Onomatopoeia[note 1] is the use or creation of a word that phonetically imitates, resembles, or

suggests the sound that it describes. Such a word itself is also called an onomatopoeia. Common
onomatopoeias include animal noises such as oink, meow (or miaow), roar, and chirp.
Onomatopoeia can differ by language: it conforms to some extent to the broader linguistic system;[6]
[7]
hence the sound of a clock may be expressed as tick tock in English, tic tac in Spanish and Italian
(shown in the picture), dī dā in Mandarin, kachi kachi in Japanese, or tik-tik in Hindi.
The English term comes from the Ancient Greek compound onomatopoeia, 'name-making',
composed of onomato- 'name' and -poeia 'making'. Thus, words that imitate sounds can be said to
be onomatopoeic or onomatopoetic.[8]

Uses
Further information: List of animal sounds

According to Musurgia Universalis (1650), the hen makes "to

to too", while chicks make "glo glo glo". A bang flag gun,
a novelty item
In the case of a frog croaking, the spelling may vary because different frog species around the world
make different sounds: Ancient Greek brekekekex koax koax (only in Aristophanes' comic play The
Frogs) probably for marsh frogs; English ribbit for species of frog found in North America; English
verb croak for the common frog.[9]
Some other very common English-language examples are hiccup, zoom, bang, beep, moo,
and splash. Machines and their sounds are also often described with onomatopoeia: honk or beep-
beep for the horn of an automobile, and vroom or brum for the engine. In speaking of a mishap
involving an audible arcing of electricity, the word zap is often used (and its use has been extended
to describe non-auditory effects of interference).
Human sounds sometimes provide instances of onomatopoeia, as when mwah is used to represent
a kiss.[10]
For animal sounds, words like quack (duck), moo (cow), bark or woof (dog), roar (lion), meow/
miaow or purr (cat), cluck (chicken) and baa (sheep) are typically used in English (both as nouns
and as verbs).
Some languages flexibly integrate onomatopoeic words into their structure. This may evolve into a
new word, up to the point that the process is no longer recognized as onomatopoeia. One example
is the English word bleat for sheep noise: in medieval times it was pronounced approximately
as blairt (but without an R-component), or blet with the vowel drawled, which more closely resembles
a sheep noise than the modern pronunciation.
An example of the opposite case is cuckoo, which, due to continuous familiarity with the bird noise
down the centuries, has kept approximately the same pronunciation as in Anglo-Saxon times and its
vowels have not changed as they have in the word furrow.
Verba dicendi ('words of saying') are a method of integrating onomatopoeic words
and ideophones into grammar.
Sometimes, things are named from the sounds they make. In English, for example, there is the
universal fastener which is named for the sound it makes: the zip (in the UK) or zipper (in the U.S.)
Many birds are named after their calls, such as the bobwhite quail, the weero, the morepork,
the killdeer, chickadees and jays, the cuckoo, the chiffchaff, the whooping crane, the whip-poor-will,
and the kookaburra. In Tamil and Malayalam, the word for crow is kaakaa. This practice is especially
common in certain languages such as Māori, and so in names of animals borrowed from these
languages.

Cross-cultural differences
Although a particular sound is heard similarly by people of different cultures, it is often expressed
through the use of different consonant strings in different languages. For example, the snip of a pair
of scissors is cri-cri in Italian,[11] riqui-riqui in Spanish,[11] terre-terre[11] or treque-treque[citation needed] in
Portuguese, krits-krits in modern Greek,[11] cëk-cëk in Albanian,[citation needed] and katr-katr in Hindi.[citation
needed]
Similarly, the "honk" of a car's horn is ba-ba (Han: 叭叭) in Mandarin, tut-tut in French, pu-pu in
Japanese, bbang-bbang in Korean, bært-bært in Norwegian, fom-fom in Portuguese and bim-
bim in Vietnamese.[citation needed]

Onomatopoeic effect without onomatopoeic words

An onomatopoeic effect can also be produced in a phrase or word string with the help
of alliteration and consonance alone, without using any onomatopoeic words. The most famous
example is the phrase "furrow followed free" in Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient
Mariner. The words "followed" and "free" are not onomatopoeic in themselves, but in conjunction
with "furrow" they reproduce the sound of ripples following in the wake of a speeding ship. Similarly,
alliteration has been used in the line "as the surf surged up the sun swept shore ..." to recreate the
sound of breaking waves in the poem "I, She and the Sea".

Comics and advertising

A sound effect of breaking a door

Comic strips and comic books make extensive use of onomatopoeia. Popular culture historian Tim
DeForest noted the impact of writer-artist Roy Crane (1901–1977), the creator of Captain
Easy and Buz Sawyer:
It was Crane who pioneered the use of onomatopoeic sound effects in comics, adding "bam,"
"pow" and "wham" to what had previously been an almost entirely visual vocabulary. Crane
 had fun with this, tossing in an occasional "ker-splash" or "lickety-wop" along with what
would become the more standard effects. Words as well as images became vehicles for
carrying along his increasingly fast-paced storylines.[12]
In 2002, DC Comics introduced a villain named Onomatopoeia, an athlete, martial artist, and
weapons expert, who often speaks pure sounds.[clarification needed]
Advertising uses onomatopoeia for mnemonic purposes, so that consumers will remember their
products, as in Alka-Seltzer's "Plop, plop, fizz, fizz. Oh, what a relief it is!" jingle, recorded in two
different versions (big band and rock) by Sammy Davis, Jr.
Rice Krispies (US and UK) and Rice Bubbles (AU)[clarification needed] make a "snap, crackle, pop" when
one pours on milk. During the 1930s, the illustrator Vernon Grant developed Snap, Crackle and
Pop as gnome-like mascots for the Kellogg Company.
Sounds appear in road safety advertisements: "clunk click, every trip" (click the seatbelt on after
clunking the car door closed; UK campaign) or "click, clack, front and back" (click, clack of
connecting the seat belts; AU campaign) or "click it or ticket" (click of the connecting seat belt,
with the implied penalty of a traffic ticket for not using a seat belt; US DOT (Department of
Transportation) campaign).
The sound of the container opening and closing gives Tic Tac its name.

Manner imitation
Main article: Ideophone
In many of the world's languages, onomatopoeic-like words are used to describe phenomena
beyond the purely auditive. Japanese often uses such words to describe feelings or figurative
expressions about objects or concepts. For instance, Japanese barabara is used to reflect an
object's state of disarray or separation, and shiiin is the onomatopoetic form of absolute silence
(used at the time an English speaker might expect to hear the sound of crickets chirping or a pin
dropping in a silent room, or someone coughing). In Albanian, tartarec is used to describe
someone who is hasty. It is used in English as well with terms like bling, which describes the
glinting of light on things like gold, chrome or precious stones. In Japanese, kirakira is used for
glittery things.

Examples in media
 James Joyce in Ulysses (1922) coined the onomatopoeic tattarrattat for a knock on
the door.[13] It is listed as the longest palindromic word in The Oxford English
Dictionary.[14]
 Whaam! (1963) by Roy Lichtenstein is an early example of pop art, featuring a
reproduction of comic book art that depicts a fighter aircraft striking another with
rockets with dazzling red and yellow explosions.
 In the 1960s TV series Batman, comic book style onomatopoeic words such
as wham!, pow!, biff!, crunch! and zounds! appear onscreen during fight scenes.
 Ubisoft's XIII employed the use of comic book onomatopoeic words such
as bam!, boom! and noooo! during gameplay for gunshots, explosions and kills,
respectively. The comic-book style is apparent throughout the game and is a core
theme, and the game is an adaptation of a comic book of the same name.
 The chorus of American popular songwriter John Prine's song "Onomatopoeia"
incorporates onomatopoeic words: "Bang! went the pistol", "Crash! went the
window", "Ouch! went the son of a gun".
 The marble game KerPlunk has an onomatopoeic word for a title, from the sound
of marbles dropping when one too many sticks has been removed.
  The Nickelodeon cartoon's title KaBlam! is implied to be onomatopoeic to a crash.
 Each episode of the TV series Harper's Island is given an onomatopoeic name
which imitates the sound made in that episode when a character dies. For example,
in the episode titled "Bang" a character is shot and fatally wounded, with the "Bang"
mimicking the sound of the gunshot.
 Mad Magazine cartoonist Don Martin, already popular for his exaggerated artwork,
often employed creative comic-book style onomatopoeic sound effects in his
drawings (for example, thwizzit is the sound of a sheet of paper being yanked from a
typewriter). Fans have compiled The Don Martin Dictionary, cataloging each sound
and its meaning.

Cross-linguistic examples
Main article: Cross-linguistic onomatopoeias

In linguistics
A key component of language is its arbitrariness and what a word can represent, [clarification needed] as a
word is a sound created by humans with attached meaning to said sound.[15] No one can
determine the meaning of a word purely by how it sounds. However, in onomatopoeic words,
these sounds are much less arbitrary; they are connected in their imitation of other objects or
sounds in nature. Vocal sounds in the imitation of natural sounds does not necessarily gain
meaning, but can gain symbolic meaning.[clarification needed][16] An example of this sound symbolism in the
English language is the use of words starting with sn-. Some of these words symbolize concepts
related to the nose (sneeze, snot, snore). This does not mean that all words with that sound
relate to the nose, but at some level we recognize a sort of symbolism associated with the sound
itself. Onomatopoeia, while a facet of language, is also in a sense outside of the confines of
language.[17]
In linguistics, onomatopoeia is described as the connection, or symbolism, of a sound that is
interpreted and reproduced within the context of a language, usually out of mimicry of a sound.
[18]
It is a figure of speech, in a sense. Considered a vague term on its own, there are a few
varying defining factors in classifying onomatopoeia. In one manner, it is defined simply as the
imitation of some kind of non-vocal sound using the vocal sounds of a language, like the hum of
a bee being imitated with a "buzz" sound. In another sense, it is described as the phenomena of
making a new word entirely.
Onomatopoeia works in the sense of symbolizing an idea in a phonological context, not
necessarily constituting a direct meaningful word in the process.[19] The symbolic properties of a
sound in a word, or a phoneme, is related to a sound in an environment, and are restricted in
part by a language's own phonetic inventory, hence why many languages can have distinct
onomatopoeia for the same natural sound. Depending on a language's connection to a sound's
meaning, that language's onomatopoeia inventory can differ proportionally. For example, a
language like English generally holds little symbolic representation when it comes to sounds,
which is the reason English tends to have a smaller representation of sound mimicry then a
language like Japanese that overall has a much higher amount of symbolism related to the
sounds of the language.

Evolution of language
In ancient Greek philosophy, onomatopoeia was used as evidence for how natural a language
was: it was theorized that language itself was derived from natural sounds in the world around
us. Symbolism in sounds was seen as deriving from this.[20] Some linguists hold that
onomatopoeia may have been the first form of human language.[17]

Role in early language acquisition

When first exposed to sound and communication, humans are biologically inclined to mimic the
sounds they hear, whether they are actual pieces of language or other natural sounds. [21] Early
on in development, an infant will vary his/her utterances between sounds that are well
established within the phonetic range of the language(s) most heavily spoken in their
environment, which may be called "tame" onomatopoeia, and the full range of sounds that the
vocal tract can produce, or "wild" onomatopoeia.[19] As one begins to acquire one's first language,
the proportion of "wild" onomatopoeia reduces in favor of sounds which are congruent with those
of the language they are acquiring.
During the native language acquisition period, it has been documented that infants may react
strongly to the more wild-speech features to which they are exposed, compared to more tame
and familiar speech features. But the results of such tests are inconclusive.
In the context of language acquisition, sound symbolism has been shown to play an important
role.[16] The association of foreign words to subjects and how they relate to general objects, such
as the association of the words takete and baluma with either a round or angular shape, has
been tested to see how languages symbolize sounds.

In other languages
Japanese
Main article: Japanese sound symbolism
The Japanese language has a large inventory of ideophone words that are symbolic sounds.
These are used in contexts ranging from day to day conversation to serious news. [22] These
words fall into four categories:

 Giseigo: mimics humans and animals. (e.g. wanwan for a dog's bark)
 Giongo: mimics general noises in nature or inanimate objects. (e.g. zaazaa for rain
on a roof)
 Gitaigo: describes states of the external world
 Gijōgo: describes psychological states or bodily feelings.
The two former correspond directly to the concept of onomatopoeia, while the two latter are
similar to onomatopoeia in that they are intended to represent a concept mimetically and
performatively rather than referentially, but different from onomatopoeia in that they aren't just
imitative of sounds. For example, shiinto represents something being silent, just as how an
anglophone might say "clatter, crash, bang!" to represent something being noisy. That
"representative" or "performative" aspect is the similarity to onomatopoeia.
Sometimes Japanese onomatopoeia produces reduplicated words.[20]

Hebrew
As in Japanese, onomatopoeia in Hebrew sometimes produces reduplicated verbs:[23]: 208

o ‫ שקשק‬shikshék "to make noise, rustle".[23]: 207
o ‫ רשרש‬rishrésh "to make noise, rustle".[23]: 208
Malay
There is a documented correlation within the Malay language of onomatopoeia that begin with
the sound bu- and the implication of something that is rounded, as well as with the sound of -lok
within a word conveying curvature in such words like lok, kelok and telok ('locomotive', 'cove',
and 'curve' respectively).[24]

Arabic
The Qur'an, written in Arabic, documents instances of onomatopoeia. [17] Of about 77,701 words,
there are nine words that are onomatopoeic: three are animal sounds (e.g., "mooing"), two are
sounds of nature (e.g.; "thunder"), and four that are human sounds (e.g., "whisper" or "groan").

Albanian
There is wide array of objects and animals in the Albanian language that have been named after
the sound they produce. Such onomatopoeic words are shkrepse (matches), named after the
distinct sound of friction and ignition of the match head; take-tuke (ashtray) mimicking the sound
it makes when placed on a table; shi (rain) resembling the continuous sound of pouring
rain; kukumjaçkë (Little owl) after its "cuckoo" hoot; furçë (brush) for its rustling
sound; shapka (slippers and flip-flops); pordhë (loud flatulence) and fëndë (silent flatulence).

Hindi-Urdu
In Hindi and Urdu, onomatopoeic words like bak-bak, churh-churh are used to indicate silly talk.
Other examples of onomatopoeic words being used to represent actions are fatafat (to do
something fast), dhak-dhak (to represent fear with the sound of fast beating heart), tip-tip (to
signify a leaky tap) etc. Movement of animals or objects is also sometimes represented with
onomatopoeic words like bhin-bhin (for a housefly) and sar-sarahat (the sound of a cloth being
dragged on or off a piece of furniture). khusr-phusr refers to whispering. bhaunk means bark.