KIA 1004: Mechanics of Materials

SEMESTER 2 – 2017/2018

LECTURE 2: Plane Stress Transformation

(Mohr’ s Circle)

Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress Transformation; Principal

Stresses; Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zainah Ibrahim

Department of Civil Engineering
University of Malaya
KIA 1004 – Mechanics of Materials
SEMESTER 2 (2017/2018)
Course Outcomes (CO) – Programme Outcomes (PO) Matrix

No. Course Outcomes (CO) PO1 PO2 Delivery Assessment methods

Analyse the stress and strain transformation Examination /

Lectures,
3 by using the computational as well as the √ √ Assignment /
Tutorials
graphical method (Mohr’s Circle). (C4) Mid-Sem Test.

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KIA 1004– Mechanics of Materials– ZIB-
9.4 MOHR’S CIRCLE:
PLANE STRESS
Equations for plane stress
transformation have a
graphical solution that is
easy to remember and use.
This approach will help
you to “visualize” how the
normal and shear stress
components vary as the
plane acted on is oriented
in different directions.

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9.4 MOHR’S CIRCLE:
PLANE STRESS
Eqns 9-1 and 9-2 are rewritten as
x +y x − y
 x' − = cos 2 +  xy sin 2 (9 - 9 )
2 2
 x −  y 
 x' y ' = −  sin 2 +  xy cos 2 (9 - 10)
 2 

Parameter can be eliminated by squaring each eqn and

adding them together.
2
  x +  y    2
  x − y
 x ' −   +  2 x ' y ' =   +  2 xy
  2   2 
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9.4 MOHR’S CIRCLE:
PLANE STRESS  −   x'
x +  y 
2
  − y
 +  2 x ' y ' =  x

2

 +  2 xy
  2   2 

If x, y, xy are known constants, thus we compact

the Eqn as,

( x' −  avg )2 +  2 x' y ' = R 2 (9 - 11)

where
x + y
 avg =
2
 x −  y 
2
R =   +  2 xy (9 - 12)
 2 

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 9.4 MOHR’S CIRCLE:
PLANE STRESS
Establish coordinate axes;  positive to the right and
 positive downward, Eqn 9-11 represents a circle
having radius R and center on the  axis at pt C
(avg, 0). This is called the Mohr’s Circle.

( x ' −  avg ) +  x ' y ' = R

2 2 2
(9 - 11)
where
x + y
 avg =
2
2
 x − y 
R =   + 2 xy (9 - 12)
 2 

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9.4 MOHR’S CIRCLE:
PLANE STRESS
To draw the Mohr’s circle, we must establish
the  and  axes.
Center of circle C (avg, 0) is plotted from the
known stress components (x, y, xy).
We need to know at least one pt on the circle to
get the radius of circle.

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9.4 MOHR’S CIRCLE:
PLANE STRESS
Case 1 (x’ axis coincident with x axis)
1.  = 0
2. x’ = x
3. x’y’ = xy.
Consider this as reference pt A, and
plot its coordinates A (x, xy).
Apply Pythagoras theorem to shaded triangle to
determine radius R.
Using pts C and A,
the circle can now
be drawn.
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9.4 MOHR’S CIRCLE:
PLANE STRESS
Case 2 (x’ axis rotated 90 counterclockwise)
1.  = 90
2. x’ = y
3. x’y’ = −xy.
Its coordinates are G (y, −xy).
Hence radial line CG
is 180
counterclockwise
from “reference
line” CA.

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9.4 MOHR’S CIRCLE:
PLANE STRESS
Procedure for Analysis
Construction of the circle
1. Establish coordinate
system where abscissa
represents the normal
stress , (+ve to the
right), and the ordinate
represents shear
stress , (+ve downward).
2. Use positive sign convention for x, y, xy, plot the
center of the circle C, located on the  axis at a
distance avg = (x + y)/2 from the origin.

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9.4 MOHR’S CIRCLE:
PLANE STRESS
Procedure for Analysis
Construction of the circle
3. Plot reference pt A (x, xy). This pt represents the
normal and shear stress components on the element’s
right-hand vertical face. Since x’ axis coincides with x
axis,  = 0.

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9.4 MOHR’S CIRCLE:
PLANE STRESS
Procedure for Analysis
Construction of the circle
4. Connect pt A with center C of the circle and determine
CA by trigonometry. The distance represents the radius
R of the circle.
5. Once R has been
determined, sketch
the circle.

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9.4 MOHR’S CIRCLE:
PLANE STRESS
Procedure for Analysis
Principal stress
Principal stresses 1 and 2 (1  2) are represented
by two pts B and D where the circle intersects the -
axis.

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9.4 MOHR’S CIRCLE:
PLANE STRESS
Procedure for Analysis
Principal stress
These stresses act on
planes defined by
angles p1 and p2.
They are represented on
the circle by angles 2p1
and 2p2 and measured
from radial reference
line CA to lines CB and
CD respectively.

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9.4 MOHR’S CIRCLE:
PLANE STRESS
Procedure for Analysis
Principal stress
Using trigonometry, only one of
these angles needs to be
calculated from the circle,
since p1 and p2 are 90 apart.
Remember that direction of
rotation 2p on the circle
represents the same direction of
rotation p from reference axis
(+x) to principal plane (+x’).

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9.4 MOHR’S CIRCLE:
PLANE STRESS
Procedure for Analysis
Maximum in-plane shear stress
The average normal stress
and maximum in-plane
shear stress components
are determined from the
circle as the coordinates of
either pt E or F.

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9.4 MOHR’S CIRCLE:
PLANE STRESS
Procedure for Analysis
Maximum in-plane shear stress
The angles s1 and s2 give
the orientation of the planes
that contain these
components. The angle 2s
can be determined using
trigonometry. Here rotation is
clockwise, and so s1 must be
clockwise on the element.

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9.4 MOHR’S CIRCLE:
PLANE STRESS
Procedure for Analysis
Stresses on arbitrary plane
Normal and shear stress
components x’ and x’y’
acting on a specified plane
defined by the angle , can
be obtained from the circle
by using trigonometry to
determine the coordinates
of pt P.

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9.4 MOHR’S CIRCLE:
PLANE STRESS
Procedure for Analysis
Stresses on arbitrary plane
To locate pt P, known angle 
for the plane (in this case
counterclockwise) must be
measured on the circle in
the same direction 2
(counterclockwise), from the
radial reference line CA to the
radial line CP.

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EXAMPLE 9.9
Due to applied loading, element at pt A on solid cylinder as
shown is subjected to the state of stress. Determine the
principal stresses acting at this pt.

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EXAMPLE 9.9 (SOLN)
Construction of the circle
( x' −  avg )2 +  2 x' y ' = R 2 (9 - 11)
 x = −12 MPa y = 0  xy = −6 MPa where
x + y
 avg =
Center of the circle is at 2
 x −  y 
2

− 12 + 0 R =   +  2 xy (9 - 12)
 avg = = −6 MPa  2 

2
Initial pt A (−12, −6) and the
center C (−6, 0) are plotted
as shown. The circle having
a radius of
R= (− 12 / 2 − 0 )2 + (6 )2 = 8.49 MPa
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KIA 1004– Mechanics of Materials– ZIB-
EXAMPLE 9.9 (SOLN)
Principal stresses
Principal stresses indicated at
pts B and D. For 1 > 2,
1 = 8.49 − 6 = 2.49 MPa
 2 = −6 − 8.49 = −14.5 MPa
Obtain orientation of element
by calculating counterclockwise
angle 2p2, which defines the
direction of p2 and 2 and its
associated principal plane.
−1 6
2 p 2 = tan = 45.0
(12 − 6)
 p 2 = 22.5 22
KIA 1004– Mechanics of Materials– ZIB-
EXAMPLE 9.9 (SOLN)
Principal stresses
The element is orientated such that x’ axis or 2 is
directed 22.5 counterclockwise from the horizontal
x-axis.

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EXAMPLE 9.10
State of plane stress at a pt is shown on the element.
Determine the maximum in-plane shear stresses and the
orientation of the element upon which they act.

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EXAMPLE 9.10 (SOLN)
Construction of circle
 x = −20 MPa  y = 90 MPa  xy = 60 MPa

Establish the ,  axes

as shown below.
Center of circle C
located on the -axis,
at the pt:
− 20 + 90
 avg = = 35 MPa
2

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KIA 1004– Mechanics of Materials– ZIB-
EXAMPLE 9.10 (SOLN)
Construction of circle
Pt C and reference pt A (−20, 60) are plotted. Apply
Pythagoras theorem to shaded triangle to get circle’s
radius CA,

R= (60)2 + (55)2
R = 81.4 MPa

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EXAMPLE 9.10 (SOLN)
Maximum in-plane shear stress
Maximum in-plane shear stress and average normal
stress are identified by pt E or F on the circle. In
particular, coordinates of pt E (35, 81.4) gives

 max
= 81.4 MPa
in - plane

 avg = 35 MPa

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EXAMPLE 9.10 (SOLN)
Maximum in-plane shear stress
Counterclockwise angle s1 can be found from the circle,
identified as 2s1.

20 + 35 
2 s1 = tan −1  = 42.5
 60 
 s1 = 21.3

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EXAMPLE 9.10 (SOLN)
Maximum in-plane shear stress
This counterclockwise angle defines the direction of
the x’ axis. Since pt E has positive coordinates, then
the average normal stress and maximum in-plane
shear stress both act in the positive x’ and y’
directions as shown.
 max
= 81.4 MPa
in - plane

 avg = 35 MPa

 s1 = 21.3
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KIA 1004– Mechanics of Materials– ZIB-
EXAMPLE 9.11
State of plane stress at a pt is shown on the element.
Represent this state of stress on an element oriented 30
counterclockwise from position shown.

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KIA 1004– Mechanics of Materials– ZIB-
EXAMPLE 9.11 (SOLN)
Construction of circle
 x = −8 MPa  y = 12 MPa  xy = −6 MPa

Establish the ,  axes

as shown.
Center of circle C
located on the
-axis, at the pt:
− 8 + 12
 avg = = 2 MPa
2

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EXAMPLE 9.11 (SOLN)
 x = −8 MPa  y = 12 MPa  xy = −6 MPa
Construction of circle
Initial pt for  = 0 has coordinates A (−8, −6) are
plotted. Apply
Pythagoras theorem
to shaded triangle
to get circle’s
radius CA,

R= (10)2 + (6 )2
R = 11.66 MPa

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EXAMPLE 9.11 (SOLN)
Stresses on 30 element
Since element is rotated 30 counterclockwise, we must
construct a radial line CP, 2(30) = 60
counterclockwise, measured
from CA ( = 0).
Coordinates of pt P (x’, x’y’)
must be obtained. From
geometry of circle,
6
 = tan −1 = 30.96
10
 = 60 − 30.96 = 29.04

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EXAMPLE 9.11 (SOLN)
Stresses on 30 element
( x ' + 2) / 11.66 = cos 29.04
 x ' = −2 + 11.66 cos 29.04 = 8.20 MPa
 x ' = −8.20 MPa

 x 'y ' / 11.66 = sin 29.04

 x 'y ' = 11.66 sin 29.04 = 5.66 MPa

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KIA 1004– Mechanics of Materials– ZIB-
EXAMPLE 9.11 (SOLN)
Stresses on 30 element
The two stress components act on
face BD of element shown, since
the x’ axis for this face if oriented 30
counterclockwise from the x-axis.
Stress components acting on
adjacent face DE of element,
which is 60 clockwise from
+x-axis, are represented by
the coordinates of pt Q on
the circle.
This pt lies on the radial line
CQ, which is 180 from CP. 35
KIA 1004– Mechanics of Materials– ZIB-
EXAMPLE 9.11 (SOLN)
Stresses on 30 element
The coordinates of pt Q are
 x ' = 2 + 11.66 cos 29.04 = 12.2 MPa
 x ' y ' = −(11.66 sin 29.04) = −5.66 MPa (Check! )

Note that here x’y’ acts in

the −y’ direction.

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Break

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Tutorial Questions
- in Class

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KIA 1004– Mechanics of Materials– ZIB-
Tutorial Questions 1 - in Class

For the state of plane stress shown,

(a) construct Mohr’s circle,
(b) determine the principal planes,
(c) determine the principal stresses,
(d) determine the maximum shearing
stress and the corresponding
normal stress.

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KIA 1004– Mechanics of Materials– ZIB-
Tutorial Questions 1 (Solution) - in Class
SOLUTION:
• (a) Construction of Mohr’s circle

 ave =
x + y
=
(50) + (− 10) = 20 MPa
2 2
CF = 50 − 20 = 30 MPa FX = 40 MPa
R = CX = (30)2 + (40)2 = 50 MPa

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KIA 1004– Mechanics of Materials– ZIB-
Tutorial Questions 1 (Solution) - in Class
• (b) Principal stresses
 max = OA = OC + CA = 20 + 50
 max = 70 MPa
 min = OB = OC − BC = 20 − 50
 min = −30 MPa

• (c) Principal planes

FX 40
tan 2 p = =
CP 30
2 p = 53.1

 p = 26.6

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Tutorial Questions 1 (Solution) - in Class

• (d) maximum shearing stress and

the corresponding normal stress
 s =  p + 45  max = R   =  ave
 s = 71.6  max = 50 MPa   = 20 MPa
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Tutorial Questions 2 - in Class
For the state of stress shown, draw the Mohr’s Circle and
determine;
(a) the principal planes and the principal stresses,
(b) the stress components exerted on the element obtained by
rotating the given element counterclockwise through 30 degrees.

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KIA 1004– Mechanics of Materials– ZIB-
 Tutorial Questions 2 (Solution) - in Class

SOLUTION:
• Construct Mohr’s circle

x + y 100 + 60
 ave = = = 80 MPa
2 2
R= (CF )2 + (FX )2 = (20)2 + (48)2 = 52 MPa

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Tutorial Questions 2 (Solution) - in Class

• (a) Principal planes and stresses

XF 48  max = OA = OC + CA  max = OA = OC − BC
tan 2 p = = = 2.4
CF 20 = 80 + 52 = 80 − 52
2 p = 67.4
 max = +132 MPa  min = +28 MPa
 p = 33.7 clockwise
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 Tutorial Questions 2 (Solution) - in Class

 = 180 − 60 − 67.4 = 52.6

 x = OK = OC − KC = 80 − 52 cos 52.6
• (b) Stress components after rotation by 30o  y = OL = OC + CL = 80 + 52 cos 52.6
Points X’ and Y’ on Mohr’s circle that  xy = KX  = 52 sin 52.6
correspond to stress components on the
rotated element are obtained by rotating XY  x = +48.4 MPa
counterclockwise through 2 = 60  y = +111.6 MPa
 xy = 41.3 MPa
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KIA 1004 – Mechanics of Materials
SEMESTER 2 (2016/2017)
Course Outcomes (CO) – Programme Outcomes (PO) Matrix

No. Course Outcomes (CO) PO1 PO2 Delivery Assessment methods

Analyse the stress and strain transformation Examination /

Lectures,
3 by using the computational as well as the √ √ Assignment /
Tutorials
graphical method (Mohr’s Circle). (C4) Mid-Sem Test.

47
KIA 1004– Mechanics of Materials– ZIB-
Thank You

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KIA 1004– Mechanics of Materials– ZIB-
Tutorial Questions

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Tutorial Questions 1

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KAEA 2223 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 – ZIB-
Tutorial Questions 1 (Solution)

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KAEA 2223 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 – ZIB-
Tutorial Questions 1 (Solution)

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Tutorial Questions 2

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Tutorial Questions 2 (Solution)

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Tutorial Questions 2 (Solution)

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Tutorial Questions 3

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KAEA 2223 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 – ZIB-
Tutorial Questions 3 (Solution)

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KAEA 2223 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 – ZIB-
Tutorial Questions 3 (Solution)

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KAEA 2223 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 – ZIB-