FACTORIZATION

PREAMBLE: Simplify the rational expression.

1. (x2 + 2x + 1)/(x + 1)
ANSWER: (x + 1) [ (x +1)2/(x +1) = x + 1]
2. (x2 – 2x)/(x2 – 4)
ANSWER: x/(x + 2) [ x(x – 2)/(x + 2)(x – 2) = x/(x + 2)]
3. (x2 – 49)/(x + 7)
ANSWER: (x - 7) [ (x - 7)(x + 7)/(x + 7) = (x – 7)]
Preamble: Factorize the quadratic expression
1. 2x2 – x - 3
ANSWER: (2x - 3)(x + 1) [2x2 + 2x – 3x – 3 = 2x(x + 1) – 3(x + 1)
= (2x - 3)(x + 1)]

2. 3x2 + x - 4
ANSWER: (3x + 4)(x - 1) [3x2 – 3x + 4x – 4 = 3x(x - 1) + 4(x - 1)
= (3x + 4)(x - 1)]

3. x2 – 5x - 6
ANSWER: (x + 1)(x - 6) [x2 – 6x + x – 6 = x(x - 6) + 1(x - 6)]

Factorise the expression completely

1. 5xy3 + 15x2y

ANSWER: 5xy(y2 + 3x)

2. 2x(x + y) - 4xy

ANSWER: 2x(x – y)

3. 48x2 – 147y2

ANSWER: 3(16x2 – 49y2) = 3(4x + 7y)(4x – 7y)

4. (-3x3 +2x2 + 7x+ 5) – (6x3 -5x – 7)

ANSWER: -9x3 + 2x2 + 12x + 12

5. (-3x4 + 2x2 + 7x – 6) + (8x3 – 3x2 – 8x + 7)

ANSWER: -3x4 + 8x3 – x2 – x+ 1

6. (4x6 – 2x + 7) – (- 3x6 – 2x + 7)

ANSWER: 7x6

1. (x2 – 4)/(x2 – 2x), where x  2, x  0

ANSWER: (x + 2)/x
FACTORIZATION

2. (x3+y3)/(x + y), where x   y

ANSWER: (x2 – xy + y2)

3. (2x + 8)/(x2 – 16), where x  4

ANSWER: 2/(x - 4) [ ( 2(x + 4)/(x – 4)(x + 4) = 2/(x – 4)]

1. 49x2 – 81y2
ANSWER: (7x – 9y)(7x + 9y) (difference of two squares

2. (a2/4 – b2/9)
ANSWER: (a/2 – b/3)(a/2 + b/3)

3. 9x2/4 – 16y2/25
ANSWER: (3x/2 – 4y/5)(3x/2 + 4y/5)

Evaluate the numerical expression:

4. 1212 - 212

ANSWER: 14,200 [ 1212 – 212 = (121 – 21)(121+21) = 100(142) = 14,200]

5. 852 – 152

ANSWER: [ (85 – 15)(85 + 15) = 70(100) = 7,000]

6. 732 - 232

ANSWER: [(73 – 23)(73 + 23) = 50(96)= 4,800]

1. If x +3y = 2x, find the ratio x : y

ANSWER: x:y=3:1 [x = 3y, hence x/y = 3/1 and x: y = 3 : 1]

2. If 2x – y/2 = y, find the ratio y : x

ANSWER: y : x = 4 : 3 [2x = 3y/2, hence y/x = 4/3, and y : x = 4 : 3

1. If A = , find an expression for r

ANSWER:

2. If , find an expression for u

FACTORIZATION

ANSWER: [ ]
3. Make s the subject of the relation

ANSWER: [ ]
Preamble: Solve the quadratic equation

1. x2 – 4x – 12 = 0
ANSWER: x = 6, -2 [(x - 6)(x + 2) = 0, x = 6, -2]
2. x2 – 7x + 10 = 0
ANSWER: x = 2, 5 [(x - 5)(x - 2) = 0, x = 5, 2]
3. x2 – x – 20 = 0
ANSWER: x = 5, -4 [(x - 5)(x + 4) = 0, x = 5, -4]
Factorize completely

1. a2 – b2 – 3(a + b)
ANSWER: (a + b) (a – b – 3) [(a - b) (a + b) -3(a + b) = (a + b) (a – b - 3)]

2. 2x2 – 9x + 10
ANSWER: (2x - 5) (x - 2) [2x2 – 4x – 5x + 10 = 2x(x - 2) – 5(x - 2)
= (2x - 5) (x - 2)]

3. a2 – 2a - 24
ANSWER: (a + 4) (a - 6) [a2 – 6a + 4a – 24 = a(a - 6) + 4(a - 6) =
(a + 4) (a - 6)]

PREAMBLE: Factorise completely.

1. 4x2 + 20x + 25
ANSWER: (2x + 5)2 [4x2 + 10x + 10x + 25 = 2x(2x + 5) + 5(2x + 5) = (2x + 5)
(2x + 5)]
2. (x + 5)2 – 16
ANSWER: (x + 9)(x + 1) [ (x + 5 + 4)(x + 5 – 4) = (x + 9)(x + 1)]
3. x2(x + 1) – 9(x + 1)
ANSWER: (x + 1)(x + 3)(x – 3) [(x + 1)(x2 – 9) = (x + 1)(x + 3)(x – 3)]

Find the value(s) of x for which the expression is not defi ANSWER: x = 0
1. x(x- 2)/(x – 1)
FACTORIZATION

ANSWER: x = 1

2. (x + 1)/(x2 – 4)
ANSWER: x = 2

Factorise the given expression:

1. x2 -7x – 18

ANSWER: (x – 9)(x – 2) [ x2 – 9x + 2x – 18 = x(x – 9) + 2(x – 9) = (x – 9)

(x + 2)
2. (x – 3)2 – y2

ANSWER: (x – y – 3)(x + y – 3) [ difference of two squares ]

2
3. 2x – 13x + 15 = 0

ANSWER: (x – 2)(2x – 9) [2x2 – 4x – 9x + 18 = 2x(x – 2) – 9(x – 2) = (x –

2)(2x – 9)]

1. Find three consecutive natural numbers whose sum is 84.

ANSWER: 27, 28, 29
[The middle term is 84/3 = 28, hence the numbers are 27, 28, 29]
Factor into a product of two binomials

1 x2 – xy – 12y2
ANSWER: (x + 3y)(x – 4y) [x2 + 3xy - 4xy – 12y2 = x(x +3y) – 4y(x + 3y) = (x + 3y)(x
– 4y)]

2 8x2 – 2xy - y2
ANSWER: (4x + y)(2x – y) [8x2 – 4xy + 2xy – y2 = 4x(2x – y) + y(2x – y) = (4x + y)
(2x – y)]

3 5x2 – 4xy – 12y2

ANSWER: (5x + 6y)(x – 2y) [5x2- 10xy + 6xy – 12y2 = 5x(x – 2y)+ 6y(x – 2y) = (5x +
6y)(x – 2y) ]

Solve the simultaneous equations

1. y = x2 + 3 and y = 4x

ANSWER: x = 1, y = 4, and x = 3, y = 12
[x2 + 3 = 4x, x2 – 4x + 3 = (x – 3)(x – 1) = 0, x = 1, 3, If x = 1, y = 4
and for x = 3, y = 12]
2
2. y = x + 6, and y = 5x

ANSWER: x = 2, y = 10 and x = 3, y = 15
[ x2 + 6 = 5x, x2 – 5x + 6 = 0, (x – 3)(x – 2) = 0, x = 2,3 ; if x = 2, y =
10 and if x = 3, y = 15
2
3. y = x and y = 4x + 5
FACTORIZATION

ANSWER: x = -1, y = 1 and x = 5 , y = 25

[ x2 = 4x + 5 , x2 – 4x – 5= 0, (x – 5)(x + 1) = 0, hence x = -1, 5; if x
= -1, y = 1 and if x = 5, y = 25]
2
2 Factorise completely 2x - 9x + 10
ANSWER: (2x – 5)(x – 2) [2x2 – 4x - 5x + 10 = 2x(x – 2) - 5(x – 2) = (2x – 5)(x – 2)]
2
1 Factorise completely 2x – 5y + 5x – 2xy
ANSWER: (2x + 5)(x – y) [2x2 – 2xy + 5x – 5y = 2x(x – y) + 5(x – y) = (2x + 5)(x –
y)]
2 Evaluate 1782 - 782
ANSWER: 25,600 [(178 – 78)(178+ 78) = 100(256)= 25,600]
2
3 Factorise 8x – 98
ANSWER: 2(2x – 7)(2x + 7) [ 2(4x2- 49) = 2(2x – 7)(2x + 7)]

Simplify the expression

a 2  4b 2 a 2  4b 2 (a  2b)(a  2b) a  2b
 
1. a  4ab  4b
2 2
[ a 2
 4 ab  4b 2
( a  2b )( a  2b ) a  2b ]

a  2b
ANSWER: a  2b
x2  y 2 x2  y 2 ( x  y )( x  y ) x y
 
2. x 2  2 xy  3 y 2 [ x  2 xy  3 y
2 2
( x  3 y )( x  y ) x  3 y ]

x y
ANSWER: x  3 y

a 3  b3 a 3  b3 (a  b)(a 2  ab  b 2 )
  a 2  ab  b 2
3. a  b [ a  b ( a  b ) ]

ANSWER: a 2  ab  b 2
1. 1752 - 752
ANSWER: 25,000 [ (175 – 75)(175 + 75) = 100(250) = 25000 ]
2. 2372 – 1872
ANSWER: 21,200 [ (237 – 187)(237 + 187) = 50(424) = 21200 ]
3. 2252 - 1752
ANSWER: 20,000 [ (225 – 175)(225 + 175) = (50)(400) 20000 ]
Express the given number as the difference of two squares
1. 96
ANSWER: 102– 22, 112 – 52, 142 – 102, 252 – 232, [ any one should do]
2. 48
ANSWER: 72 – 12, 82 – 42, 132 - 112,
3. 64
ANSWER: 82 – 02, 102 – 62, 172 – 152
FACTORIZATION

2 Find the highest common factor of 175 and 245

ANSWER: 35 [175 = 52 x 7, 245 = 72 x 5, hcf(175, 245) = 5 x 7 = 35
PREAMBLE: Factorise.
1. 2x2 – 7x – 15
ANSWER: (2x + 3)(x – 5) [2x2 – 10x + 3x – 15 = 2x(x – 5) + 3(x – 5) = (2x
+ 3)(x – 5)]
2. 3x2 + 2x – 5
ANSWER: (3x + 5)(x – 1) [ 3x2 + 5x – 3x – 5 = x(3x + 5) – 1(3x + 5) = (3x +
5)(x – 1)]
3. 4x2 – x – 3
ANSWER: (4x + 3)(x – 1) [4x2 – 4x + 3x – 3 = 4x(x – 1) + 3(x – 1) = (4x +
3)(x - 1)]
3 Find the product (3√x + √y)(2√x - 3√y)
ANSWER: 6x – 3y - 7√(xy) [(3√x + √y)(2√x – 3√y) = 6x- 3y + 2√xy – 9√xy = 6x – 3y -
7√xy]

1 81x4 – 16y4
ANSWER: (3x – 2y)(3x + 2y)(9x2 + 4y2)
[ (3x)4 – (2y)4 = [(3x)2 – (2y)2][(3x)2 + (2y)2] = (3x – 2y)(3x + 2y)(9x2 + 4y2) ]

2 x4 + 18x2 + 81
ANSWER: (x2 + 9)2
[ x4 + 9x2 + 9x2 + 81 = x2(x2 + 9) + 9(x2 + 9) = (x2 + 9)(x2 + 9) = (x2 + 9)2]

3 x3 – 125y3
ANSWER: (x – 5y)(x2 + 5xy + 25y2)

PREAMBLE: Factorise completely

1. 2a2 – 6b + 6a – 2ab
ANSWER: 2(a - b)(a + 3) [2a2 – 2ab + 6a – 6b = 2a(a - b) + 6(a - b) = 2(a - b)(a +
3)]

2. 9a2b – 25b3
ANSWER: b(3a – 5b)(3a + 5b) [b(9a2 – 25b2) = b(3a – 5b)(3a + 5b)]

3. 3ac – 6ad – 2bc + 4bd

ANSWER: (c – 2d)(3a – 2b) [3a(c – 2d) – 2b(c – 2d) = (c – 2d)(3a – 2b)]
FACTORIZATION

ROUND 1A
Multiply and simplify

1 (3x + 2)(5x2 – x – 4)
ANSWER: 15x3 + 7x2 – 14x – 8
[ 15x3 + 10x2 - 3x2 – 12x – 2x – 8 = 15x3 + 7x2 – 14x – 8]

2 (5x + 4)(x2 – 3x + 2)
ANSWER: 5x3 – 11x2 - 2x + 8
[ 5x3 – 15x2 + 4x2 – 12x + 10x + 8 = 5x3 – 11x2 – 2x + 8]

3 (3x – 2)(3x2 – x + 4)
ANSWER: 9x3 – 9x2 + 14x – 8
[ 9x3 – 6x2 – 3x2 + 12x + 2x – 8 = 9x3 – 9x2 + 14x – 8]
1Simplify (x4 – 1)/(x2 – 1).
ANSWER: x2 + 1
[ (x4 – 1)/(x2 – 1) = (x2 + 1)(x2 – 1)/(x2 – 1) = (x2 + 1]

2 Factorise the trinomial 5x2 - 4xy – 12y2

ANSWER : (5x + 6y)(x – 2y)
[ 5x2 – 10xy + 6xy – 12y2 = 5x(x –y) + 6y(x – 2y) = (5x + 6y)(x – 2y)]

Preamble: Factorise completely

1. 2a2 – 6b + 6a – 2ab

ANSWER: 2(a – b)(a + 3) [ 2a2+ 6a – 6b – 2ab = 2a(a + 3) – 2b(3 + a) = 2(a – b)(a + 3) ]

2. 3ab + 9a – 2b – 6

ANSWER: (3a – 2)(b + 3) [ 3a(b + 3) – 2(b + 3) = (3a – 2)(b + 3) ]

3. 2ac – bc – 4ad + 2bd
ANSWER: (2a – b)(c – 2d) [ c(2a – b) – 2d(2a – b) = (2a – b)(c – 2d) ]
PREAMBLE:Factorise the expression
1. ac + 2bc + 2bd + ad
ANSWER: (a + 2b)(c + d) [ (ac + ad) + (2bc + 2bd) = a(c + d) + 2b(c + d) = (a +
2b)(c + d) ]
2. 2ac – bc + 2ad – bd
ANSWER: (2a – b)(c + d) [ (2ac + 2ad) – (bc + bd) = 2a(c + d) – b(c + d) = (2a –
b)(c + d) ]
3. 2ac + 6bc – ad – 3bd
ANSWER: (a + 3b)(2c – d) [ (2ac + 6bc) – (ad + 3bd) = 2c(a + 3b) – d(a + 3b) =
(a + 3b)(2c – d)
Factorise completely.
1. x3 + 2x2 + 5x + 10
FACTORIZATION

ANSWER: (x + 2)(x2 + 5) [x2(x + 2) + 5(x + 2) = (x + 2)(x2 + 5)],

2. 2a3 – 2a2 + 3a – 3
ANSWER: (a – 1)(2a2 + 3) [ 2a2(a – 1) + 3(a – 1) = (a – 1)(2a2 + 3)]
3. y3 + y2 – 4y – 4
ANSWER: (y + 1)(y – 2)(y + 2) [ y2(y + 1) -4(y + 1) = (y + 1)(y2 – 4) = (y +
1)(y – 2)(y + 2)
1. Given that tanA = 1/3 and A is acute, evaluate tan 2A.
ANSWER: ¾ [tan2A = 2tanA/(1 – tan2A) = (2/3)/(1 – 1/9) = (2/3)/(8/9) = ¾]
: Evaluate
1. 7452 - 2552
ANSWER: 490,000
[ (745 – 255)(745 + 255) = 490 x 1000 = 490,000]
2. 5552 – 4452
ANSWER: 110,000
[ (555 - 445)(555 + 445) = 110 x 1000 = 110,000]
3. 6752 - 3252
ANSWER: 350,000
[ (675 – 325)(675 + 325) = 350 x 1000 = 350,000]
PREAMBLE:Factorise completely.
1. x3 – 3x2 - 4x + 12.
ANSWER: (x – 2)(x + 2)(x – 3)
[ x2(x – 3) – 4(x – 3) = (x2 – 4)(x – 3) = (x – 2)(x + 2)(x – 3)]
2. x3 + x2 + 2x + 2.
ANSWER: (x + 1)(x2 + 2)
[ x2(x + 1) + 2(x + 1) = (x + 1)(x2 + 2)]
3. 2x3 – x2 –18x + 9.
ANSWER: (x – 3)(x + 3)(2x – 1)
[ x2(2x – 1) – 9(2x – 1) = (x2 – 9)(2x – 1) = (x – 3)(x + 3)(2x – 1)]
Perform the indicated operations and express your answer in scientific notation.
1. (5 x 108)(7 x 107)
ANSWER: 3.5 x 1016 [35 x 108 + 7 = 35 x 1015 = 3.5 x 1016]
2. (5 x 10-12)(6x 107)
ANSWER: 3.0 x 10-4 [30 x 10-12 + 7 = 30 x 10-5 = 3.0 x 10-4]
3. (8.2 x 10-6)/(4.1 x 10-3)
FACTORIZATION

ANSWER: 2.0 x 10-3 [(8.2/4.1) x 10-6 + 3 = 2.0 x 10-3]