SHRI RAMSWAROOP MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY

2018-2019
PROJECT REPORT
Topic – Carwash Wastewater Treatment
GROUP MEMBERS ROLL NO
1 Ayushi Pandey 201510105110052
2 Sachin Kumar 201510105110091
3 Kunteshwar Dutt 201510105110094
4 Sanjeev Pal 201610105110703
5 Abhishek Tomar 201610105110704

Project Guide Name – Ms. Smirti Gupta

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 Introduction
1.1 Background of study

The wastewater sector has traditionally been a slow moving market driven by
compliance with regulations. The advent of wastewater reuse changes the sector to
one generating a valuable product –safe and reliable water supply. This opens up the
possibility for new project structures and inflows of private investment and provides
powerful incentives to devote more resources to develop promising technologies.
Indian entrepreneur are taking note of these opportunities’ and are seeking ways to
work with the Government and other private partners to support the growth of nascent
market together and in so doing contribute to the sustainable development of this
sector in India.

There are three forces that are propelling the business case for reuse of treated
waste water in India. First and foremost: water security. At present this issue ranks
high in the mind of policy makers in India with several cities facing water crises.

During period of supply scarcities’ ,household demand take precedence over industrial
demand , potentially leading to supply restrictions for industrial users , therefore
leading to lost output .In this context the advantages of reclaimed water as a more
robust (climate proof) source of water supply for the industry are becoming
increasingly compelling .

Secondly reuse of treated wastewater is getting strong support from

government policy. It is an important element in the ambicious plan to clean up the
river Ganga, a flagship initiative of the ruling government (clean Ganga mission), and
is also included in other urban policies and their related funding streams.

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 The central government has committed to provide initial financing to get
projects off the ground. The long term strategy is to shift towards covering operating
costs through user fees. Adding a revenue –generating water used component to a
project boosts a project’s financial viability and reduces the burden on public finance.
Accordingly, government policies are also aligning to support the development of
treated wastewater reuse as a financially sustainable sector.

Due to diminishing global water supplies and growing number of cars, purifying and
reusing car washing wastewater is sensible. The average water consumption per car
washing without wastewater treatment is 200 - 500 l. In tunnels, which have a higher
washing capacity, water consumption is about 100 to 200 to 250 litre per washing.
Systems which use recycled water for both body and underbody washing reduce the
water consumption by 80 to 90% and produce usually 22-60 litre/waste water per
wash. Waste water recycling in car washes is mandatory in some countries. In
Belgium the water consumption of automatic car washes is on average 400 litres per a
car and in the future car and in the future 70% of recycling is needed to obtain an
environmental licence. Waste waters from car washes consists of Dirt from the cars
like sand and dust, chemicals used for the washing, materials from washing
equipments, as well as lubricants and other chemicals for maintaining the equipments.
Several applications have been developed and tested for treatment of car was
wastewaters including for example ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, hollow fibre
membranes and electrochemical oxidation.

In Finland there are around 900 automatic car washes which were often located at
petrol stations and about 10 Million cars are washed in these car washes every year.
Car watches do not need an environmental permit. In nordic countries the most
common wastewater treatment technologies in car washes are sand and oil separators,
Less than 5% of Finnish car washing facilities have an additional wastewater
treatment system method likes and sand, peat or activated carbon filter or biological
treatment.

Biological treatment systems are sensitive to Chemicals so non solvent type retardants
are used for washing. Surface active agents (also the negatively charged

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surface. called surfactants or tensides) are generally the active agents in car shampoos
rinses and waxes. They lower the surface tension of a liquid, the interfacial tension
between two liquids, or that between a liquid and a solid. Usually, anionic and
surfectants are used in washing and cleaning products. Positively charged cationic
surfactants are used to neutralize the negative charge surface. High concentration of
surfactants in waste water can inhibit autochthonous microorganism. Surfactants
causes the depolarization of the cellular membrane. The surface concentration in the
medium can not exceeded 1000 mg per litre in biological treatment however more
than 90 to 95% of surfactants can be eliminated by waste water treatment plant under
optimised conditions all surfactant classes undergo primary biodegradation under
aerobic conditions but persistent biodegradation products can form since all
compounds do not biodegrade completely the aim of the study was to examine how
efficient rotating bed by film actors are purifying car was wastewater to automatic car
washes where followed for 4 months by analysing samples and performing
measurements every second week reduction of COD and surfactants during the period
fixation process was calculated as well as other quality parameters for the reused
water.

1.2 Major concerns during the study

Professional car wash systems create wash wastewater that can have a great impact on
the environment if not properly managed and discharged. Contaminants in wash
wastewater include the following:

• Oil and grease, which contain hazardous materials such as benzene, lead, zinc,
chromium, arsenic, pesticides, herbicides, nitrates, and other metals.

• Detergents, including biodegradable detergents, that can be poisonous to fish.

• Phosphates, which are plant nutrients and can cause excessive growth of nuisance
plants in water bodies • Chemicals, such as hydrofluoric acid and ammonium
bifluoride products (ABF), and solvent-based solutions that are harmful to living
organisms

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 • Chemicals and oils used for the maintenance of cleaning machinery (for automatic
systems).

• Debris that can clog storm sewer inlets and grates and thereby prevent storm water
drainage to the sewer.

Washing vehicles on hard, impervious surfaces such as concrete areas can cause wash
wastewater flow into storm drains. It is necessary to find out if area storm and sanitary
sewers are combined or separate systems. Many storm and sanitary sewers in the
Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (MWRDGC) are
combined before the final discharge point; therefore, most wastewater is treated before
it is discharged to surface water bodies such as rivers, lakes, and streams. Many newer
areas and other cities have separate sewer systems; therefore, wastewater discharged
to storm sewers is discharged directly to water bodies without treatment to remove
pollutants. Car wash wastewater can be harmful to humans, plants, and animals if
released untreated to surface water bodies. Additionally, allowing wash wastewater to
soak into the ground can be harmful because the wastewater may contaminate soil and
groundwater. More information on how to prevent soil and groundwater
contamination is presented later in this fact sheet.

1.3 Objective of the study

The objective of car wash waste water treatment is to extract pollutants, remove
toxicants, neutralise coarse particles, so that quality of discharged water is improved
to reach the permissible level of water to be discharged into water bodies or for
agricultural land.

Treatment of water thus aims at reduction of BOD, COD, ph of receiving water bodies
and prevention of bio-magnification of toxic substances in food chain.

1.4 Steps Involved in Waste Water Treatment:

Various steps involved in treatment of waste water are as follows:

1. Preliminary Treatment.

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Screening :

In this treatment debris, gross solids, grit, oil and grease are removed by passing waste
water through screens, grit chambers and skimming tanks.

2. Primary Treatment:

Primary treatment of sewage removes 60% suspended solids, 30% COD, 35% BOD,
10% P and 20% total nitrogen.

It includes the following processes:

(i) Sedimentation:

About 50% suspended solids can be removed by gravitational settling under quiescent
conditions.

(ii) Mechanical Flocculation and Coagulation:

Fine suspended solids and colloidal particles are removed by passing waste water
through clariflocculator and using coagulants like alum and poly-electrolytes.

(iii) Neutralization:

Highly acidic and alkaline waste waters are neutralized by lime slurry or NaOH and
H2SO4 or CO2 respectively.

3. Secondary (Biological) Treatment:

The dissolved and colloidal organic matter in waste water/sewage is removed by

aerobic or anaerobic processes. The effluent from primary sedimentation tank is first
subjected to aerobic oxidation in processes such as aerated lagoons, trickling filters,
activated sludge units, oxidation ponds etc.

Then the sludge obtained in these aerobic processes, together with that obtained in the
primary sedimentation tank, is subjected to anaerobic digestion in the sludge digester.
Secondary treatment removes about 80% COD, 90% BOD, 30% P, 50% total N and
oil, grease, phenol, grit, scum etc.

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4. Tertiary Treatment:

Tertiary treatment is the final treatment meant for abolishing the secondary effluents
and removal of fine suspended solids, traces of organics and bacteria. The sewage
effluent from secondary treatment plant is introduced into a flocculation tank where
lime is added to eliminate calcium phosphate.

The solution then enters the NH3 stripping tower. Nitrogen present in waste water
exists as NH+4 which is converted to gaseous ammonium ion at high pH. Phosphorus
is removed by adding ferric chloride or aluminum sulphate. The remaining organic
materials are removed by desalination, ion exchange and finally chlorination is used
for disinfection.

The toxic, non-biodegradable chemicals in industrial waste water can be removed by

adsorption (on activated charcoal), ion exchange, ultra-filtration, reverse osmosis and
electrolysis.

2- LITERATURE REVIEW

In some places groundwater levels continue to fall and the option for increasing
supplies have become costly and are often environment damaging. Water conflicts are
worsening around the world, rivers are drying up and pollution is unabated. The root
cause of these problems is poor water governance. Which has often been neglected in
the past. Rapid urbanization and industrialization has resulted in the paste. Rapid
urbanization and industrialization has resulted in the squeeze on freshwater supplies
for agricultural uses and this necessitates reliable. alternative sources of supply.
Consequently the water crisis situation has engendered new direction for water
governance and development and use of urban wastewater as an alternative source of
supply. Water withdrawal statistics indicate that annual global water withdrawals have
increased by more than six times and the rate of increase in developing countries is
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8%. Water is a very basic requirement for the well- being of human kind vital for
economic development and essential for the healthy functioning of all the world’s
ecosystem. Reasons for limited availability of recourses to use for people include. lack
of distribution networks, excessive extraction groundwater resource and risk from the
contamination by the pollution. Many freshwater res resources have become
increasing polluted resulting in the shrinking of freshwater availability.

Exponential growth of population, rapid industrialization, urbanization higher

cultivation intensities and poor water management practices over the past century has
made freshwater availability a limiting factor in agricultural development. The option
for increasing supply have become expensive and often environmentally damaging.
“The insufficiency of water is primarily driven by and inefficient supply of services
rather than by Water Shortage .Lack of Basic services is often because of
mismanagement, Corrupt ion lack of appropriate institutions, Bureaucratic inertia and
a shortage of new investments in building human capacity, as well as physical
infrastructure water managers and policy makers around there world are complied to
continually look for alternates to supplement limited and depleting freshwater
resources.

Following are the key points which needs to be considered for water sector.

 Key drivers: Demand-Supply gaps, Urbanization Regulations

 Opportunities: Efficiency in water supply. Reuse of waste water and energy from
waste
 Technical : Challenges, Lack of raw water, Changing water use patterns, Lack of
adequate availability of technical expertise
 Financial Challenges: Capital intensive, Tariffs are too low
 Social Challenges: Water is a state subject: Water is a highly political issue.

2.2 WATER SCENARIO IN STATE UNDERTAKEN FOR STUDY

The share of groundwater in the total supply is projected to decrease in future as large
surface water schemes are commissioned, most notably the Sardar Sarover- based
Narmada Main Canal. The shortfall in urban areas is even more critical and requires
substantial investment to develop new sources of water and strengthen t he water
supply distribution network. The demand for drinking water in the six municipal
corporations is projected to outstrip the supply 986 mld, calling for an investment of
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Rs. 8609 million by 2010. Additional investments are also required to rehabilitate the
existing distribution network. In Central Gujarat, water availability can be challenging
in future, so to meet with water requirement option of reuse has to be explored.

2.2.1 Water Conflicts

Sever water shortages have already led to growing more number of conflicts across
the country. 90 per cent of India’s territory is drained by inter- state rivers. The
conflict over the Cauvery river water between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, the
Godavari river conflict between Maharashtra and Karnataka and the Narmada water
conflict between Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat are all ongoing conflicts. On the
international front, India has clearly demarcated water rights with Pakistan through
the Waters Treaty.

Climate change projections show that India’s water problems are only likely to
worsen. With more rain expected to fall in fewer days and the rapid melting of
glaciers- especially in the western Himalayas- India will need to gear up to tackle the
increasing incidence of both droughts and floods. There is clearly an urgent need for
taking action for the observed situation of water First, India needs a lot more water
infrastructure. Compared to other semi-arid countries, India can store relatively small
quantities of its fickle rainfall. Whereas, India’s dams can store only 200 cu.m. of
water per person, other middle-income countries like china, South Africa, and Mexico
can store about 1000 cu.m.. per capita.

2.2.2 Wastewater Treatment And Reuse

To ensure sustainable and successful wastewater reuse applications, the following
requirements must be fulfilled:

 The potential public health risk associated with reuse of wastewater are evaluated
and minimized
 The specific water reuse applications meet the water quality objectives
 In Order to meet the requirements, it is necessary to treat the wastewater prior to
reuse applications

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 Ensure an appropriate level of disinfection to control pathogens

Little work was done before the mid-1990s for the economics of reuse of wastewater
in irrigation. Analysis of the optimal treatment of municipal wastewater before its
reuse for irrigation purpose was provided. They determined monthly optimal
treatment levels and of the mix crops calculated to maximize agricultural incomes.
According to farmer’s point of view. Among the literature on IWRM the conceptual
approaches to wastewater management with focus on the reuse of wastewater are
represented by Harremoes. Huibers and van Lier (2005), Nhapi, Siebel and Gijzen
(2005), van Lier and Huibers (200), Neubert (2009) and Guest et al. (2009).

2.3TREATMENTS OF DOMESTIC WASTE WATER

Wastewater can be treated close to where it is created by centralized system .A
decentralized system like septic tanks. bio filters or aerobic treatment systems can
be collected to municipal treatment plant. Wastewater collection and treatment is
typically wastewater often require specialized treatment processes (sec Industrial
wastewater treatment) wastewater treatment generally involves total three stages,
called primary, secondary and tertiary treatment .

 Primary treatment consists of temporarily holding the sewage in quiescent basin

where heavy solids can settle to the bottom while oil. Grease and lighter Solids
float on the surface. The settled and floating materials are removed and the
remaining liquid may be discharged or subjected to secondary treatment.
 Secondary treatment removes the dissolved and suspended biological matter.
Secondary treatment is typically performed by indigenous. Water-borne micro-
organisms in a managed habitat. Secondary treatment my require a separation
process to remove the micro-organisms from the treated water prior to discharge or
tertiary treatment.
 Tertiary treatment is sometimes defined as anything more than primary and
secondary treatment in order to allow the rejection into a highly sensitive or fragile
ecosystem (estuaries, low- flow rivers, coral reefs) Treated water is sometimes
disinfected chemically or physically (for example, by lagoons and microfiltration)
prior to discharge into a stream, river, bay, lagoon or wetland, or it can be used for
the irrigation of a golf course, green way or park. If it is sufficiently clean, it can
also be used for groundwater recharge or agricultural purposes.

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  Disinfection
The purpose o disinfection in the treatment of water is to substantially reduce t he
number of microorganisms in the water to be discharged and back into the
environment for the later use of drinking. Bathing, irrigation, etc. The effectiveness
of disinfection depends on the quality of the water being treated (e.g., cloudiness,
P”, etc.), the type of disinfection being used, the disinfectant dosage (concentration
and time) and t he other environmental variables. Cloudy water will be treated less
successfully, since solid matter can shield organisms, especially from ultraviolet
light or if contact times are low. Generally, short contact times, low does and high
flows all militate against effective disinfection, Common methods of disinfection
include ozone. Chlorine, ultraviolet light, sodium hypochlorite. Chloramine, which
is used for drinking water and it’s not used in the treatment of waste water, because
of its persistence EPA, Washington (2004).

2.4 TRENDS IN CAR WASH TECHNOLOGY

Professional car washes can be divided into different types, depending on the
construction and washing technologies involved.

 Self-Serve Car Washes allow washing the car by the customer A wand
disperses water and low pressure brushes and used.
 In- Bay Automatic Car Washes are mostly placed at the gas stations. The driver
parks the car and the coin operated car wash machine moves back and forth
over the vehicle to clean it.
 Conveyor Car Washes mean full service wash. They clean the interior and
exterior of the car, while the customer waits outside, exterior only cleaning is
possible, if the driver stays inside the car. The car moves on a conveyor belt.
 Touch Free Car Washing Technology is the most modern vehicle wash system.
It utilizes a touch free cleaning technique, which means that nothing touches the
vehicle except mild soap solutions and water (Williams E, 2003) They perform
without contact, therefore, less damage is caused by wash equipment Moreover,
the ability to measure the length and width of each vehicle reduces the
consumption of water. Chemical solutions and time totally touch fee washing is

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 based on high water pressure with low volume flow The driver parks the
vehicle wash day While the vehicle remains stationary, one spray arm moves
back and forth to clean it. Good cleaning result depends on effective and
consistent chemical application (Norland. J and Norland. E, 2001)
 Hybrid Car Washing Technology is the process in which the brush washing is
supported with primer prepping to reach high wash quality Prepping is the
chemical pre was (foam application) and high pressure water jet application to
rinse off contamination (Noriand. J and Noriand. E, 2001). Pre wash before
brush washing limits scratches on the car finish by effectively reducing both
chemical and physical bondage between soil particles and the vehicle surface,
promoting removal of difficult dirt Hybrid washing combines high pressure
washing and brush or soft cloth washing operation.
Now-a days, the major goal in car wash technology is to reduce friction and
manual vehicle prepping and to produce cleaner and drier vehicles faster At
present. Good washing technology leads to high quality of wash and usually to
high water consumption The car wash operator has to balance some cleaning
factors such as time, temperature. Chemical concentration and friction of
brushes. If one factor is at the improper level, the other must take on its role.

2.5 WATER CONSUMPTION IN THE CAR WASH

High development of transportation and vehicle washing installation causes the
amount of water use to rise Together with raising water consumption, the
amount of discharged waste water and loads of pollutants rise (Bartkiewicz,B
2002 and Anonimus). Only a professional car wash can provide the proper
amount of water with the proper pressure needed to safely and effectively clean
the vehicle.

The application of modern car wash technologies results in higher cost of

equipment and maintenance Operators are trying to reduce operating expenses
in particular electricity costs by Using solar and wind energy sources Although
their motives are purely economical, the outcome is beneficial not only for
them, but also for their customers and the environment .

Environmentally responsible soaps and waxes used in the washing process may
improve the water treatment systems Moreover. Chemical savings may be

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 obtained by maintaining the proper dose of cleaning agent though arms that
move smoothly around the vehicle corners and keep the spray aimed at the car.

RECYCLING AND REUSING OF CAR WASH WATER-

WATER CONSERVATION
Water conservation in the car wash means the efficient use of water through
water recycling systems. Car wash water recycling is the use of wash water that
is captured, treated and redirected back into the same water use scheme.

The car wash investor has to choose the way of handing wash water depending
on the locality and combination of solutions he wants to install in the system He
has to consider the volume of water used per day. Chemicals and procedures
used in the wash of rinse process. The water quality desired to obtain the
intended use of the reclaimed water, and the desired quantity for its use, the
nature of contamination to be treated and its concentration discharge limits and
others (Brown C. 2002).

In the past, people used to wash their cars in the backyards of their homes other
places of convenience Later, people get their cars washed in hand wash car
washes Now-a-days, mechanical devices perform this task, in every case the
water used for cleaning the car gets polluted if wash water is drained into storm
drains. It finally enters into rivers, streams and affects the aquatic life. If it is
drained into sewers. It gets mixed up with sewage which contains so many
impurities and bacteria and finally the load on sewage treatment plant is
increased .

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2.6 Car Wash Wastewater.
2.6.1 Physical properties.
Wastewater or dirty water from the car wash normally will contain detergent and
soaps, grease and gasoline, and other residue from exhaust fumes. In addition, some
sludge or muds attach on the vehicles also washes off. Heavy metal usually has the
greater density than 4-5gcm-3 which performs it present from various human
activities such as refining, mining and electroplating industries (K. W. Lawrence,
2009). The heavy metal normally dissolved in the form of solution and cannot be
seen with normal eyes.

2.6.2 Chemical Properties.

Normally, car wash water discharge containing heavy metals or other contaminants.
As an example, detergents can seriously affect the water quality because containing
some pollutants such as; phosphate, sodium, potassium and other contaminants.
Detergents can have toxic effect on a wide variety of marine life. That is why
detergent must have their certain measurement to use even the biodegradable ones.
Furthermore, from grease oil car it contains higher concentration of lead. So, based
on this research, we can remove heavy metal that contained in water effluent to
provide less hazardous of wastewater.

2.6.2.1 Heavy Metal Removal.

Heavy metal is a most important pollutant that affects our life and ecosystem. Several
techniques done before in order to remove heavy metal from the wastewater
discharged. Various treatments have been done such as chemical precipitation,
flotation, ion exchange and also membrane filtration (K. W. Lawarence, 2009). Basic
concept of heavy metal removal is by the ion exchangeable either an atom or molecule
that has lost or gained an electron from solution which is needed an electrical charge
by performing in reversible chemical reaction. This reaction need immobile ion in the
solution either naturally occurring or synthetically produces. Ion exchange column is
one of the equipment that used for remove heavy metal ions. A. Stoktosa and A.

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Wojtowicz (2002) found that, by using ion-exchange column several parameters is
affect the process: sorption capacity of exchanger, volume solution till the moment of
column breakthrough (Vmax) and column dynamics. Three heavy metal (Zn, Cd and
Pd) is carried out to show efficiently removed from model solution by classified it as
1st class cleanness water. They found that, the ion column effluents gradually
increase with various values of Vmax. This shown that, ion exchange process is
affected by ion-exchange capacity which is actually depending on sorption capacity or
amount of

solute taken up for each metal. Using ion-exchange column sorption capacity for Pb
is higher rather than Zn and Cd and this treatment can efficiency remove harmful
heavy metal especially Pb from waste water as raw material.

2.6.2.2 Catalysis extraction.

M.D Loizidou and V.J Inglezakis (2007) was studied that, the possibility of ion
exchange of heavy metal ions using polar organic solvents and natural zeolite
clinoptilolite is approached. Heavy metal was studied is Cu, Cr and Fe with using
solvent ethanol and acetone with the comparison result with deionized water. Result
shown that, level of reaction of ion in water are much greater for Fe3+ (53.1%) in
comparison to ethanol (12.5%) and acetone (3.1%), Cr3+ is exchanged in satisfactory
levels in ethanol (46.8 and 27.4% respectively) and Cu2+ in acetone (23.8 and 26.6%
respectively).

Infrared (IR) and ultraviolet/visible (UV-Vis) spectrometry showed that complexes

are formed, which are different in each solvent. So, the formation of precipitation,
free cations and pore zeolite opening will give affect for ion exchange occur for using
different solvents extractor. Finally, the ion exchange of metals using zeolites is
possible to take place in polar organic solvents and one significant finding is that
selectivity can be totally changed. The structure containing various pore size of
zeolites was make up the researcher find the other optimization structure that used for
extraction by using zeolites. Furthermore, the zeolites price was expensive to use as
extraction medium of waste water treatment. Cost is the main factor that needs to be
considered to perform any management process.

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2.6.2.3 Solvent Extraction.
Ultrasonic assisted extraction using acid solvent nowadays widely used to remove
heavy metal in the waste water. This removal based on the high intensity formed
from the ultrasonic agitation that affected from the different parameters that to the
liquids sample. The important of solvent properties is boiling point and polarity.
Polarity is the ability of solvents to reduce the electric field with performs chemical
reaction of ion exchange and pH affect. Based on the previous study, EDTA and HCl
is the efficient solvent to remove heavy metal in the contaminated soil. The
breakdown of particle size speed up the extraction of heavy metal with less
consumption of time rather than using natural treatment by producing powerful
intimate of chemical and physical reaction process (J.S. Park et al., 2007). Based on
this study, ultrasonic irradiation used at 20 kHz with power range 0~100 W with using
ultrasonic horn diameter 2-cm and length 18-cm.

The bottom horn was immersed 0.5 cm beneath the surface of sample solution.
ultrasonic power of 10 to 40 W was applied for up 12 minute. Here, analyzed shown
that for the sonication time indicated the amount of efficiency extraction rate included
with the solvent extraction of acid properties of EDTA. Residual fraction in heavy
metal was 40% for Pb and Zn, 60% for Cu and 75% for Cd. Pb was the highest
among these metals which indicates that Pb could be extracted more simply than other
metals using acidic solvent properties.

In addition, based on the studied of Ultrasonic Extraction and Determination of

Cyanuric acid in Pet Food, methanol was found to be the best one of the extraction
solvent due to strong polarity of cyanuric acid and the interferences with solvent in the
pet food. Ultrasonic is formed in an ultrasonic bath with 0.5g of spiked pet food in
25ml conical flask, followed by the addition of 20.0mL methanol as the extraction
solvent.

The extraction process was conducted for 20 min of ultrasonication at room

temperature and at the end the sample is centrifuged at 14000rpm for 5 min followed
by filtered process. Selection of solvent extraction of cyanuric acid from the pet food
is used four solvent and the extraction efficiency was increased in order acetonitrile <

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acetone < ethanol < methanol with their polarity sequence coordinate (C. Yu et. al,
2009). In the first 5 min nearly 75% extraction achieved and for the last 25 minute,
about 97% of cynuric acid was extracted rather than 240 minutes required in the
magnetic stiring extraction. Based on the researched founded that methanol was
selected as extracting solvent because of the polarity substance of cyanuric acid and
furthermore, time for ultrasonic extraction process also less than using other solvent
which higher than 30 minutes for the optimization of degradation. The increasing
time of process only increased energy cost and also more time consumption.

2.6.2.4 Chemical Precipitation.

Precipitation was due with formation of a solid in a solution during a chemical
reaction which is in liquid form reaction. The formation is related with the nucleation
onset process with consider the distinct thermodynamic phase. Some of an example
phase may form via nucleation in liquid is crystals. Sonocrystallization is the
ultrasound power that used to control the crystallization process. Here, ultrasound
was used to influence the nucleation process and further control the crystallization
with creates cavitation event to nuclei form new crystals and growth (A. Saikia et al.,
2007).

This researched reviews that, ultrasonic affected the precipitation or crystallization of

hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) one of the high energy materials (HEMs) by
perform fine particles uniform crystalline with desired morphology without any
agglomeration compare with unsonicated sample. The researched was done by made
comparison between sonicated and unsonicated sample with the analysis was by the
Scanning electron Microscope (SEM). The time of sonicated process also studied
between 5 – 17 minutes. The optimum condition with 95% against 90% precipitation
occur resulted by more addition of heptane fraction to ethyl acetate solution with one
fourth from 1 hour to only 15 minute. The ultrasonic treatment was helped in the
process of crystallization CL-20 with produce desired morphology and precipitation
of heptane with less of time needed. This researched succeed shown that ultrasonic
was powerful equipment for reduced the time process.

2.6.2.5 Emulsification process

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Emulsification liquid membrane (ELM) is one of the methods used to investigate the
removal of heavy metal. In ELM process, the efficiency is determining based on the
contact area and the size of the dispersed drops of the liquid membrane.

These factors enhance with emulsification preparation condition to perform effective

contacted and stable mixtures by supplying energy (Mahdi C. et al., 2010). The work
was done by prepared the organic membrane is dissolved the

Bis (2ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid(D2EHPA) and the hydrophobic surfactant sorbitan

monooleate (Span 80) in hexane(diluents) and the internal phase consisted of an
aqueous solution of sulfuric acid. Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion was made by slowly
adding the internal phase to the organic membrane phase upon intensive
emulsification with the ultrasonic probe. All experiments were carried out at constant
temperature (25±1⁰C) water jacket around the vessel, volume of stable
emulsification(20ml) was dispersed in the feed phase (100ml of aqueous solution) and
run in glass vessel 61mm diameter with four-paddle impeller of 20mm diameter.
Then, the influence of operational conditions on the extraction efficiency is analysis
using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS).

Furthermore, the process was conducted in several parameters affected which are will
be discussed further in the next topic of this paper researched. Ultrasound conducted
in emulsification and recovery copper (II) from waste water using water-in-oil (W/O)
membrane process resulted that excess energy was performed emulsification for new
interface formation and affect the cuprum (II) extraction by higher lifetime of external
aqueous (W/O) phase to membrane phase. With higher lifetime, extraction process
by membrane performs more efficiently. Normally, membrane is used to remove
inorganic contaminant in the solution such as heavy metal ions. This technology also
capable of removing organic compounds also suspended solid with depending on the
size of the particles that have to be retained. Filtration techniques have various types:
ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. Further research can be done for
analyze further in membrane properties for extraction.

2.6.2.6 Adsorption Process.

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 The mechanism of formation hydrogen peroxide and ozone in the extraction process
give higher percentage removal of pollutant. The addition of coal ash generates OH•
radicals and was performing reaction between hydrogen peroxide and ozone in the
solution for remove phenol as a element desired. C. S. Liu et al., (2009) found that
the process by addition of ultrasonic irradiation was give higher performance and with
different condition either acidic or alkaline also give their affect. The experimental
result done shown 83.4% and 88.8% of phenol was degrading when coal ash added
assisted by ultrasonic irradiation. The formation of hydrogen peroxide and ozone was
related with the acidic or alkaline condition of solution.

3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 WORK PLAN

 Take sample of waste water from garage , workshop etc.

 Test for solids

 TSS (Total suspended solids)
 TDS (Total dissolved solids)

 Design of trap for oil and grease removal .

 Jar test to determine coagulant dose .

 Designing of Rapid sand filter .

19
  Disinfection.
3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESS

AERATION

SAND FILTER

CHLORINATION

SCREENING

OIL REMOVAL

SEDIMENTATION

3.2 BRIEF DISCUSSION OF UNITS

3.2.1 SCREENING

20
SCREEING is a the first unit operation used at wastewater treatment plants
(WWWTPs). Screening removes objects such as rags, paper , plastics and metals to
prevent damage and clogging of downstream equipment ,piping and appurtenances.
Some modern waste water treatment plant use both coarse screen and fine screen,
also known as GRIT REMOVAL.

GRIT includes sand , cinder, or other heavy solids materials that are “heavier”(higher
specific gravity )than the organic biodegradable solids in the waste water .

3.2.2 OIL REMOVAL

Removal of free oil and greese from a waste water stream reduces the potential for
equipment problems to accur further downstream .

There are three forms of oil encountered in waste water treatment at a refinery

Free oil or floating oil is removed by either skimming the surface in the skimming
tank or by gravity separation in the API seperat

Emulsified oil is comprised of oil droplets in stable suspended within the

wastewater .Removal requires chemical addition to lower the PH followed by addition
of dissolved oxygen or nitrogen to remove the emulsified oils as they break free from
wastewater

Dissolved oil is a true molecular solution within the water and can only be removed
with biological treatment .

3.2.3 SEDIMENTATION
Sedimentation is the process of allowing particles in suspension in water to settle out
of the suspension under the effect of gravity .

21
The particle that settle out from the suspension become sediment and in water
treatment is known as sludge . When a thick layer of sediment continues to settle this
is known as consolidation. When consolidation of sediment,or sludge, is assisted by
mechanical means then this is known as thickening .

In water treatment sedimentation might be used to reduce the concentration of

particles in suspension before the application of coagulation ,to reduce the amount of
coagulating chemicals needed ,or after coagulation and ,possibly, flocculation. When
sedimentation is applied after coagulation ,its purpose is usually to reduce the
concentration of solid in suspension so that the subsequent filteration can function
most effectively.

3.2.4 AERATION
AERATION brings water and air in close contact in order to remove dissolved gases
(such as carbon dioxide ) and oxidizes dissolved metals such as iron ,hydrogen sulfide
,and volatile organic chemicals(VOCs).Aeration is often the first major process at the
treatment plant .

The efficiency of aeration depends on the amount of surface cantact between air and
water .which is controlled by the size of the water drop or bubble

3.2.5 SAND FITERATION

Sand filters produce high quality water without the use of chemical aids . Passing
flocculated water through a rapid gravity SAND FILTER strains out the floc and the
particles trapped within it , reducing number of bacteria and removing most of the
solids .

A well designed and properly maintained slow sand filter effectively removes
turbuidity and pathogenic organisms through various biological ,physical and
chemical process in a single treatment step .

3.2.6 CHLORINATION

22
The primary concern of waste water disinfection is the removal of pathogenic
microorganisms. Secondarily, waste water discharge should not contain compounds
with environmental health impacts .While a chlorine residual is desirable in water
treatment where chlorine discharged to the natural environment may adversely impact
wildlife.

Chlorine is able to achieve disinfection goals through bacteria and virus

inactivation .Chlorine can also oxidizes and degrade soluble contaminates ,such as
agricultural or pharmaceutical compounds .

3.3 SAMPLING AND TESTING OF WASTEWATER

3.3.1 Ph. DETERMINATION
 pH is defined as : pH = -log [H+]

 It is a measure of hydrogen ion, i.e., [H+] concentration in water.

 PH is measured using pH electrode.

 The pH electrode consists of a reference electrode, and glass electrode sensitive

or pervious to [H+] ions only.

 The reference electrode is different to the solution conditions and always has
the some voltage.

 The glass electrode is sensitive to [H+] ions only. It contains a solution with
fixed [H+] concentration.

 When the glass electrode is dipped in a solution , depending on concentration of

[H+] ions in the solution,[H+] ions either flow out of the bulb into the
solution ,or flow into the bulb from the solution.
23
3.3.2 Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Total Dissolve Solids (TDS)

 Take 50 ml aliquot of the water sample in a beaker.

 Filter the sample through a pre- weighed GF/c filter paper.

 Dry the GF/c filter paper in an oven at 100-105 degree Celsius over a night, or
until the water evaporates.

 Weigh the filter paper.

24
 From the difference in the weight of the filter paper concentration of total
suspended solids (TSS) in the sample can be calculated.

 Collect the filtrate from the GF/C filter in the pre – weighted beaker

 Put the sample in an oven at 180 degree Celsius overnight, or until the water
evaporates.

 Take the beaker out of the oven, and cool it in a desiccators.

 Weigh the beaker.

 From the difference in the beaker weight the concentration of total dissolved
solids (TDS) in the sample may be calculated.

25
 FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2

3.3.3 Hardness

 Hardness is caused due the presence of multivalent cations, mainly

ca++ and mg++ in water.
 Hard waters have many disadvantages, primarily scale formation
(i.e., CaCO3 deposition) and enhanced capacity to precipitate soap.
Thus measurement of water hardness is very necessary.
 Total Hardness of water is the sum of ca++ and mg ++ concentration
in water. The results are expressed as calcium carbonate, in mg/L,
i.e., “mg/L as CaCO3”.
 When the total hardness is numerically greater than the sum of
carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinity is called “carbonate hardness”.
The amount of hardness numerically is equal to or less than the sum
of carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinity, all hardness is carbonate
hardness, and non-carbonate hardness is absent.
3.3..3.1 TOTAL HARDNESS

 Total hardness may be determined by performing a complex metric

titration with EDTA as the chelating agent.
 The indicator Ferrochrome Black –T (EBT) normally blue in color,
but becomes red in color when it forms complex with calcium or
magnesium. Thus when EBT is added to a solution containing
hardness .it complexes Ca++ and /or Mg++ and becomes red in color.
 When EDTA, which has much stronger affinity for Ca++ and mg++
than EBT, is added to the solution, it chelated the Ca++ and Mg++
ions complexed with EBT.

26
 When all such ions are chelated, i.e., the endpoint of the titration is
reached EBT reverts to its original blue color.
3.3.3.2 Procedure for total hardness determination:

 Dissolve 1.179 g EDTA disodium salt EDTA dehydrate and 780

mg-MgSO4.7HO or 644 mg MgCl2.6H2O in mL of distilled
water. Add this solution to 16.9 g NH4CL and mL cone. NH4OH
with dilute to 250 mL with distilled water. Store in a plastic
bottle .Label, “Buffer solution for hardness determination”. (This
solution will be available in the laboratory).
 Dissolve 3.723 g analytical reagent grade EDTA disodium salt
Dehydrate in-distilled water and dilute to 1000 ML. Label, “EDTA
titrant for hardnessdetermination,0.01 M”.(This solution will be
available in the laboratory)
 Pure 1.0 g Caco3 powder in a 500mL in conical flask. A little at a
time – 1+1 HCL until caCO3 is dissolved. Add 200mL of distilled
water. Add a few drop methyl red indicator, and if necessary,
adjust the color to orange using acid/base. Dilute to 1000 mL.
“Label, “CaCO3 standard for hardness determination, 1000 mg/L”.
(This solution will be available in the laboratory).
 Prepare three 25 mL aliquots by diluting the standard CaCO3
solution. The hardness values of these aliquots should be 125,250
and 500 mg/L as CaCO3 respectively. Add 25mL of water to each
aliquot, making the total volume 50 ml in each case.
 To each aliquot add 1-2 mL of the buffer solution.
 To each aliquot add a pinch of Ferrochrome Black-powder
(indicator). The aliquots are red in color.
 Titrate each aliquot using the standard EDTA solution (in burette).
At the end point the aliquots change color from red to blue.

Calculation of carbonate and non-carbonate hardness:

27
 H = total hardness (calcium + magnesium) in mg/L CaCO3
T = (carbonate alkalinity + bicarbonate alkalinity) in mg/L in
CaCO3

Case 1: if, H>T

Non-carbonate hardness = H-T

Carbonate hardness = T
Case2: if, H<T carbonate hardness = H
Non carbonate hardness = 0
3.3.4 CHLORIDE ION CONCENTRATION

When AgNO3 is added to a solution containing chloride, AgCl is

precipitated. When all chloride is solution precipitated in this way
(this is possible because AgCl has a low solubility product), free
Ag + combine with chromate present in solution to give a red color
due to the formation of silver chromate. This signifies the end
point of the titration.

Procedures

 Dissolve 2.395 g of AgNO3 in distilled water AND dilute the 1000

ml. Label, “standard (0.0141N) AgNO3 solution. (This solution
will be available in the laboratory).
 Dissolved 50 g K2CrO4 in a little distilled water. Add AgNO3
solution until a definite red precipitate is formed. Let stand 12 hr.,
filter, and dilute with distilled water. Label, “Potassium chromate

28
 indicator solution”. (This solution will be available in the
laboratory).
 Prepare 100 ml aliquots containing 0, 10,50,100 mg/L chloride
also prepare a 100 ml aliquot of tap water
 To each aliquot add 1 ml K2CrO4 indicator solution
 Titrate with standard with silver titrant for chloride determination ,
to a definite pinkish-yellow endpoint
 Draw ml of titrant versus mg/L of chloride calibration curve.
determine the concentration of chloride in tab water using this
curve and titration results of the tap water sample

3.3.5 ALKALINITY

 Alkalinity is defined as the acid neutralizing capacity of the water

sample.
 Determination of acid neutralizing capacity alkalinity is important,
because of our concern regarding the change in pH (i.e.
Acidification) of water sample due to acid addition (i.e. acid rain).
A natural water sample with high alkalinity be able to neutralized
large amount of acid without acidification (i.e. lowering of pH).
 Alkalinity of natural water is mostly due to the presence of
hydroxyl (OH-) carbonate (CO32-) and bicarbonate (HCO3-). In
water containing carbonate and bicarbonate the following reactions
occurs on addition of acid. if most of the ion are consumed by
these reaction . pH does not decreased and the water thus has acid
neutralizing capacity or alkalinity . In the absence of carbonate and
bicarbonate, only the first reaction will consume acid.
 Alkalinity due to the presence of OH- ion is known as caustic
alkalinity, alkalinity due to the presence of HCO3- ions is known as

29
 bicarbonate alkalinity, alkalinity due to the presence of CO32—ions
is known as carbonate alkalinity.

3.3.6 BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)

The five day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) at 20oC is the most widely
used parameter for quantifying biodegradable organic pollution ,applied to both
wastewater and surface water .This determination involves the measurement of
the dissolved oxygen uses by microorganism in the biochemical oxidation is slow
process and theoretically takes an infinite time to go completion . within a 20-day
period , the oxidation is about 95-99 percent complete ,and in the 5-day period
used for the BOD test, oxidation is 60-70 percent complete .thus a sample having
biodegradable organic matter , i.e., domestic wastewater and surface water bodies
polluted with wastewater would have substantial BOD5.Also ,a sample having more
organic pollution exhibit a higher BOD5 value.

PROCEDURE FOR BOD DETERMINATION:

Saturate overhead tank water with oxygen by bubbling air through it by using a
compressor .Measure dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in this water .it should be
at least 8mg/l.This is known as dilution water

Prepare a blank sample (using 300mLof dilution water only) in a BOD

bottle .Incubate for 5 days at 20oC. The DO of the dilution water should not be
much different from the initial value . call this value DOB.

Prepare three sample by adding 5ml of the waste water in the wastewater in the BOD
bottle ,and making up to 300mL with dilution water .incubate for 5 day at
20oc .Measure DO in each sample after 5 days . call this value DOI.

30
Derive the expression for BOD5 based on these DO values and extent of dilution of
the wastewater sample .

4 Calculation
Laboratory tests on carwash wastewater

1 pH Determination

Caliberation of pH meter

pH of wastewater – 7.4

pH of reclaimed water – 7.2

2. Total Dissolve Solids (TDS)

Wastewater- 345

Reclaimed water - 387

3. Biological oxygen demand (BOD ) mg/L

Wastewater BOD – 68 mg/L

BOD5 at 25 degree celcious – 27 mg/L

4. Chemical oxygen demand (COD)mg/L

Wastewater COD – 191

31
 Reclaimed water - 71

5 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

PARAMETERS WASTEWATER RECLAIMED WATER

1 PH 7.4 7.2
2 BOD5 mg/l 68 27

3 COD mg/l 191 71

4 TDS mg/l 345 387

WASTEWATER
RECLAIMED WATER

32
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
PH BOD COD TDS

FIGURE 4

FIGURE 5

33
MODEL DEMONSTRATION

FIGURE 7

FIGURE 8
34
6 CONCLUSION
A full-scale car wash wastewater treatment by FCF-Sc and water
reclamation was monitored during 22 weeks of operation.
Different chemical, physical and microbiological parameters were
measured thoroughly. It was possible to reclaim almost 70% of
odorless and clear water. More than 2,000 car were washed
during the study and no problem regarding the fresh service
quality were reported. A microbiological risk modal were applied.
Although user were not at risk, even when west water is recycled
without any treatment, a criteria for E. coli of 200CFU 100 mL is
suggested to guarantee a controlled health risk for operator .A
mass balance was calculated to predict TDS and CI concentration
as a function of water cycles. Chloride concentration was not
limiting parameter,but TDS with 80% recycling ratio was a limiting
factor .It is belived that result found may assist a future
regulation for safe reclamation of car wash wastewater in brazil
and elsewhere.

REFERENCES

35
1 . Almeida, C.M..V.B., Borges, D. Bonilla, S.H. & Giannetti, B.F. 2010 Identifying
improvements in water management of bus washing stations in Brazil. Resources, Conservation and
Recycling 54(11), 821-831

2. Al-Odwani, A., Ahmed, M. & Bou-hamad, S.2007 Carwash water reclamation in Kuwait.
Desalination 206

3. Anderson J. Afim, A, Crook, J, Davis C, Hultquist , R. & Jimenez, C. 2007 climbing the ladder: a
step by step approach to international guidelines for water recycling. Water science and Technology
43(10), 1-8

4 .APHA 2005 Standard Methods for the Examination of water and wastewater, ed. American
Public Health Association/ American Water Works Association/ water Environment Federation,
Washington, DC, USA.

5. Ashbolt, N., Petterson, S.R., Stenstron, T., Schonning, C., Westrell, T. & Ottosson, J. 2005
Microbial Risk Assessment(MRA) Tool. Report 2005:7,Urban Water. Chalmers University of
Technology, Stockholm , Sweden.

6. Boon, A.G.1995 Septicity in sewers: causes, consequences and contaminants. Water Science and
Technology 31(7), 237-253.

36
37
38
Carwash Wastewater Treatment

Recent features of a car wash wastewater reclamation system and results from full
scale car wash water treatment and recycling process are reported. This upcoming
technology comprises a new flocculation –column flotation process, sand filter and
final chlorination. A water usage and savings audit (22weeks) showed that almost
70% reclamation was possible, and fewer than 40 liters’ of fresh water per wash were
needed. Waste water and reclaimed water were characterized by monitoring chemical,
physiochemical and biological parameters. Results were discussed in terms of
aesthetic quality (water clarification and odour), health (pathological) and chemical
(corrosion and scaling) risk.

The car wash industry appears to be more conscious of the need for wastewater
treatment and water reclamation. Worldwide environmental legislation and guidelines
concerning this specific issue have been released. regarding water consumption , for
instance in Queensland, Australia ,it is mandatory to use at most 70L of fresh water in
a single car wash, and in Europe some countries restrict the water consumption to 60-
70L per car and/or impose a reclamation percentage 70-80%.

The parameters observed while treating of carwash wastewater are as follows –

 pH
39
  BOD5 ,mg /l
 COD, mg/l
 TSS,mg/l
 TDS, mg/l
 Conductivity
 Turbidity , NTU
 Total coliforms ,CFU100mg/l
 E-Coli ,CFU 100mg/l

 Hydrogen Sulphide ,mg/l , Chloride , mg/l

Literature Review
40
Recent features of a car wash wastewater reclamation system & result from a full
scale car wash wastewater treatment & recycling process are reported. The car wash
industry appears today to be more conscious of the need for waste water treatment and
water reclamation. Regarding water consumption, in Queensland, Australia, it is
mandatory to use at most 70L of fresh water in a single car wash & in Europe some
countries restrict the water consumption to 60-70L per car and/or impose a
reclamation percentage(70-80%).

Wastewater & reclaimed water were characterized by monitoring chemical,

physiochemical & biological parameters.

Results were discussed in terms of aesthetic quality (water clarification & odour),
health (pathological) and chemical (corrosion & scaling) risks.

Rubio & Zaneti (2009) have developed & applied the Flocculation Column Flotation
(FCF) technique for vehicle wash. Wastewater reclamation in Brazil and reported a
high turbidity & colour removal (>90% and 75% respectively). Main features were the
low surfacetension (given by a residual surfactant concentration) of the wash
wastewater which facilitates the generation of microbubbles.

The presence of oil & grease yielding flocs and a fairly low suspended solids
concentration.

In this work fact + sand filtration + chlorination technique was employed in a full
scale car wash wastewater reclamation system, where the wastewater & reclaimed
water were characterized. Main objectives were assessing the chemical &
microbiological risks & the reclaimed water quality discussed as a function of the low
technology / low cost / controlled risk approach.

Materials & Methods:-

41
The car wash wastewater reclamation system installed in a washrock porto alcqre
south Brazil, was monitored for 22 weeks.

In the wash procedure a neutral & an alkali detergent were employed, both with
dodecyl Benzene sulphonate CH3(CH2)11C6H4SO3 Na- as the main surface active
agent.

Reclaimed wate was employed in the wash procedure (pre-soak, wash & first rinse) &
fresh water was used in final rinse, before the car was dried. Water usage was
monitored using single jet water meters. To comply with local regulations, a single
three stage oil water separator was employed after the car wash pit.

The waste water treatment process (FCF + solid filtration + chlorination – FCF.sc)
was run semi – automatically . The leavens employed were tenfold SL (80-350) and
sodium hypochlorite(standardized weekly -0.5 mg cl2 L-1 ) . Waste water & reclaimed
water hand chemical , physics- chemical & microbiological parameters analyzed in
samples which were collected after oil/ water separations & after chlorination .

Single samples were collected once a week single sample were analyzed for pH total
coliforms & Escherichia cold and composites for dissolved & suspended solids ,
chloride turbidity , conductivity and hydrogen sulphide.

Microorganisms in activation – Bench scale

studies
42
Aliquots (sampled after the chlorination were chlorinated (initial concentration of 1-40
mg cl2 L-1 ) and gently mixed over different contact time period (30-240) . following
chlorination sodium thiosulphate was added to neutralize chlorine action . Neutralized
sample were stored at 4+/- 1c for a max of 24 hours prior to e call enumeration .

Coagulation flocculation -bench-scale studies -

Jar tests were accomplished with 1L waste water samples to determine optimum
clarification conditional for polyalluminium chloride (PAC) + flocculent and b Tan
flic sL ,alginates of supernatant liquid were chlorinated with 15 mg cl 2 L-1 . initial
dose and kept in darkness for 24 hour at 20+3c . chlorinated samples (duplicate) were
analyzed by total dissolved solids (TPS) & chloride (cl)

43