Module 2

College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Module 2
Importance of Aquaculture
Systems
ABEn 165: AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING Prof. MANOLO B. LORETO, Jr

Lessons:
2.1 General considerations
Recognize several factors in the choice of aquaculture systems
2.2 Aquaculture systems
Explain the characteristics of aquaculture systems
Discuss set-ups and operations of aquaculture systems
2.3 Environmental Impact of aquaculture
Describe the impact of aquaculture systems to environments

2.1 General Considerations

The selection of the aquaculture system or approach to
adopt in a particular development, is determined by
several factors including the following:
i. Development goals/objectives and target

beneficiaries.
ii. Acceptability/marketability of culture species.
iii. Availability and level of technology.

2.1 General Considerations
iv. Availability of production inputs and support

facilities and services.
v. Investment requirements, and
vi. Environmental considerations.

Development goals/objectives
➢ Increase supply or production

➢ Generate employment or livelihood
➢ Greater foreign exchange revenues
➢ Socio-economic development

Culture species
➢ Availability of suitable sites for culture

➢ Biological characteristics of indigenous or
introduced/exotic species,
➢ Suitability for culture
➢ Acceptability in the target market
➢ Availability of technology

Technology Availability
The selection of a particular culture system depend on

whether or not the technology is available in the project
area and the level of complexity and/or transferability to
the fish farmer beneficiaries

Availability of Inputs and Support Facilities
Ready available production inputs, such as seeds,

feeds and ancillary facilities and services like
hatcheries, feed mills, process plants, ice plants and
cold storage within or proximate to the project area is
ideal

Investment requirements
- major cost items include initial development and pre-

operating costs (land/site acquisition), production
inputs (seed, feed, fertilizers, pesticides) and
operating maintenance costs (labor, power, supplies
and materials) and miscellaneous expenses

Investment requirements
- financial investment required to set up, operate and

maintain an aquaculture operation depends on the
level of technology involved and the type of culture
system adopted

Environmental Considerations
- water quality problem due to intensive culture

- disturbed ecological balance in number of coastal
zones due to destruction of mangrove forests
- possibility of eutrophication of natural waters due to
high nutrient loads discharged from ponds

2.2 Aquaculture Systems

A number of aquaculture practices are used world-wide in three types of
environment, such as:
Freshwater – is any
naturally occurring
liquid/solid water containing
low concentrations of
dissolved salts and other
dissolved solids
Freshwater


Brackishwater – water
occurring in a natural Brackishwater
environment having more
salinity than freshwater, but
not as much as seawater. It
is may result from mixing
seawater with fresh water or
Freshwater
estuaries


Marine
Marine – synonymous with Brackishwater

seawater having a salinity of
3.5% (35g/L, 35 ppt, 600
mM)
Freshwater

Culture Systems
In terms of the culture systems, there are four criteria of its
classification as follows:
a. Type of culture structure – describes what encloses or supports
the aquaculture organisms
b. Water exchange – describes the amount of water exchanged
or the control over water flow to the system
c. Intensity of culture – reflects the number of aquaculture
organisms per unit area or water volume and also the ability of
the natural productivity to support the crop
d. Fish farming methods – number of fish species reared in the
same pond
Culture Structure
Ponds Tanks

Culture Structure
Raceways Cages

Culture Structure
Pens

Water exchange
Static Open

Water exchange
Semi-closed Recirculating

Intensity of culture
Extensive – involves production systems with low production per
unit volume.
- species being farmed are kept at a low density and
there is minimal input of artificial substances and
human intervention
Intensive – production per unit volumes is much higher and
more technology and artificial inputs are used to
achieve high production rate.
- Investment cost per unit volume farmed (feeds,
pesticides, disease control, etc) is higher
Intensity of culture
Semi-Extensive – combination of the intensive and extensive
production system
Example:
Intensive fry production combined with
extensive ongrowing

Culture species
Monoculture – only one specie is raised or farmed in a given

project area
Polyculture – 2 or 3 species are raised or farmed in a given

project area. However, these species must not
compete for resources (food, trophic level, etc)

Comparative features
Parameter Extensive Semi-Intensive Intensive

Species used Monoculture or Monoculture Monoculture
Polyculture
Stocking Rate Moderate Higher than Maximum
extensive culture

Eng’g Design May or may not With provisions Very well
and Layout be well laid-out for effective engineered
water system with
management pumps and
aerators to
control water
quality and
quantity

Very big ponds Manageable- Small ponds,
sized units (up to usually 0.5-1
Eng’g Design 2 ha each) ha.each
and Layout
Ponds may or Fully cleaned Fully cleaned
may not be fully ponds ponds
cleaned


Fertilizer Used to enhance Used regularly Not used
natural with lime
productivity
Pesticides Not used Used regularly Used regularly
for prophylaxis for prophylaxis


None Regular feeding Full feeding of
of high quality high quality
feeds feeds
Food and Depending on
Feeding stocking density
Regimen used, formulated
feeds may be
used partially or
ABEn 165: AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING totally Prof. MANOLO B. LORETO, Jr

Cropping
Frequency 2 2.5 2.5
(crops/y)

Quality of Good quality Good quality Good quality
product
Culture species Confined to Confined to
dominant but culture species culture species
extraneous
species may
occur
Variable sizes Uniform sizes Uniform sizes

2.3 Environmental Impact of Aquaculture

While aquaculture industry is beneficial in terms of food
security, creation of livelihood and employment,
generation of income, etc. however, it is not exempted
from the fact that it may cause some environmental
impact if not considered during the inception stage and
make prevention of it by employing new technology
and/or practice.

The amount of environmental impact caused by an

aquaculture system is closely related to intensity of the
system. The more intense the system, the larger the
environmental effects


In general, negative effects can be outlined as follows:
a. Eutrophication of water bodies

b. Spoiling of the beauty of the environment
c. Destruction of the ecosystems
d. Public health risks
e. Displacement of stocks

Possible environmental impacts of aquaculture

Culture System Environmental Impact
EXTENSIVE
May occupy formerly pristine reefs; rough
Seaweed culture weather losses; market competition;
conflict/failure, social disruption
Public health risks and consumer resistance
Coastal bivalve culture (microbial diseases, red tides, industrial
(mussels, oysters, clams, pollution; rough weather losses; seed
cockles) shortages; market competition especially for
export produce; failures, social disruption

EXTENSIVE
Destruction of ecosystems, esp. mangroves;
Coastal fishponds increasingly non-competitive with more
(mullets, milkfish, intensive systems; non-sustainable with high
shrimps, tilapias) population growth; conflicts/failures, social
disruption
Pen and cage culture in Exclusion of traditional fishermen;
eutrophic waters and/or navigational hazards; conflicts, social
rich benthos (carps, disruption; management difficulties; wood
catfish, milkfish, tilapias) consumption

SEMI-INTENSIVE
Freshwater: health risks to farm workers
from waterborne diseases.
Fresh- and brackishwater Brackishwater: salinization/acidification of
pond (shrimp and prawns, soils/aquifers
carps, catfish, milkfish, Both: market competition, especially for
mullets, tilapias) export produce; feed and fertilizer
availability/prices; conflicts/failures, social
disruption.


SEMI-INTENSIVE
As freshwater above, plus possible
consumer resistance to excreta-fed
Integrated agriculture-
produce; competition from other users of
aquaculture (rice-fish; live
inputs such as livestock excreta and cereal
stock/poultry-fish;
brans; toxic substances in livestock feeds
vegetables - fish and all
(e.g., heavy metals) may accumulate in
combinations of these)
pond sediments and fish; pesticides may
accumulate in fish


SEMI-INTENSIVE
Sewage-fish culture Possible health risks to farm workers, fish
(waste treatment ponds; processors and consumers; consumer
latrine wastes and resistance to produce.
septage used as pond
inputs; fish cages in
wastewater channels)


SEMI-INTENSIVE
Cage and pen culture, As extensive cage and pen Systems above.
especially in eutrophic
waters or on rich benthos
(carps, catfish, milkfish,
tilapias)


INTENSIVE
Freshwater, Effluents/drainage high in BOD and
brackishwater and marine suspended solids; market competition,
ponds (shrimps; fish, especially for export product;
especially carnivores - conflicts/failures, social disruption.
catfish, snakeheads,
groupers, sea bass, etc.)


INTENSIVE
Freshwater, Accumulation of anoxic sediments below
brackishwater and marine cages due to fecal and waste feed build-up;
cage and pen culture market competition, especially for export
(finfish, especially produce; conflicts/failures, social disruption;
carnivores - groupers, sea consumption of wood and other materials.
bass, etc. - but also some
omnivores such as
common carp)


INTENSIVE
Effluents/drainage high in BOD and
Other - raceways, silos,
suspended solids; many location-specific
tanks, etc.
problems.

Thank you
AE 175: AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING Prof. MANOLO B. LORETO, Jr

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College of Engineering and Technology

Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering

ABEn 165: AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING Prof. MANOLO B. LORETO, Jr

ABEn 165: AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING Prof. MANOLO B. LORETO, Jr

2.1 General Considerations

i. Development goals/objectives and target

ABEn 165: AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING Prof. MANOLO B. LORETO, Jr

2.1 General Considerations

iv. Availability of production inputs and support

ABEn 165: AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING Prof. MANOLO B. LORETO, Jr

➢ Increase supply or production

ABEn 165: AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING Prof. MANOLO B. LORETO, Jr

➢ Availability of suitable sites for culture

ABEn 165: AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING Prof. MANOLO B. LORETO, Jr

The selection of a particular culture system depend on

ABEn 165: AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING Prof. MANOLO B. LORETO, Jr

Availability of Inputs and Support Facilities

Ready available production inputs, such as seeds,

ABEn 165: AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING Prof. MANOLO B. LORETO, Jr

- major cost items include initial development and pre-

ABEn 165: AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING Prof. MANOLO B. LORETO, Jr

- financial investment required to set up, operate and

ABEn 165: AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING Prof. MANOLO B. LORETO, Jr

- water quality problem due to intensive culture

ABEn 165: AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING Prof. MANOLO B. LORETO, Jr

2.2 Aquaculture Systems

ABEn 165: AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING Prof. MANOLO B. LORETO, Jr

2.2 Aquaculture Systems

ABEn 165: AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING Prof. MANOLO B. LORETO, Jr

2.2 Aquaculture Systems

Marine – synonymous with Brackishwater

ABEn 165: AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING Prof. MANOLO B. LORETO, Jr

ABEn 165: AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING Prof. MANOLO B. LORETO, Jr

ABEn 165: AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING Prof. MANOLO B. LORETO, Jr

ABEn 165: AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING Prof. MANOLO B. LORETO, Jr

ABEn 165: AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING Prof. MANOLO B. LORETO, Jr

ABEn 165: AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING Prof. MANOLO B. LORETO, Jr

ABEn 165: AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING Prof. MANOLO B. LORETO, Jr

Monoculture – only one specie is raised or farmed in a given

Polyculture – 2 or 3 species are raised or farmed in a given

ABEn 165: AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING Prof. MANOLO B. LORETO, Jr

Parameter Extensive Semi-Intensive Intensive

ABEn 165: AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING Prof. MANOLO B. LORETO, Jr

ABEn 165: AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING Prof. MANOLO B. LORETO, Jr

ABEn 165: AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING Prof. MANOLO B. LORETO, Jr

Parameter Extensive Semi-Intensive Intensive

ABEn 165: AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING Prof. MANOLO B. LORETO, Jr

Parameter Extensive Semi-Intensive Intensive

Parameter Extensive Semi-Intensive Intensive

ABEn 165: AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING Prof. MANOLO B. LORETO, Jr

ABEn 165: AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING Prof. MANOLO B. LORETO, Jr

2.3 Environmental Impact of Aquaculture

ABEn 165: AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING Prof. MANOLO B. LORETO, Jr

2.3 Environmental Impact of Aquaculture

The amount of environmental impact caused by an

ABEn 165: AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING Prof. MANOLO B. LORETO, Jr

2.3 Environmental Impact of Aquaculture

a. Eutrophication of water bodies

ABEn 165: AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING Prof. MANOLO B. LORETO, Jr

Possible environmental impacts of aquaculture

Possible environmental impacts of aquaculture

Possible environmental impacts of aquaculture

ABEn 165: AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING Prof. MANOLO B. LORETO, Jr

Possible environmental impacts of aquaculture