Aptis Adva need MADIERCLASS § & LIS stening READING & LISTENING GUIDE \Aptis Advanced MASTERCLASS Seettnine 4 BOOK INTRODUCTION Read about Aptis Advanced scoring and learn how to unlock the interactive ‘materials that accompany this reading and listening guide. 6 READING COMPONENT ‘Study the task descriptions and learn the best strategies for each task, before putting them into practice. Review the key vocabulary from each task by scanning the QR codes with your phone. 36 READING: FULL TEST | Test yourself by taking a full Aptis ‘Advanced reading practice test in 1 hour. LISTENING COMPONENT 4 Study the task descriptions and learn the best strategies for each task, before putting them into practice. 72 FULL LISTENING TESTS Test your listening skills with three full. Aptis Advanced Listening tests. Review the key vocabulary from each task by scanning the QR codes with your phone. 90 ANSWER KEY & AUDIO TRANSCRIPTS Check your answers for the reading and listening components. ‘Copyright © 2021 Future House Languages> > |NTRODUCTION TO THIS BOOK WHY APTIS ADVANCED? The Aptis Advanced test is a British Council English exam that has gained popularity as a practical and accurate assessment of the English level of individuals in line with the CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference) scales. It is designed to differentiate between high-level candidates (B2, C1 & 2) The test is computer-based, which means that all sections of the test are taken with a computer and headphones, including the speaking section. Thanks to this, Aptis is an economical way to test your English, and your results are made quickly available. The test includes the four main skills: reading, writing, speaking and listening - plus the compulsory core (grammar and vocabulary) section. Upon completion of the test, you will be awarded a CEFR scale for the four main skills, a numerical score for each skill 0-50 and an overall level. SAMPLE RESULTS CARD SKILL NAN LISTENING 34/50 B2 READING 40/50 cl SPEAKING 46/50 cL WRITING 46/50 cl FINAL SCALE SCORE 166 166 GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY 43/50 43/50 if you are between levels your grammar and vocabulary score will be teken into account. For this reason, the grade boundaries are not exact and two test-takers with the same score in a component could be awarded a different CEFR level as they have different grammar and vocabulary scores. As we can see from this results card, a good score for C1 would be 40+/50 in the reading, listening and core (grammar and vocabulary) components, and 45+/50 in the speaking and writing components. To be awarded a C2 level you need an almost perfect score (i.e. no more than two incorrect answers in the listening and reading components). Follow us on Instagram for daily vocabulary quizzes, exam tips and more! CCopysight© 2021 Future House LanguagesHOW TO USE THIS BOOK This book has been specially designed for self-study and includes everything you need to maximize your score and achieve your desired level in the reading and listening components of the Aptis Advanced test. Throughout the book, you will find QR codes to scan and study the high-level vocabulary you have come ‘across in that section. We've also included detailed explanations of each task, along with the best strategies and tips on how to maximize your score. The reading and listening components of the test are undoubtedly challenging, as the final tasks are aimed at test-takers with a high C1 or C2 level. For this reason, we have intentionally included the key vocabulary that you can expect to find at this level in the form of collocations, phrasal verbs, expressions and idioms. You should dedicate time to studying these word lists as they include common, high-level words and expressions used by native speakers. You should also work on improving your overall English level with other high-quality materials available on the ESL market. QZ - aptisacademy.com You will find the materials that accompany this book on our dedicated Aptis platform. Create your account and access all the audios for the listening component. Exeol Nua Create your free account by following these easy steps. Go to aptisacademy.com Choose My Book on the homepage Click on the book title you have purchased Create an account at the checkout Enter your UNIQUE CODE* in the coupon box at the checkout Log in to your account and access all the interactive content [ABULARY GAMES. Scan the QR codes when you find them on pages in this book to study the key vocabulary from that task. You can access flashcards, memory games, quizzes and pronunciation all on your phone - a fantastic way to consolidate your learning and improve your English vocabulary. *Your unique code is only given with the purchase of this book and is personal and non-transferable.READING COMPONENT >> YD The eading component consists of four tasks and lasts for 60 minutes. The level of difficulty of the tasks increases as the test progresses. You will have a paper and pen to make notes. [& Task :1: OPINION MATCHING In this part, you will read four people's opinions on one topic. You need to read all their opinions and then choose who said what for seven questions. You must answer each question. PRA This task is aimed at a B2 level on the CEFR scales. [J Task 2: MATCHING HEADINGS In this part, you will read a long text (about 750 words) and eight headings. The task is to match seven of the headings to paragraphs in the text. There is an extra heading that does not fit with any paragraph. This task is aimed at a low C1 level on the CEFR scales. (GY task 3: SINGLE TEXT GAP-FILL N This is a short text of around 300 words with missing gaps. You must choose | © qm the right word or phrase from the drop-down lst to complete the text. Owes Oc Oa This task is aimed at a high C1 level on the CEFR scales. (GJ task 4: MULTIPLE TEXT GaP-FILL You have two short texts on the same topic. You need to fill in the gaps a with the appropriate phrase from a drop-down menu. ==) This task is aimed at a C2 level on the CEFR scales. Copyright© 2021 Future House LanguagesR1: OPINION MATCHING STRATEGY Mata To complete this task you will read four texts which give the opinion of different people on the same theme. There are seven questions, and each needs to be matched to a text. The words in the questions will be paraphrased (expressed in different words} in the texts. ‘The strategy for this task is to read the questions first and notice the key words in the questicn. This will help guide you to the corresponding opinion in the text. The next step is to read Person A and match any ns to it, then continue with Person B, C and D. [As you read, focus on the main statements and opinions given by the writer, We have underlined them here as an example. Where | come from, it’s fairly common for people to move out as soon as they leave school and | couldn’t wait to get going! Even though my university was located not 20 km away from my hometown, | decided to move into student digs on campus. Everyone admired my independence for deciding to pay rent on another house with my family home so close, but | wanted to have the whole college experience like areal student, and you really have to make your own mind up about these things. Q2. Who thinks their decision was normal for their age group? We can see from this example how the information we find in the text is @ paraphrased version of the question. ‘Normal for their age grcup' refers to it being ‘fairly common for people to move out as soon as they leave school MAXIMIZE YOUR SCORE © Notice that opinions don't necessarily have to begin with 'I think’ or a similar phrase. Some opinions are statements of what the writer believes to factual or something that is true for them personally. @® The topics included in this task are commonly found in an online magazine so they are usually informal, such as food, work, sport or free time. In this book we have included extensive vocabulary lists for each practice task, so you should dedicate time to studying these words and phrases in addition to other C1/C2 books and resources. {As this is the first task, we recommend that you aim to complete it in 10 minutes or less in the test. Remember that to reach CL in the reading component you should aim fora score of 20/25. Copyright® 2021 Future House Languages> > Ri: OPINION MATCHIN ares » To complete the task, you need to match four people's opi seven questions. BECOMING INDEPENDENT Four people respond in the comments section of an online magazine article about becoming independent. Read their comments and answer the questions (1-7). Where I come from, it’s fairly common for people to move out as soon as they leave school and | couldn't wait to get going! Even though my university was located not 20 km away from my hometown, | decided to move into student digs on campus. Everyone admired my independence for deciding to pay rent on another house with my family home so close, but I wanted to have the whole college experience like a real student, and you really have to make your own mind up about these things, The first time | moved out of home was also the first time | lived abroad, so it was doubly exciting, In the third year of my degree, we did an Erasmus year. | chose Graz, in Austria. Even though we knew about our Erasmus year from the word go; it still seemed to creep up on us fast! Honestly, | felt thrown in at the deep end. Learning to live alone is one thing but doing it all in a foreign country, well that was definitely challenging. Thankfully it all went smoothly, but | wouldn't have got through it without my classmates. Remember to read the questions first and think of different ways of expressing the same idea. Then, read Person A and scan the sentences again to choose any that match up, then follow the same strategy for B,C and D. a ‘Copyright © 2021 Future House LanguagesMoving out of my parents’ home wasn’t on top of my agenda for a long time. I'm the youngest of five kids and all my siblings had flown the nest way before me. My folks hinted at me staying and made it easy for me. We live in Dublin city and the university is there, so it made sense to stay put. Once I'd graduated and got a job, | rented a shared flat with another friend. It was a no-brainer and my dad gave me a hand with the move, of course, he's the best! My family always joke that they can’t get rid of me! I've moved in and out of my family home about six times in recent years. The first time was for college; | went to live on campus and then came home every summer. Then | got a job working in Cardiff so | made the move there, only to realise | wasn't mad about it, so | handed in my notice and moved back. Shortly after that, | took off backpacking for eleven months. Of course, | ended up back at home afterwards. My mother always welcomes me with open arms. Who thinks the decision to eventually move out was an easy one? Who thinks their decision was normal for their age group? Who thinks it was convenient to stay living with their parents? Who thinks it’s important to make your own decisions? Who thinks others find their situation amusing? Who thinks it would have been harder without their peers? a 9 oo ew PP Who thinks they lacked the necessary support? @) There could be 1, 2 or 3 questions matched to a single text, but there's always at least one for each text. Copytight® 2021 Future House Languages> > R1: OPINION MATCHING » To complete the task, you need to match four people's opinions (Person A-D) to seven questions. DRIVING SCHOOL Four people respond in the comments section of an online magazine article about getting their driving licence. Read their comments and answer the questions (1-7). Growing up on a farm, | can’t even remember how old | was when I learnt how to drive my dad’s jeep around the fields, It came naturally to me I think. After many years, my parents mentioned getting my driver's licence. I'd never put much thought into it before but, of course, if | wanted to drive legally on national roads it was a must. So without much further ado, I took a couple of lessons, sat my theory test and just like that | had my licence. It was a walkin the park really. | waited until | was in my thirties to finally take the plunge and learn to drive. | live in Milan, so on top of the nerves about the driving itself then you add a foreign language to the mix! Let’s just say the first few lessons were more like a white-knuckle ride. Between him taking me down some of the busiest main streets in the city and yelling at me in Italian, | was a total wreck afterwards. | would like to say the lessons got better but unfortunately not, Anyway, in the end, | passed my test so it all worked out. emember to read the questions first and think of different ways of expressing the same idea. Then, read Person A and scan the sentences again to choose any that match up, then follow the same strategy for B, C and D. n Copyright © 2021 Future House LangueMy family run a driving school, so it was a given that | would learn to drive as soon as | came of age. The problem is, | couldn’t have cared less about it. We live in a massive city with heaps of transport links around us, so it seemed like a waste of time to me. My dad insisted, however, and of course, | had no choice but to do as he said. The lessons were fine, | knew the instructor as he’s worked for my family for ages. | did have to sit my test a couple of times though; well they say third time lucky don’t they? Getting my licence was of utmost importance for me as I'd managed to bag a rice earner taking people to and from the airport. A friend told me about it as he’d been doing it for months and the wage packet was incredible. The only catch was that | needed a full driving licence. So | did my twelve lessons and theory test. In the end, | just managed to scrape a pass on the first attempt and was able to start picking people up and dropping them off, and more importantly get paid! It suits me for the time being as | can get a bit of money together to go travelling. nepep we Who thinks there was an expectation that they would learn to drive? Who thinks learning to drive was scary? Who thinks a licence is crucial for work purposes? Who thinks it was easy to get their licence? Who thinks they suffered emotionally from the experience? Who thinks it’s important to obey your elders? Who thinks they had an additional setback? There could be 1, 2 or 3 questions matched to a single text, but there's always at least one for each text. Copyright® 2021 Future House Languages>i OPINION MATCHING Lace Noumea) »> To complete the task, you need to match four people's opinions (Person A-D) to seven questions. STAURANT EXPERIENCES © Four people respond in the comments section of an online magazine article about eating out in restaurants. Read their comments and answer the questions (1-7). | knew there was something unusual when we saw Braille written on the door. Once inside, we were surprised to see a blind waiter gracefully carrying a tray of drinks to a table. After giving our orders, we held on to our waiter’s shoulders and walked down a long corridor to the dining room - all in complete darkness! As soon as | sat down, | touched the objects placed on our table to try to identify them and, as usual, | made a mess. AS for the food, it was difficult to identify the ingredients without being able to see them. ‘A while ago, | noticed an appealing poster in the window of a scruffy-looking restaurant. Feeling a little hungry, | entered to have a look at the menu and | was instantly enamoured. In this hidden gem, they made the most delicious breakfast bagels. | had definitely hit the jackpot in terms of quality and price. It became my second home and all the staff knew my favourite order. However, my once-secret place grew in popularity and things took a completely different turn. Now, the queues seem never-ending and the portions are smaller. It's hard to admit, but the place has definitely lost its charm. Remember to read the questions first and think of different ways of expressing the same idea. Then, read Person A and scan the sentences again to choose any that match up, then follow the same strategy for B, CandD. Copysight® 2021 Future House Languages[_ —_— The shareholders chose the restaurant as it had received a lot of positive press for having been awarded a Michelin star. Fortunately, | wasn't footing the bill as it wes a celebration of our healthy profits for that quarter. The menu fused different cuisines together and offered dishes ranging from the Mediterranean to the Middle East. | chose my dishes randomly as | barely understood a word of it. Despite the bite-size quantities, the food certainly lived up to our expectations in terms of creativity. | was amazed by how the flavours and textures were skillfully combined by the chef. We decided to throw an 80s-themed party for our friend, and what better way to celebrate than with dinner and dance? We made heads turn as we entered the room in full fancy dress. The dining tables were set around a huge dance floor with a band playing. There was an instructor giving dancing lessons to a few brave customers who were showing off their moves. When we asked for the menu, our waiter simply nodded towards the buffet-style food area. It was neither a feast for the eyes nor the taste buds, but we didn’t mind. | had a whale of a time regardless of the food and my friend had the best birthday she's had in years! QUESTIONS Who thinks an employee's skills were impressive? Who thinks the food on offer was eclectic? Who thinks they were attracted by advertising? Who thinks that standards have slipped? Who thinks the food was bland? Who thinks that language posed a barrier? pe On OU eS ee Nite Who thinks they're a clumsy person? ® There could be 1, 2 or 3 questions matched to a single text, but there's always at least ‘one for each text. Copyright © 2021 Future House Languages . EE |> > Ri: OPINION MATCHING » To complete the task, you need to match four people's opinions (Person A-D) to seven questions. VOLUNTE ING Four people respond in the comments section of an online magazine article about volunteering. Read their comments and answer the questions (1-7). When | first set off to Nairobi | was feeling pretty sure of myselt. After all, | had already started making a name for myself as a photographer. To my surprise, | was met with blank faces when | confidently introduced myself. It also turned out that | was to spend the duration of my stay in an inner-city ghetto using cheap, disposable cameras for the entire project due to lack of funding. | had no choice but to step out of my comfort zone and reinvent my techniques. Thankfully, in the end, | helped my enthusiastic students make an exhibit portraying the unexpected beauty of the slums. Two years ago, | was inspired by an engineering professor who encouraged me to volunteer on a project in a third-world country. She inspired me so much that | took a gap year and set off on my journey to a remote village in the jungles of Bolivia, where | would help build a local school. It was a challenging, yet rewarding experience since it took a lot of patience to encourage the locals to back our eco-project. In the end, we managed to overcome all obstacles and finished the construction with just minor delays. This unique experience allowed me to develop outstanding project management skills that will surely help me in my future career. Remember to read the questions first and think of different ways of expressing the same idea. Then, read Person A and scan the sentences again to choose any that match up, then follow the same strategy for B, C and D. “ Copyright © 2024 Future House Languages# Last year, | decided to take time off work to disconnect. The original plan was an all- inclusive holiday, but | came across a blog that changed my mind. The writer described volunteering with elephants in such a way that I found myself wondering if, that might just be the change | was looking for. After some research, | decided to head off to Guatemala to save turtles, Who would have thought that this trip would have such an impact on me that | would end up becoming an animal rights activist? My old job may still be stressful, but outside work, my life has improved substantially and is much more fulfilling. | have always been keen on the written word. Perhaps it's because of the fond memories | have of reading to my Grandma in the last few years of her life when her eyesight was starting to fail. After she passed away, | decided to continue volunteering at her residence for the elderly. Whenever | arrive, | ask the nurses to give me the names of the people interested in listening to me read that day. Some come to the common area to sit by the fireplace, while others prefer to stay in the comfort of their ‘own beds to hear me read stories that carry them off on fantasy adventures and away from the dreary day-to-day activity of the old people's home. es ION: 1, Who thinks their actions help others escape boredom? 2. Who thinks the advice of a lecturer had a big impact? 3. Who thinks that perseverance paid off? 4, Who thinks they were inspired by the experiences of another? 5. Who thinks their reputation was not appreciated? 6. Who thinks they were in need of a break? 7. Who thinks they've found a new lease of life? ® There could be 1, 2 or 3 questions matched to a single text, but there's always at least one for each text. Copyright © 2021 Future House Languages 8> > 21: OPINION MATCHING » To complete the task, you need to match four people's opinions (Person A-D) to seven questions. TRIP TO THE ZOO Four people respond in the comments section of an online magazine article about a recent trip to the zoo. Read their comments and answer the questions (1-7). We have just returned from an exhausting day out at the local zoo. | can honestly say that we were amazed by the variety of species we observed - especially as most reviews I'd read had criticised it for the contrary. We were even lucky enough to get a clear view of the mountain lion cubs. The keeper explained it was a rare sight, as the felines hardly ever step out of their cave in daylight. The animals seemed well-fed and looked after, and their areas were spotless. Even the restaurant wasn’t as much of a rip-off as people had said. On the whole, we left with fond memories all around. To my great surprise, our day trip to the 200 was everything but the quiet day out | was expecting, Not only were there keepers interacting with visitors, but we were also given top-notch audio equipment to hear about the lives of the species in the wild. Due to the impressive size of the site, we decided to rent electric bikes to cover the huge distances between the different enclosures. The layout was quite straightforward to figure out - which was a relief as my sense of direction isn’t up to much. The animals are housed properly and living in decent conditions. This is what made the experience worthwhile, as seeing miserable animals can really put visitors off. Remember to read the questions first and think of different ways of expressing the same idea. Then, read Person A and scan the sentences again to choose any that match up, then follow the same strategy for B, C and D. 16 Copyright © 2021 Future House Languages| decided to take my boyfriend out for the day to cheer him up after a tough week Unfortunately, it was nearly impossible to observe the animals quietly, as armies of youngsters were blocking the views to take the perfect ‘selfie’. At one point | even saw kids trying to climb over a fence! This must happen elsewhere, but it was shocking that the keepers were nowhere to be found - likely skiving off. We also saw many people tossing food at the animals, which ticked me off as it may harm animals with special dietary requirements. We were both glum by the time we stopped for lunch and poor James looked worse off than before. | support zoos that aim to provide animals in captivity with reasonable living conditions while enabling people to see them in real life. Unfortunately, | was left with a bitter taste in my mouth after our last trip. The grounds were fairly well-kept and secure for both visitors and animals, but there were serious inequalities in enclosure sizes. One of the most striking had to be the elephants. They were squeezed into a small space with neither trees nor mud pools. Concerns aside, the overall visit was pleasant as there was an interesting variety of species to see for an affordable price. We were also able to purchase our tickets online, which cut down the waiting time. QUESTIONS 1. Who thinks that it was easy to get around the zoo? 2. Who thinks that poor conditions can cause visitors to lose interest? 3. Who thinks the enclosures were particularly clean? 4, Who thinks some animals have it better than others? 5. Who thinks fortune favoured them on their visit? 6. Who thinks the actions of visitors can be detrimental? 7. Who thinks their good intentions failed? There could be 1, 2 or 3 questions matched to a single text, but there's always at least one for each text. Copytight ©2021 Future House Languages hep> R2: MATCHING HEADINGS el To complete the second task you will read a longer text of around 750 words. The text is divided into paragraphs and your objective is to match each paragraph to a heading (title) from a list. You should read the headings carefully first, then read each paragraph in tum. A good strategy is to only read the first two sentences and the final sentence of each paragraph and try to match it to the correct heading, This way you are eliminating the more obvious choices and you don't get distracted and confused. Only read in detail the paragraphs you couldn’t match using this strategy. ‘As you read, focus on the main idea or argument of the paragraph. We have underlined it here as an example. 0. For over twenty years, the Bellin wall was a barrier that separated Germany and the city of Berlin, both ideologically and physically. To ensure no one would attempt to cross over to either side of the clty, surveillance towers were placed along the wall with a wide area, also known as the\"death strip", containing anti-vehicle trenches as well as other defence means. However, in the wake of the Berlin Wall demolition in November 1989, something strange and wonderful happened. Youth from both East and West Germany converged on the space cleared by the wall’s demolition to party = and their preferred soundtrack was techno music. A. Barriers fall and the youth celebrate N We can see from this example how the key idea found in the text is summarised and paraphrased in the corresponding heading, ‘Barriers fall’ refers to the demolition of the Berlin Wall, and ‘the youth celebrate’ refers to parties held by young people in the space that was cleared. MAXIMIZE YOUR SCORE If there is an example given (0) read it first as it will give you an overall idea of the topic, style and tone of the article, Topics could range from history to science to popular culture. In this book we have included extensive vocabulary lists for each practice task, so you should dedicate time to studying these words and phrases in addition to other C1/C2 books and resources. This task is aimed at a low C1 level, so you should aim to get them all correct in this task to be on track for a Cl overall in the reading component. We recommend practising until you can complete this task in 10 minutes or less. it Copyright © 2021 Future House LanguagesR2: MATCHING HEADINGS To complete the task, you need to match seven headings to the correct paragraphs in » the text. Choose from the list (A-l) and match it to a paragraph (1-7). There is an extra heading and an example given (A). THE BERLIN MUSIC SCENE 0. For over twenty years, the Berlin wall was a barrier that separated Germany and the city of Berlin, both ideologically and physically. To ensure no one would attempt to cross over to either side of the city, surveillance towers were placed along the wall with a wide area, also known as the "death strip", containing anti-vehicle trenches as well as other defence means, However, in the wake of the Berlin Wall demolition in November 1989, something strange and wonderful happened. Youth from both East and West Germany converged on the space cleared by the wall’s demolition to party - and their preferred soundtrack was techno music. 1. Since the eighties, techno music has played an important role in Germany as ithas created and enhanced social cohesion, In the context of 1989, three conditions had to be met for techno to take on its full effect: young people eager to dance and unafraid of new experiences, social entrepreneurs to organise these raves and available space to set up the decks and dance floors. After the fall of the Wall, the unified city saw the emergence of an electronic music scene never witnessed before. This sealed Berlin’s fate in becoming the undisputed capital of techno. Remember to use the strategy explained in the introduction to this reading task. Read the first TWO lines and LAST line only, and match up the more obvious headings before reading specific paragraphs in detail. @) Just because a word from a heading is mentioned in a paragraph doesn't necessarily mean that it is the correct match. You need to focus on the best summary of each paragraph - don't be distracted by single words or phrases. ‘Copyright © 2021 Future House Languages ag20 2. In 1989, two different youth cultures met on the dance floor. West Berlin was a place in which young men from West Germany could avoid military service because of its demilitarisation after World War Il. This tended to attract a particular kind of young person, one that helped define a very alternative, creative and artistic scene in West Berlin. This also seduced entrepreneurs who organised parties and continued to do so in parts of the city that had become available when the Wall was demolished. Social entrepreneurs from West Berlin met young people from East Berlin who wanted to express themselves authentically and without state surveillance. 3. After the fall of the Wall, techno music fans started to promote freedom and hedonism at raves and parties which flourished in the underground scene. Abandoned buildings on the former death strip that had previously divided the city were appropriated as dance spaces. The newly elected Berlin Senate condoned this, even though many of these spaces were being used illegally. Abandoned buildings were taken over by young people who organized illegal raves. Power plants, bunkers, as well as underground stations became temporary clubs where the Dus were the stars and the dancers their adoring fans. 4. However, commentators point to the fact that many East Germans continued to feel inferior after the fall of the wall, and saw German unification as an annexation of their former state, losing their currency, their educational system as well as employment protection, Nobody had ever told them what a free-market economy meant and how they could compete successfully for jobs, pay raises or promotions Therefore, dancing became a way for young people to connect using their bodies rather than words - and techno in Berlin provided a blank canvas for young people to feel part of the new German society in a way that perhaps politics did not. 5. The dedication of social entrepreneurs from the 1980s and 1990s has resulted in a vibrant music scene in Berlin today. Figures suggest more than 10,000 people are employed in the city’s clubbing sector. In fact, Berlin’s techno scene has become so famous that some tourists would rather go clubbing than satisfy cultural curiosity. Dubbed the “EasyJletset”, these tourists usually fly low-cost each weekend for some “techno tourism”. This development has allowed Berlin to market itself as the “capital of techno”, showing the value of preserving some of its unique cultural spaces. Many international connections are also forged, linking up eastern and western Germans with producers from Detroit, Chicago, London, Bristol, and elsewhere in Europe. Copyright © 2021 Future House Languages. 6. Techno music took on a new role in the lives of many eastern and western Germans. Most would agree that the key event for techno, establishing it as the contemporary capital, is the Berlin Love Parade. The event was perceived as a political demonstration using music as a means of spreading peace, joy, love and hope for the future. It first took place in July 1989 in West Berlin with 150 people attending on the initiative of the famous Dr Motte. The Berlin Love Parade went on to become one of the greatest street parties in history. By 1997, the annual Berlin Leve Parade saw a million people dancing in the city’s Tiergarten square. 7. Many of the people who organised parties and concerts back then have become important social and cultural contributors to the culture of the city and beyond. Mark Reeder, the Manchester-born Englishman who organised illegal concerts in the 80s, continues to work in the city as the owner of @ music label and a prominent cultural commentator. Dimitri Hegemann gave us the famous Tresor nightclub. The techno music that Tresor championed is now considered to have provided the soundtrack for German unification, Berlin, to this day, is 2 world-renowned hub of electronic music. In the notorious words of the mayor, the city is “poor but sexy” A. Barriers fall and the youth celebrate . The protagonists are still making their mark . Dancing creates social bonds . Creating career opportunities Political leaders fight back Converting unusual spaces The meeting of like-minded spirits The essential ingredients for the rise of techno |. Dancing in the streets rommoo®p Copytight ©2021 Future House Languages at| o> _R2: MATCHING HEADINGS >” complete the task, you need to match seven headings to the correct paragraphs in the text. Choose from the list (A-l) and match it to a paragraph (1-7). There is an extra heading and an example given (A). ekeTa Reyes) 0. Considered to be the primary source of energy used for lighting, heating and powering electronic devices and appliances, electricity also plays an important role in the transportation industry as an essential eco-solution to replace the current fuels powering vehicles and polluting our towns and cities. However, more than 1.7 billion people worldwide still don’t have a reliable electricity source and connection. For this reason, many turn to solar power as their potential energy saviour - at least when the sun is shining. 1. Solar technology to store energy and power utilities during the dark hours already exists, but it is still very much a work in progress. For instance, solar panels equipped with solar batteries allow energy to be stored during the day to provide electricity when the panels are resting at night or on cloudy days. This has led scientists to wonder if we could generate electricity both during the day and at night. What if we could even draw energy from the cold night sky? Interestingly, researchers at Stanford University and UCLA have just done exactly that. Although we shouldn't expect it to become solar energy’s dark twin just yet, it could play an important role in the energy demands of the future. @ Remember to use the strategy explained in the introduction to this reading task. Read the first TWO lines and LAST line only, and match up the more obvious headings before reading specific paragraphs in detail. Just because a word from a heading is mentioned in a paragraph doesn't necessarily mean that it is the correct match. You need to focus on the best summary of each paragraph - don't be distracted by single words or phrases. oa Copyright © 2021 Future House LanguagesThe technology itself is nothing new - in fact, the principles behind it were discovered almost 200 years ago. The device, called a thermoelectric generator, uses temperature differences between two metal plates to generate electricity through something called the Seebeck effect, discovered by the German physicist Thomas Johann Seebeck (1821). The greater the temperature difference, the greater the power generated. We already use this technology to convert waste heat from sources such as industrial machinery and car engines into energy. The new research applies the same technique to harness the temperature difference between the outside air and a surface that faces the sky. 3. The device's two plates sit on top of one another. The top plate faces the cold air of the open night sky, while the bottom plate is kept enclosed in warmer air facing the ground, Heat always radiates to cooler environments, and the cooler the environment, the faster heat is radiated. Because the open night sky is cooler than the enclosed air surrounding the bottom plate, the top plate loses heat faster than the bottom plate. This generates a temperature difference between the two plates. Differences between four and five degrees Celsius were registered during studies. 4, Now at different temperatures, heat also starts to travel from the hotter bottom plate to the cooler top plate. The device harnesses this flow of heat to generate electricity. At this small temperature difference, power is limited. At this stage, the researchers’ device produced just 25 milliwatts per meter squared (mW/m’) - this is enough to power a small LED reading light. By contrast, a solar panel of the same size would be enough to sustain three 32" LED TVs - that’s 4,000 times more output. 5. In dryer climates, the device could perform better, as any moisture in the air cools and reduces the temperature difference between the plates. In the dry Mediterranean, the device could have the potential to produce twenty times more power. The device itself could also be refined. If manufacturers applied a coating allowing the device’s surface to reach a temperature lower than the surrounding environment during the day, it could be even cooler at night. If corrugated plates were used instead of flat ones, it would be more efficient at capturing and emitting radiation. These :ech upgrades could raise the power output by as much as ten times, Copyright® 2021 Future House Languages Fy6. With the efficiency of technologies continually improving, thermoelectric devices could play an important role in powering society before long. Professionals are developing technology that connects household devices to the internet and each other - the so-called Internet of Things - at a level of energy firmly within the reach of an enhanced device in dry climates. By connecting thermoelectric generators mounted on the walls of homes, it could noticeably lighten the energy load of houses. It's feasible, too - it could easily be mass-produced, and sold cheaply enough to provide a viable energy source in locations where it is too expensive or impractical to connect with mains electricity. 7. It's unlikely that thermoelectric devices will ever replace battery storage as the night-time saviour of solar energy. Batteries now cost a quarter of what they did a decade ago, and solar systems with battery storage are already becoming affordable ways to meet small-scale domestic and industrial energy needs. But the technology could be a useful complement to solar power and battery storage - and a vital alternative energy source for those living off-grid when batteries fail or panels break. When everything goes wrong on the chilliest of nights, those with thermoelectric devices to power a heater would have one thing to thank the freezing night air for. A. Worldwide inequality B. Despite limitations, power is generated C. Physics provides an interesting opportunity D. Abackup plan in times of need E. Isit really worth the additional expense? F. Academics at the vanguard of solar technology G. A few tweaks could make it more potent H. An economic solution |. Set up and operation Copyright © 2021 Future House LanguagesMATCHING HEADING rave = To complete the task, you need to match seven headings to the correct paragraphs in DD the text. choose from the list (A-I) and match it to a paragraph (1-7). There is an extra heading and an example given (A). EMOTE WORKING 0. New research carried out by the European institute for Work and Pensions (EIWP) has revealed that remote working is becoming more popular than ever. Moreover, a study released by the Swiss office provider IWG found that more than 70% of professionals work remotely at least one day a week, while 53% work remotely for at least half of the working week. Some multinationals have their entire staff working remotely with no fixed office presence at all, which can result in having employees situated all over the world ~ most of whom have never even met. 1. Nearly 70% of millennials would be more likely to accept a job from an employer who offered remote working, according to a recent study. In fact, many recent graduates and job seekers specifically look for companies that solely offer the possibility of working remotely. The benefits, of which there are many, draw people to this style of work. Employees value the flexibility it gives them, particularly if they have childcare commitments. People also appreciate escaping long daily commutes and avoiding office distractions such as office chatter and people coming and going all day long. Remember to use the strategy explained in the introduction to this reading task. Read the first TWO lines and LAST line only, and match up the more obvious headings before reading specific paragraphs in detail. © Just because a word from a heading is mentioned in a paragraph doesn't necessarily mean that it is the correct match. You need to focus on the best summary of each paragraph - don't be distracted by single words or phrases. Copyright © 2021 Future House Languages26 2. But there are also growing concerns that people’s mental health and well-being can take a hit when working remotely. in the UK, businesses lose £100m every year due to workplace stress, depression and anxiety. Research shows that being “always- on” and accessible while working remotely leads to the blurring of work and non- work boundaries, particularly if you work from home. In 2017 a United Nations report found that 41% of remote workers reported high stress levels, compared to just 25% of office workers, Switching off seems to be an ever-growing issue. 3. In a virtual environment, there is a tendency to focus too much on tasks and too little on relationships. This kind of transactional leadership can be the route taken by leaders who want to get the job done but fail to recognise how important the people are who are completing these tasks. With more emphasis on deadlines and routine information, virtual workers can feel treated like a cog in a machine, rather than an essential part of the team. Such a leadership approach can worsen the sense of isolation that naturally comes with working remotely and can contribute to virtual workplace stress. 4, When it comes to work, there are two kinds of stress - the good kind and the bad kind. The Yerkes-Dodson Law (drawn up by psychologists Robert Yerkes and John Dodson) points out that stress can aid productivity up to a point and then it results in reduced productivity. Being unable to report being stressed (or feeling uncomfortable doing so) is detrimental as pressure will eventually outweigh an individual's ability to cope over time. In contrast, one recent study found that colleagues who spend just 15 minutes socialising and sharing their feelings of stress had a 20% increase in performance. 5. The right kind of communication is the key to overcoming the possible trials and tribulations of virtual working. Employers need to put the right structures in place, such as scheduled video calls and regular team-building “meet-ups” to build morale. Bosses need to lead by example and create a culture where those outside the office feel valued. A weekly or bi-weekly chat with a supervisor or boss has proven to be a key way to make staff feel part of the team. It also serves the purpose of keeping ‘everyone on the same page when it comes to projects, events and deadlines. Copyright © 2021 Future House Languages6. Butt cuts both ways. Everyone needs to think about what makes them productive, happy and successful in everyday life, and try to replicate this in a remote setting - whether this ranges from taking a walk at lunchtime, going to the gym, ringing a friend or reading your favourite book. The possibilities are endless; it’s ultimately about finding one or two things that can take people away from their workload for a certain amount of time every day. This will undoubtedly have its effects on an individual, both at work and at play. 7. If the future of work is heading towards more virtual working, then it is not something we can avoid. Instead, we should implement ways of managing the stress associated with it while enjoying the benefits. Creating new and healthy habits which can be done from any location is paramount. Of even greater importance is being a good communicator and setting boundaries when it comes to work and leisure tine. Everyone will benefit from a well-structured week with allocated slots for every task. Planning your time well and sticking to a schedule seems to be the key to remote working. The rise in popularity of remote working Aproblem shared is a problem halved Alittle organisation can go a long way The upsides of remote working Making remote workers feel appreciated Unable to disconnect It's a question of taking time out Endless meetings are taking their toll Damaging employee-boss rapport ™moo®@ r-ima Copyright © 2021 Future House Languages a| D> Secs >» To complete the task, you need to match seven headings to the correct paragraphs in the text. Choose from the list (A-l) and match it to a paragraph (1-7). There is an extra heading and an example given (A). THE HUMAN SKELETON 0. Bones are amazing. People are often surprised to learn that bone is a living tissue. It is widely understood that our bones have the ability to repair themselves after breaks and fractures, but they are also constantly removing and rebuilding themselves in response to everyday activity in a cellular process that we call remodelling. Our skeletons serve a multitude of purposes, from moving our bodies to protecting our heart, brains and lungs. They also store and regulate minerals to keep our entire system functioning correctly. 1, Textbooks teach that there are around 206 bones in the human skeleton as the anatomical norm. But the reality is much more curious than that. Human babies are born with over 300 bones, originally made of cartilage, which is mineralised during the first few years of life when some bones fuse together. Interestingly, some individuals are born with extra bones, such as thirteen pairs of ribs or an extra digit. ‘Some people even develop extra bones during their lives, as is the case with the rare disease fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), but more commonly, people lose bones as they grow up and they fuse. Remember to use the strategy explained in the introduction to this reading task. Read the first TWO lines and LAST line only, and match up the more obvious headings before reading specific paragraphs in detail. © Just because a word from a heading is mentioned in a paragraph doesn't necessarily mean that it is the correct match. You need to focus on the best summary of each paragraph - don't be distracted by single words or phrases. bad Copyright © 2021 Future House Languages2. Achild’s growth in their first year of life is by far the most significant, and they will usually have’ reached their adult height by their mid-to-late teens. But even once our bones stop growing, our height can still change. At joints, there is a layer of cartilage covering the bones. Over the course of a day, the cartilage, particularly in your spine, is compressed by gravity. This means that you are shorter by the time you go to bed. Thankfully, after a period of lying horizontally, the cartilage can return to its original size. Scientists have shown that on impact when running, the tibia (shin bone) temporarily shortens by a millimetre. 3. The hip bone’s connected to the thigh bone ... but not all bones in the human skeleton are connected to each other. The one exception is the hyoid bone. The U- shaped hyoid bone sits at the base of the tongue and is held in place by muscles and ligaments from the base of the skull and jawbones above. This bone enables humans (and our Neanderthal ancestors) to talk, breathe and swallow. It is very rare to break the hyoid bone, and a finding of fracture in a post-mortem examination may indicate strangulation or hanging. 4. Long bones, such as the thighbone, are filled with bone marrow made of fat cells, blood cells and immune cells. In children, the bone marrow is red, reflecting its role in making blood cells. In adults, the bone marrow is yellow and contains 10% of all the fat in the adult body. It was long thought that bone marrow fat cells were nothing, more than a “space filler”, but scientists are increasingly learning how the fat inside bones has important metabolic and endocrine functions, affecting the whole human body. 5. The smallest bones in the human body are the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil) and the stapes (stirrup). Collectively, these bones are known as the ossicles (Latin for “tiny bones”) and their role is to transmit sound vibrations from the air to the fluid in the inner ear. Not only are these the smallest bones in the body, but they are also the only bones that do not remodel after the age of one. This is important, as a change in shape could affect hearing. Interestingly, these bone are believed to be the result of fish gills evolving over time as creatures moved from the sea to the land. Copyright© 2021 Future House Languages> 6. Within the human body, our sympathetic nervous system is the mechanism by which our body readies itself for intense activity. This is often called the fight-or- flight response and is associated with the release of the hormone adrenaline in response to a stressful situation. But recently, researchers published a paper identifying osteocalcin, a hormone released by bone-forming cells, as a key player in the stress response, Osteocalcin is thought to play a role in the body's metabolic regulation. In its carboxylated form it binds calcium directly and thus concentrates in bones. 7. One might be surprised to find out that the funny bone is not even a bone! It's your ulnar nerve that runs inside your elbow. The ulnar nerve lets your brain know about feelings in your fourth and fifth fingers. What happens when you hit your so- called funny bone is that you've pressed the ulnar nerve against the hard surface of the humerus bone, which runs from your shoulder to your elbow. The sudden compression sends a sharp tingling pain through your arm, but, as we all know, it passes in moments with no lasting effects. A. Serving a variety of functions B. Findings reveal a more important role C. Can we count the bones in the human body? D. Asurviving link to our ancient cousins E. Could bone play a key role in stress levels? F, Anaptly named bone, or is it? G. Bone marrow donors required H. Tall or short? It depends on the time of day |. Miniature, yet perfectly formed it ‘Copyright © 2021 Future House LanguagesR2: MATCHING HEADINGS To complete the task, you need to match seven headings to the correct paragraphs in DD the text. choose from the list (A-l) and match it to a paragraph (1-7). There is an extra heading and an example given (A). EDGEHOGS | 0. The word hedgehog is derived from Middle English and came into use around the | year 1450. The name "hedge" was given to the spiny mammal because it hangs around hedgerows, and "hog" because of its porcine snout. Hedgehogs belong to the Erinaceidae family. There are seventeen native species divided into five genera found throughout Europe, Asia as well as Africa. There are non-native species to New Zealand, Australia and the Americas as they were introduced in these territories over time. Hedgehogs share distant ancestry with shrews and gymnures, but they have changed very little over the last 15 million years. 1, The most common pet species are hybrids of the white-bellied, four-toed and North African hedgehog. However, it is illegal to own one as a pet in some US states, Canadian municipalities and Italy as they are considered wild animals. They are delicate creatures with extremely specific needs. For instance, it is crucial for the animal’s well-being to respect their nocturnal schedule. Furthermore, hedgehog ‘owners should do a lot of prior research before knowing how to hold them. Petting a happy hedgehog feels like stroking a prickly brush. On the other hand, petting an angry one feels like holding a cactus. @) Remember to use the strategy explained in the introduction to this reading task. Read the first TWO lines and LAST line only, and match up the more obvious headings before reading specific paragraphs in detail. @ Just because a word from a heading is mentioned in a paragraph doesn't necessarily mean that it is the correct match. You need to focus on the best summary of each paragraph - don't be distracted by single words or phrases. a Copyright© 2021 Future House Languages2 2. Hedgehogs are easily distinguishable by their spines, which are hollow hairs made stiff with keratin. Their spines are not poisonous nor barbed and, unlike the quills of a porcupine, do not easily detach from their bodies. However, the immature animal's spines normally fall out as they are replaced with adult spines. This is called “quilling". Spines can also shed when the animal is diseased or under extreme stress. Hedgehogs are usually brown, with pale tips to the spines, though blonde hedgehogs are found on the UK island of Alderney. 3. All species of hedgehogs can roll into a tight ball in self-defence, causing the spines to point outwards. The hedgehog's back contains two large muscles that control the position of the quills. When the creature is rolled into a ball, the quills on the back protect the tucked face, feet, and belly. Since the effectiveness of this strategy depends on the number of spines, some desert hedgehogs that evolved to carry less weight are more likely to flee or attack, ramming an intruder with the spines. For those species, rolling into a spiny ball is a last resort. Like opossums and moles, hedgehogs have some natural immunity against small quantities of snake venom too, 4, Hedgehogs are primarily nocturnal, though some species are also active during the day. The various species are prey to different predators. For instance, forest hedgehogs are prey primarily to owls and ferrets, while smaller species like the long- eared hedgehog are prey to foxes, wolves, and mongooses. Hedgehogs sleep for a large portion of the day under bushes, grasses, rocks, or most commonly in dens dug in the ground, with varying habits among the species. All wild hedgehogs can hibernate, though not all do, depending on temperature, species, and abundance of food. 5. Hedgehogs are fairly vocal and communicate through a combination of grunts, snuffles or squeals. They occasionally perform a strange ritual called “anointing” When the animal encounters a new scent, it will lick and bite the source, then form a scented froth in its mouth and paste it on its spines with its tongue. Some experts believe anointing camouflages the hedgehog with the new scent of the area and provides a possible poison or source of infection to predators poked by their spines. This curious behaviour can be seen throughout the bird kingdom too. Copyrint© 2021 Future House Languages6. Unfortunately, this prickly creature has become a pest in some areas where it has been introduced. It causes immense damage to native species such as insects, snails, lizards and birds due to its feeding habits. As it lacks natural predators in those areas, keeping the population under control can be quite troublesome. Attempts to eliminate hedgehogs were met with international outrage. In 2008, the hedgehog elimination process was changed from killing the animals to trapping them and releasing them elsewhere where they didn't pose any threat. For instance, this was what happened on an island in Scotland. 7. Hedgehogs are a food source in many cultures. They are traded throughout Euresia and Africa for traditional medicine and witchcraft. in the Middle East, hedgehog meat is considered medicinal and thought to cure rheumatism and arthritis. They are also said to cure a variety of illnesses and disorders from tuberculosis to impotence, In Morocco, inhaling the smoke of burnt skin or bristles is a purported remedy for fever, male impotence and urinary illnesses. The blood is sold as a cure for ringworm, cracked skin and warts, and the flesh is eaten as a remedy for witchcraft. Romani people still eat hedgehogs, boiled or roasted, and also use the blood and the fat for their supposed medicinal value. A. The roots of the name B. An unusual perfume C. Snoozing habits D. Breeding habits in the wild . Are they suitable to be kept in captivity? . Public outcry saves them Mythical remedies for myriad ailments Their most recognizable feature Effective armour against attackers mm Tro Copyright © 2021 Future House Languages\|> > Miemcasacn nae Gia To complete the third task successfully, you need to read a text of around 300 words and fill in the gaps by choosing the correct word from a list of three options (A, B or C). This task is designed to test your reading. comprehension skills rather than grammar knowledge, so all of the options may fit the sentence grammatically. Your objective is to read the paragraph carefully and choose the correct option based on meaning. For this, reason, it's essential that you focus on trying to understand the text as a whole. You can't rely on simply looking at single words directly before or after the gap as is the case with other popular English exams, such as Cambridge Advanced or Proficiency. Read the section carefully and try to follow the arguments made in the text. You can'tjust scan this text as with the previous tasks, ast requires an in-depth understanding of the points made, uh Method, analyse, conversely. These words are more useful than you think. These and other “academic” words are used in writing and speech at school and other educational (1) without being specific to any discipline. They can be used, among other things, to describe research (method, analyse) and to structure speech and writing (conversely). @ MODULES 8 Eau Eten ict Looking at the options we can see that they all collocate with the word education. The text mentions ‘academic words being used at school, so the correct answer is ‘educational settings" (ie. classrooms, colleges and universities). MAXIMIZE YOUR SCORE We recommend reading the whole text through once before starting to make your choices. This way you'll have an overview of the subject matter. This task is aimed at a high Ci level, so it's starting to become more challenging in terms of the language used. We would recommend spending 15-20 minutes on this task. If you don't find clues to lead you to the correct answer in the paragraph in which the question is contained, read the next paragraph. There may be examples given that will help you eliminate options, or a previous point may be referred back to or developed more fully. 4 Copyright © 2021 Future House LanguagesR3: SINGLE TEXT GAP-FILL ie OU eae » To complete the task, you need to complete the text by fi the correct word from option A, B or C. ACADEMIC VOCABULARY ig in the gaps. Choose Method, analyse, conversely. These words are more useful than you think. These and other “academic” words are used in writing and speech at school and other educational (1) without being specific to any discipline. They can be used, among other things, to describe research (method, analyse) and to structure speech and writing (conversely). Q) , knowing them can predict performance at primary school, secondary school and university. In other words, how well students know academic words may affect how well they do at school, But although students are surrounded by academic words, they are not typically taught at school ~ so learning them can be challenging. International university students in Hong Kong and New Zealand have reported difficulty with learning and understanding English academic vocabulary. Monolingual native speakers of English also face problems with academic words, including frequently used vocabulary such as summarise and contribute. Despite the common view that native speakers have well-developed vocabulary knowledge, research suggests that a low socio-economic background can (3) language development, including vocabulary, at both primary and secondary school. Some academic words occur in everyday language too, so they may go unnoticed. A student can easily fail to realise that reliable means “of consistent quality” in a scientific journal article if they already know that in everyday language it often means “dependable”. Research suggests that people find it hard to correctly guess new meanings for ‘words they encounter in a reading passage because they (4) the meanings they already know. ‘Academic vocabulary instruction has been trialled at primary and secondary schools. Most of these studies have taken place in the US. They show that teaching academic vocabulary can lead to increased knowledge of academic words. As with any word, knowing many things about an academic word is more likely to help students understand it correctly in reading and listening and use it appropriately while speaking and writing. However, classroom time is precious. Not all academic words can be taught in such depth. The teaching of these words will be more efficient if it is (5) individual students? needs. Research on what makes some academic words harder to learn than others for students with specific characteristics - age, English proficiency level - can help make educated guesses about which words ‘and which aspects of these words should be taught to different students. Copyright© 2021 Future House LanguagesI o Ee HINDER GO ets ADD ON iN TAILORED TO GO Baagat ize DRssKo) Remember that this is not designed to be a grammar test. It's a comprehension test which means you need to choose the answer based on information contained in the sentence or whole paragraph. Unlike Cambridge exams (CAE and CPE), you can't simply rely on looking at the words before and after the gap and make your choice based on collocations, grammar or word choice. You must understand the text in order to choose correctly. Study the words carefully as often all three options could fit grammatically. The information that will guide you to the correct answer will be contained in the same sentence or paragraph. If you don't find clues to lead you to the correct answer in the paragraph in which the que: ‘ontained, read the next paragraph. There may be examples given that will help you eliminate ptions, or a previous point may be referred back to or developed more fully. = Copyright © 2021 Future House LanguagesR3: SINGLE TEXT GAP-FILL » To complete the task, you need to complete the text by filling in the gaps. Choose the correct word from option A, Bor C. FARMYARD INTELLIGENCE Pigs might not be able to fly, but they can play video games. In a new study, researchers have shown that pigs can use a digital screen and joystick, operated by their snout, to move a cursor around for rewards. This is certainly a complex task. The animals need to understand the (1) moving around 2 joystick and what's happening on a computer screen, and then connect what's happening on thescreen to getting a reward. The four pigs tested were all able to do that to some extent. However, as the researchers (2) in the game, sending them to new “levels”, the pigs weren't ready to compete wwith the kids in Mario Kart just yet. They couldn't even compete with the monkeys for which the task was originally designed. This may be because moving around a joystick with your snout is a lot harder than with opposable thumbs, or because the pigs are just not as good at the task as primates, This new study fits well with what we already know about pigs. They show remarkable intelligence in a number of complex cognitive tasks. They can, for instance, learn to respond differently to different | sounds, and are masters at spatial learning tasks. But there are limits to what they can do. Mirror use, for instance, is not something all pigs can master, and while they can use simple geometric shapes to decide what response to give, recognising other pigs from photographs (3) . This was surprising since other farm animals like sheep and cattle are able to recognise their sheep and cattle friexds on photographs. But why do we care that pigs can perform well in the video arcade, or learn to hunt for sweets in spatial learning tasks? After all, they aren't likely to find an Xbox on the average farm. Rather than simply a chance to (4) their smarts, this study is part of a growing area in animal welfare research; the study of farm animal cognition. We're only starting to understand how different management practices used on farms are impacting animals’ cognitive development, Raised farmed species without maternal care, insufficient challenges, ‘and mixing of social groups may all (5) cognition. As the body of research grows, we will be able to translate this back to the improvement of farms to enrich the lives of farm animals. Copyright ©2021 Future House Languages alaos Risa gee | a COMPLEXITY OF AN TaN a: aa aa LT aE Vata ot REWARD FOR oN st RUIANNIPAUPO Ny Gouteas EY sosaicle iss CATCHES THEIR ATTENTION ace eels SHOW OFF LETS ANIMALS DOWN A] CONSIDERABLY HEIGHTEN A NEGATIVELY AFFECT OTICEABLY IMPROVE Remember that this is not designed to be a grammar test. It's a comprehension test which means you need to choose the answer based on information contained in the sentence or whole paragraph. Unlike Cambridge exams (CAE and CPE), you can't simply rely on looking at the words before and after the gap and make your choice based on collocations, grammar or word choice. You must understand the text in order to choose correctly. Study the words carefully as often all three options could fit grammatically. The information that will guide you to the correct answer will be contained in the same sentence or paragraph. IF you don't find clues to lead you to the correct answer in the paragraph in which the question is contained, read the next paragraph. There may be examples given that will help you eliminate options, ora previous point may be referred back to or developed more fully. bed Copyright® 2021 Future House LanguagesRePEc] a aera > To complete the task, you need to complete the text by filling in the gaps. Choose » the correct word from option A, Bor C. ‘Ah, coffee. Whether you're cradling a travel mug on your way to work or dashing out after gym class to refuel with a latte, it’s hard to imagine a day without it. The caffeine (1) you up, and here's something incredibly soothing about sipping on a steaming cup. But is drinking coffee good for you? Good news: The case for coffee is stronger than ever. Study after study indicates you could be getting more from your favourite morning beverage than you thought. Coffee is chock full of substances that, may help (2) health conditions more common in women, including Alzheimer’s disease and heart disease. “Traditionally, coffee has got a bad rep,” says Marc Gunter, head of the section of nutrition and metabolism at the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). “Research from the 1980s and 1990s concluded that people who drank coffee had a higher risk of cardiovascular disease - but it's evolved since then.” With more, larger-scale population studies (3) over the last decade, Gunter says, scientists now have data from hundreds of thousands of coffee-drinkers all over the globe. Coffee has been associated with an increased risk of cancer because it contains a carcinagenic substance also found in foods such as toast, cakes and chips. However, the IARC concluded in 2016 that coffee is not carcinogenic unless it's drunk steaming hot ~ above 65C (149F). Not only that, but more research has found that coffee may actually have a protective effect. Some international studies have shown a (4) between coffee drinking and lower severity, and recurrence, of colon cancer in patients, for example. In 2017, Gunter published the results of a study that looked at the coffee-drinking habits of half a million people across Europe over a period of 16 years. Those who drank more coffee had a lower risk of dying from heart disease, stroke and cancer. These findings are (5) research from other parts of the world, including the US. Gunter says there's enough consensus across observational studies to confirm that people who drink up to four cups of coffee a day have fewer diseases compared to those who don't drink any. “It’s common sense that if you drink too much of anything it's probably not good for you, but there’s no strong evidence that drinking a few cups a day is bad for your health,” he says. “If anything, i's the opposite.” Copyright© 2021 Future House Languages°e eS B Bei EXACERBATE o ES Gig ENRICHING WEAK CONNECTION IN CONTRAST TO 8 ewe eo ear AULT @ Remember that this is not designed to be a grammar test. It's a comprehension test which means you need to choose the answer based on information contained in the sentence or whole paragraph. Unlike Cambridge exams (CAE and CPE), you can't simply rely on looking at the words before and after the gap and make your choice based on collocations, grammar or word choice. You must understand the text in order to choose correctly. Study the words carefully as often all three options could fit grammatically. The information that will guide you to the correct answer will be contained in the same sentence or paragraph. If you don't find clues to lead you to the correct answer in the paragraph in which the que: contained, read the next paragraph. There may be examples given that will help you eliminate tions, or a previous point may be referred back to or developed more fully. * Copyright © 2021 Future House LanguagesR3: SINGLE TEXT GAP-FILL > 7 complete the task, you need to complete the text by filling in the gaps. Choose the correct word from option A, Bor C. THE FAKE LIVES OF AUTHORS "Why should authors bore readers with the truth when lies are far more thrilling and exciting? This may well explain why fake stories and fictional public personas have long been used by writers to their own "ends to land publishing deals, win literary prizes as well as reach public recognition. Autofiction allows authors to communicate biographical elements through narration without being fully responsible for the content...well that is until they get caught (1) A good example is the famous French author Stéphane Bourgoin. The true-crime writer was made to publicly admit having embroidered his literary life story and CV following an investigation by a literary committee. He did it to make his books more attractive as well as to distance himself from (2) roots in a field dominated by writers from privileged backgrounds. Even one of France's most revered writers, Honoré de Balzac, was not immune to a certain propensity for exaggerating the truth when crafting his public and private image. Bourgoin, who had supposedly trained at the FBI profiling school in Virginia, had apparently interviewed ‘over 70 murderers, including the infamous Charles Manson. He also claimed to have helped intelligence agencies (3) cases by catching bad guys as his own wife had seemingly been murdered by a serial killer. As fascinating as his life may have appeared, his so-called murdered wife was a worran he barely knew. Although he had interviewed around 30 criminals, he had never uttered a word to Cnarles Manson. The public’s enthusiasm to (4) believe Bourgoin’s fake life, without questioning the facts, proves that these fabricated details had the effect he had hoped for. In writing himself into his books as the bereaved hero, Bourgoin was tapping into powerful patterns of storytelling that his readers were already attuned to, Studies suggest that the brain is primed to react with interest to stories of “moral outrage”. When we see heroes facing baddies, our tribal instinct for justice comes into effect and we root for Bourgoin’s fictitious alter-ego. However, in a series of interviews, Bourgoin admitted he should have let hs real knowledge stand for itself - that his books were good enough to sell worldwide without the need to (5) such a fantastical back story. Copyright© 2021 Future House LanguagesOUT OF THE BLUE leet ileal se B tau NUE) o a taper) CRACK B Baws IcelULe = 1B MAKE UP las Ly MAKE OFF WITH @) Remember that this is not designed to be a grammar test. It's a comprehension test which means you need to choose the answer based on information contained in the sentence or whole paragraph. Unlike Cambridge exams (CAE and CPE), you can't simply rely on looking at the words before and after the gap and make your choice based on collocations, grammar or word choice. You must understand the text in order to choose correctly. @ Study the words carefully as often all three options could fit grammatically. The information that will guide you to the correct answer will be contained in the same sentence or paragraph. i you don’t find clues to lead you to the correct answer in the paragraph in which the question is, contained, read the next paragraph. There may be examples given that will help you eliminate ptions, or a previous point may be referred back to or developed more fully. = Copyright © 2021 Future House LanguagesR3: SINGLE TEXT GAP-FILL » To complete the task, you need to complete the text by filling in the gaps. Choose the correct word from option A, Bor C. TRANSPARENCY FOR SAFETY What would you do if you could be invisible? Would you use your power for good? For evil? Or just to avoid awkward conversations? Transparency may seem like the simplest form of camouflage, but in the last year, research has revealed new complexities behind what some animals do to (1) into their surroundings. If something is opaque, light is either reflected or absorbed at its surface. For something to be transparent, light must instead travel straight through it. But as light moves between transparent materials, it can be bent and scattered. An animal’s body is (2) many organs and tissues, each with a different thickness, structure and chemical makeup. For the animal to be transparent, light must not be reflected, absorbed, scattered or refracted as it travels through each of these different layers. Water-dwelling animals have a clear advantage in terms of achieving transparency as there is much less refraction and scattering of light in water. As a result, some of the most effective examples of transparency are oceanic species like jellyfish and shrimp. On land, transparency is much rarer. In my research, | have experienced first-hand how effective and sophisticated transparency really can be. On a dark night in the (3) rain in the thick of French Guiana’s tropical rainforest during the monsoon, my colleagues and | were scanning for the source of a strange, high-pitched noise. Finally, our headlamps revealed a pair of googly eyes peering down on us, and we knew we had found what we had been searching for:a tiny glass frog. The skin of these bizarre frogs lets us look directly at their intestines and bones — even at their beating hearts. Their green colouring is a close match to that foliage and the trick of translucency allows the frog to brighten or darken (4) the leafy vegetation around it. What’s more, the frogs’ legs are more translucent than their bodies, providing an extra advantage from a process called “edge diffusion” further blending frog and leaf together in the eyes of its predators. ‘Some interesting creatures, on the other hand, are not (5) the colours and patterns required to blend into specific backgrounds. Clearwing butterflies, for instance, have fully transparent wings that offer camouflage regardless of their surroundings. Several large moth species have taken a different route by evolving to have transparent panels on their wings that predators can see straight through. These transparent panels mixed with opaque colours transform the moth into an unrecognizable mosaic. Copyright © 2021 Future House LanguagesVANISH SOAK ABSORB EY Begins LIGH iN BASED ON | By SUBJECTED TO ExoleN Ng Remember that this is not designed to be @ grammar test. It's a comprehension test which means you need to choose the answer based on information contained in the sentence or whole paragraph. Unlike Cambridge exams (CAE and CPE), you can't simply rely on looking at the words before and after the gap and make your choice based on collocations, grammar or word choice. You must understand the text in order to choose correctly. Study the words carefully as often all three options could fit grammatically. The information that will guide you to the correct answer will be contained in the same sentence or paragraph. if you don't find clues to lead you to the correct answer in the paragraph in which the question is contained, read the next paragraph. There may be examples given that will help you eliminate options, or a previous point may be referred back to or developed more fully i Copyright © 2021 Future House LanguagesR4: MULTIPLE TEXT GAP-FILL == To complete the final task successfully, you need to read two short texts on the same topic and fill in the gaps by choosing the correct option fram A, B or C. This task is rather unique, as it requires you to choose the correct word or short phrase based on information contained in the other text. As in the previous task, this is testing your reading comprehension rather than your grammar knowledge. You should read both texts through once before attempting this task. It's important to note that the clue you are looking for will be paraphrased in the other text. In this example, we are looking for a comment about the 'findings' ofa study on how temperature may impact ‘anger’ on the web. ‘Global warming’ is also ‘mentioned which may help us locate the corresponding section in the second text. / There is a well-established link between hot weather temperatures and aggressive behaviour leading to committing crimes. However, would the same be said for boiling temperatures contributing to soaring online aggression, such as mean tweets? Although modern forms of cyber maltreatment remain difficult to monitor, a recently published study seems to recognize certain trends. This is the first study to compare patterns of assault and social media anger temperature. Given that anger spills over into online communities faster than any other emotion, the findings have (1) - especially in the current era of global warming. eo Omen (Ey Mua NT It’s a well-known fact that hot weather\gnd crimes of aggression are strongly By using the key words from the first text we can locate the intertwined, but it proves ify triggers for online aggression, in F " on information we need in the the form of tweets and social media posts\ Furthermore, this becomes more recone Vest eaule’ and relevant, and the results have even more far-reaching consequences when “climate change’ help us to ‘we are facing extreme changes in weather due to climate change. locate the answer, and 'ar- reaching’ guides our choice. MAXIMIZE YOUR SCORE Students who go to the exam without preparing for this task find it very confusing, but by following ‘our advice you can certainly pick up a few extra points and improve your score. We don't recommend leaving questions unanswered as you go through the test, as you will be mentally tired by the end. If you have to make a guess, do it while you are focused on that particular task rather than rushing it at the end Copyrignt © 2021 Future House Languages 6| >> 4: MULTIPLE TEXT GAP-FILL ACU YD Te complete the task, you need to complete the text by filling in the gaps with the appropriate word or phrase. Choose the correct option from A, B or C. Ura NT Sa =D aWAreL es ane There is a well-established link between hot weather temperatures and aggressive behaviour leading to committing crimes. However, would the same be said for boiling temperatures contributing to soaring online aggression, such as mean tweets? Although modem forms of cyber maltreatment remain difficult to monitor, a recently published study seems to recognize certain trends. This is the first study to compate patterns of assault and social media anger with temperature. Given that anger spills over into online communities faster than any other emotion, the findings have (1) ~ especially in the current era of global warming, Through collected data analysis, results revealed that pessimistic tweet counts (2)___in cooler weather. Whilst as daily maximum temperatures climbed, they dropped. In addition, the occurrence of raging tweets apparently showed signs of reaching their peak on Mondays, and perhaps unsurprisingly, livid Twitter posts were (3) after big news events such as a leadership spill, apolitical debate or any worldwide political hiccup. When social media users publicly post, comment or even upload a “selfie”, an algorithm can scan it to estimate their frame of mind and determine whether it is positive or negative as well as gauge their ‘emotions such as anger, joy, fear or surprise. This information can be linked to the date, time of day, location or even age and gender, to define the “mood” of acity or country in near real-time, Cay Mela any ° oo 6 E B Bee Cran peated 6 B Restorer MOST WIDESPREAD Fea) ung e = Copyright © 2021 Future House LanguagesIt's a well-known fact that hot weather and crimes of aggression are strongly intertwined, but it proves trickier to identify triggers for online aggression, in the form of tweets and social media posts. Furthermore, this becomes more relevant, and the results have even more far-reaching consequences when we are facing extreme changes in weather due to climate change. Is there truly 2 viable connection between angry posts and the weather? A study that involved 74.2 million English-language ‘Twitter posts - or tweets — from 2015 to 2017 was conducted in order to get some answers. The findings showed that hot weather led to (4) nasty tweets. The data was analysed using the publicly available tool called "We Feel” to see if social media could accurately map our emotions. Their algorithm was able to (5) ___ based on the language used. Not only did the research prove that people were more likely to post negative comments and tweets ‘when the weather was colder, but it also (6) of the week when most of these tweets occurred = Monday; giving yet another meaning to the term ‘Blue Monday’. Some 2.87 million tweets (or 3.87%) contained words or phrases considered angry, such as “vicious”, “hated”, “irritated” and “disgusted”. The study also confirmed that the pattern of angry tweets was significantly more prevalent when linked to politics and governance. ° BR oi © ees O DEMtow o Metin, Betacam () Both texts are on the same topic. The information found in one text compliments or gives more specific details about the information found in the other. Remember that all the options are usually grammatically possible. Remember that you need to read both texts to be able to choose the correct answer, as the information you need is likely to be found in the other text. A good strategy is to ask yourself "What information is missing here?" and then scan the other text until you find a sentence relating to a similar piece of information. Use this asa clue to guide your answer choice. Notice that the incorrect answers often have an opposite or contradictory meaning. Use this to help you eliminate incorrect choices if you don't know the meaning of all the words. Copyright® 2021 Future House LanguagesIPLE TEXT GAP-FILL >> ven a PRACTICE 2 DD Tocomplete the task, you need to complete the text by filling in the gaps with the appropriate word or phrase, Choose the correct option from A, B or C. TITANS CSO EON Six years ago, a major city development project was announced in South Africa. Billed as 2 game- changer, it was (1) the urban footprint of Johannesburg, Africa’s richest city, forever. The Modderfontein New City project was launched amid much fanfare, expectation and media hype. Zendai, a Chinese developer, bought a 1600-hectare site north-east of Johannesburg for the development, which was quickty (2) the “New York of Africa” Early plans showed it was to include 55,000 housing units, 1,468,000 m2 of office space and all the necessary amenities for urban life in the form of a single large-scale urban district. The cost estimate was set at §5.7 billion, The developer believed that Modderfontein could function as a global business hub and would become Johannesburg's main commercial centre, replacing Sandton. The project would ‘also change Johannesburg's international profile by strengthening relations with Asian corporate interests, However, despite the release of futuristic computer-generated images which led to significant publicity for the project, it never materialised. Instead, the land was eventually sold off. A local developer has since begun construction on a much more (3) in the form of a gated-community style housing development. Modderfontein has faded away from the public consciousness. The story of why it failed has never been adequately told in the media, Rumours circulated that the project was hindered by conflicting visions between the developer and the City of Johannesburg. Moreover, unexpectedly low demand for both housing and office space meant the original plan for the project was incompatible with the city’s slow-moving real estate market. eo Beeeeenaca (Gl peau Peete) | © HEE UBBE CO DEE Ofte ae ba Copyright © 2021 Future House Languages reves (S) MaWhen the Modderfontein New City project was announced six years ago in South Afrca, it understandably caused (4) _____ both in the media and among the public. Its most convincing selling point was that it would completely change Johannesburg's urban footprint. A well-known Chinese property developer splashed out on an impressive site of over 1600 hectares, which got the nickname ‘the New York of Africa’. It was to include over 50,000 houses as well as office blocks at a staggering cost of $5.7 billion. The idea was to replace Sandton as the (5) What's more, it aimed to reposition and strengthen Johannesburg's profile on the international front. Regardless of the plans made, this promising project wasn’t meant to be and unfortunately never came to fruition, Since then, another developer has shown interest in the project, albeit on a much smaller scale, When finished, the project is said to be a futuristic, gated urban development. The project’s media coverage has died down immensely and no one is exactly sure what led to its demise. However, itis seid the project's failure was due to conflicting views between the property developer and the city as well as a @)_ real estate market 6 ORS! o Bigs: setts @ OEMS! © Gas Meri O nittiree. ob Gimeno ett Both texts are on the same topic. The information found in one text compliments or gives more specific details about the information found in the other. Remember that all the options are usually grammatically possible. Remember that you need to read both texts to be able to choose the correct answer, as the information you need is likely to be found in the other text. A good strategy is to ask yourself "What information is missing here?" and then scan the other text until you find a sentence relating to a similar piece of information. Use this as a clue to guide your answer choice. Notice that the incorrect answers often have an opposite or contradictory meaning. Use this, to help you eliminate incorrect choices if you don't know the meaning of all the words. “9 Copyright © 2021 Future House Languages| >>> R4: MULTIPLE TEXT GAP-FILL >» To complete the task, you need to complete the text by filling in the gaps with the appropriate word or phrase. Choose the correct option from A, Bor C. Emon em ery res it may seem like life would be easier if we could be entirely rational. But evolution has supported the development of feeling and thinking exactly because we need them both. Feelings take care of our desires and needs now, while (1)____ is defending our comfort and security in the future. The argument about whether one or the other is more fundamental, or whether one leads to the other, goes back centuries. In the 19th and 20th centuries, there were famous debates between William James {the “father of American psychology”) and Walter Cannon about which comes first between physiological arousal and neurological processing. Current debates about IQ vs. EQ tap a similar vein. The IQ, or Intelligence Quotient, has been a standardized representation of intelligence developed over the course of the 20th century and is widely used in institutional settings, starting especially with the military in WWII. EQ (or Emotional Quotient) is a relatively new distinction hatched in the late 80s to early 90s and is much less standardized. EQ emphasizes abilities to apprehend, empathize and (2)__ emotion inter-personally. There is significant evidence that emotional intelligence (EQ) can be a (3) of many dimensions of life-success than IQ, but these are complex theories that are still not firmly established. Theres still much work to be done in mapping the territory. Like all good relationships, neither emotion nor reason is very effective all by itself (if that were even possible). They work best together, with emotion providing the drive and direction, and reason organizing the path. 0 OS o e Bees eke: 0 DER! ORG! eB! ie CCopyrignt © 2021 Future House LanguagesIg it better to use emotional thinking when making a decision or to use our rational thinking? Emotional thinking takes care of the things we need and want at any given moment based on how we feel, whereas, rationality leans more toward defending ourselves against danger or harm in the future. The (4) ‘about emotional and rational thought has paved the way for some in-depth studies, with the main one being the fundamentality of one or the other. There have been scores of deliberations over the centuries, culminating in today’s battle between IQ and EQ, the latter being a lot less regulated than its predecessor. We have seen a shift in the importance of emotional intelligence, which is connected to a person's ability to employ empathy and to use their emotions when dealing with other people. ‘A lot of evidence shows that EQ is a better indicator of how successful a child will grow up to be. Although none of these (5)__and there is a long way to go to prove or disprove these findings. What is known for sure is that both areas are of importance and surely (6) . High levels of both types of intelligence can effectively guide us through life’s trials and tribulations by motivating us and paving the way ahead with rational decision-making, Tees [Sy CONCEPTS ARE BELIEVABLE [iM B }] THEORIES ARE SET IN STONE aerate omruerure fs} pcateohieraunig aU wu) Both texts are on the same topic. The information found in one text compliments or gives more specific details about the information found in the other. Remember that all the options are usually grammatically possible. GE-OLD ARGUMENT UNCONVENTIONAL WISDOM Remember that you need to read both texts to be able to choose the correct answer, as the information you need is likely to be found in the other text. A good strategy is to ask yourself "What information is missing here?" and then scan the other text until you find a sentence relating to a similar piece of information, Use this as a clue to guide your answer choice. Notice that the incorrect answers often have an opposite or contradictory meaning, Use this to help you eliminate incorrect choices if you don't know the meaning of all the words. st Copyright© 2021 Future House Languages|| >> 4: MULTIPLE TEXT GAP-FILL »” complete the task, you need to complete the text by filling in the gaps with the appropriate word or phrase. Choose the correct option from A, B or C. Re SHINE T SUA XT 1 As in many countries in Western Europe, supposed ‘witches’ were hunted and sent to the ropes or the flames in England throughout the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. Catholic religious leaders publicly vilified innocent women and practising ‘witchcraft’ was made punishable (1)__in 1563. The unfortunate targets of this wrath were mostly elderly women living in poverty. What's more, their @ had a huge impact on the likelihood of them being accused of dancing with the devil. The keeping of household pets was also seen asa sign of the occult. If you were unlucky enough to stand accused of witchcraft, you were in fora terribly painful death. Instruments of torture were gleefully used on these poor and unsuspecting women, and in most cases resulted in the woman owning up to her purported guilt. ‘A frantic witch hunt took over the north of England in the mid 17th century under the direction of a so- called ‘Witchfinder General’ Mr Hopkins, who cast his own bloody spell over small towns and villages in Yorkshire. Executions and hangings were common under his jurisdiction; with a mere (3) enough to convict a woman of practising the occult, ‘One man was responsible for the murders of over 300 innocent women, and the remains of Mr Hopkin’s devilish work were still being found around the country until the last century. In the roaring 20s, the remains of two women were found in a common grave with iron nails protruding from where their knees, shoulders and elbows were attached - a gruesome sight indeed, but not without a twisted logic. This torture was inflicted to prevent a witch from coming back to life and taking revenge on her executioner. oe Cae maces) BEE Page 00s ue 0 DE Ee Eitace = Copytight © 2021 Future House LanguagesWitchcraft was not made a capital offence in Britain until 1563 although it was deemed heresy and was denounced as such by Pope Innocent Vill in 1484, From 1484 until around 1750 some 200,000 witches were tortured, burned or hanged in Western Europe. Most supposed witches were usually old women, and invariably poor. Those who were unfortunate enough to be ‘withered’, ‘hideous’ or ‘deformed’ were thus assumed to possess the ‘Evil Eye’. If they also had a cat this was taken as proof, as witches always had a ‘familiar, the cat being the most common. Many unfortunate women were condemned on this sort of evidence and hanged after undergoing appalling torture. The thumbscrews and boiling hot leg irons usually (4) from the supposed witch. Witch fever gripped the north of England during twelve terrible months in 1645, and a man called Matthew Hopkins, an unsuccessful lawyer offered his services. He became known as the ‘Witchfinder General’. He had 68 people put to death in one small town alone, and 19 hanged in a village in a single day. Much of Matthew Hopkins’ theories of deduction were based on Devil's Marks, and a simple wart, mole or even a flea-bite could be taken as damning proof. The last reminder of Hopkins’ reign of terror was discovered in 1921. Two female skeletons were found in a garden, pinned into unmarked graves and with iron rivets driven (5) This was to make sure a witch could not return from the grave to (6) ___. Hopkins was responsible for over 300 executions. ONFE 0 DEEZ aka ON (5 A] taroucntaeiesonrs IB] ro THEIR skus ieeenccens ° oa Both texts are on the same topic. The information found in one text compliments or gives more specific details about the information found in the other. Remember that all the options are usually grammatically possible. Remember that you need to read both texts to be able to choose the correct answer, as the information you need is likely to be found in the other text. A good strategy is to ask yourself "What information is missing here?" and then scan the other text until you find a sentence relating to a similar piece of information. Use this as a clue to guide your answer choice. Notice that the incorrect answers often have an opposite or contradictory meaning. Use this to help you eliminate incorrect choices if you don't know the meaning of all the words. Copyight® 2021 Future House Languages