Asim trey 4 College of Engineering and a Information Techno F ony 210 ase Department of Media! asrumentaton & EI ela ‘Techniques Engineering AlShaab University Electronic Workshop Training No.3 ( Capacitors ) Group Names: Ali Khaled Dawaza lubna raad kareem Maryam Firas Harboon Fatima Mukhlis Hussain Class: C Group No: 3Training No.3 Capacitors 1. Objective a) To Identify capacitors, study different types of capacitors and coding. b) The study of series and parallel capacitors circuits. The student will measure the equivalent of capacitors connected in series and parallel. 2. Apparatus 3 capacitors of different values, D.C. power supply, voltmeter, and connecting wires (leads). 3. Procedure of the training a) We Make sure that each capacitor is discharged (V=0) by connecting a wire lead across the capacitor for about 30 seconds. b) We Wire the capacitors in series as shown in Figure 16 (but do not connect them to the battery). Pay close attention to the polarity of the capacitors and the way they are connected. The capacitors used in this, experiment are electrolytic capacitors and the polarity of the plates is important. Make sure the ends of the lead wires do not come in contact with each other. c) We Connect the battery to the series combination of capacitors. d) We Measure the voltage across each capacitor and the battery voltage and record these values in your data table. You are finished with the series combination. e) We Disconnect the capacitors, discharge each capacitor as you did before and wire the circuit in parallel as shown in Figure 15 (but do not connect them to the battery).f) We Connect the battery to the parallel combination of capacitors. g) We Measure the voltage across each capacitor and the voltage across the battery and record in your data table. 4.Discussion a) Which way should capacitors be connected to give you the largest amount of energy stored? Ans: By connecting several capacitors in parallel, the resulting circuit is able to store more energy since the equivalent capacitance is the sum of individual capacitances of all capacitors involved. b) For each connection, calculate the amount of energy stored in each of the three capacitors. Add up these energies to get the total energy stored in each of the series and parallel connections. Ans: Series Connection: i E=5Cxv? 1 A = 7100 x 1076 x 4.52 =1x 10737 a E,= 7100 x 10° «5:32 14x10 27 E; = 4100 x 10-* x 5.092 = 1.2 x 10-87 =o . i E, = E, + Ey + E3 E, = 1x 1073 +14 x 1073 + 1.2 x 1073 = 3.6 x 10-37Parallel Connection: 1 E=5Cxv? E, = 2100 10-6 x 15.11? = 11.4 x 10-77 1=5 $5.11? = 11. 1 i ie E; = 7100 x 10 © x 15.11? = 114x103) 1 E3 = 7100 M10 & $15.11 —41 4-410; 37) E, = E, + Ey + E3 E, =114.x 10-3 + 11.4 x 10-3 + 11.4 x 10-3 = 0.0342 c) Two capacitors, of 2.0 and 4.0 F capacitance, are connected in parallel across a 300 V potential difference. Calculate the total energy stored in the capacitors. Ans: The total energy is the sum of the energies stored in the individual capacitors. Since they are connected in parallel, the potential difference V across the capacitors is the same and the total energy is : U=21 (C1 +C2)V2 =21 (2.0«10-6F +4,0«10-6F)(300V)2 =0.275. d) A parallel plate capacitor has circular plates of 8.2 cm radius and 1.3 mm separation. (a) Calculate the capacitance. (b) What charge will appear on the plates if a potential difference of 120 V is applied? Ans: a) The capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor is given by C = e0A/d, where A is the area of each plate and d is the plate separation. Since the plates are circular, the plate area is A = R?, where R is the radius of a plate. Thus,(: 85 x 10-12 “mn (8.2 x 10-2m)2 _ €0nR® d 13x 10-3m = 144pF = 144 x 10°F b) The charge on the positive plate is given by q = CV, where V is the potential difference across the plates. Thus, q = (1.44 x 1071°F)(120V) = 1.73 x 1078F = 144pF ) Write down expressions for the following: ( C1 in terms of V and QU Ans: C, = Gi) C2 in terms of V and Q2 Ans: C2 = (iii) C3 in terms of V and Q Ans: C; = iv) Cin terms of V and Q3 Ans: C = % £) What is the total charge Q of all three capacitors in terms of Q1, Q2 and Q3? Ans: Q = Q; + Q2 + Q3 g) Using your answers to (e) and (f), obtain an expression for C in terms of C1, C2, and C3. = B4Q4Os Ome Ans: C => 7 C=S4242 my C=Q4+Q46‘h) What is the combined capacitance of a 10 j1F capacitor and a 20 uF capacitor connected in parallel, and then connected in series to a 30 uF capacitor as shown below. uF If If 2046 Ans: Taking the two in parallel first, we have C, = 10uF + 20uF = 30uF Combining this with the other capacitor in series, we have ooo 1 CG 30uF * 30nF 30uF = 15pFSERIES CONNECTION Bat | js BV 1 1 oe Cr 2G =4 —- <4 OM RGR Bsn e VieVi + Vat Vs Capacitance Voltage Charge © | loowlatat Ve] See] a | WSarls4| Ve | S3uY Se +184 Cs |iee woke [Y= | Sot |e | S:oTact) Cag [FFE SKE vy |B Cr | 00 ¥/6 $e A 2 PSK aPARALLEL CONNECTION I—|—| 220ut c tt bates t— 15V Vr=Vi = V2 = V3 Cp = LG 41 = CV, G2 = C2V2, 43 = C3V3 qr=qi + q2 + 43 Capacitance Voltage ‘Charge C Joo + 155 \OW® LIS¥ © | foo 1OL. 15. \Aw \.oW tse] C | Joon 765 V~ |S: Iv er Cu | YB | Vn NSM Boo «logDetermi i rmine the Time ant “harging and Discharging of a © RC Charging Cirewit ‘Switch L ro Ny - T “Te Capacitor Charging Voltage Ccapactor Vonage 3 ro 7 eT Time.t Time Constant, (7) Capacitor Fully Charged #R-c Capacitor Charging Current ~ Vo= Vg (1-0/ROD) Capacitor Current aaa eT me.t Time Constant (1)Vv Time Constant Voltage 1h Current R 0.5 time constant pas %s 5B 45] 60.7% een 7 1S 0.2 timeconstant | 0.77 = 0.7RC trot] 50.3% Us | 49.7% loM4H © “(yb 10 time constant IT= IRC aug | 36.8% 10s 366) 2.0time constants | 2T=2RC ay LE 63.2% weg | 865% 1445) 13.5% ASS] (2 me 3.0time constants | 3T=3RC as | 95.0% Was | 5.0% Cage 4.0time constants | 4T=4RC 584 | 98.2% (4. #3 | 1.8% ol 5.0 time constants | ST=5RC 73 BH 99.3% (4 848] 0.7% Oat e RC Discharging Cireuit AW Re- Ge 19. Gre XT Xl yeh Jeo E -\eeeaes| Tc ‘Time Constant RC Value Voltage \G Current | mi 0.5 time constant OST =0.SRC | 0-23 | 60.7% | A+ los 39.3% 0-343) 0.7 time constant 0.77 = O.7RC Iota] 49.7% | 1.456, 50.3% 0-503) 1.0 time constant IT=1RC NUS 36.8% | Sob 63.2% areal 2.0 time constants 21=2RC 2A | 13.5% | 2.0%) 86.5% 0&5 3.0 time constants 3T=3RC 4.3% | 5.0% | 0.%5 95.0% 0.48 4.0 time constants AT=4RC 5:Sy 18% | oF 98.2% os ABL 5.0 time constants ST=S5RC 43 | 07% [oles 99.3%