Differential Equations.-SOLUTIONS

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS I
SOLUTIONS
1. Family Line of slope:
The standard equation of the line in slope-intercept form is:
Y = mx + b
Since the slope and y-intercept are equal, m = b = c, then
y = cx + c
Isolating constant and differentiate:
y
c=
x +1
0=
( x + 1) dy - ydx
( x + 1) 2
ydx - ( x + 1) dy = 0
2. Differential equation of straight line:

The equation of the line in intercept form is:
x y
+ =1
a b
Where a + b = k or b = k – a
x y
+ =1 � eq.1
a k -a
Differentiate
dx dy dx dy
+ = 0; =
a k -a a a -k
k
a - k = ay '; a=
1- y '
Substitute a to eq. (1);
x y x y
+ = + =1
k k k k - ky ' - k
k-
1- y ' 1- y ' 1 - y ' 1- y '
x ( 1- y ') y ( 1- y ')
- =1
k ky '
xy ' ( 1 - y ' ) - y ( 1 - y ' )
=1
ky '
( 1 - y ' ) ( xy '- y ) = ky
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS H3 - 2
I

The equation of the line in normal form:
x cos a + y sin a = r � eq.1
Where:
a = arbitrary cons tan t
r = dis tance of the line from the origin.
Differentiate Eq. (1)
cos a + y ' sin a = 0; y ' sin a = - cos a
-1
tana =
y'
From the right triangle shown:
-1
sin a =
1+ ( y ')
2
y'
cos a =
1+ ( y ')
2
Substitute sin a and cos a to eq. (1):

� �
xy ' -1
+y� �= r
� 2 �
1+ ( y ') � 1 + ( y ') �
2
xy '- y = r 1 + ( y ' )
2
Square both side:

( xy '- y ) = r �
1+ ( y ') �
2 2
� �

The standard equation of the line (slope – intercept form) is:
y = mx + b
Since the line passes through the origin (0, 0),
y
y = mx; m=
x
Differentiate:
xdy - ydx
0=
x2
I
Thus, the differential equation is:

x dy - y dx=0
5. Differential equation of family of circle:

The standard equation of a circle:
With center at ( h , k ) is :
( x - h) + ( y - k ) = r2
2 2
Where h = -k
( x + k) + ( y - k ) = r2
2 2
Since the line passes through (0,0).

k 2 + k 2 = r 2; r 2 = 2k 2
Thus;
( x + k ) 2 + ( y - k ) 2 = 2k 2
x 2 + 2kx + k 2 + y2 - 2ky + k 2 = 2k 2
x 2 + y 2 = 2ky - 2kx
Isolating 2k and differentiate:
x 2 + y2
2k =
y-x
( y - x ) ( 2xdx + 2ydy ) - ( x2 + y2 ) ( dy - dx )
=0
( y - x) 2
2xydx + 2y 2dy - 2x 2dx - 2xydy - x 2dy + x 2dx - y 2dy + y 2dx = 0
2xydx - 2x2dx + x 2dx + y 2dx + 2y 2dy - 2xydy - x 2dy - y 2dy = 0
(y 2
) ( )
+ 2xy - x 2 dx + y2 - 2xy - x 2 dy = 0
6. Differential Equation of Parabola:

The general solution of all parabolas with axis parallel to x – axis is:
( y - k) = 4a ( x - h )
2
The equation contains three arbitrary constant ( h, k , and a ) therefore this

should be differentiate three times:
Isolate 4a:
( y - k)
2
= 4a
x -h
Differentiate and isolate h:
( x - h) �
2 ( y - k ) y '�
� �- ( y - k ) ( 1)
2
=0
( x - h) 2
I
( x - h) �
2y ' ( y - k ) �
� �= ( y - k )
2
y -k y -k
x -h = ; h= x-
2y ' 2y '
Differentiate and isolate k:
2y ' ( y ' ) - ( y - k ) ( 2y '' )
0 = 1-
( 2y ' )
2
2 ( y ' ) - 2y '' ( y - k )
2
1=
4 ( y ')
2
4 ( y ' ) = 2 ( y ' ) - 2y '' ( y - k )

2 2
2 ( y ' ) = -2y '' ( y - k )

2
y -k = -
( y ') 2 ; k = y+
( y ') 2
y '' y ''
Differentiate:
2 ( y ' ) y '' �
�- ( y ' ) y '''
2
y '' �
�
0 = y '+
( y '' ) 2
0 = y ' ( y '' ) + 2y ' ( y '' ) - ( y ' ) y '''
2 2 2
0 = 3y ' ( y '' ) - ( y ' ) y '''

2 2
0 = 3 ( y '' ) - y ' y '''

2
7. Parabola:
The general solution of a parabola with vertex at the origin and focus at the x-
axis is, y 2 = 4ax
y2
4a =
x
Differentiate:
x ( 2ydy ) - y 2dx
0=
x2
0 = 2xdy - ydx or 0 = ydx - 2xdy
8. Particular solution of equation:

dr
= -4rt
dt
By separation of variables:
dr
= -4tdt
r
Integrating both sides:
I
t
dr
r t �t2 �
�0 r
= -4 � tdt; [ lnr ] rro = -4 � �
0
�2 �0
lnr - lnro = -2t 2

r r 2
ln = -2t 2 ; = e -2t
ro ro
2
r = roe -2t
9. Find the General Equation:

xydx - ( x + 2 ) dy = 0
xdx dy � 2 � dy
= ; �1- �dx =
x+2 y � x+ 2� y
Integrating:
x - 2ln ( x + 2 ) = ln y + ln c
x = ln y + ln c + ln ( x + 2 )
2
cy ( x + 2 ) �
x = ln �
2
� �
e x = cy ( x + 2 )
2
10. General Equation:

dy
y ' = xy 2 =
dx
dy
xdx = 2 = y -2dy
y
1 2
x = ( -1) y -1 + c
2
2
x2 + c = - ;
y
y x 2 + c = -2 ( )
( )
y x2 + c + 2 = 0
11. Homogeneous Equation:

The given differential equation is homogeneous.
Let
x = vy, then dx = vdy + ydv
I
vyy ( vdy + ydv ) = ( vy + 2y ) dy

2
vy 2 ( vdy + ydv ) = y 2 ( v + 2 ) dy
2
v ( vdy + ydv ) = ( v + 2 ) dy
2
v 2dy + vydv = ( v + 2 ) dy
2
(
vydv = v 2 + 4v + 4 dy - v 2dy )
vydv = 4 ( v + 1) dy
vdv dy
=4
v +1 y
� 1 � dy
�1- � dv = 4
� v + 1� y
Integrating:
v - ln ( v + 1) = 4ln y + lnc
v = ln y 4 + ln ( v + 1) + ln c = ln �
y 4 ( v + 1) c �
� �
But:
v=x/y
x � 4 �x � �
= ln �
cy � + 1� �
y � �y � �
x
cy 3 ( x + y ) �
= ln �
� �
y
x
e y = cy3 ( x + y )
12. Particular solution:
(3x 2 - 2y 2
dy
dx
= 2xy )
( 3x 2
- 2y 2 ) dy = 2xydx
The given equation is homogeneous:
Let:
x = vy
dx = vdy + ydv
Then:
� 3 ( vy ) - 2y 2 �dy = 2 ( vy ) y ( vdy + ydv )
2
� �
( )
y 2 3v 2 - 2 dy = 2vy 2 ( vdy + ydv )
( 3v 2
)
- 2 dy - 2v 2dy = 2vydv; (v 2
)
- 2 dy = 2vydv
Separating variables and integrate:
I
dy 2vdv
= 2
y v -2
( )
ln y = ln v 2 - 2 + ln c; ln
y
2
v -2
= ln c
y
v2 - 2
= c; (
y = c v2 - 2 )
Since v = x / y
��x � �
2
y =c�
�
� �- 2�
�y � �
; (
y 3 = c x 2 - 2y 2 )
� �
When x = 0, y = -1;
1
( -1) 3 = c �
( 0 ) 2 - 2 ( -1) 2 �
� ;
� c=
2
Then:
y3 =
1 2
2
(
x - 2y 2 )
2y 3 = x 2 - 2y 2
x 2 = 2y 2 ( y + 1)

( 2xy + y ) dx + ( x 2 - x ) dy = 0
Separating variables:
(
y ( 2x + 1) dx + x 2 - x dy = 0 )
( 2x + 1) dx + dy = 0
x ( x + 1) y
2x + 1 A B
= +
x ( x - 1) x x -1
2x + 1 = A ( x - 1) + Bx
When:
x = 0; A = -1
When:
x = 1; B = 3
2x + 1 A B
= +
x ( x + 1) x x -1
Then,
�3 1� dy
�x - 1 - x �
dx + =0
� � y
3ln ( x - 1) - ln x + ln y = ln c
ln y = ln c + ln x - 3ln ( x - 1)
I
cx ( x - 1) �
-3
ln y = ln �
� �
y = cx ( x - 1)
-3
14. Exact Differential Equation:

( 6x + y ) dx + y ( 2x - 3y ) dy = 0
2
The given equation cannot be separated and is non-homogeneous.

Checking for exactness:
M = 6x + y 2
�M
= 2y
� y
N = 2xy - 3y 2
�N �M
= 2y = ( therefore the equation is exact , F = c )
�x � y
Thus:
�F
= M = 6x + y 2 � ( 1)
�x
�N
= N = 2xy - 3y2 � ( 2)
�y
Integrating eq.1
F = 3x 2 + xy 2 + f ( y ) � ( 3)
�
F
= 0 + 2xy + f ( y ) = 2xy - 3y 2
�y
f ( y ) = -3y 2
f ( y ) = - y3
From eq.3
F = 3x 2 + xy 2 - y3
3x 2 + xy 2 - y 3 = c
Another solution:
Knowing that the equation is exact, it can be rearranged as:
( 6x + y ) dx + y ( 2x - 3y ) dy = 0
2
( y dx + 2xy dy ) + 6x dx - 3y dy = 0
2 2
xy 2 + 3x 2 - y 3 = c
I

( r + sin q - cos q ) dr + r ( sin q + cos q ) dq
Check for exactness:
M = r + sin q - cos q
�M
= cos q + sin q
�q
N = r ( sin q + cos q )
� N �
M
= sin q + cos q = ( Exact equation )
� r �q
� F
= r + sin q - cos q � ( 1)
� r
� F
= r ( sin q + cos q ) � ( 2)
� r
Integrate eq.2
1
F= r ( cosq + sinq) + (r 2 ) � ( 3)
2
Then:
� F
= ( - cos q + sin q ) + f ( r ) = r + sin q - cos q
� r
f ( r) = r
1 2
f ( r) = r
2
In eq.3
1
F= r ( cosq +sinq ) + (r 2 ) = c
2
r 2 + 2r ( sin q - cos q ) = c
Another solution:
Since the equation is exact:
( r + sin q - cos q ) dr + r ( sin q + cos q ) dq = 0
Rearranging:
rdr + ( r cos qdq + sin qdr ) + ( r sin qdq - cos qdr ) = 0
1 2
r + r sin q - r cos q = c
2
r 2 + 2r sin q - 2r cos q = c
r 2 + 2r ( sin q - cos q ) = c
I
16. Find the Differential Equation:

(x 2
) ( )
+ y dx + y3 + x dy = 0
Note that:
d ( xy ) = xdy + ydx
Rearrange:
x 2dx + ( ydx + xdy ) + y 3dy = 0
Integrate:
x3 y4
+ xy + =c
3 4

xdy - ydx = 2x 3dx
Notice that;
�y � xdy + ydx
d � �=
�x � x2
Rearranging the equation and integrate
xdy - ydx
= 2xdx
x2
y
= x2 + c
x
y = x 3 + cx
18. Find the Equation:

xdy + ydx = 2x 2 ydx
1
Multiply both side by
xy
xdy + ydx
= 2xdx
xy
Integrate:
ln xy = x 2 + c

dy 2
+ y = 6x 3 �1
dx x
dy
The given equation is linear in y and has a form, + Py = Q
dx
2
�Pdx = �x dx = 2ln x = ln x
2
Integrating factor:
I
= e �Pdx = eln x2 = x 2
Multiplying both side of eq. (1) by x 2 and rearrange.
x 2dy + 2xydx = 6x 5
Integrate:
x 2y = x6 + c

(x 5
)
+ 3y dx - xdy = 0
The equation is linear in y:
dy
x 5 + 3y - x =0
dx
dy 3
- y = x4
dx x
3
P=-
x
3
� �
Pdx = - dx = -3 ln x = ln x -3
x
Integrating factor:
-3
e�
Pdx
= eln x = x -3
Multiply both sides by x -3 and rearrange ;
x -3dy - 3x -4 ydx = x ;
Integrate:
1
x -3 y = x 2 + c ; x - 3
2
( )
2y = x 5 + cx3
21. Find the integrating factor:

dy 3x 2 + y 2
=
dx 2xy
( 3x 2
)
+ y 2 dx - 2xydy = 0
M = 3x + y 2; 2
N = -2xy
�M � N
- = 2y - ( -2y ) = 4y
�y � x
1 ��
M �N � 4y
� - �=
N �� x � -2xy
y �
1 ��
M �N � -2
� - �=
N ��y �
x� x
Note: that should be
I
2
�-
x
dx
e
The integrating factor is:
2
�- x dx -2
e = e-2ln x = eln x = x -2
2
�- dx 1
e x =
x2

y 1
y '+ 2 = 2
x x
dy y 1
+ = multiply both sideby x 2dx
dx x 2 x 2
x 2dy + ydx = dx
x 2dy + ( y - 1) dx = 0
The equation is linear in x, separable but not homogeneous.
23. Find the amount of salt after 90 minutes:

Let Q= amount of salt in the solution at any time t, in kg
Q/400= .0025Q kg/liter = concentration at any time t
dQ
= rate of change of the amount of salt
dt
Amount of salt entering the solution
12 ( 125 ) kg
Per minute = 1.5
1000 min
�Q � kg �
Amount of salt removed = � � ( 12 ) = 0.03Q �
�min �
�400 � � �
Then;
dQ
= 1.5 - 0.03Q
dt
dQ
= dt
1.5 - 0.03Q
When:
t = 0; Q = 100 kg
When:
t = 90; Q = ?
Integrate:
I
Q dQ 90
�1.5 - 0.03Q = �dt

100 0
Q
1 �
ln ( 1.5 - 0.003Q ) � = t ] 0
90
-
0.03 �
100
ln ( 1.5 - 0.03Q ) - ln �
1.5 - 0.03 ( 100 ) �
� �= -0.03 ( 90 )
1.5 - 0.03Q �
�
ln � �= -2.7
� 15 - 3 �
1.5 - 0.03Q
= e-2.7 = 0.0672055
15 - 3
1.5 - 0.03Q = -0.100808
Q = 53.36 kg
24. Application:
Let
Q= the amount converted into dextrose at any time t in minutes.
75-q = amount unconverted
Then:
dq
= k ( 75 - q)
dt
k = cos tan t of proportionality
and,
dq
= kdt
75 - q
Integrate:
q2 dq t2
� q1 75 - q
== �
t1
kdt
= [ kt ] t2
q
- ln ( 75 - q) �2 t
�
� �
q1 1
When t=0; q=0
When t=30; q=8
When t=120; q=?
� = [ kt ] 0
8
- ln ( 75 - q) �
30
�
� 0
ln ( 75 - 8 ) - ln 75 �
-�
� �= 0.0037598t ( 120 - 0 )
ln ( 75 - q) = -0.4512 + ln75
ln ( 75 - q) = 3.866
75 - q = e3.866 = 47.766
q = 27.23kg
25. Newton’s Law of Cooling:
I
According to Newton’s law of cooling, “the temperature of a body changes at a rate

that is proportional to the difference in temperature between the outside medium
and the body itself:
Let u = temperature of the thermometer at any time t then,
du
= k ( u - 70 )
dt
Where k is constant of proportionality and is taken as positive since the
temperature is increasing.
Rearranging:
du
= kdt
u - 70
du
= -kdt
70 - u
Integrate:
ln ( 70 - u ) = -kt + C
When:
t = 0, u = 18 0 C
ln ( 70 - 18 ) = -k ( 0 ) + C; C = ln 52
ln ( 70 - u ) = -e0.2877t +ln52 = e -0.2877t eln52
When t = 1 min., u = 31oC
ln ( 70 - 31) = -k ( 1) + ln 52
k = ln 52 - ln39
k = 0.2877
Thus’
ln ( 70 - u ) = -0.2877t + ln 52
70 - u = e -0.2877t +ln52 = e-0.2877t eln52
u = 70 - 52e -0.2877t ( general solution )
When t = 5 minutes
u = 70 - 52e -0.2877t
u = 57.66o C
26. Exact differential Equation:

( 4xy + 3y 2
)
- x dx + x ( x + 2y ) dy = 0 � ( 1)
Check for exactness:
M = 4xy + 3y 2 - x
�M
= 4x + 6y
�y
I
N = x ( x + 2y )
�N � M
= 2x + 2y � ( not exact )
�x �y
Determine the integrating factor:
�M � N
- = 4x + 6y - ( 2x + 2y ) = 2x + 4y
�y � x
1 ��
M �N� 1
� - �= ( 2 ) ( x + 2y )
N �� x � x ( x + 2y )
y �
1 ��M � N� 2
� - �=
N �� y � x� x
The integrating factor:
2dx
� 2
e x = e2ln x = eln x = x 2
Multiplying eq. 1 by integrating factor x 2 to make it exact
( 4x y + 3x y
3 2 2
) ( )
- x 3 dx + x 4 + 2x 3 y dy = 0
Rearranging:
( 4x ydx + x dy ) - x dx + ( 3x y dx + 2x ydy ) = 0
3 4 3 2 2 3
Integrating:
x4
x 4 y + x3 y 2 - =c
4
(
x 3 4xy + 4y 2 - x = c)
27. Find the differential equation:
General solution:
y 2 = cx
To get the differential equation, differentiate once, twice… until the constant c is
eliminated. This can be established easily by writing it in the form:
y2
c=
x
Differentiate once:
x ( 2yy ' ) - y 2
0=
x2
0 = 2xyy '- y 2
y2
y' =
2xy
y
y' =
2x
I
28. Solve for dy/dt:

2dx dy
-3 +x-y =k � ( 1)
dt dt
3dx dy
+2 - x + cos t = 0 � ( 2)
dt dt
Subtract (2) x (2) – (1) x 3

dx dy
6 +4 - 2x + 2 cos t =0
dt dt
� dx dy �
- � 6 -9 - 3x + 3y = -3k �
� dt dt �
dy
13 - 5x + 3y + 2 cos t = -3k
dt
dy
13 = 5x - 3y - 3k - 2 cos t
dt
dy �1 �
= ( 5x - 3y - 3k - 2 cos t )
dt � 13 �
� �
29. Find the equation of the line:

dy
= ( x + 1) ( x + 2 )
dx
dy
= x 2 + 3x + 2 � seperate the var iable and int egrate
dx
�dy = �( x )
+ 3x + 2 dx
2
�x 3 � �3x 2 �
y = � �+ � �+ 2x + C � equation 1
�3 � � 2 �
� 3�
At point �-3, - �
;
� 2�
-3 ( -3 ) 3 ( -3 )
3 2
= + + 2 ( -3 ) + C
2 3 2
C = 0 � substitute to equation 1
Then the equation of the line is
x 3 3x 2
y= + + 2x � ( answer )
3 2
I
30. Find the equation of the curve:

dy
= 3x 4 + x 2
dx
dy
= 3x 4 + x 2 � seperate the var iables and int egrate
dx
�dy = �3x ( 4
)
+ x 2 dx
�3x5 � �x 3 �
y = � �+ � �+ C � eq ( 1)
� 5 � �3 �
� ��
at point ( 1,1) :
�3 ( 1) 5 � �( 1) 3 �
1= � �+ � �+ C
� 5 � �3 �
� ��
1
C= � substitute to equation 1
15
thus, the equation of the line is :
�3x 5 � �x 3 � 1
y = � �+ � �+
� 5 � �3 � 15
( answer )
� ��
31. Find the general equation:

y 2 = cx � differentiate with respect to x
2yy ' = c
c
y' = � equation 1
2y
But from the original equation:
y2
c= � substitute to equation1
x
�y 2 �
�
�x � �
y' = � �
2y
y
y' =
2x
I
32. Orthogonal Trajectories:

Orthogonal trajectories – set of curves perpendicular to another set of curves.
y 2 = 2x + 2
dy
2y =2
dx
dy 1
m1 = = � slope of given curve
dx y
Since the orthogonal trajectories are perpendicular to the given curve.
�dy � 1
�dx � = - �dy �
� � OT
�dx �
� �
�dy � -1
�dx �= - 1
� �
y
dy
= -y � seperate the var iables and then int egrate
dx
dy
� y �
= - dx
ln y - ln c = - x
y
ln = - x
c
y
= e- x
c
y = ce - x
33. Find the equation of the curve:

At any point (x, y) of a curve, m = dy / dx, Thus:
dy
= 2x � seperate the var iable and then int egrate
dx
�dy = �2xdx
y = x2 + c
34. Population Increase:

Let P = population present at any time, ” t ”
1
dP
= P2 � seperate the var iables
dt
1
dP
1
= dt � bringP 2 up and thenint egrateboth sides
P2
I
1
150,000 - t
�80,000
P 2 dP = �dt
0
150,000
�1 �
P 2�
�
�1 � =t
� 2
� � �
80,000
2 ( 150,000 - 80,000 = t )
t = 208.9 sec onds
35. Compounded Interest:

dP
= 0.03P
dt
dP
�dt = 0.03� dt
ln P = 0.03t + C
when t = 0;P = 10,000
ln10000 = 0.03(0) + C
C = 9.21034
when t = 10 years;P = ?
lnP = 0.03(10) + 9.21034
P = 13,498.60
36. Continuously compounded:

dP
= 0.03P
dt
dP
�P = 0.03� dt
lnP = 0.03t + C
when t = 0;P = 5000
ln 5000 = 0.03(0) + C
C = 8.51719
when t = 10 years;P = ?
lnP = 0.03(10) + 8.51719
P = 6,749.30
I
37. Mixture Problem:

Let :Q = amount of salt in the mixture
100 + ( 3 - 2 ) t = 100 + t = volume of mixture a t an y time t
Q
= concentration of salt
100 + t
Solution :
dQ
= rate of gain - rate of loss
dt
dQ � Q �
= 3 ( 2) - 2 �
dt 100 + t �
� �
dQ � 2 �
+ Q� =6
dt � 100 + t �
�
Note : This is a linear DE
i.f. = e �(
P t ) dt
2
where : P ( t ) = ;A ( t) = 6
100 + t
2
�
i.f. = e �( ) = e 100 + t = e2ln(100 + t)
P t dt
2 2
= eln(100+ t) = ( 100 + t )
Sunstitute :
2
6 ( 100 + t ) dt + C
Q(100 + t)2 = �
Q(100 + t)2 = 6
( 100 + t ) 3 + C
3
3
Q(100 + t)2 = 2 ( 100 + t ) + C
when t = 0;Q = 50
2 3
50 ( 100 ) = 2 ( 100 ) + C
C = -1.5 x106
when t = 30min;Q = ?
Q(100 + 30)2 = 2(100 + 30)2 - 1.5 x106
Q = 171.24lbs
I
38. Mixture Problem:

Let : Q = amount of salt in the mixture
100 + ( 3 - 2 ) t = 100 + t = volume of mixture at any time t
Q
= concentration of salt
100 + t
dQ
= rate of gain - rate of loss
dt
dQ � Q �
= 0 - 2�
dt � 100 + t ��
dQ dt
= -� +C
dt 100 + t
ln Q = -2ln ( 100 + t ) + C
2
ln Q = - ln ( 100 + t ) + C
when t = 0; Q = 50 kg
2
ln 50 = - ln ( 100 + 1) + C
C = 13.12236
when t = 60 min.Q = ?
2
ln Q = - ln ( 100 + 60 ) + 13.12236
ln Q = 2.972
Q = 19.53 kg.
39. Rectilinear Motion:

dV V
+ = 32
dt 10
dV
10 + V = 320
dt
-dV
10 � = dt
320 - V �
-10 ln ( 320 - V ) = t + C
when t = 0; V = 0 ( at rest )
I
-10 ln ( 320 - 0 ) = 0 + C
C = -57.6832
when t = 1sec; V = ?
- 10ln ( 320 - V ) = 1 - 57.6832
ln ( 320 - V ) = 5.66832
320 - V = e5.66832
ft
V = 30.45
sec
40. Newton’s Law of Cooling:

Let : T = temperature of the body
dT
dt
(
= k T - 30o )
dt
� o=� kdt
T - 30
( )
ln T - 30o = kt + C
when t = 0; T = 100o
( )
ln 100o - 30o = k ( 0 ) + C
C = 4.24849
when t = 15min;T = 70o
( )
ln 70o - 30o = k ( 15 ) + 4.24849
k = -0.0373
when t = ?;T = 50o
( )
ln 50o - 30o = -0.0373(t) + 4.24849
t = 33.59 min
41. Family of Orthogonal Trajectories:

y 2 = 2x + C
Differentiate :
dy
2y =2
dx
�dy � 1
�dx � = y
� � c
I
Note :The slope of the orthogonal

trajectories is given by :
dy 1 �dx �
=- = -� �
dx �dy � �dy �
c
�dx �
� � c
Substitute :
dy
= -y
dx
dy
�y = - � dx
ln y = - x + c
eln y = e- x + c = e - x ec
y = Ce- x , where : C = ec
42. Decomposition:
Let : Q = amount of radium present
dQ
= kQ
dt
dQ
�t = � kdt
ln Q = kt + C
when t = 0;Q = Q0
ln Q0 = k ( 0 ) + C
C = ln Q0
when t = 1000 years;Q = 0.5Q0
ln 0.5Q0 = k(1000) + ln Q0
k = -0.000693
when t = 100 years;Q = ?
ln Q = -0.000693(100) + ln Q0
elnQ = e-0.06930 + lnQ0
Q = Q0e-0.0693
Q = 0.933Q0
Q0 - 0.933Q0
%lost = x100% = 6.7%
Q0
I
43. Population:
Let : P = number of population
dP
= kP
dt
dP
�P = � kdt
lnP = kt + C
when t = 0;P = P0
lnP0 = k ( 0 ) + C
C = lnP0
when t = 50 years;P = 2P0
ln 2P0 = k(50) + lnP0
k = -0.0138629
when t = ?;Q = 5P0
ln 5P0 = -0.0138629(t) + lnP0
t = 116 years
44. Decomposition of matter:

Let : Q = amount of subs tan ce present
dQ
= kQ
dt
dQ
�t = � kdt
ln Q = kt + C
when t = 0;Q = 100 mg
ln100 = k ( 0 ) + C
C = 4.60517
when t = 100;Q = 96mg
ln 96 = k(100) + 4.60517
k = -0.0004082
when t = 200;Q = ?
ln Q = -0.0004082(200) + 4.60517
Q = 92.16 mg
45. Family of Circle:
I
2
x2 + ( y - k ) = r 2
Differentiate :
2x + 2 ( y - k ) y ' = 0
x + yy '- ky ' = 0
x
k= +y
y'
Differentiate :
y '(1) - xy "
0= + y'
(y ')2
y '- xy "+ (y ')3 = 0
xy "- (y ')3 - y ' = 0
46. Family of lines:

y -k
m= ; where : m = slope ( cons tan t )
x -h
Differentiate :
0=
( x - h) dy - ( y - k ) dx
( x - h) 2
( x - h ) dy - ( y - k ) dx = 0
( y - k ) dx - ( x - h ) dy = 0
47. Families of parabolas:

y 2 = 4ax
y2
4a =
x
Differentiate :
x ( 2ydy ) - y 2dx
0=
x2
2xydy - y 2dx = 0
2xdy - ydx = 0
48. Find the Differential equation:

y
m = ; where : m = slope ( cons tan t )
x
I
Differentiate :
xdy - ydx
0=
x2
xdy - ydx = 0
49. Linear Equation:

dy �1 � 2
+ �y = x
dx � �x �
Note : This equation is a linear DE :
y ( i.f.) = �
Q ( x ) ( i.f.) dx + C
1
where : P ( x ) = ;Q ( x ) = x 2
x
dx
P(x)dx �
i.f. = e � = e x = eln x = x
Substitute :
x 2 ( x ) dx + C
y(x) = �
x4
xy = +C
4
50. Find The General Equation:

By inspection, this equation is a homogenous DE, since the coefficient of the dx
and dy are of the same degree (degree 1).
Note: C is an arbitrary constant which can be placed in either side of the equal
sign.
Let : y = vx;dy = vdx + xdv

Substitute :
x ( vdx + xdv ) + vx ( vdx + xdv ) = xdx - vxdx
vxdx + x 2dv + v 2 xdx + vx 2dv = xdx - vxdx
( )
xdx 2v + v 2 - 1 + x 2dv ( 1 + v ) = 0
dx ( 1 + v ) dv
+ =0
x v 2 + 2v - 1
dx 1 ( 2 + 2v ) dv
�x + 2 �2 =0
v + 2v - 1
ln x +
1
2
(
ln v 2 + 2v - 1 = c )
I
Multiply on both sides :
( )
2ln x + ln v 2 + 2v - 1 = k, where :k = 2c
ln � (
x 2 v 2 + 2v - 1 �= k
� � )
( )
x 2 v 2 + 2v - 1 = C, where C = ek
y
Substitute v = :
x
�y 2 2y �
x2 � + - 1�= C
�x 2 x �
� �
y 2 + 2xy - x 2 = C
x 2 - 2xy - y 2 = C

Note: C is an arbitrary constant which can be placed in either side of the equal
sign.
xy ' ( 2y - 1) = y ( 1 - x )
dy
x ( 2y - 1) = y ( 1 - x )
dx
x ( 2y - 1) dy = y ( 1 - x ) dx
2y - 1 1- x
dy - dx = 0
y x
dy dx
2�dy - � - � + � dx = C
y x
2y - ln y - ln x + x = C
2y + x + C = ln x + ln y
ln(xy) = 2y + x + C

y ' = y sec x
dy
= y sec x
dx
dy
�y = � sec xdx
ln y = ln ( sec x + tan x ) + c
y
ln =c
sec x + tan x
I
y
=C
sec x + tan x
where :
ec = C
y = C ( sec x + tan x )

y = C1x + C2e x � 1
y ' = C1 + C2e x � 2
y " = C2e x �3
Substitute 3 in 2 :
y ' = C1 + y "
C1 = y '- y " � 4
Substitute 3 in 1:
y = C1x + y " � 5
Substitute 4 in 5 :
y = ( y '- y " ) x + y "
y = y ' x - y '' x + y ''
0 = ( x - 1) y ''- xy '+ y
54. Homogenous Differential Equation:

By inspection, this equation is a homogeneous DE, since the coefficient of the dx
and dy are of the same degree (degree 1)
Let : y = vx;dy = vdx + xdv

Substitute :
vxdx - x 2 + v 2 x 2 dx - x ( vdx + xdv ) = 0
vxdx - 1 + v 2 xdx - vxdx - x 2dv = 0
- 1 + v 2 dx - xdv = 0
I
dx dv
�x +� =0
1+ v2
Let : v = tan q;dv = sec 2 qdq
dx sec 2 qdq
�x +� =0
1 + tan2 q
dx
�x +�
sec qdq = 0
ln x + ln ( sec q + tan q ) = c
x ( sec q + tan q ) �
ln �
� �= c
x ( sec q + tan q ) = C
where :
ec = C
Re fer to the triangle, substitute values of
sec q and tan q to the solution :
x 1 + v 2 + vx = C
2
�y � y
x 1+ � � + ( x ) = C
�x � x
x2 + y 2 + y = C
55. First Order Differential Equation:

Assume the solutionhas the form :
y ( k ) = 20 + 5k
Solve y(k + 1) u sin g the assumed solution :
y(k + 1) = 20 + 5(k + 1)
y(k + 1) = 20 + 5k + 5
y(k + 1) = (20 + 5k) + 5
y(k + 1) = y(k) + 5
Since, the resulting equation is the same to the given DE, then the assumed
equation is the solution to the DE.
56. Differential Equation of the Curve:

dy - xdx = 0
dy = xdx
dy = �
� xdx
x2
y= +C
2
I
at x = 1; y = 0
0=
( 1) 2 + C;C = - 1
2 2
Thus the solution is,
x2 1
y= -
2 2
2y = x 2 - 1
x 2 - 2y - 1 = 0

( cos x cos y - cot x ) dx - sin x sin ydy = 0
M = cos x cos y - cot x
�( cos x cos y - cot x )
= - cos x sin y
�y
N = - sin x sin y
�( - sin x sin y )
= - cos x sin y
�x
�
M � N
Note : = ,then the given DE is an exact DE
�y �x
( cos xcos y - cot x ) �x + k1 = C

�
sinxcos y - lnsin x + k1 = C � 1
( - sin x sin y ) �y + k 2 = C
�
- sin x ( - cos y ) + k 2 = C
sin x cos y + k 2 = C �2
By comparing 1 and 2,k1 = 0 and
k 2 = - ln sin x
Thus, the solution is,

sin x cos y - ln sin x = C
sin x cos y = ln sin x + C
sin x cos y = ln sin x + lnc
where : C = lnc
sin x cos y = ln(c sin x)
sin x cos y = ln(c sin x)
I
58. Equation of the Curve:

dy
slope = = 2x
dx
Note : Since tangent, the slope of the
unknown curve is equal to the
slope of the line
dy
= 2x;dy = 2xdx
dx
� dy = 2�xdx
2x2
y= +C
2
y = x2 + C
59. Equation Of the Curve:

dy = x 2dx
2
dy = �
� x dx
x3
y= +C
3
at x = 1; y = 1
1=
( 1) 3 + C; C = 2
3 3
Thus the solution is,
x3 2
y= +
3 3
3y = x3 + 2
x3 - 3y + 2 = 0
60. Solve For Differential Equation:

x ( y - 1) dx + ( x + 1) dy = 0
xdx dy
+ =0
x +1 y -1
� 1 � dy
�1- � dx + =0
� x + 1� y -1
Integrate :
dx dy
�dx - � + � = � 0
x +1 y -1
I
x - ln ( x + 1) + ln ( y - 1) = C
at x = 1; y = 2
1 - ln ( 1 + 1) + ln ( 2 - 1) = C
C = 0.307
at x = 2; y = ?
2 - ln ( 2 + 1) + ln ( y - 1) = 0.307
ln ( y - 1) = -0.594
y - 1 = e -0.594
y = 1.55

y 2 = cx
y2
c=
x
Differentiate :
x ( 2yy ' ) - y 2
0=
x2
y 2 = 2xyy '
y2 y
y' = =
2xy 2x

A DE is a variable separable if the coefficient of dx shall be functions of x only and
the coefficient of dy shall be functions of y only.
Note: C is a variable separable DE
(
2ydx = x 2 + 1 dy )
2ydx ( x2 + 1) dy
=
y ( x 2 + 1) y ( x 2 + 1)
� 2 � �1 �
�2 �dx = � � dy
�x + 1 � �y �
I
A DE whose equation is M ( x, y ) dx
�M � N
+N ( x, y ) dy = 0 is exact if
=
�y � x
Note : From the choices,choice(c) is an
exact DE
(
2xydx + 2 + x 2dy = 0 )
M = 2xy N = 2 + x2
�( 2xy )
= 2x
(
�2 + x 2 ) = 2x
�
y �
x
64. Order and Degree:

3
d4 y �dy �
2x + 5x 2 � � - xy = 0
4 �dx �
dy
A. Fourth order, first degree
Fourth order, since the highest derivative in the equation is 4th derivative. First
degree, since the exponent or power of the 4h derivative is 1.
I

Differential Equations.-SOLUTIONS

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Differential Equations.-SOLUTIONS

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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS I

2. Differential equation of straight line:

3. Differential equation of straight line:

Substitute sin a and cos a to eq. (1):

Square both side:

4. Differential equation of straight line:

Thus, the differential equation is:

5. Differential equation of family of circle:

Since the line passes through (0,0).

6. Differential Equation of Parabola:

The equation contains three arbitrary constant ( h, k , and a ) therefore this

4 ( y ' ) = 2 ( y ' ) - 2y '' ( y - k )

2 ( y ' ) = -2y '' ( y - k )

0 = 3y ' ( y '' ) - ( y ' ) y '''

0 = 3 ( y '' ) - y ' y '''

8. Particular solution of equation:

Integrating both sides:

lnr - lnro = -2t 2

9. Find the General Equation:

10. General Equation:

11. Homogeneous Equation:

vyy ( vdy + ydv ) = ( vy + 2y ) dy

12. Particular solution:

13. Find the General Equation:

14. Exact Differential Equation:

The given equation cannot be separated and is non-homogeneous.

15. Exact Differential Equation:

16. Find the Differential Equation:

17. Find the General Equation:

18. Find the Equation:

19. Find the Differential Equation:

20. Find the Equation:

21. Find the integrating factor:

22. Find the Differential Equation:

23. Find the amount of salt after 90 minutes:

�1.5 - 0.03Q = �dt

According to Newton’s law of cooling, “the temperature of a body changes at a rate

26. Exact differential Equation:

28. Solve for dy/dt:

Subtract (2) x (2) – (1) x 3

29. Find the equation of the line:

30. Find the equation of the curve:

31. Find the general equation:

32. Orthogonal Trajectories:

33. Find the equation of the curve:

34. Population Increase:

35. Compounded Interest:

36. Continuously compounded:

37. Mixture Problem:

38. Mixture Problem:

39. Rectilinear Motion:

40. Newton’s Law of Cooling:

41. Family of Orthogonal Trajectories:

Note :The slope of the orthogonal

44. Decomposition of matter:

45. Family of Circle:

46. Family of lines:

47. Families of parabolas:

48. Find the Differential equation:

49. Linear Equation:

50. Find The General Equation:

Let : y = vx;dy = vdx + xdv

vxdx + x 2dv + v 2 xdx + vx 2dv = xdx - vxdx

Multiply on both sides :