Experiment No:02

Name of the Experiment :

Analysis and estimation of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in a sample of jute
fiber and baggage.

Theory:
Jute is one of the strongest and cheapest natural fibers that is obtained from the
bark of the plant called jute plant, Jute fiber is quite strong and it does not
fibrillate or bleach easily. If can be used to make items such as rope, twine, rugs,
chalet coverts, kessian cloth and and grade bags Another use of jute is found in
textile Industry.
Jute is called bast fiber as it comes from the inner bank of the plant. It is also
known as the golden fiber and is second only to cotton in global production and
consumption. To be used as a textile fiber, it should have a minimum fiber length.
Cotton serves greatly having a suitable fiber length is 1-4m .It is harder than
cotton or other fibers. due to the presence of lignin in the structure and emulsion
is used to make it soft fort spinning. It has Tow density, less abrasive behavior to
the processing equipment, good dimensional stability, bio - degradable and
ecofriendly.
The main disadvantage of jute fiber is that it is objectional to sunlight and
weather. The lignin in the benzene ring degrades in touch of sunlight. After using
It for a certain period of time, the color changes and causes reduction of fiber
strength, so, it Is losing its appeal in textile industry.
Jute fibers are composed mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The
chemical composition of jute is as follows
Alpha - cellulose - 60%
Hemi cellulose - 22%
Lignin -12 %
Protein -1%
Fatty and waxy matter -17%
Mineral matter – 1%
Miscellaneous - 3%
Jute can be used to replace expensive fibers in textiles by separating the X-
cellulose from others constituents . d cellulose is very soft, flexible, shiny fiber and
can be obtained from jute boy several chemical operations. At first the impurities
like dirt, waxy, gummy substance are removed from jute by scouring, The I lignin
is separated by bleaching, The bleaching agents may be H202 , NaOCI, NaClO2,
Na2O2 , CH3COOH , KMnO4 etc. At last alpha -cellulose can be separated from
hemicellulose by using a KOH solution.

Apparatus:
 Beakers
 Volumetric flask
 Water bath
 Pipette
 Thermometers
 Electrical balance
 Magnetic stirrer
 Drier oven
 Jute fiber

Chemical reagents:
 Detergent
 Soda
 Hydrogen per oxide(H202)
 Acetic acid
 Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
 Distilled water
Procedure :
 Sizing : Long jute liber was cut into a definite size and bound property with
thread
 Scouring: The removal of impurities such as dust, gummy or sticky
substance etc from the material is called scouring It can be carried out by
the use of surface active agent, such as soda and detergent, The dirty
materials were removed by treating with 10 gm detergent per liter at 75°C
temp. for 30 minutes in a beaker in the 1gm of fiber per sort of the
solution, The fiber was then washed through, with distilled water and dried
in the open air
 Bleaching: Bleaching of the jute fiber was then performed In aquous media
using a solution containing 0.5%H2O2 and 0.08% NaOH in a beaker at a
fabric to liquors ratio 1:20 (w/v) for 1 hour at 80°C. After bleaching the fiber
was washed with distilled water, neutralized with dilute acetic acid and
finally washed with distilled water until the wash liquor was neutralized and
dried in open air.
 Separation of alpha- cellulose from hemicellulose :
Then the dried holo cellulose was treated with a 24% NaOH solution for 4
hours with seasonal stirring in a liquor ratio of 1:50. Alpha-cellulose was
separated by filtration, washed throughly with a 2% acetic acid solution and
dried at 105° to a constant weight.
 Calculation : The amount of alpha- cellulose was calculated by the following
equation
[Final weight (a-cellulose) / Initial weight (holocellulose)] x 100%
Calculation for chemicals:
Scouring chemicals:
Weight of jute =110 gm
Fort scouring,
1 gm fiber need 50 mI liquor
10 gm fiber need (50X10) ml liquor
= 500 ml liquor
Here 1L solution need 10 g detergent ,so 500 ml require 5 g detergent

Bleaching:
For bleaching, the weight of jute = 10 gm
Here, the fiber to liquor ratio =1: 20 (W/w)
1gm fiber need 20 ml liquor
10 gm fiber need (20X10) ml liquor
= 200 ml
Here, o.5% H202 is needed
100 ml Liquors need 0.5 gm H202
200 ml liquor need 1 gm H2O2
Specific gravity of H202 = 1.11
and purity =30%
1 gm H2O2 is obtained from
1/(1.11 X .3) ml H2O2
=3 ml H2O2
Again, 0.08% NaOH
100ml read 0'08 gm NaOH
200 ml need 0.08 X 200 gm = 0.16 gm NaOH
200 ml bleaching liquors contain 3ml H202 and 0.16 g NaOH

Chemicals for separation of alpha-cellulose:

The taken weight of holo cellulose is 1 gm
Here, the fiber
to liquor ratio = 1:50 (W/v)
1gm fiber need 50 mI liquor
Fort 24% NaOH solution,
100ml liquor contain 24 gm NaOH
Fort 2% acetic acid solution:
100 ml need 2g CH3COOH
500 ml need 10g CH3COOH
Specific gravity of acetic acid = 1.05
1.05g CH3COOH is obtained from 1 mL
10 g CH3COOH is obtained from 9.52 mL
The initial weight of the sample=10 gm and final weight of the sample is =7.14gm
The percentage of alpha cellulose in per gram of jute fiber is =( 7.14 x 100)/10 %
= 71.4 %
Result :
The percentage of alpha-cellulose in bleached holocellulose is = 71.4%

Precautions:
 All the, processes were performed properly
 The alpha -cellulose and bleached fibers were neutralized with dilute acetic
acid properly
 Chemical liquor was prepared properly
 Temperature of liquor was maintained carefully.