The different computation techniques used to calculate the dimensions of the bow-tie patch antenna

are as follows –
1. Genetic Algorithm (GA):
• Genetic Operators: Genetic Algorithms (GAs) are optimization techniques inspired by the
process of natural selection. They use a set of operations to evolve and improve solutions to
a problem, such as antenna design.
Selection: This is akin to nature's "survival of the fittest." GAs evaluate antenna designs
based on a defined fitness function. The fitness function measures how well each design
performs according to certain criteria, like signal quality or efficiency. GAs select the best-
performing designs (those with the highest fitness) to be parents for the next generation. In
essence, selection identifies which designs should "survive."
Crossover: In GAs, crossover is a method to combine the characteristics of two parent
antenna designs to create new, potentially better designs. Think of it as the genetic mixing of
traits between two individuals. Crossover aims to explore different design possibilities by
blending the features of successful parent designs.
Mutation: Mutation introduces small, random changes or variations to antenna designs. It's
like introducing genetic diversity into a population. Mutation helps prevent the optimization
process from getting stuck in a local optimum (a suboptimal solution) and allows
exploration of a broader design space.
GAs start with a population of antenna designs. Through selection, the best designs are
chosen. Crossover combines the chosen designs to produce offspring, and mutation
introduces random changes. This process continues through multiple generations, gradually
improving antenna designs until an optimal solution is reached. The key is finding the right
balance between preserving promising designs and exploring new possibilities.
• Population Evolution: GA iteratively evolves a population of potential antenna dimensions,
seeking the best solution. Each iteration is like a generation in evolution, with the best
designs carrying forward to the next generation.
• Convergence: Over time, the algorithm converges towards an optimal solution where
antenna dimensions are finely tuned for the desired performance metrics.
2. Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS):
Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is a smart tool that combines two
powerful methods—neural networks and fuzzy logic—to learn from data and make
predictions. Here's how it works:
Hybrid System: ANFIS is like a fusion of two superheroes, Artificial Neural Networks
(ANNs) and Fuzzy Logic. ANNs are excellent at recognizing patterns in data, and fuzzy
logic is great at handling uncertainty in those patterns.
Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs): Think of ANNs as the "pattern recognition" experts.
They can examine a large dataset of antenna designs and learn to recognize which
combinations of parameters (like dimensions, materials, and shapes) result in excellent
antenna performance. It's like having a brilliant apprentice who studies thousands of antenna
blueprints and figures out which ones work best.
 Fuzzy Logic: Fuzzy logic is like your trusty advisor, dealing with uncertainties. When
working with real-world antennas, things aren't always clear-cut. Parameters may have a
range of values, and their impact on performance can be fuzzy. Fuzzy logic helps us make
sense of this uncertainty. For example, it can tell us that increasing the antenna's length
somewhat improves performance, but it's not an absolute rule.
So, when you put these two together in ANFIS, it's like having a team of skilled antenna
designers (the ANNs) who consult with a group of experienced advisors (fuzzy logic) to
make the best antenna decisions. They learn from past antenna designs, factor in
uncertainties, and come up with smart antenna design choices based on patterns and the
nuances of real-world situations.
Membership Functions: ANFIS uses something called "membership functions." These
functions describe the connection between your input data (in your case, the antenna's
dimensions) and the output data (how well the antenna performs). Membership functions
help us understand how certain or uncertain this connection is.
Learning Process: ANFIS learns by tweaking the parameters of these membership
functions. It uses a combination of techniques, such as backpropagation (similar to what
ANNs use) and least squares estimation, to adjust these parameters and get smarter over
time.
Mapping Data to Rules: ANFIS takes pairs of input and output data and transforms them
into a set of fuzzy rules. These rules act like a playbook, helping ANFIS predict output
values based on the input it receives. It's like a recipe that tells you how to make a cake
based on the ingredients you have.
ANFIS combines the strengths of neural networks and fuzzy logic to learn from data, handle
uncertainty, and make predictions. It's a bit like a detective who pieces together clues to
solve a complex mystery—only, in this case, the mystery is finding the best antenna design.
3. Hybrid Technique (ANFIS and Genetic Algorithm):
• Antenna Optimization: Genetic Algorithm identifies a range of possible antenna
dimensions, but these aren't finely tuned. ANFIS comes into play to optimize these
dimensions.
• GA-ANFIS Interaction: GA and ANFIS work together in this hybrid approach. GA
explores the design space and identifies promising candidates, while ANFIS fine-tunes these
candidates for the best performance.
• Optimal Design: The result is an antenna design that's not only the right size but also
maximizes the desired performance criteria, such as resonant frequency.
Genetic Algorithms are like the broad searchers, exploring a wide range of antenna dimensions. On
the other hand, ANFIS acts as the fine-tuner, adjusting those dimensions to achieve the best possible
antenna performance. Together, they create an efficient and optimized antenna design process.