Design Small Scale Biodiesel Extraction Machine

Design Small Scale Biodiesel Extraction Machine 2007E.
K I
O T
Design Small Scale Biodiesel
Extraction Machine
By: Ayalkibet Tefera
Eldana Luel
Gebrekidan Abadi
Habtamu Adno
A Thesis Submitted to Department of Mechanical Engineering of Kombolcha Institute of

Technology in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in
Design of small scale biodiesel extraction machine.
Bachelor Science Thesis

Wollo University
Kombolcha Institute of Technology
Department of Mechanical Engineering
MED-2015-014BSC
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Design Small Scale Biodiesel Extraction Machine 2007E.C
Abstract
Some of the prominent barriers for the transition towards plants based bio fuels or biodiesel in
Ethiopia are technical gaps and lack of awareness about the advantages of the plants oil
(especially, the jatropha and castor) beyond the purposes of fences and lack of utilization
technologies. In addition, since the seed, productions are not yet sufficient and the engine driven
presses or big centralized processing facilities are not feasible in rural areas, so that, small-scale
screw press is possible. In this study, seed oil extraction method has been investigated and
various alternatives for the extraction machine have been considered. For continuous operation,
oil extraction with a screw press is evaluated as the most appropriate solution. The working
principle of the selected screw press based on the rotation of screw shaft mounted inside a barrel.
The screw is ACAM-threaded. Then the seed are pushed forward by the threads on the rotating
screw shaft and pass through inside the casing. So, the fed seeds are compressed as they move to
the other side of the casing. An oil recovery efficiency of 90% has been achieved at 20rpm with
10 kg/h seed capacity. Since the oil, content of the seed is taken as 40%, oil recovery rate of the
developed oil extraction the press powered by hand simple operating mechanism and the oil
recovery capacity of 2.5 liters oil per hour.
.
Keywords: Biodiesel, castor, jatropha, Seed Oil, Screw Press, extraction machine
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Acknowledgement
First and above of all we would like to thank the almighty for God who help us from begging to
ending this work. Next, we would like to express sincere appreciation to Azemeraw Tadesse for
his guidance, advice, criticism, systematic supervision, encouragements, and insight throughout
the study. We also give special thanks go to our class colleagues for their valuable support and
aid. We also thank our beloved families, our friends and mechanical engineering staff for their
great support and encouragement throughout this project.
Authors:
Ayalkibet, Habtamu, Gebrekidan and Eldana
ID No:
ITR/1101/03, ITR/477/03, ITR/1125/03, ITR/355/03
Bsc, on small-scale biodiesel extraction, Mechanical Engineering
Wollo University Kombolcha Institute of Technology
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Table of Contents
Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................I
Acknowledgement ....................................................................................................................................III
Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................................... IV
List of tables........................................................................................................................................... VIII
Symbols and Acronyms ........................................................................................................................... IX
List of Conversion Factors ...................................................................................................................... XII
Chapter one: Introduction ..........................................................................................................................1
1.1 Backgrounds of Information and Justification .....................................................................................1
1.2 statement of the problem ......................................................................................................................2
1.3 Objectives of The Thesis .....................................................................................................................2
1.3.1 General Objective .........................................................................................................................2
1.3.2 Specific Objectives: ......................................................................................................................2
1.4 Significance the Thesis ........................................................................................................................3
1.5 Scope of the thesis ...............................................................................................................................3
1.6 Methodology of the thesis ....................................................................................................................3
Chapter Two: Literature review .................................................................................................................4
2.1 Energy ..................................................................................................................................................4
2.2 Types of Energy ...................................................................................................................................4
2.2.1 Primary Energy .............................................................................................................................4
2.2.2 Secondary Energy .........................................................................................................................5
2.3 Nonrenewable energy ..........................................................................................................................5
2.4 Renewable energy ................................................................................................................................5
2.4.1. Solar Energy.................................................................................................................................6
2.4.2 Geothermal Energy .......................................................................................................................7
2.4.3 HydroElectricity ............................................................................................................................7
2.4.4 Wind Energy .................................................................................................................................7
2.4.5 Biomass energy .............................................................................................................................7
2.5 Energy Resource of Ethiopia ...............................................................................................................8
2.5.1 Hydro ............................................................................................................................................8
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2.5.2 Geothermal ....................................................................................................................................9

2.5.3 Wind..............................................................................................................................................9
2.5.4 Solar Energy..................................................................................................................................9
2.6 Household Energy in Ethiopia .............................................................................................................9
2.7 Biodiesel ........................................................................................................................................... 10
2.7.1 Biodiesel Production in Ethiopia ............................................................................................... 11
2.7.2 Advantages of Biodiesel ............................................................................................................ 12
2.7.3 Source of Biodiesel (Biodiesel Feedstock) ................................................................................ 13
2.8 Oil Extraction Machine ..................................................................................................................... 19
2.8.1Compare Various Methods Of Extraction................................................................................... 20
2.8.1.1 Non Motorized Expelling...................................................................................................... 20
2.8.1.2 Motorized Expellers ................................................................................................................ 21
2.8.1.3 Heavy-Duty Industrial Expellers ............................................................................................ 21
2.9 Type Of Oil Extraction Method ........................................................................................................ 21
2.9. 1 Traditional Methods .................................................................................................................. 21
2.9.1a Manual Methods....................................................................................................................... 21
2.9.1b Ghani ........................................................................................................................................ 21
2.9.2 Small Scale Manual Oil Expeller Machine ................................................................................ 22
2.9.3 Solvent Extraction Processes ..................................................................................................... 23
2 .9.4 Mechanical Oil Extraction ........................................................................................................ 23
2.9.5 Main Type Of Screw Press Oil Extraction ................................................................................. 24
2.9.5.1 Komet Screw Press ................................................................................................................. 24
2.9.5.2 Rose Downs Oil Presses ......................................................................................................... 25
2.9.5.3 Vincent Screw Presses ............................................................................................................ 26
2.9.5.4 Strainer press ........................................................................................................................... 26
2.9.5.5 Cylinder Hole Press ................................................................................................................ 27
Chapter Three: Result And Discussion ................................................................................................... 28
3.1 Energy Analysis ................................................................................................................................ 28
3.2 Design And Analysis Of The Machine ............................................................................................. 29
3.2.1preliminary Design...................................................................................................................... 29
3.3 Main Body Of The Machine ............................................................................................................. 30
3.3.1 Screw Shaft ................................................................................................................................ 30
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3.3.2 Hopper........................................................................................................................................ 30
3.3.3 Casing/Barrel ............................................................................................................................. 30
3.3.4 The Heating System ................................................................................................................... 30
3.4 Material Selection ....................................................................................................................... 31
3.4.1 Material For Screw..................................................................................................................... 31
3.4.2 Material for Handle .................................................................................................................... 31
3.4.3 Material for Casing or Barrel ..................................................................................................... 31
3.4.4 Material For Nozzle ................................................................................................................... 31
3.4.5 Material For Frame .................................................................................................................... 32
3.5 Detail Design .................................................................................................................................... 32
3.5.1 Design Of Hopper ...................................................................................................................... 32
3.5.2 Design Of Handle....................................................................................................................... 35
3.5.3 Design Of The Screw ................................................................................................................. 35
3.5.4 Design Of The Barrel Or Casing................................................................................................ 39
3.5.5 Design of Frame ......................................................................................................................... 40
3.5.6 Nozzle ........................................................................................................................................ 41
3.5.7 Oil Drainage Zone...................................................................................................................... 41
3.5.8 Oil Collectors ............................................................................................................................. 42
3.5.9 Bearing Selection ....................................................................................................................... 42
3.6 Assemble Drawing ............................................................................................................................ 43
Chapter Four: Conclusion, Recommendation and Future Work ............................................................. 44
4.1 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 44
4.2 Recommendation .............................................................................................................................. 44
4.3Future Work ....................................................................................................................................... 44
Reference ................................................................................................................................................ 45
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List of figures
Figure 2.1: A picture of Jatropha mature seeds ............................................................................ 15
Fig2.1b: jatropha seeds ................................................................................................................. 15
Fig 2.2a castor plants .................................................................................................................... 17
Fig 2.2b castor seeds ..................................................................................................................... 17
Fig2.3traditionalIndianGhaniusedforoilexpeller .......................................................................... 22
Fig 2.4: komet Screw Press , ......................................................................................................... 25
Figure2.5: Screw with Resistor Bars manufactured by Vincent Corporation ............................... 26
Fig 2.6 strainer screw press........................................................................................................... 27
Fig 2.7 hole cylinder screw press .................................................................................................. 27
Fig3.2: Hopper .............................................................................................................................. 34
Fig 3.3; Handle .............................................................................................................................. 35
Fig3.5 screw trade ......................................................................................................................... 37
Fig 3.6 casing or barrel ................................................................................................................. 40
Fig 3.7 frame.................................................................................................................................. 40
Fig 3.8 Nozzle ................................................................................................................................ 41
Fig 4 Assemble drawing................................................................................................................. 43
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List of tables
Table2.1: jatropha fact sheet ......................................................................................................... 15
Table 2.2: Oil content of seeds of different origin determined by soxhlet extraction .................... 16
Table2.3 the physical properties of jatropha and castor seeds ..................................................... 18
Table3.1: bill of material ............................................................................................................... 32
Table 3.3 standard bearing selected parameter ............................................................................ 42
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Symbols and Acronyms
WB=World Bank
WHO=world health organization
WVO=waste vegetable oil
ECSA=Ethiopian central statistical authority
EPA=Environmental Protection Agency
GHG=green house gas
GHG=green house gas
GW=Gega watt
GWH=gega watt per hour
IRENA =International renewable energy
KWH=kilo watt per hour
LUMWE=less useful more waste energy
LPG=liquid petroleum gas
SNNPR=southern nation nationality and people region
UN=united nation
MW=mega watt
SVO=straight vegetable oil
Ha=hectare
OH=hydroxide
b=gap between core diameter and casing
CO=carbon monoxide
Dbi =inner diameter of barrel
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Dbo =outer diameter of barrel
Df =diameter frustum
dm =mean diameter
E =Modulus of elasticity
FN=Normal force
Fs = Resultant force on screw shaft
Fts=Tangential force
Fxs =Axial force
H =height between core diameter and casing
Hcy =height of cylinder
hf = height of frustum
L =p=Pitch
LH =Length of handle
Ls =Length of thread
Lt =Length of thread
m =mass
Mb =bending moment
Nt =Number of screw thread
Pi =Internal pressure
rcy=radius of cylinder
Rf =longer radius of frustum
rf=small radius of frustum
Sut =Ultimate strength
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Syt =Yield strength
t=thickness
Ts =Torque on screw shaft
Vf=volume of frustum
Vr =required volume
α=Lead angle
η=efficiency
θ=Trapezoidal angle
ρ=density
σb=tensile stress
σt =Maximum principle stress
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List of Conversion Factors

1 Mega joule (MJ) = 106 Joules
1 Gigajoule (GJ) = 109 Joules
1 Terajoule (TJ) = 1012 Joules
1 Petajoule (PJ) = 1015 Joules
1 Exa joule (EJ) = 1018 Joules
1 toe = 41.868 *109 Joules
1 ton = 1,000 Kilogram
1 Cubic Meter = 1,000 Liters
1 Gallon = 3.785 Liters
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Chapter one: Introduction
1.1 Backgrounds of Information and Justification

In developing countries that include Ethiopia, especially in rural areas 2.5 billion people really on
biomass such as fuel wood ,charcoal, agricultural waste ,animal dung to meet their energy needs for
cooking and lighting [1]. In many countries, the resource account for over 90 percent of household
energy consumption is biomass. Use of biomass is not itself a cause for concern. However, when
resources are harvested unsuitability and energy conservation technologies are inefficient there are
serious adverse consequences for health, environment and economic development. About 1.3 million
people mostly women and children die prematurely every year because exposure to indoor air
pollution from biomass. Valuable time and effort is devoted to fuel collection (that is wood, animal
dung) instead of education or income generation. Environmental damage can also result such as land
degradation and air pollution.
One approach to provide these people with energy to increase living standards is to enable them
produce energy from local resources. Promising local renewable energy sources for people living in
tropical region is biodiesel, which expelled from jatroph and castor plants that are oil yielded seeds.
What distinguishes jatropha and castor from many other bio fuel crops are benefits they can offer to
relatively small areas. Once either the oil removed from the seeds, mechanically or chemically, the
oil and it is by product can serve, various purpose some of which are: liquid fuel, fertilizer and soap.
A biological fuel that used for cooking, baking and lighting is known as bio diesel. That means a fuel
can found from renewable resource such as plants and animal fats. The escalating price of crude oil
in the international market has promoted the Ethiopian government to consider the utilization of bio
fuel such as jatropha and castor seeds. Switching of oil based helps to improve the household energy
usage that means for heating, cooking, baking and lighting. Therefore, from the above standing point
to change or switching the countries household energy to technologies way the thesis focus on
biodiesel.
Mechanical screw press is the most popular method in the world to separate oil from vegetable
oilseed on small to medium scale. Reasons for its popularity are its low initial and operational cost,
can easily operated, maintained and adopted by low-skilled personnel.
Furthermore, it is possible to manufacture screw presses locally creating additional local

employment. Both the oil and de-oil press cake obtained using screw presses are free of solvents and
other chemicals as opposed to the more efficient solvent extraction method.
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1.2 statement of the problem

Although the countries’ have many energy resource that are renewable and non renewable, the
cooking stoves are still traditional. The use of traditional cooking technology is the main cause for
the inefficient and unsustainable utilization of biomass that leads to massive deforestation.
Incomplete combustion under poorly ventilated space causes indoor air pollution that has a potential
health problem especially to women and children, According to WHO statistics (2009); indoor
smoke from solid fuels is responsible for 2.7% of the total burden of disease. Moreover, women and
children travel a long distance frequently to collect the fuel wood and carry it on their back, which
leads to the loss of natural posture of their back and serious pain in the long-term. In addition,
women are sexually, abused in the forest while collecting fuel wood; and children spend more time
for collecting wood than going to school and learn. On the other hand, negative environmental
impacts from poorly managed municipal solid waste such as GHG emissions, creating bad odor,
blocking sewerage system and decreasing the beauty of the city are also serious problems in the
country [1].
Generally, In Ethiopia, most of people use a bio mass and some people that live in urban area
also use petroleum for cooking, lighting and baking. These also have the effect such as
 Increase the deforestation.
 Increase the labor cost because of the fuel collection.
 Increase environmental pollution.
 The burden when fuel collection also increases specially for women’s and
children.
 The health of women’s and children’s which live in rural area is affected by
this traditional usage.
1.3 Objectives of the Thesis
1.3.1 General Objective

. The general objective of the thesis is to designing small-scale biodiesel oil extraction machine.
1.3.2 Specific Objectives:

. The specific objectives of the thesis are:
 To analysis energy consumption in rural households.

 To identifying, the potential feedstock’s biodiesel production.
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 To identify the appropriate technology for biodiesel extraction machine.

 To select appropriate material for designing the machine.
 To come up with the small-scale biodiesel extraction machine.
1.4 Significance the Thesis

Basically the thesis would be solve the above problems, means it is specially use for developing
countries which uses a bio mass for house hold that is traditional. Therefore, after completed and
produce of this machine in developing country mostly significant would be in rural areas and the
secondary significant would be policy makers, researchers, students and small micro industries
enterprise.
1.5 Scope of the thesis

The scope of the thesis is considering in the developing countries house hold energy using level and
focused on a bio diesel that can be expelled from castor seed and jatropha and also consider the
material availabilities for designing the machine which is small and easy to operate.
1.6 Methodology of the thesis

In order to get an empirical knowledge literature review uses as a potential that means books and
website has been surveyed for this thesis. From those literature review survey, data has collected and
organized. In this thesis, the data that used as primary are books and internet. They organized by
using technological services that are computers, auto cads, Microsoft of exile. From the data
organize to energy analysis is analyzed and compared based on the efficiency and advantage of it for
the future. After analyzing the energy and by using principle of design and its consideration the
appropriate machine have been selected and designed the small scale biodiesel extraction machine of
each component.
Finally based on the analysis of energy and design consideration (i.e. result and discussion) he thesis
is finalized with concluding and recommending on the future energy consumption of household in
Ethiopia.
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Chapter Two: Literature review
2.1 Energy
Energy has become a prime requirement for the development of human society. With the
industrialization, considerable economic development has taken place in many countries. Energy is
the source of life however; there is a limited supply of energy on earth. Thus, renewable energy
utilization must wide spread all over the world otherwise; the end of life would be UN avoidable.
One other important reason to prefer renewable energy is the environmental pollution depending on
the emission of the burning of fossil fuels. This emission such as carbon dioxide, sulfur cause green
house effect, which lead contamination and warming of the earth [2].
There for the utilization technologies of the renewable energy resource must be, encourage and
developed to increase the demand for renewable energy types. Renewable energy source are
inexhaustible and environmentally friendly. Since the energy, which is reverse back, comes from the
sunlight, wind, falling water, waves, geothermal heat or biomass in other words they are part of
nature. Each type of renewable has its own special advantage. From the early ages, the energy
consumption of the world has compensated partially by renewable energy types.
Until the mid 1800s, mostly wood was used as an energy source. In addition, many large plants and
mills were located near the streams to generate electricity during the industrial era in Europe and N.
America. in the mid 1850s as the fossil fuels usage, which are mainly coal and oil increased
production plants where not limited to locate by rivers or streams because instead of water, fossil
fuels were started to grow up at the location that are closer to the source of markets, seaports and raw
materials. From 1950s to present the amount, renewable energy consumption has increased.
Increased in amount and variety of renewable energy resource is directly proportional with the
increase in population, which leads to increase the energy demand. The renewable energy source are
growing in important but combined still make up less than 15 percent of worlds energy consumption.
2.2 Types of Energy

Primary and secondary types of energy are the two main types of energy. Primary energy is
extracted or capture directly from the environment, but the secondary energy is converted from the
primary energy in the form of electricity or fuel. Distinguishing the primary and secondary energy
sources is important in the energy balances to count and record energy supply, transformations, and
losses.
2.2.1 Primary Energy

Primary energy is the energy extracted or captured directly from the environment.
Three distinctive groups of primary energy are:
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• Nonrenewable energy: (fossil fuels) coal, crude oil, natural gas and nuclear fuel.
 Renewable energies are hydropower, biomass, solar energy, wind, geothermal
and ocean energy [1].
 waste
2.2.2 Secondary Energy

The primary energy is transforms to secondary energy in the form of electric, gasoline, fuel oil,
methanol, ethanol, and hydrogen. The primary energy of renewable energy sources, such as sun,
wind, biomass, geothermal energy, and flowing water are usually equate with either electrical
thermal energy produced from them. Final energy is often electrical energy and fuel, which referred
to as useful energy. The selected four types of final energy are electrical, thermal, mechanical, and
chemical energy. There are two types of energy; these are renewable and non-renewable energies.
2.3 Nonrenewable energy

It is generally, accepted that nonrenewable energy sources or fossil fuels are formed from the
remains of dead plants and animals by exposure to heat and pressure in the earth’s crust over the
millions of years. The main types of nonrenewable energy sources, Petroleum , Natural gas and
Nuclear.
2.4 Renewable energy

In its various forms, renewable energy comes directly from the sun, or from heat generated deep
within the earth [4]. In 2008, about 19% of global final energy consumption came from renewable
with 13% coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly uses for heating, and 3.2% from
hydroelectricity. Other Renewable such as small hydro, biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and
befouls contributed around 2.7% and are growing rapidly. The share of renewable in electricity
generation is around 18%, with 15% of global electricity coming from hydroelectricity and 3% from
new renewable. Climate change concerns, high oil prices, and government support are leading to
increase in renewable energy usage and commercialization.
Consequently, between 2004 and 2009, worldwide renewable energy capacity grew at rates of 10–
60% annually creating businesses and employment. Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in
four distinct areas: power generation, hot water/space heating, transport fuels, and rural (off grid)
energy services.
Renewable power generation provides 18% of total electricity generation worldwide. Renewable
power generators are spreads across many countries, and wind power alone already provides a
significant share of electricity in some areas.
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Solar hot water contributes a portion of the water heating needs of over 70 million households in
many countries.
Renewable bio fuels have contributed to a decline in oil consumption in Brazil, the United States
and many other countries. The 93 billion liters of bio fuels produced worldwide in 2009 displaced
the equivalent of an estimated 68 billion liters of gasoline, equal to about 5% of world gasoline
production.
New and emerging renewable energy technologies are still under development and include cellulosic
ethanol, hot-dry-rock geothermal power, and ocean energy. Renewable energy generally gets
cheaper in the long term, while fossil fuels generally get more expensive. Fossil fuel technologies
are more mature, while renewable energy technologies are beings rapidly improved to increase the
efficiency of renewable energy and reduce its cost.
In rural and remote areas, transmission and distribution of energy generated from fossil fuels can be
difficult and expensive; therefore producing renewable energy locally can offer a viable alternative.
The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) promotes the adoption of renewable energy
worldwide. As of March 2010, IRENA has 143 member states. Renewable energy policy targets
exist in some 73 countries around the world, and public policies to promote renewable energy use
have become more common in recent years. Mandates for blending befouls into vehicle fuels have
been enacts in 17 countries. The shift from food crop feedstock to waste residues and native grasses
offers significant opportunities for farmers and investors.
 Solar energy
 wind energy
 geothermal energy
 hydroelectricity
 biomass energy
2.4.1. Solar Energy

The sun can be used to produce heat, light, hot water, electricity, and even cooling, for homes,
businesses, and industry The two common ways to produce electricity from the sun are the solar cell
technologies also called photovoltaic cells, and solar-thermal technology. Photovoltaic systems
consist of wafers or other conductive materials. When sunlight hits the wafers, a chemical reaction
occurs and electricity is release. They are uses in all kinds of equipments, from calculators and
watches to roadside emergency phones.
Solar-thermal technologies collect the sun's rays with mirrors or other reflective material in order to
heat the liquid. By heating the liquid, its vapor is used for activate a generator and produce
electricity. There is another way to benefit from the sun that is buildings, window constructions are
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adjusts according to sunrise and sundown directions. Consequently, consumption of electricity, for
cooling in summer and for warming in winter, would be much more cost effective.
2.4.2 Geothermal Energy

The simplest meaning of geothermal is the heat coming from the Earth. An extreme amount of heat
is contained in liquid rock called magma that is in the interior of the Earth. These heat zones might
be located close to the surface by the help of the convective circulation. Convective circulation is
kind of a deep circulation of ground water, which meets the heat along the fracture zones of the
magma and discharges as hot springs. For direct use applications, the hot water and/or steam is pipe
to the surface by drillers in order to generate electricity by turning a steam turbine. This electricity is
uses for heat houses or in various applications for industry.
2.4.3 HydroElectricity
Hydropower converts the energy of the flowing water into electricity. The quantity of electricity
depends on the volumetric flow rate of the water and the height of water surface from the turbines.
Hydropower plants produce about 24 percent of the world's electricity and supply power to more
than 1 billion people all over the world.
2.4.4 Wind Energy

Wind energy can be collects by using wind turbines and windmills to generate electricity. Wind
turbines can use as stand-alone applications, or they can build close together called wind farm.
Electricity acquired from the stand-alone turbines is usually uses for water pumping or
communications whereas in the wind farms, hundreds of turbines provide electricity to the power
grid. Other utilities of the wind turbines are charging batteries, pumping water, and grinding grains
of agricultural products. Wind power stations can construct quicker than other conventional sources.
Further, wind power has no constraints on any other non-renewable energy sources that acquiring
process of the electricity from the wind turbines is independent of fuel consumption. The
independency on any other type of energy is very advantageous during obtaining electricity from
renewable energy in rural areas since transportation and cost of the fossil fuel is sometimes difficult
to supply for far villages. For this reason, small turbines can use effectively in the villages to
compensate the energy needs [4].
2.4.5 Biomass energy

Biomass is an important source of energy worldwide and is abundantly available on earth. Many
other types of biomass energy can be used now which consists of trees, agricultural crops and
associated residues like plant fiber, animal wastes, and organic industrial waste. Emission from
burning of biomass is carbon dioxide neutral since it absorbs the same amount of carbon dioxide
when growing as a plant. Biomass can used as a solid fuel, or converted into liquid or gaseous forms.
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It can used to produce electric power, heat, chemicals, or fuels. There are three types of biomass
applications: Bio fuels: Biomass can directly convert into liquid fuels, to use in transportation such
as cars, trucks, buses, airplanes, and trains. Biomass can burn directly or convert into liquid or gas
state to generate electricity or industrial process heat and steam [14].
Bio product, Petroleum based products can be substituted by bio product which are not only made
from renewable sources also they usually requires less energy for production. The renewable energy
source indicates trees, agriculture crops and associated residues like plant fiber, animal waste and
organic industrial waste. Emission from burning of biomass is carbon dioxide neutral since it
absorbs the same amount of carbon dioxide when growing as a plant. Biomass can use as a solid fuel
or converted in to liquid or gaseous forms. It can used to produce electric power heat, chemicals or
fuels.
2.5 Energy Resource of Ethiopia

Ethiopia has both renewable and non-renewable energy resource. The renewable energy sources
includes hydro, geothermal, wind, solar and bio energy; and the non-renewable energy resources are
coal and natural gas however, none of the non-renewable energy resources are exploited sources so
far.
2.5.1 Hydro
Ethiopia is endowed with a huge amount of water potential. Preliminary studies and professional
Estimates indicate that the country has an annual surface runoff close to 122 billion cubic meters of
water excluding ground water. From 80% to 90% of the country’s water resources is found in the
four river basins namely, Abay (Blue Nile), Tekeze, Baro Akobo, and Omo Gibe in the west and
southwestern part of the country whereas only 10% to 20% of the water resources available in the
east and central river basins [5]. The water resource of the country is used in many different ways
including electricity Generation, irrigation, fishery, tourism, drinking, cleaning and other processes.
The hydro energy potential of Ethiopia is estimated to be 30 to 45 GW [6]. Currently, the country
has around 2 GW installed capacity from operational hydropower plants [7]. Moreover, this shows
that only 4.4% of the hydro energy potential has been exploited. The country is also undertaking
several hydropower projects, which vary from feasibility study to construction phase. The Grand
Ethiopian Renaissance Dam is under construction on the Blue Nile River in the Benishangul Gumuz
Region, which is about 750 kilometers away from capital city, Addis Ababa. The dam will be the
largest hydroelectric plant in Africa when completed with installed capacity of 6 GW and 15,128
GWh of annual electricity generation. The reservoir of the dam will create 63 billion cubic meters
which can be used for agriculture and fishing [8]. The hydro power projects including Grand
Ethiopian Renaissance when completed will boost the country’s electricity generation with installed
capacity of 19,524 MW and annual electricity generation of81, 843 GWh.
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2.5.2 Geothermal
The geothermal potential of Ethiopia both thermal and electrical is estimated to be about 5 GW.
However, the geothermal resource suitable for electric power generation is about 700 MW. There is
one geothermal pilot plant called Aluto Langano with installed capacity of seven MW, which is 1%
of the available geothermal potential for electricity generation [6]. The country is committed to
explore the available potential by undertaking several projects in different geothermal sites. The
geothermal projects are projected to add up to 3,154 GWh of electricity by the end of 2018; and the
total installed capacity will reach to 457 MW.
2.5.3 Wind
The gross wind energy potential for power generation is about 169 GW and this potential can be
raised to 350 GW if areas, which are moderately suitable for wind power, are also included to the
gross potential. In the past, wind energy application in Ethiopia has been limited to water pumping.
However, currently there is a definite plan to exploit wind for power production [6]. In this regard,
the country has 81 MW installed capacity from Adama I wind farm (51 MW) and Ashegoda wind
farm (30 MW). The Ashegoda wind farm will have installed capacity of 120 MW when fully
completed. The wind power projects when completed will also increase the country’s electricity
generation with annual electricity generation of 2,409.7 GWh of electricity and installed capacity of
593 MW.
2.5.4 Solar Energy

Ethiopia receives 5.5 to 6.5 kWh/m2/day of solar radiation thus has a great potential for the use of
solar energy. Solar energy availability is constant throughout the year in the lowland areas of the
country but varies substantially in the highlands. The theoretical potential of solar energy is about
500 MW thermal/km2 and 100 MW electricity/km2. Solar energy application in the country consists
of water heating in major cities; and lighting and water pump powering in rural areas [6]. Solar
energy is also used in telecommunication applications of the country; and Ethiopia
Telecommunications Corporation is the major user of solar PV to power its remote telecom
installations [10].
2.6 Household Energy in Ethiopia

Ethiopia is the third largest user in the world of traditional fuels for household energy use, with 96%
of the population dependent on traditional biomass (e.g., fuel wood and dung) to meet their energy
needs; this is in comparison to 90% for Sub-Saharan Africa and approximately 60% for the African
continent .
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According to the report of Ethiopian Rural Energy development and Promotion Center (1998), that
is most recent year for which statistics on the energy sector are available, 77% of total final energy
consumption consisted of firewood and charcoal. while another 15.5% consisted of agricultural
residues only roughly 6% was met by modern energy sources such as, petroleum and electricity, and
only 1% of the population utilized electricity for cooking. Of total energy demand, households
consumed approximately 89%, while a mere 4.6% was due to industry. These patterns are expects to
continue, with overall energy demand forecast to grow between 2001 and 2010 by 3%, with growth
over these same years being 2.6% for biomass, 7.9% for electricity, and 8.7% for petroleum.
While Ethiopian demand for modern energy sources is expects to grow faster than for any other
energy source, biomass fuels will continue to dominate total energy consumption, the effects of
which, discussed in detail below are not without comes sequence. Given the presence of rapid
urbanization, however, these household energy patterns can been expected to shift considerably in
the coming years. To see how, consider first differences in fuel use between rural and urban
inhabitants. In rural areas, nearly 85% of the population depends on fuel wood as their primary fuel
for cooking, with the next largest primary dependency ratio being 12.65% for crop residue; only
0.21% of the rural population depends on kerosene for their primary cooking fuel, while the numbers
for electricity and LPG are 0.05 and 0.07%, respectively. Contrast this to the capital city of Addis
Ababa, where 42% of residents depend on kerosene as their primary fuel, compared to just 6.5%,
each, for LPG and electricity; approximately one quarter of the population in Addis Ababa depends
on fuel wood for their primary fuel, with 8% depending on crop residue and 4.5% depending on
charcoal.
Ethiopian Central Statistical Authority 2004, then all fuels used is considered; over 90% of the
population in Addis Ababa depends on kerosene. although no official statistics are available on all
fuels used by households in rural areas, the percentage of households who use kerosene is not likely
to vary greatly from those who use it as their primary fuel given kerosene is not widely available in
rural areas.
Clearly, then, as rural Ethiopian households migrate to urban centre, which they are doing at a rate of
over 4% per year, the energy balance of the country will shift (growth of the capital is rumored to be
greater than 6%); overall, fuel wood use will decline as households, in the absence of a suitable
alternative, switch to kerosene. (World Bank, 2007) This is beneficial in that it mitigates the
pressure on fuel wood, but detrimental in that dependency on petroleum imports increases; as
dependency on petroleum imports increases, so, too, will expenditures of valuable foreign exchange.
2.7 Biodiesel
Biodiesel refers to a diesel-equivalent, processed fuel derived from biological sources (such as
vegetable oils), which can be used in unmodified diesel-engine vehicles [11]. It is thus distinguishes
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from the straight vegetable oils (SVO) or waste vegetable oils (WVO) used as fuels in some diesel
vehicles. It is the product one gets when; organically derived oil such as vegetable oil or animal fat
chemically reacts with an alcohol to produce a fatty acid alkyl ester. It has become an interesting
alternative to be use in diesel engine, because it has similar properties to the traditional fossil diesel
fuel and may thus and substitute conventional fuel with none or very minor engine modification.
One of the attractive features of biodiesel is its biodegradability and being more environmental
friendly than the fossil fuels, resulting in less environmental imp-pact upon accidental release to the
environment. Emissions such as total hydrocarbons and CO are usually founds to significantly low
with biodiesel as compared to petroleum diesel.
This may be due to more complete combustion cause by the increased oxygen content in the flame
coming from the biodiesels molecules. It is always recommend producing biodiesel use waste
edibles oil or non-edibles oil such as jatropha, caster, pon-gamia pinnata, rubber seed and mango.
Production of biodiesel has not yet started in Ethiopia. However, a number of investors have started
to develop bio-fuel plants on large scale dedicated farms. As indicated in Land Area Dedicated
for Bio-Fuels Investment, in Ethiopia the total land area issued to investors for bio-fuels
development is 207,558 ha [13].
2.7.1 Biodiesel Production in Ethiopia

Biodiesel production is not yet started in the country. However, the country has a considerable
potential for growing biodiesel feedstock that can reach a biodiesel production level of 5 to 10
million tons per annum; and 20% of this amount could be sufficient to fully replace the volume of
diesel utilized in 2010. The country has suitable climate and soil for growing biodiesel feedstock
Jatropha, castor and palm are some of the feedstock used to produce biodiesel.
It is estimated that there is 23.3 million hectares suitable land for cultivation of biodiesel feedstock
in the country [12]. For large-scale biodiesel production, around 300,000 hectares of land has been
reserved to investors. Currently, about 26,000 hectares of land is covered with plantation but the
production of biodiesel has not yet started. The vegetable oils can be produced at small scale, but
refining into biodiesel is at much bigger scale. However, the expansion of biodiesel feedstock
plantations should be managed not to cause competition with food production. According to the
country’s bio fuel development and utilization strategy (2007), biodiesel production is necessary for
energy security especially in the transport sector which will be achieved by blending of biodiesel
with diesel so that to decrease consumption of diesel as well as GHG emissions. Electricity
generation and cooking fuel are other applications of biodiesel. The byproduct of biodiesel
production could also be used to produce soaps and cosmetic products [12].
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2.7.2 Advantages of Biodiesel

Advantages & Benefits, biodiesels are biodegradable, non-toxic, less greenhouse gases emissions
than petroleum-based diesel, renewable source of energy. Biodiesel is the only alternative fuel that
runs in any conventional, unmodified diesel engine. Biodiesel can be use alone or mixed in any ratio
with petroleum diesel fuel. The most common blend however is a mix of 20% biodiesel with 80%
petroleum diesel, or “B20”. Biodiesel is about 10% oxygen by weight and contains no sulfur. The
lifecycle production and use of biodiesel produces approximately 80% less carbon dioxide
emissions, and almost 100% less sulfur dioxide. Combustion of biodiesel alone provides over 90%
reduction in total unburned hydrocarbons, and a 75-90% reduction in aromatic hydrocarbons.
Biodiesel has a very high flash point (300 F) making it one of the safest of all alternative fuels, from
a combustibility point.
2.7.2.1 Heating and Lighting
As a heating fuel, it is often use in portable stoves, and has sold in some filling stations. It is
sometime use as a heat source during power failures. The use of portable kerosene heaters is not
recommend for closed indoor areas without a chimney due to the danger of buildup of carbon
monoxide gas. Kerosene is widely used in Ethiopia as a home heating fuel for portable and installed
kerosene heaters. In Ethiopia, kerosene can be readily bought at any filling station or be delivered to
homes. Ubiquitous in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, kerosene space heaters often built into
kitchen range, kept many farm, fishing families warm and dry through the winter. At one time citrus
growers used smudge pots fueled by kerosene to create a pall of thick smoke over a grove in an
effort to prevent freezing temperatures from damaging crops.
Before the days of blinking electrically lighted road barriers, highway construction zones were
marked at night by kerosene fired pot-bellied torches. Most of these uses of kerosene created thick
black smoke because of the low temperature of combustion. A notable exception, discovered in the
early 19th century, is the use of a mantle above the wick on a kerosene lamp. Looking like a delicate
woven bag above the woven cotton wick, the mantle was a residue of mineral material (thorium
dioxide) which glowed white hot as it burned the volatile gases emanating from the blue flame at the
base of the wick. These types of lamps are still in use today in areas of the world without electricity.
Paraffin oil is also use for fire performances such as poi and staff because of its low flash point,
making the fire low risk, should the performer meet the flame.
2.7.2.2Transportation
2.7.2.2.1Oil as Fuel
It is significant to point out that, the non-edible vegetable oil of Jatroph and castor has the requisite
potential of providing a promising and commercially viable alternative to diesel oil since it has
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desirable physicochemical and performance characteristics comparable to diesel. Cars could be runs
with Jatropha and castor without requiring much change in design.
2.7.2.2.2Use as Jet fuel

Aviation fuels may be more widely substituted with bio fuels such as jatropha oil than fuels for other
forms of transportation. On December 30, 2008, Air New Zealand flew the first successful test flight
with a Boeing 747 running one of its four
Rolls-Royce engines on a 50:50 blend of jatropha oil and jet A-1 fuel. Subsequently, Air New
Zealand and Houston based Continental Airlines have run tests in Jan. 2009, further demonstrating
the viability of jatropha oil as a jet fuel.
2.7.2.3. Cooking
In countries like Ethiopia, wood is the main fuel used for cooking, especially by the poor. Bio diesel
based stoves have replaced the traditional wood & cow dung based cooking appliances that are
unhealthy and inefficient and most of the bio diesel use in Ethiopia is for cooking. Hence, Ethiopian
government subsidizes the fuel to keep it a very low price and a major political issue.
2.7.2.4 Other
Biodiesel has been use to treat pools of standing water to prevent mosquitoes from breeding, notably
in the yellow fever outbreak of 1905 in New Orleans. It can also be use to remove lice from hair, but
this practice is painful and potentially very dangerous. In addition, use as for fertilizer for farming.
2.7.3 Source of Biodiesel (Biodiesel Feedstock)
A variety of oils can be use to produce biodiesel. These include:

 Virgin oil feedstock; rapeseed and soybean oils are most commonly used, soybean oil alone
accounting for about ninety percent of all fuel stocks; other crops such as mustard, flax, sunflower,
canola, palm oil, hemp, jatropha, castor, and even algae show promise.
 Waste vegetable oil (WVO)
 From animal fats that are tallow, lard, yellow grease, chicken fat, and the by-products of the
production of Omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil.
 Sewage a company in New Zealand has successfully developed a system for using sewage waste as a
substrate for algae and then producing bio-diesel.
 Thermal de polymerization is an important new process that reduces almost any hydrocarbon-based
feedstock, including non-oil based feeds tocks, into light crude oil.
Worldwide production of vegetable oil and animal fat is not yet sufficient to replace liquid fossil fuel
use. Furthermore, some environmental groups object to the vast amount of farming and the resulting
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over-fertilization, pesticide use, and land use conversion that they would be needed to produce the
additional vegetable oil.
Many advocates suggest that waste vegetable oil is the best source of oil to produce biodiesel.
However, the available supply is drastically less than the amount of petroleum-based fuel that is burn
for transportation and home heating in the world. According to the United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), restaurants in the US produce about 300 million US gallons (1,000,000
m³) of waste cooking oil annually. Although it is economically profitable to use WVO to produce
biodiesel, it is even more profitable to convert WVO into other products such as soap. Therefore,
most WVO that is not dump into landfills is use for these other purposes. Animal fats are similarly
limited in supply, and it would not be efficient to raise animals simply for their fat. However,
producing biodiesel with animal fat that would have otherwise been discarding could replace a small
percentage of petroleum diesel usage.
The estimated transportation fuel and home heating oil used in the United States is about 230 billion
US gallons (0.87 km³). Waste vegetable oil and animal fats would not be enough to meet this
demand. In the United States, estimated production of vegetable oil for all uses is about 24 billion
pounds (11 million tons) or 3 billion US gallons (0.011 km³), and estimated production of animal fat
is 12 billion pounds (5.3 million tons).
Biodiesel feedstock plants utilize photosynthesis to convert solar energy into chemical energy. The
stored chemical energy is release when it is burn, therefore plants can offer a sustainable oil source
for biodiesel production. Most of the carbon dioxide emitted when burning biodiesel is simply
recycling that which was absorbed during plant growth, so the net production of greenhouse gases is
small. Feed stock yield efficiency per acre affects the feasibility of ramping up production to the
huge industrial levels required to power a significant percentage of national or world vehicles. The
highest yield feedstock for biodiesel is algae, which can produce 250 times the amount of oil per
acre as soybeans. The feedstock that considered in this study is jatropha and castor because of that in
Ethiopia those seeds are highly cultivated.
2.7.3.1 Jatropha
Jatropha is one of the potential biodiesel feedstock, which can be grown in arid climates (rainfall of
200mm and mean temperature of 20 to 25 ) and marginal soils to produce 1000 kg of oil per
hectare [15].The productivity of jatropha ranges from 0.5 to 12 ton of seed per hectare. The
productivity depends on soil and rainfall for example; production of 5 tons of seed per hectare can be
gained in good soils and rainfall (900 to 1200 mm). The productivity is expected to drop to as low as
2 tons per hectare on soils of marginal productivity and in an arid climate. Jatropha can be produced
in degraded land and could not be compute land for food production. In rural areas, jatropha plant is
used as a living fence to keep away animals due to its toxicity. Jatropha cultivation could improve
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food productivity as its seed cake can be used as fertilizer. An average farmer can easily produce
2000 Kg of jatropha by intercropping with food crops and planting for the fence purpose. Therefore,
the farmer could generate income by selling the jatropha seed for biodiesel producers [12]. On
average to produce 1 liter of biodiesel about 4 Kg of seed is required for large-scale production [16].
Figure 2.1: A picture of Jatropha mature seeds
Fig2.1b: jatropha seed
Table2.1: jatropha fact sheet

Parameter Unit minimum average maximum Source
Seed yield Dry 0.3 1.5 6 Position paper on
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tone/hectare jatropha large

scale.,fact2007
Rain fall mm/year 600 1000 1500 Position paper on
requirement jatropha large-scale
for seed project. fact 2007
production
Oil content of %of mass - 34% 40% Jatropha biodiesel
seed production and use
W. Achten et al,2008
Energy MJ/kg 37
content
Table 2.2: Oil content of seeds of different origin determined by soxhlet extraction
Origin Oil content

Brazil 30.9
Tanzania 37.8
Ethiopia 38.8
India 36.8
Gambia 32.7
Nigeria 33.7
2.7.3.2 Castor
Castor is widely distributed plant among different regions of Ethiopia. The castor plant grows in
diverse climates. Warm and dry climate (600 to 700 mm of rainfall and 1600 to 2600 meters above
sea level altitude) is suitable for its cultivation in addition to this climate condition, caster needs
moist, deep and drained soils for optimal yield. It can yield 260 to 1250 kg of oil per hectare [12].
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According to the productivity of castor, seed in the country was about 1030 Kg per hectare 2011[17].
Fig 2.2a castor plants
Fig 2.2b castor seeds
2.7.3.2a the Castor Oil Properties

Relative to other vegetable oils, castor oil has different physical and chemical properties, which vary
with the method of extraction the oil. The castor oil that obtain from the cold pressing has low acid
value with low iodine value and has slightly higher saponification value compared to the solvent-
extracted oil, and the oil is lighter in color. The chemistry of castor oil is focuses on its high content
of ricinoleic acid and the other three points of function that exist in the castor molecule. One of the
molecule functions is the carboxyl group that can give a huge and wide range of the esterifications.
Second, one is the single points of un saturation which can be altered using the hydrogenation
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process or the epoxidation process or the vulcanization process. The last one is the hydroxyl group in
the castor oil can be acetylated or alkoxylated maybe can be remove from the oil molecule by using
the dehydration process to increase the un saturation of the oil compound to provide the semi-drying
castor oil. By high-temperature paralysis and by caustic fusion, the hydroxyl position of oil, which is
so reactive the molecule, can be split at that point to yield useful product with shorter chain length.
Actually, the presence of the hydroxyl group on the castor oil is adding the extra stability to the
castor oil and preventing the formation of hydro peroxides.
Table2.3 the physical properties of jatropha and castor seeds
Sample Weight of Av. Av. Thickness Slender Bulk Av. Density

type the Length L Width W , (mm) ratio(L/W) density MC,% (kg/mᵌ)
seed(g) (mm) (mm) (g/cc) d.b.
Jatropha 0.8 17.1 9.6 8.2 1.8 0.30 9.1 910
Castor 0.2 11.8 6.3 4.1 1.9 0.8 10.1 940
Jatropha seed was much larger than Castor seed although both the seeds were of similar shape with
a slender ratio of 1.8 and 1.9, respectively having a cylindrical shape with rounded tips.
Policies
Government actively encourages the cultivation of Jatropha. A Bio fuels Program has been introduce
specifically including Jatropha and castor. In order to further, the independence of the country from
oil imports. It designates marginal land for Jatropha cultivation. Government officials of the
Ministry of Mines and Energy report that biofuel legislation for blending fuel (benzene and ethanol)
will come into force mid 2008.
Foreign direct investment into bio fuel production is actively encouraged through furthering land
access, enabling bank loans, through tax incentives as well as through technical assistance for
farmers. Jatropha cultivation is expects to improve food availability through bio-oil run irrigation
and food-drying schemes as well as fertilization with seed cake. Intercropping with food crops is
reportedly mandatory.
Projects: The Government has identified almost 24 million ha of land suitable for Jatropha and Palm
Tree cultivation in the states Oromia, Benishangul Gumuz, Gambella, Somali, Amhara Southern
Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR) and Tigray and Afar Regional State. Oromia
has the largest land suitable for bio-fuel development with 17.2 million ha. The land is, according to
the government, used neither for farming nor for grazing. Country experts estimate the current land
under Jatropha cultivation as 1,700 ha. This number is very likely to rise significantly, as several
foreign investors have applied for or already secured land titles. According to public sources, five
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Jatropha projects have already gone operational. Among the major investors are, according to public
sources, Sun bio fuels, Global Energy [9].
2.8 Oil Extraction Machine

Until the eighteenth century, technology for oil extraction was limited to combined leverage and the
use of animal power. In the eighteenth century, wind and waterpower largely replaced animal power
to assist in oil extraction. Large wind-driven stumper mills became popular in Europe.
In 1795, J. Bramah of England invented the hydraulic press for oil extraction. Oilseeds were milled,
cooked, and wrapped in filters cloths woven from horsehair. The oilseeds wrapped in filter cloths
were manually loaded into perforated, horizontal boxes below the head block and above the ram of
the press. The boxes were press together using upward hydraulic pressure on the ram. The oil was
press out through the filter cloths surrounding the oilseeds. The filter cloths and spent cake were
manually removed from the hydraulic press. The residual oil in spent cake was approximately 10%.
In 1801, the first cottonseed oil mill was constructing in the United States using hydraulic presses.
By the 1870s, technology had advanced to large hydraulic presses with up to 16 press boxes and up
to 400 tons of force. German companies were producing hydraulic cage presses, with rams pressing
the oilseeds inside of vertical slotted barrels that did not require filter cloths by late 1800s. By the
end of the nineteenth century, hydraulic press oil mills were the standard technology for oil
extraction.
Alfred French (French Oil Mill Machinery Company, Ohio) was a pioneer in advanced hydraulic
press technology. Design innovations to his credit include automatic cake trimming machine for
automating the sizing of the cakes prior to pressing, change valve which allowed the hydraulic press
to change pressures near the end of the pressing cycle to squeeze additional oil, and two-pass
pressing (Take final residual oil in cake below 5%). Hydraulic press oil mills were in use till 1950s
and have been mostly replaced with continuous screw presses and continuous solvent extraction
plants, both of which require far less labor and can process at much higher rates. The olive oil
industry is the only oilseed industry still using hydraulic presses. This is possible because of the
price premium paid for natural olive oil, processed without the use of heat or chemicals Oil
extraction can be done mechanically with an oil press, expeller, or even with a wooden Mortar and
pestle—a traditional method that originated in India. Several types of small-scale Extractors are
commercially available, both imported from other countries and manufactured In the U.S. Oils can
also be extracted with solvents, but solvent extraction is a complex operation.
Different kinds of oil expellers are use for the purpose of jatropha castor oil extraction. The most
commonly used ones are the Sayari oil expeller (also called the Sundhara oil expeller) and the
Komet Expeller. The Sayari expeller is a diesel-operated oil extraction device that was originally
develop in Nepal. It is now being develops for use in Tanzania and Zimbabwe for the purpose of
jatropha oil extraction and oil cake preparation.
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The prototype included heavy parts made of cast iron. The lighter version has the cast iron replaced
with iron sheets. A model driven by electricity is also available. The Komet expeller is a single-
screw oil expeller that is often uses for extracting jatropha castor oil from the seeds and for the
preparation of oil cakes [21].
Oil presses have been uses for the purpose of oil extraction as simple mechanical devices - either
powered or manually driven. Among the different oil, presses that are uses for jatropha and castors
oil extraction, the most commonly used presses include the screw press.
2.8.1Compare Various Methods Of Extraction

Different categorizations can be made for presses:
 Continuous operation vs. batch operation
 Manually driven vs. engine‐driven, where for the latter a distinction can be made between
electrical engines and diesel engines
 Cold pressed vs. hot‐pressed.
Most hand operated presses operate in batches. Ram presses use the combination of piston and
cylinder to crush the seeds and squeeze out the oil. Operation of the press is easy and can be done
manually. Expellers, on the other hand, can be operate in a continuous way. For rural applications in
developing countries, both manual and small engine‐powered presses are viable, depending on the
location and the application. Soap or medicinal oil can be made in small quantities with a hand press.
In case of fuel production processes, engine‐powered presses are more sensible.
The third distinction is between cold pressing and hot pressing. Cold‐pressed means the temperature
of the oil does not exceed 55‐60°C during the process. For hot pressing, external heat is often
applied to seeds or press and the temperature can increase to over 100°C. Hand operated presses fall
in the category of cold pressing. Due to the higher pressures and friction in an engine driven
expeller, cold‐pressing temperatures will be exceeded Cold pressing is most desirable for jatropha,
although it is not always possible due to high friction in the expeller.
Another broad classification for expellers can be
 Non-Motorized Expelling
 Motorized Small Scale Expelling
 Heavy Duty Industrialized Expelling
2.8.1.1 Non Motorized Expelling

Non-motorized expellers are simple mechanical devices that are hand/animal operated. These
equipments work on the principle of mechanical compression and require no electricity or fuel for
operation. They are fabricated using inexpensive components that can often be manufactured locally.
Non-motorized expellers are used in rural settlements for domestic crushing of oilseeds, such as
copra (dried coconut meal), mustard, groundnut, soybean etc.
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Types Of Non-Motorized Expellers

 Ghanis
 Ram Presses
 Screw Presses
2.8.1.2 Motorized Expellers

Motorized small-scale expellers are complex machines that house several components. Such
expellers have a solid metal chamber that houses the heat treated/ case hardened screw shaft which is
used to compress oilseeds. The screw shaft is driven by a gear box assembly, which is in turn draws
power from an electric motor or a standalone diesel engine set.
2.8.1.3 Heavy-Duty Industrial Expellers

Mainstream industrial expellers are complex machines that are built to handle several tons of
feedstock while demonstrating continuous (uninterrupted) operation. Although expensive to set up,
industrial scale expellers are economical when processing large amounts of oilseeds, and achieve
good expelling efficiency. Industrial expellers are assembling as multi-function units.
2.9 Type Of Oil Extraction Method
2.9. 1 Traditional Methods

Traditional methods by which the oil is extracted from the seeds by hand using simple implements
are still practiced in rural and less developed areas.
2.9.1a Manual Methods

Oil can be extract by pressing softer oil seeds and nuts such as groundnut and shea nuts whereas
harder more fibrous material such as copra and sunflower seed can be process using ghanis Pulped
or ground material is loaded into a manual or hydraulic press to squeeze out the oil-water emulsion.
This is more efficient at removing oil than traditional hand squeezing, allowing higher production
rates.
2.9.1b Ghani
The ghani consists of a large mortar and pestle, the mortar being fixed in the ground and the pestle
being moved within the mortar by animal traction (donkey or mule) or (more commonly) a motor.
Oilseeds are place in the mortar and the pestle grinds the material to remove the oil. The oil runs out
of a hole in the bottom of the mortar and the cake is scope out by hand. This method is slow and
requires two animals, replacing the tired one with another after about 3-4 hours of work.
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Fig2.3traditionalIndianGhaniusedforoil expeller
2.9.2 Small Scale Manual Oil Expeller Machine

Small scale oilseed processing is of interest as a potential on-farm or community enterprise that can
increase income and employment in rural areas. Many seeds, nuts, castor, jatropha and kernels
contain oil that can be extracting and used in cooking and lighting, as an ingredient in other foods, as
a nutritional supplement, and as a raw material for the manufacture of soap, body and hair oils,
detergents, and paints. Some of these oils may also be uses to replace certain petroleum based
Lubricants and fuels. Currently, biodiesel, which is esterifies vegetable oil, has found a market niche
because its use reduces some noxious exhaust emissions.
TinyTech Plants, India is one of the leading manufacturers of small-scale rural expellers. One of its
designs for the hand-operated screw press is high light below. The design was arrive at after several
optimization tests, with the result that the product today is lightweight, inexpensive and reliable in
the long run. Manual oil pressing machines are easy and easily to use and they are effortlessly
transportable. So, they might be carried about effortlessly which means their importation costs are
also reduced with these manual oil presses you are able to place any kind of oil seed in them and
press oil, the oil can be edible and non edible.
Although it adopts mechanical extraction method the oil yield of this oil, press manual ranges from
60% to 70%. More ever these plants are capable of extraction to two liters of oil per hour and the
cake created after the extraction process is via may feed to animals when the seeds become crush
exactly edible.
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Fig2.8; manual oil expeller machine
2.9.3 Solvent Extraction Processes:

Are relatively new and are currently undergoing significant research. This method is capital
intensive and justifies itself for large-scale industrial production. The infrastructure it calls for is
highly technical and regular operations need to be monitors closely for quality output.
Plants use hexane as a solvent to extract oil from oilseed cake. These plants are expensive and only
suitable for large volumes, which justify the capital cost of equipment. Where large amounts of
oilseed cake are available, solvent extraction becomes a commercially viable option to extract the
residual oil left in the cake and leave an almost oil-free powder known as oilseed meal. Both cake
and meal are incorporates in animal feeds.
2 .9.4 Mechanical Oil Extraction

There are different ways to extract oil from oilseeds. One way is mechanical expression using a
machine to exert pressure on the oilseeds in order to remove the oil. Mechanical pressing is the most
common method for oil extraction which includes of different types of press such as hydraulic press,
screw press and rolling press (Bamgboye and Adejuno, 2007).Solvent extraction is a method which
is able to extract over 98% oil (Yoyock et al., 1988). However, this method has its own
disadvantages such as the necessary equipment is high in cost, the processes quite dangerous in
correlation with fire and explosion, and the solvent used requires specific process before further to
the next process (Bargale et al., 1999; Ajibola et al., 2002). According toFitch-Haumann (1997) and
Wiesenborn et al. (2001) said that screw press has much better safety features; environmental
friendly and can extracts oil seeds from 8 kg to 45 kg per hour of raw material depending on type of
expeller.
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2.9.4.1 Screw Press/Oil Expeller Machine

Valerius D. Anderson in Cleveland, Ohio invented screw Press in 1900. It was a radical departure
and significant technological advancement over the hydraulic presses being uses at the time. The
mechanical screw press used a vertical feeder and a horizontal screw with increasing body diameter
to impart pressure on the oleaginous material as it proceeded along the length of the screw. The
barrel surrounding the screw has slotted along its length, allowing the increasing internal pressure to
first expel air and then expel the oil through the barrel. The expelled oil was collects in a trough
under the screw, and the de-oiled cake was discharge at the end of the screw. The primary advantage
of the mechanical screw press was that it allowed continuous oil extraction and could process large
quantities of oleaginous materials with minimal labor [19].
Khan and Hanna (1983)8 state that the pressure, temperature, pressing time and moisture content are
the factors which affect oil yield during expression processing of oil seeds. They also indicate that
research is still need to determine if these factors affect the screw pressing Process in the same way
and to the same extent as they do in a static pressing operation.
2.9.5 Main Type Of Screw Press Oil Extraction

Screw press can be sub divided in two main types namely the strainer, komet oil press, rose down,
and the cylinder hole press. They mainly differ in screw geometry, oil out let and press cake [21].
2.9.5.1 Komet Screw Press

In this type of screw press, oil leaks out from the holes as represented in Figure 2.4. The holes are
drill on the vessel. The oil drainage hole has a larger diameter outside the vessel and this diameter
continues up to few millimeter thickness of the vessel. This small thickness of the vessel is drill with
a smaller diameter. Most probably, the reason for the short length of the smaller hole is to prevent it
from choking with cake. In addition, oil drainage zone is far from the cake drainage zone. At the
cake drainage zone, cake pressure is maximum. Therefore, if the oil drainage holes were drill close
to the cake drainage zone, then the holes can be choking with cake easily [15].
Dry cake extrudes from the nozzle. At the cake drainage, there is a heating system. Heat provides
higher oil yield and lower residual oil in the cake. In this type of screw presses, different kinds of
seeds can be compresses by changing the nozzle and the rotational speed of the shaft.
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Fig 2.4: komet Screw Press ,
2.9.5.2 Rose Downs Oil Presses

A complete system of a Rose downs screw press system and its function is divides into subgroups as
shown below [18]:
1- Main Gearbox: It transmits the power of the motor to the screw shaft. Gearboxes should be
separates as far as possible for the hot and dirty environment of the pressing sections. The feeding
section of the screw shaft is the cooler and lower pressure end of the press. Therefore, the best
choice for the drive position is the feeding end of the screw shaft.
2- Feeding Section: It is composed of mainly three parts, which are the feed inlet, the horizontal
feeder and vertical feeder. Seeds are pours into the feed inlet. Then with the help of the variable
speed drive of the horizontal feeder, the flow of feed is controlled. Vertical feeder prevents bridging
in the cage inlet and ensures that the seeds pass into the vessel.
3- Bearings: There are two kinds of bearings. One of them is called thrust bearing and it carries the
thrust loads generated by the press. The other bearing is the discharge end bearing and it is used for
supporting the shaft when there is no load or light load inside the press. Without this bearing, the
screw shaft can hit inside the walls of the vessel.
4- Cages: For longer presses, the cage is divides into two parts in order to keep the main cage to a
more manageable size for maintenance operations. The inside cage is composed of lining bars
separated by spacers. The size of the spacers can be altering for different kinds of seeds by changing
the drainage gaps.
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5- Screw Shaft: The screw shaft is the key functional part of a screw press. The screw shaft has
multi-stage compressions in order to reduce the required pressure. In recent years, the multi-stage,
lower compression screw shaft has led to significant improvements in performance, wear life and
power consumption. As represented in Figure, at the compression stage, the screw shaft becomes
tapered where the inside vessel diameter decreases. Therefore, pressure increases at the decreased
annular area which results in compression of seeds.
2.9.5.3 Vincent Screw Presses

As repress Figure a screw of progressively reducing pitch rotates inside a cylindrical perforated
screen. Material entering the hopper is subjects to gradually increasing pressure as it moves toward
the exit end of the press, forcing the liquid phase to extrude through the screen. Two resistor teeth fit
in each interruption of the turn as seen in above Figure this interruption prevents jamming [20].
Figure2.5: Screw with Resistor Bars manufact ured by Vincent Corporation
2.9.5.4 Strainer press

The strainer type press has an oil outlet over the full length of the press cage that serves as a strainer.
The strainer is actually a cylindrical cage built‐up of separate horizontal bars or vertical rings
arranged at a small interspacing. The spacing between the strainer bars can be either fixed or
adjustable. Strainer presses come with various screw design although the principle of all screws is
similar. The screw diameter increases towards the nozzle thereby increasing the compression of the
solid material. Screws for continuous compression are made from one piece. For some seeds, the oil
recovery is higher after multiple compression steps. A screw with multiple compression section can
be uses to create multiple compression stages to increase oil outlet. For flexibility, subsections of
different size and shape are often available. Other presses are equipped with different screws. During
the flow of the seed through the press, the oil is drain via the strainer, which surrounds the pressing
space. The choke size can be adjusted to change the pressure level and distribution. For several types
of oilseeds, it is necessary to change the gap size of the strainer bars (interspacing) where the oil
comes out, to get an optimal yield and cleanness of the vegetable oil. In addition, the choke size and
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the rotation speed should be adjusted when pressing different kinds of seed. Strainer presses exist in
a wide capacity range from approximately 15 kg of seed/hr to 10 tons of seed/hr [21].
Fig 2.6 strainer screw press
2.9.5.5 Cylinder Hole Press

With the second press, type the oil is push out through holes drilled in the cylinder tube.
Increasing pressure forces the press cake through a cylinder nozzle at the end of the cylinder. In
order to avoid blocking of the press the area around the nozzle (press head) is usually preheat
before operation, which decrease the viscosity of the paste inside the press. The pressure level in
the screw press is influenced by nozzle diameter, screw design and seed conditions. Pressure
increase with decreasing nozzle size [21].This effect would suggest a small nozzle in order to
extract as much possible.
Fig 2.7 hole cylinder screw press
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Chapter Three: Result And Discussion

3.1 Energy Analysis
As discussed on the previous chapter, Bio mass is the most important energy source in Ethiopia. it
meats 94% of the total energy demand in the country and it is the only source of cooking and
lighting fuel for practically all house hold as well as a degree section of the urban population fuel
wood, agricultural residue, dung and charcoal have share of 77.5%, 7%, 8%, and1.2%
respectively[1].
The total annual household energy consumption of cooking averagely is 5.6 GJ/year [1], and of they
use 10% of cooking energy for lighting that is 0.56 per year. Therefore to get the total amount of
energy required or the primary energy based on the efficiency of the stoves that is traditional
cooking stove (three stone cooking stoves) it is 10% while generally the efficiency of diesel stoves is
above 50%. Since most of rural areas, still they have not used the improved stoves the total or annual
energy required or the primary energy consumption can be calculated:
Efficiency (ή) = , ή=10%
10%=
Primary energy per year for cooking= =
In addition, for lighting assume 10% of the cooking is used that means 0.56 and the efficiency
for the lighting also take 10%, which gives 5.6 .
The total annual energy consumption for cooking and lighting is (56+5.6) GJ=61.6 .
The daily energy consumption is given by dividing the total amount of energy per year to 365days
since in rural area there is no any storing food for the long.
Daily energy consumption = = = 0.169
Based on this daily energy consumption that is (0.169GJ) and the density of the bio diesel, the
amount of bio diesel (i.e. in kg or litter) can be calculate as follows. In addition, the energy density
of biodiesel is 38Mj/kg [24].
Amount of bio diesel oil (kg) = = =4.45kg.
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4.45 kg of bio diesel. It is oil of bio diesel.
In addition, based on the density of the bio diesel and the total amount of bio diesel required, the
volume of bio diesel required can be calculating as:
V = = = 0.00506m3 = 5.06 L
According to the scope of the thesis, that is a bio diesel which expeller from mostly known or grown
in Ethiopia, which is castor and jatropha. Therefore, the amounts of oil seed in kg can be calculate
by the proportion of 4kg of oil seed give 1 liters of oil [3].so to get 5.06 L of bio diesel
averagly20.24gk of castor or jatropha is required.
3.2 Design And Analysis Of The Machine
3.2.1preliminary Design
Design of tree: in design tree of extraction machine the system is operate in to sub system to
analyze to design from top to bottom and the component of machine are represented.
Bodies
Handle Hopper Screw

Casing/barri Nozzle
rrrel
Oil Cake
Heating receiver
tank/collect Fig3.1: design of tree
or
The mechanisms of the machine is seeds are feed in to the system from the hopper and pas through
the screw shaft which is vertically fitted to casing and at the end of the casing through the nozzle .the
cake is drained out, the oil drains in to the oil collector tank below the casing or barrel.
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3.3 Main Body Of The Machine

The main body of the machine composed of parts, which are the screw shaft, casing, hopper, handle
and nozzle. The secondary parts are oil and cake collector, heating and keys and bolts.
3.3.1 Screw Shaft

The seeds are composed in two ways, first way of compressing occurs by the continuous feeding in
to the system .newly feed seeds compress the seeds which are already present in the system. Another
way compression takes place is between the inside the surface of the casing and inside the surface of
the screw shaft. The mean reason that choose this material is the product is non edible.
Screw shaft rotates inside the barrel; there is small clearance between the barrel and the screw. This
small clearance is necessary for avoiding of the seeds penetrating between the outside diameter of
the screw shaft and the inside the surface of the barrel.
3.3.2 Hopper
Hopper is uses to carry and analyzed the seeds in to the screw press. Feedings does not need any
energies .gravity is sufficient for feeding. It is a stationary part and mounted on the casing. The
passage hole of the seeds in some conventional screw presses, it has a vibration unit to overcome
such situation, but in this design no vibration unit to reduce the cost.
3.3.3 Casing/Barrel
It is the cage or the casing of the screw shaft. It has big hole for seed feeding. This feeding hole is
machined at the beginning of the screw shaft at where the thread depth and the pitch maximum on
the mid zone of the vessel or casing. There are oil drainage zone or in the other words the maximum
pressure zone. The reason that the small holes are filled and chocked with compressed cake at high-
pressure level.
3.3.4 The Heating System

Heating system are required at two levels each performing different functions. A heating system is
required for cooking the seeds before feeding in to the crusher at the temperature that will not burn
the seeds. It required so that cell wall rupturing is enhanced and by their facilitates the out flow oil.
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A second heating system is provided at the around the nozzle to decrease the viscosity of the pass
inside the press and reduce the solid contain the oil. Assailable temperature in the range of 60º to 80º
has proposed.
3.4 Material Selection

The four basic factors, which are considered in selection of the material, are
 Availability
 Cost
 Mechanical properties
 Manufacturing consideration
3.4.1 Material For Screw

The screw is subjected to torsion moment compressive force and bending moment from the strength
consideration. Plain carbon steel (medium) of grade 30c4 (Sut=320 N/mm²) and E=20000N/mm² is
selected as material for the screw.
3.4.2 Material for Handle

The handle is subject to bending moment and yield strength is the criterion for the selection of
material. Medium plain carbon steel of grade 30c5 (Syt=400 N/mm²) is selected as the material for
the handle.
3.4.3 Material for Casing or Barrel

The casing or barrel is subjected in two stresses that are the circumferential or tangential and
longitudinal stress. But in this case the barrel is subjected only on the hoop or circumferential stress.
Therefore the selected material is medium plain carbon steel of grade 70c4 (Sut=320N/mm) is
selected as the material for the casing or barrel.
3.4.4 Material For Nozzle

The nozzle is a conical shape which feet on end of the barrel by making a tread at the inside the
nozzle and on the barrel. It manufactured in casting process. Due to this reason, the material selected
for nozzle is a Gray cast iron of grade FG200 (200N/mm²).
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3.4.5 Material For Frame

The frame has a u shape structure. It subjected to a bending stress and a compressive stress. Gray
cast iron of grade FG220 (Sut=220N/mm²) is selected as the material for the frame.
Cast iron is cheap and it can give any complex shape without involving costly machining operation.
Cast iron has higher compressive strength compared with steel. Therefore, it is technically and
economically advantageous to use the cast iron for frame.
Table3.1: bill of material

No No of Quality Material
component
1 Screw 1 Plain carbon steel 10c4 (iso:1570-1978)
2 Handle 1 Plain carbon steel 30c8 (iso:1570-1978)
3 Barrel 1 Plain carbon steel 70c4 (iso:1570-1978)
4 Nozzle 1 Gray cast iron FG200 (iso:210-1993)
5 Frame 1 Gray cast iron FG220 (iso:210-1993)
6 Hopper 1 Sheet metal
7 Bearing 1 Standard for the market
8 Washer 1 Commercial steel
3.5 Detail Design
3.5.1 Design of Hopper

The hopper uses the gravity discharge mechanism with the recommended angle for agricultural
materials being 8 to 10 higher than their angle of response. The upper part of the hopper is frustum
and its volume is difference of the complete cone minus the missing portion that is small cylinder
below the frustum. A frustum fits on the cylinder, so that they have the same radius at connecting
surface. Therefore, the machine operated in four-batch time, which means the hopper, must hold
5.05gk of seed per batch. Based on the density of the seed and the batch amount the required volume
can calculated as:
For jatropha
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For castor,
They require volume is in the range between 0.0054m3 up to 0.0056m3 therefore the exact volume
the required volume of hopper must be the higher volume value, which means based on the density
or the volume required for jatropha (i.e., 0.0056m3).
The volume of hopper is the sum of the frustum and the cylinder below it.
Assume
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Therefore
0.0056mᵌ
Let
Therefore
Therefore, the volume of the hopper is equal to
To get the total volume of the hopper must consider the variant volume, that is 10% of the calculated
(i.e. 0.00056).
3
Fig3.2: Hopper
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3.5.2 Design of Handle

To determine the length of the handle the arm length of the operator must be consider. That is the
arm length of mane is between 300 to 500mm.this consideration helps for the safety of the operator
.The handle is subjected to bending moment. The force exerted by human on the handle is 150N and
assume the axial or arm length of the handle is 300mm.
The torque on the screw is
Fig 3.3; Handle
3.5.3 Design Of The Screw

Based on the dimension of the seed at feeding and its feeding rate the pitch that must be above
10mm and the length of the treaded shaft taken as 300mm.it have also unthreaded
shaft which diameter is equal to the core diameter of the threaded shaft and its length is assume
300mm. It helps for balancing the screw inside the casing or barrel, the profile of the teeth or thread
is ACAM in order to reduce the joining of the screw and to help smoothly move the cake.
The thread angle 2 (I.S.O. material)
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Fig3.4 screw shaft
Table3.2 properties of I.S.O metric trapezoidal or ACAM threads [23]

Nominal diameter d(mm) Pitch p(mm)
24 28 5
32 36 6
40 44 7
48 52 8
60 9
70 80 10
90 100 12
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Fig3.5 screw trade
The relation of
And
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The resultant force on the screw face is
The length of the thread (Lt) can be calculated as
The number of thread ( ) be calculated as
Since, it is double tread.
The total length of the thread is
To find the space between core diameter of the shaft and the barrel by using the feeding rate at the
beginning that is the flow of uncompressed seed with the efficiency of feeding (that is 90
It is due to the baking of the seed.
= , where is the flow rate at the first tread.
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Assume the time that takes for one revolution is 3 seconds. The required capacity is 2.5 L/h=10kg/h
2.5/90 =2.81L/h
0.0028mᵌ/h= , H=14.2mm
Therefore the gap between the core diameter and casing:
b = H-p=14.2-10=4.2mm
3.5.4 Design Of The Barrel Or Casing
The length of the barrel is normally equal to the threaded length of the screw shaft. That is for the
allowance from bottle ends added five mm. There for the total length of the barrel is 310mm.
To find the outer diameter by using the LAMEs equation [23],
-1)
By considering the treading end of the barrel take the
thickness the barrel 8mm.
Therefore the outer diameter of the casing or barrel
Where, Dbo = the outer diameter of the barrel.
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Fig 3.6 casing or barrel
3.5.5 Design of Frame
To design the frame the two stresses must be considered. Those stresses are the bending and tensile
stress. From the following force analyses, the remaining dimensions have calculated.
Fig 3.7 frame
The permissible tensile stress on the frame is
where
The bending stress on sensitive area that is the fastening area and the bolt have 10mm diameter.
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, it is the standard preferable diameter.
3.5.6 Nozzle
The nozzle is fitted with the end of the barrel by bolt and nut method. It has a conical sheep and
closed end. On the above, there are two holes for the outlet of the cake. The efficiency of the screw
expeller and its oil recovery is depending on those sizes. Therefore, the size of the holes should be
less than the size of the oil seeds. The minimum size of the oil seed (i.e. jatroph and castor) is
6.3mm.In order to increase the efficiency of the machine and to get the required amount of oil the
diameter of the hole that taken for this study is 5mm. The inner diameter of the nozzle based on the
outer diameter is 90mm. and the thickens is assume equal to the casing that is 5mm.
Fig 3.8 Nozzle
3.5.7 Oil Drainage Zone

Oil drainage, holes are machine onto the vessel. These holes should be far enough from the cake
drainage zone at where the pressure is maximum. Otherwise, the holes can be choking with high-
pressurized cake. Therefore, oil drainage holes should be placed where the seeds are not compressed.
Oil flows from the high-pressure zone to the low-pressure zone until it finds an opening to rush out
[15].
Whole seeds are present at the low-pressure zone. Here oil can easily leak out from the openings,
because whole seeds cannot choke these openings. In order to prevent any choking, the gap
thickness of the hole, Th , is assumed as 2.5 mm, because minimum diameter of castor and jatropha
seed is measured as 0.6 mm. the holes are not a with cake which are 250 mm or more far from the
cake drainage.
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3.5.8 Oil Collectors

The mass of oil recovered has been estimate as 5kg/30min. the density of the maximum oil seed is
910kg/mᵌ that is jatropha seed. The volume rate of oil recovered can be calculating as the follow.
The capacity of oil the oil collector should be greater than the volume rate of the oil. i.e.
>0.00125
3.5.9 Bearing Selection

The bearing selected from the ISO standard that is based on the inner diameter required (that means
equal to the core diameter of the screw. it is the ball and considered it is in the machines used
intermittently such as taken hand tools and house hold appliance have the life of bearing is
4000 hr.
Therefore, from the standard table the following is selected.
Table 3.3 standard bearing selected parameter

D D B
50 65 7
Where d=inner diameter
D=outer diameter
B=axial width
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3.6 Assemble Drawing
Fig 4 Assemble drawing
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Chapter Four: Conclusion, Recommendation and Future Work

4.1 Conclusion
In general, from the analysis, the following conclusions have drowned. In addition of its healthy
problem traditional cooking stove are less efficient. However, the biodiesel stoves are more than four
times efficient. In order to minimize and switch this traditional fuel usage the government
implemented policies in two ways that is preparing improved biomass stoves and switch the people
to biodiesel and biogas in addition to electricity. In addition, many internal and foreign investors
have invested in some areas. Since biodiesel is promised specially for rural areas. Ethiopia is the
fourth country that has a biodiesel feed stokes in the world.
There are two types of biodiesel extraction mechanisms that are solvent extraction and mechanical
extraction. Even though solvent extraction is more efficient its uses for industrial level or for hot
production. However, mechanical method used from hand operated to motorize. According to the
scope of the study or the output of the thesis (i.e. rural area of Ethiopia) small-scale screw type
biodiesel extraction is selected. Analysis the screw press that has a hopper size 0.00616mᵌand the oil
recovery rate is 2.5 liter per hour from 10 kg of oil seeds.
4.2 Recommendation
Generally recommended that biodiesel have a great advantage for Ethiopia since there is a resource
or a feedstock. This machine also recommended for such oil extraction since it is small and easy to
manufacture. Therefore, specially small and industrial enterprises test and improve it. In addition,
make awareness to the users that are rural areas. In addition, the government supports such studs by
finance and by making the awareness and trainings for the society in specific condition.
4.3Future Work
There are a number of unaddressed uncertainties in this study such as adoption rate of new
technologies and practices especially by, management efficiency in implementing policies and
strategies, and supply chain management of bioenergy. Such uncertainties could affect the practical
implementation of the long-term shifts in bioenergy use. In addition, for the future by improving this
designand by selecting appropriate areas make the enterprise.
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Reference
[1] Mengistu AT., “Modeling and Analysis of Long-Term Shifts in Bioenergy Use-With Special
Reference to Ethiopia: Improving Sustainable Development”, Master Thesis, Stockholm, KTH
Royal Institute of Technology, 2013.
[2] Webpage of Energy Information Administration – EIA, “Historical Renewables Data”,
http://www.eia.doe.gov/neic/historic/hrenew.htm Accessed at 15.07.2005
[3], Oromia agriculture research institute, Baco agricultural mechanization…”Developing, testing
and promotion of small scale jatropha and castor seed technology”, 2013.
[4]Renewable, energy forms and types of renewable energy
http://www.altenergy.org/renewables/renewables.html
[5]. Ministry of foreign affairs (MoFA), Water Management Policy of Ethiopia, Available at
http://www.mfa.gov.et/docs/Ethiopian%20Water%20Policy.pdf [Accessed March 2013].
[6]. Ethio Resource Group, “Diversity and Security for the Ethiopian Power System: A Preliminary
Assessment of Risks and Opportunities for the Power Sector”, 2009.
[7]. Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCo), Facts about Hydro Power Plants, Available at
http://www.eepco.gov.et/projectcat.php?pcatid=2# [Accessed March 2013].
[8]. Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCo), Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Project,
Available at http://www.eepco.gov.et/project.php?pid=1&pcatid=2 [Accessed February 2013].
[9] Global Market Study on Jatropha
[10]. Energypedia, Ethiopia Energy Situation, Available at
https://energypedia.info/wiki/Ethiopia_Energy_Situation#Overview [Accessed August 2013].
[11]. United States National Biodiesel Board (USNBB), Biodiesel Basics, Available at
http://www.biodiesel.org/what-is-biodiesel/biodiesel-basics [Accessed May 2013].
[12]. Ministry of Mine and Energy of Ethiopia, “Biofuels Development and Utilization Strategy”,
Addis Ababa, 2007.
[13]The Energy Sector Mapping and Database Development (ESMAD), project of the Ministry of
Mines and Energy by the German International Cooperation (GIZ) in Ethiopia.
[14]. World Energy Council, “Biofuels: Policies, Standards and Technologies”, London, 2010.
[15] Geoffray M.O. jatropha oil pressing machine bachelor thesis Nairobi University of Nairobi
,2012
[16]. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Jatropha Cultivation, Available at

http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i1219e/i1219e02.pdf, Vol. 8, 2010 [Accessed June 2013].
[17]. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Yield of Caster Seed in Ethiopia in 2011, Available
At http://faostat3.fao.org/home/index.html#DOWNLOAD [Accessed June 2013].
[18] Webpage of De Smet Rosedowns, www.rosedowns.co.uk, Accessed at 18.06.2006
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[19] Ferchau, E., “Equipment of Decentralized Cold Pressing of Oil Seeds”, 2000, Webpage of
Folkecenter for Renewable Energy, www.folkecenter.dk
[20] http://vincentcorp.com, Accessed at 18.06.2006
[21]Beerens, P., ‘Screw‐pressing of Jatropha seeds for fuelling purposes in less developed
Countries’, Eindhoven University of Technology august 2007. (www.fact‐foundation.com)
[22] R.s khurmi-J.K Gupta,A Text Book of Machine design.
[23]Bhandriv V.B’’Design of machine element” McGraw-Hill,2008
[24]Ag decision’ liquid fuel measurements and conversions,www.extension.iastate.edu/agdm,2008
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Design Small Scale Biodiesel Extraction Machine

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Design Small Scale Biodiesel Extraction Machine

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Design Small Scale Biodiesel Extraction Machine 2007E.

A Thesis Submitted to Department of Mechanical Engineering of Kombolcha Institute of

Bachelor Science Thesis

2.5.2 Geothermal ....................................................................................................................................9

Symbols and Acronyms

WHO=world health organization

WVO=waste vegetable oil

ECSA=Ethiopian central statistical authority

EPA=Environmental Protection Agency

GHG=green house gas

GHG=green house gas

GWH=gega watt per hour

IRENA =International renewable energy

KWH=kilo watt per hour

LUMWE=less useful more waste energy

LPG=liquid petroleum gas

SNNPR=southern nation nationality and people region

SVO=straight vegetable oil

b=gap between core diameter and casing

Dbi =inner diameter of barrel

Dbo =outer diameter of barrel

Fs = Resultant force on screw shaft

Fxs =Axial force

H =height between core diameter and casing

Hcy =height of cylinder

Nt =Number of screw thread

Rf =longer radius of frustum

rf=small radius of frustum

Sut =Ultimate strength

Syt =Yield strength

Ts =Torque on screw shaft

σt =Maximum principle stress

List of Conversion Factors

Chapter one: Introduction

1.1 Backgrounds of Information and Justification

Furthermore, it is possible to manufacture screw presses locally creating additional local

1.2 statement of the problem

 Increase the deforestation.

 Increase the labor cost because of the fuel collection.

 Increase environmental pollution.

1.3 Objectives of the Thesis

1.3.1 General Objective

1.3.2 Specific Objectives:

 To analysis energy consumption in rural households.

 To identify the appropriate technology for biodiesel extraction machine.

1.4 Significance the Thesis

1.5 Scope of the thesis

1.6 Methodology of the thesis

Chapter Two: Literature review

2.2 Types of Energy

2.2.1 Primary Energy

2.2.2 Secondary Energy

2.3 Nonrenewable energy

2.4 Renewable energy

2.4.1. Solar Energy

2.4.2 Geothermal Energy

2.4.4 Wind Energy

2.4.5 Biomass energy

2.5 Energy Resource of Ethiopia

2.5.4 Solar Energy

2.6 Household Energy in Ethiopia

2.7.1 Biodiesel Production in Ethiopia

2.7.2 Advantages of Biodiesel