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P530/1
BIOLOGY
(Theory)
Paper 1
Jul/ Aug 2023
2 ½ hours

TORORO ARCHDIOCESE EXAMINATIONS BOARD

Uganda Advanced Certificate of Education
MOCK EXAMINATIONS 2023
BIOLOGY
(THEORY)
Paper 1
2 hours 30 minutes.
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES.
This paper consists of sections A and B.
Answer all questions in both sections.
Write answers To section A in boxes provided and answers to Section B in the spaces
provided.
No additional sheets of paper should be inserted in this booklet..
For Examiners’ Use Only
Section Question Marks Examiner’s Sign & No.
A 1 -40
41
42
43
B
44
45
46
Total

Turnover
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 SECTION A (40 MARKS)
Write the letter corresponding to the right answer in the box provided. Each question in
this section carries one mark.
1. A zygote with three copies of chromosome 21 is known to manifest symptoms of
A. Sickle cell anaemia
B. Klinefelter’s syndrome
D
C. Turner’s syndrome
D. Down’s syndrome

2. Which one of the following is the role of cholesterol in a plasma membrane?.

A. Reduces escape or entry of non-polar molecules

B. Reduces escape or entry of polar molecules
C. Reduce escape or entry of organic molecules
D. Prevents drying up of the membrane B

3. Which of the following ia an example of positive feedback?

A. Regulation of glucose.
B. End product inhibition C
C. Secretion of oxytocin during labour
D. Regulation in concentration of thyroxine in blood

4. The phenotype resulting from a cross between pink eyed locusts and blue eyed
locusts depends on which locusts is pink eyed. This means that the gene for eye
colour is.
A. sex determined
B. sex linked B
C. sex limited
D. epistatic

5. Since the formation of sperms requires a temperature below the body temperature,

A. the testes lie in scrotal sacs.

B. more water intake is advised for mature males
C. scrotal sac are pouch-like hanging extensions
C
D. scrotal sacs are between the thighs

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6. Which one of the following leads to an influx of water in a freshwater teleost?

A. Many, large glomeruli and salt reabsorption from the renal fluid.
B. Many, small glomeruli and salt extrusion from the body
C. Few, large glomeruli and salt uptake A
D. Many, small glomeruli and salt uptake

7. Why are certain exotic species considered “invasive”? They

A. are found in areas where they are not native.

B. were introduced by humans – often accidentally. C
C. spread aggressively and displace native species.
D. benefit from being in a new environment.

8. Which of the following changes in a cell is true as its water potential becomes less
negative?
A. Decrease in turgor pressure
B. Decrease in osmotic potential B
C. Increase in solute potential
D. Decrease in pressure potential

9. The major similarity between active transport and facilitated diffusion is that in
both;

A. energy is used
B. materials are transported against a concentration gradient C
C. carrier proteins are involved
D. movement of polar molecules is involved.

10. Which one of the following would be a result of increased carbon dioxide
concentration in tissues?
A. Increase in affinity for oxygen by haemoglobin
B. Increase in the loading tendency of haemoglobin C
C. Lowering of affinity for Oxygen by haemoglobin
D. Shifting of the oxygen dissociation curve to the left.

11. Which one of the following justifies the statement that “mutation is the ultimate
source of variability”?

A DNA polymerase is remarkably accurate

B. “Mutation proposes and selection disposes” C
C. Mutation is the only source of new alleles
D. Mutation occurs in response to natural selection

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12. At what stage of cell division would the cell stop when colchicines is added?

A. Metaphase
B. Anaphase A
C. Prophase
D. Telophase

13. When a lipid is combined with a phosphate group, it becomes

A. saturated.
B. water soluble.
C. amphipathic. C
D. amphoteric.

14. Which one of the following has the greatest biomass?

A. Primary consumers
B. Secondary producers C
C. Primary producers
D. Tertiary consumers

15. Which one of the following is the major role of T – helper cells in cell mediated
response?
A. Stimulation of B cells to make antibodies
B. Suppress activity of other T cells A
C. Helps to kill body cells infected by viruses
D. Gradually destroy transplanted organs

16. The respiratory pigment found in some arthropods is.

A. haemoerythrin
B. haemoglobin D
C. chlorocruorin
D. haemocyanin

17. Which one of the following determines the biological role of proteins?

A. Sequence of amino acids in them

B. Pattern of folding of the polypeptide chain B
C. Other organic molecules with which it is associated
D. The specific three dimensional shape

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18. To which kingdom do multicellular, nucleated heterotrophs that always obtain
food by absorbing nutrients from the environment?

A. Plantae
B
B. Fungi
C. Monera
D. Animalia

19. In which part of the chloroplast are complex carbohydrates are made?
B
A. Internmembrane space
B. Stroma
C. Inner membrane
D. Thylakoid

20. Which of the following polysaccharides contain amino acid group?

A. Murein
B. Cellulose C
C. Chitin
D. Glycogen

21. Skin colour is an example of inheritance through.

A. Systematic genes
B. Polygenes B
C. Sex linkage
D. Multiple alleles

22. Which of the following is not a role of the larval stage in animal development?

A. Dispersion D
B. Feeding
C. Asexual reproduction
D. Sexual reproduction.

23. Which of the following occurs at the maximum ventricular pressure?

A. Semilunar valves close while atrioventricular valves open

B. Both semilunar valves and artiventricular valves open D
C. Both semilunar valves and atrioventricular valves close
D. Semilunar valves open while atrioventricular valves close

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24. A certain gene of a bacterium codes for a protein; 40 amino acids long. How many
nucleotides are needed to code for this polypeptide?

A. 40
B. 80 C
C. 120
D. 1600

25. In which of the following responses do auxins and gibberellins show synergism in
their roles?

A. Fruit growth
B. Root growth B
C. Apical dominance
D. Stomatal opening

26. The “lub” sound is produced after the;

A. ventricles are fully contracted

B. bicuspid and tricuspid valves suddenly close. B
C. semilunar valves are closed
D. ventricles start to relax

27. The association of white egrets with herds of cattle can be described as .

A. Mutualism
B. Commensalism
C. Parasitism B
D. Co - evolution

28. In which of the following processes is osmosis least involved?

A. Long distance transport of xylem sap

B. Swelling of guard cells A
C. root pressure
D. Water movement between neighbouring cells of the root cortex

29. Which of the following blood proteins becomes the threads of a clot?

A. Prothrombin
B. Thromboplastin D
C. Thrombin
D. Fibrinogen

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30. Why does the absorption spectrum for chlorophyll and the action spectrum for
photosynthesis coincide?

A. Photosystems I and II are activated by different wavelengths of light.

B. Wavelengths of light that are absorbed by chlorophyll trigger light
capturing reactions. B
C. Energy from wavelengths absorbed by carotenoids is passed on to
chlorophyll.
D. The rate of photosynthesis depends on the amount of light received.

31. Which one of the following is the significance of the radical to emerge as a first
step in germination?

A. Its hoot protects the shoot that emerges later

B. It carries out photosynthesis to supply the embryo with food. C
C. It establishes a supply of water to the growing embryo
D. It is necessary to break the seed coat

32. During an action potential in a neuron,

A. Potassium ions diffuse into the axon

B. Sodium ions diffuse out of the axon C
C. Sodium ions diffuse into the axon
D. Both the sodium and potassium ions diffuse into the axon

33. Which one of the following would be the effect injecting thyroxine into a
laboratory mammal?

A. Increase in oxygen consumption

C
B. Decrease in metabolic rate
C. Increase conversion of glucose into glycogen
D. Thyroid gland becomes more active.

34. Production of hypertonic urine is mainly due to high levels of:

A. Aldosterone
B
B. Vasopressin
C. Adrenaline D. Insulin

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35. In which of the following areas is columnar epithelium with microvilli is most
likely to be found?

A. Colon C
B Duodenum
C. IIeum
D. Stomach

36. Which of the following are reabsorbed in the Malpighian tubules excretion in
insects?

A. KHU, carbon dioxide and water

B. K+ and Na+ A
C. KHC3, water and carbon dioxide
D. KHU, water and KHCO3

37. The streamlined shape of a shark, penguin and whale is an example of:
A. Convergent evolution
B. Divergent evolution
A
C. Parallel evolution
D. Co- evolution

38. Which of the following summarizes Mendel’s law of segregation?

A. Pairs of factors are inherited independent of each other.

B. The two homologous chromosomes with a pair of genes and end up
separately. A
C. Unlike chromosome pair separate at the spindle equatorial region
D. Adjacent genes on a chromosome are never found in the same gamete.

39. If the code for an amino acid is ATG on DNA molecule this code on the transfer
RNA molecule may be written as:

A. TAC C
B. UAC.
C. AUG D. GUC

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40. Which one of the following would take place after implantation of a zygote in the
uterine wall of a human female?

A. Breakdown of the endometrium

B. Development of ovarian follicles C
C. Continued development of the corpus luteum
D. Increased secretion of luteinizing hormone.

SECTION B (60 MARKS)

41. (a) Viruses are considered to be at the boundary of living and non- living
suggest why they are considered .
(i) Living (1mark)
 They contain genetic material (DNA or RNA) but not both.
 They can replicate but only living cells.
 They can mutate/evolve into new strains.
(ii) Non-living (1 mark)
 They lack cellular structures such as cytoplasm or organelles.
 They can be crystallized.
 They possess one type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) but not both.
 They lack energy producing system.
 They cannot carry out metabolism on their own.
(b) Describe the significance of following events in the lytic cycle of a virus.
(i) Latent period (3 marks)
 The virus remains dormant as a provirus in the host cell; during which
the cell replicates its DNA as it divides; this ensures survival because host
cell immune system cannot identify and remove it;
(ii) Cell lysis (2marks)
 Viral particles are released so that they can infect other host cells; thus
ensures increase in number of viral particles;
(c) Outline the economic importance of virus to humans. (3 marks)
 Vaccine production e.g. polio vaccine and yellow fever vaccines are
obtained from inactive respective viruses;
 Biological control e.g. myxomatosis virus has been used to control rabbit
population in Australia;
 Cause diseases e.g. Ebola, corona;
 As vector used to transfer genes in transgenic organisms;

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42. (a) Explain why the structure of the plasma membrane according to fluid masai
mode is said to be.
(i) Fluid in nature (2 marks)
 Components of the membrane (phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins and
glycolipids) are in constant/ continuous lateral movement, moving within
the membrane;
OR
 Components of the membrane are in constant motion; making the
membrane flexible; and constantly changing shape; (continuously change
positions in the within the membrane)

(ii) Mosaic in nature. (2 marks)

 Proteins of different shapes, types and sizes (intrinsic, extrinsic and
transmembrane proteins); and discontinuously/irregularly distributed
within the membrane (within the bilayer);
(b) Explain how the following factors affect the fluidity of the membrane.
(i) Increase in temperature. (2 marks)
 Increases membrane fluidity; because the components gain kinetic energy
and move faster;
(ii) Cholesterol at high temperatures. (2marks)
 Reduces membrane fluidity; because it binds to phospholipids and restricts
their movement;
(c) Explain how the plasma membrane is adapted for transport of substance.
(2 marks)
 Phospholipids with hydrophilic heads to allow movement of polar
molecules across the membrane;
 Phospholipids with hydrophobic tails to allow movement of non-polar
molecules across it;
 Globular proteins on the surface to allow movement of any substance by
active transport and facilitated diffusion;
 Transmembrane proteins to allow movement of materials by osmosis;
 Fluid in nature to allow movement of materials by cytosis;
43. (a) What is meant by biochemical oxygen demand? (2 marks)
 Amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic organisms; to break down
organic matter in a given volume of water; at a certain temperature; over a
specific period of time;

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 (b) The table below shows typical values of biochemical oxygen demand
(BOD) of a clean river during pollution events.
Condition BOD/mgdm-3O2
Clean 0.5 – 7.0
Treated sewage 3.0 – 50 .0
Untreated sewage 200.0 – 800.0
Silage/liquor from decomposing grass 60,000

Explain the:
(i) Difference in B.O.D of treated and untreated sewage. (3 marks)
 Treatment breaks down organic matter in water; so it contains less
food/substrate; for decomposition by aerobic bacteria;
(ii) Consequence of sewage liquor into a river. (3 marks)
 Aerobic breakdown of organic matter in sewage requires a lot of oxygen;
during which it reduces oxygen concentration in water; leading to death of
aerobic organisms in water;
(c) Explain how any two aquatic organism which can be used as indicators of
the health of water bodies. (2 marks)
 Tubifex (slugde worm); indicate heavy pollution because they feed on
sewage;
 Ascelus/stone flies indicate clean water; because they are found only in
oxygen rich area;

44. Suggest explanations for the following

(a) The oxygen dissociation curve for the rat haemoglobin is found to the right
of human haemoglobin. (3marks)
 The rat has a large surface area to volume ratio compared to man; it loses heat
rapidly from the body compared to man; its haemoglobin has to release readily;
to facilitate a high metabolic rate; for generating heat needed for maintaining a
constant body temperature;

(b) Chloride shift occurs during carbon dioxide transport. (2 marks)

 In the tissues Chloride ion diffuses from the plasma into the red blood cell to
balance the negative charge lost due to the exit of bicarbonate ion; this enables
carbon dioxide to be transported to the lungs in form of HCO3- for elimination;

11
 (c) Cardiac output increase when an individual engages in physical
exercise. (2marks)
 It increases the amount of oxygen and nutrients/glucose transported by blood to
the tissues from where respiration takes place; to produce more energy for
muscle contraction.
(d) Translocation in the phloem may be stopped by metabolic poisons.
(3 marks)
 Metabolic poison inhibits ATP production/ respiration; which in turn interferes
with active loading of sucrose into the sieve tubes at the source by active
transport; and prevents development of high hydrostatic pressure at the source
for mass flow;
45. (a) Distinguish between photophosphorylation and photorespiration. (2marks)
 Photophosphorylation is the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate
using energy from the sun; while photorespiration is the uptake of oxygen and
release of carbon dioxide by plants in presence of light;

(b) State the differences between cyclic and non cyclic

photophosphorylation. (3 marks)

Cyclic photophosphorylation Non –cyclic photophosphorylation

 Electron donor is Photosystem I
(PSI)
 Last electron acceptor is PSI
 Product is ATP only
 Involves PSI only
 Electron flow is cyclic
 Favoured by low light intensity
 Electron donor is water/photolysis
of water
 Last electron acceptor is NADP+
 Products are ATP, NADPH2 and
Oxygen
 Involves both PSI and PSII
 Electron flow is noncyclic
 Favoured by high light intensity

(c) (i) Describe two evidences that show that oxygen produced during
photosynthesis is from splitting of water. (2marks)
 When radioactively labelled water is used (H2O18) the isotope is found in oxygen;
 When a radioactively labelled carbon dioxide is used, CO218, the oxygen is found in
carbohydrate;
 Purple sulphur bacteria that use hydrogen sulphide as a source of hydrogen instead of
water, produce sulphur as a byproduct;
 When chloroplasts are suspended in a test tube in presence of light and hydrogen
carriers in absence of carbon dioxide, oxygen is released by splitting water;

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 (iii) State two importance of photosynthesis in nature. (2 marks)
 Reduces concentration of carbon dioxide and greenhouse effect;
 Produces oxygen used in formation of ozone layer;

46 (a) What is meant by counter current multiplier in reference to the nephron.

(2 marks)
 The use of energy in form of ATP ; to create an osmotic gradient between the
glomerular filtrate and the tissue fluid the medulla of the kidneys; to facilitate
reabsorption of water from the glomerular filtrate; in order to produce urine that
is hypotonic to blood plasma and tissue fluid;

(b) Briefly describe how counter current multiplier effect is achieved in the
loop of hence. (4 marks)
 Water is reabsorbed from the descending limb by osmosis thus leads to gradual
increase in the concentration of the filtrate up to a maximum in the hair pin. The
ascending limb is permeable to ions; ions are reabsorbed by diffusion and active
transport; so the concentration of the filtrate reduces which facilitate
reabsorption of water from the filtrate leading to hypertonic urine;

(c) Outline the possible structural differences between the nephron of a beaver
and that of a camel. (3marks)
Beaver Camel
Shorter loop of Henle Longer loop of Henle
Larger glomeruli Smaller glomeruli
Numerous nephrons Fewer nephrons
Less dense network of vasa recta More dense network of vasa recta

(d) Suggest one complication in the body that can arise from kidney failure.
(1mark)
 Accumulation of H+ in the body fluids causing low pH, which denature enzymes
leading to death;
 Retention of slats in the body leads to swelling of body parts such as legs due to
retention of water in the body;

END

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