)?

RH: The dynamical front radius 𝛼(𝜏) has no effect on 𝐴 𝜏 and Q 𝜏 -- no feedback!
Parameters of Inertial Manifold in sheet metal cutting
thermal energy
position
radius
mass flow
melt film thickness
surface temperature
What does „approximate“ Dynamical System mean?

What does „approximate“ Dynamical System mean?
Inertial Manifold
Time scale separation

due to presence of diffusion
RQ: How to get the motion equations for the dynamical variables?
RH: …
Analyze the stationary solution – why?
RH: …
 Inertial Manifold
RH: …
Identify the set of variables,

which are expected to be relevant for the dynamics of the long time limit – how?
RH: …
 Inertial Manifold contains stationary solution

 Introduce time-dependence of parameters for the inertial manifold
RH: …

Find motion equations for the set of variables – how?

RH: …

 Corrections by parameters with faster relaxation

RH: …


 Find an Ansatz for the temperature.
 Derive the heat flux necessary for moving the cutting front.
Temperature in the sheet metal

and
heat flux into the sheet metal
needed for cutting
The result – stationary temperature in the sheet metal
𝑇𝑠 (𝑡) − 𝑇𝑎
𝜃𝑠 𝜏 =
Why 𝑎(𝑡)
𝐴 𝜏 =
the front position 𝑎(𝑡) does not enter? 𝑤0
𝛿 (𝑡)
Q 𝜏 = 𝑤0
𝑟𝑚 (𝑡)
𝛼 𝜏 =
𝑤0
The result – stationary temperature in the sheet metal
𝜃𝑠 𝜏 =
Why 𝑎(𝑡)
𝐴 𝜏 =
the beam radius is chosen 𝑤0
as scale for feeding direction? 𝛿 (𝑡)
Q 𝜏 = 𝑤0
𝑟𝑚 (𝑡)
𝛼 𝜏 =
𝑤0
The scaled radius 𝜶 of the cutting front
𝜃𝑠 𝜏 =
𝑎(𝑡)
𝐴 𝜏 =
𝑤0
𝛿 (𝑡)
Q 𝜏 = 𝑤0
𝑟𝑚 (𝑡)
𝛼 𝜏 =
𝑤0
The exact solution and it‘s approximation – Emulator

The temperature of a
moving cylinder as heat source
can be decomposed
𝑆 𝜌, 𝜑 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡.
becomes nearly circles
for large Pe-number
displaced by
The exact solution and it‘s approximation – Emulator

The temperature of a
moving cylinder as heat source
can be decomposed
𝑆 𝜌, 𝜑 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡.
become nearly circles
for large Pe-number
displaced by
Introduce the penetration depth of heat

as dynamical variable
𝜅 𝑤0
𝛿 = , 𝑃𝑒 =
𝑣0 𝛿
𝛿 𝜏 1
𝑄 𝜏 ≔
𝑤0 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑃𝑒
𝜃𝑠 𝜏 =
𝑎(𝑡)
𝐴 𝜏 =
𝑤0
𝛿 (𝑡)
Q 𝜏 = 𝑤0
𝑟𝑚 (𝑡)
𝛼 𝜏 =
𝑤0
Lecture 6
The result – scaled temperature in the sheet metal

The result – scaled temperature in the sheet metal
𝜃𝑠 𝜏 =
𝑎(𝑡)
𝐴 𝜏 =
𝑤0
𝛿 (𝑡)
Q 𝜏 = 𝑤0
𝑟𝑚 (𝑡)
𝛼 𝜏 =
𝑤0
The function 𝜷[𝑸 𝜶]

The function 𝜷[𝑸 𝜶]

Interpretation of the Ansatz for the temperature
What is the exact temperature for the 1D-case?
 RH:
What is the approximate temperature for large radius of the cutting front?
 RH:
 RH:
 RH:
 RH:
What is the approximate temperature for large radius 𝛼 of the cutting front?
 RH:
 We get the one-dimensional solution.

Summary and Analysis

Stefan-Signorini- Condition
𝐴 𝑺 − 𝒒𝜆 ∙ −𝒏 = 𝜌𝐻𝑚 𝑣𝑏
𝒒𝜆 ∙ −𝒏 = −𝜆 𝜵𝑇 ∙ −𝒏
Ansatz from heat conduction?

first the 1D-case
scaling
Buckingham
first the 1D-case
𝜏 ∞
Introduce the front position 𝜉 = 𝐴 𝜏 = 𝑃𝑒 𝜏
𝜃 𝜉, 𝜏 = 1 ∙ exp(−𝑃𝑒(𝜉 − 𝐴 𝜏 )
What are the dynamical variables?

𝑎(𝑡)
𝐴 𝜏 =
𝑤0 𝛿 (𝑡)
Q𝜏 = 𝑤
𝑇𝑠 (𝑡) − 𝑇𝑎 0
𝜃𝑠 𝜏 =
first the 1D-case
𝜃 𝜉, 𝜏 = 1 ∙ exp(−𝑃𝑒(𝜉 − 𝐴 𝜏 )
1
Introduce 𝜃𝑠 (𝜏) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 𝜏
𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡 𝑃𝑒
𝜉 − 𝐴(𝜏)
𝜃 𝜉, 𝜏 = 𝜃𝑠 (𝜏)exp(− )
𝑄(𝜏)
𝑎(𝑡) Ansatz for 1D-dynamical temperature
𝐴 𝜏 =
𝑤0 𝛿 (𝑡)
Q𝜏 = 𝑟
𝑇𝑠 (𝑡) − 𝑇𝑎 𝑚
𝜃𝑠 𝜏 =
Motion equations for the 1D-dynamical variables
𝑇𝑠 (𝑡) − 𝑇𝑎 𝑎(𝑡)
𝜃𝑠 𝜏 = 𝐴 𝜏 =
𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑎 𝑤0
𝛿 (𝑡) 𝛿 (𝑡)
Q𝜏 = 𝑟𝑚
Q𝜏 = 𝑟𝑚
Changing of boundary conditions

Time scale separation also within the Inertial Manifold

Fast and slow movement of the front reflect ripple shape

19 07 Cutting ODE

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19 07 Cutting ODE

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Nonlinear Dynamics of Laser-Processing NLD

Meta-Modelling and Customer Simulation Tool:

Beam / Process Detailed Meta-Model

In: The Theory of Materials Processing, Dowden, Schulz (eds.)

Methods of Model Reduction

Phenomenological Model Reduction

Mathematical Model Reduction

Numerical Model Reduction

Data Driven Model Reduction

Methods for Model Reduction – the key for

fast and frugal simulations

• Experience suggesting parametrized formulae/equations

3. Numerical Model Reduction

• Proper Orthogonal Decomposition POD

4. Data Driven Model Reduction

Phenomena and Scales in sheet metal cutting

gas liquid solid scales

gas liquid solid scales

Ripple formation is a characteristic property of cutting

Formulation of a „One-Phase Problem“ is reasonable

Free Boundary Value Problem – the One Phase Problem

Estimates for length and time scales

Estimates for length and time scales

Position 𝐴 of melt front Position 𝐴, Radius 𝛼 of melt front Axially distributed

most relevant bit of information

Steeply inclined cutting front

One-dimensional One Phase Problem – PDE

Heating phase Melting phase

One-dimensional One Phase Problem – exact PDE solution

Explicit solution for the heating phase

• Overview and dynamics of cutting

2D-Dynamics at the apex:

RQ: Impact of front radius 𝜶 𝝉 ?

2D-Dynamics at the apex:

RQ: Impact of front radius 𝜶 𝝉 ?

Temperature and heat flux

Ansatz from heat conduction?

Buckingham: Three independent parameters

Scaled heat flux at the boundary – cutting front

Check the stationary solution!

𝑎(𝑡) What are the dynamical variables?

Ansatz for 1D-dynamical temperature

Energy balance for thermal energy

Thermal energy content and heat flux at moving boundary

Ansatz for temperature

Thermal energy content:

Heat flux at moving boundary:

The Stefan-Signorini condition

Stefan-Signorini condition and Fourier‘s Law

Energy balance and thermal energy content

Energy balance for thermal energy

Melting phase Heating phase

Energy balance for thermal energy at moving boundary

Melting phase Heating phase

In: The Theory of Materials Processing, Dowden, Schulz (eds.)

Energy balance and Variational Formulation

The final result – Approximate Dynamical System in 1D

The final result – Approximate Dynamical System in 1D

Stationary solution of melting phase

The final result – Approximate Dynamical System in 2D

RQ: What is remarkable considering the dynamical front radius 𝛼(𝜏)?

The final result – Approximate Dynamical System in 2D