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2nd Agrifood System International Conference (ASIC-2022) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1160 (2023) 012057 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1160/1/012057

The role of healthy citrus planting materials production as a

major component in the development of national citrus
industry

Harwanto1, A S Siregar2*, L Mufidah3, Z Hanif3, L Zamzami4, T G Aji4 and K

Budiarto2
1
Polytechnic Agricultural Development Malang, Ministry of Agriculture, Indonesia
2
Research Center for Horticultural and Estate Crops, National Research and
Innovation Agency, Indonesia
3
Research Center for Behavioral and Circular Economics, National Research and
Innovation Agency, Indonesia
4
Indonesian Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture,
Indonesia
*
E-mail: ahma123@brin.go.id

Abstract. Certified citrus seed is one of vital component on the program of good
agricultural practices for the development of healthy citrus plantation. Certified seed
guarantee the free systemic disease and optimum vigor planting material, thus put an impact
on maximum physiological response to the agriculture inputs that being applied. Production
of healthy planting material is initially started from the acquisition of free diseases protocol
of seeds from breeder seeds. However, there are still many issues regarding bud-stick in
Indonesia which cause the spread of systemic diseases, one of which is
CVPD/Huanglongbing (HLB). Therefore, this article presents a descriptive review of the
important role of healthy citrus planting materials production that meets the requirements,
so that it can become a reference for the citrus nurseries. There are several factors (limited
availability of citrus planting materials, technology components to produce healthy
seedlings that are not fully applied, as well as the partial application of certified citrus
planting materials) that could inhibit the use of technology by the citrus nurseries. A number
of recommendations from literatures to overcome these problems are the use of effective
dissemination and extension methods, also the provision of understanding and supervision
that is carried out on an ongoing basis.

Keywords: citrus, labeled seeds, healthy seed production procedure, systemic disease, the citrus
industry

1. Introduction
Citrus is one of the most economically important fruit crops in the world, including Indonesia. About
255 varieties have been recorded being cultivated in the country and comprised 43% mandarin, 4%
tangerine, 0.7% sweet orange, 14.3% sour orange, 15% pummelo, and 23% rootstocks, lime, lemon,
and other types of the species of C. medica [1]. The national citrus production fluctuated in the last
decade. In 2019, the total harvested citrus area was 73,083 hectares, with a production of 2.7 million
tons [2]. In the same year, Indonesia exported citrus with a volume of 1,752 tons to neighboring

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of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
2nd Agrifood System International Conference (ASIC-2022) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1160 (2023) 012057 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1160/1/012057

countries. The trend of citrus imports has decreased since 2012, although in 2019, there was a surge,
especially in the value of imports which reached 100 thousand tons [3], or only 4% of national
production. The imported citrus came from China, Pakistan, Thailand, USA, and at times from
Argentina and South Africa. This was triggered by the increase in citrus consumption per capita [4-5].
The trend of consumption of citrus fruits in Indonesia was increasing six times since 1995. In 2020,
the average consumption of citrus fruit by Indonesian reached 4 kg/per capita with positive trends. The
conditions indicated that the domestic market is still wide open for domestic and imported citrus fruits.
The government has responded to the increase in imported citrus by launching a new citrus farming
support program to increase citrus planting areas in 80 regions in Indonesia [6].
Average national tangerine and mandarin citrus productivity ranged from 20-25 tons per hectare.
Some orchards that have implemented good agricultural practices (GAP), such as mandarin RGL in
Bengkulu and Mandarin Batu 55 farmers in Malang, enabled them to produce 50 tons per hectare or
twice as many as the other traditional orchards. These farmers have used certified seeds in which the
health and growth quality are guaranteed. With proper maintenance, the productive plants may spend a
dozen years, or even reach 20 years with stable production volume per plant.
Certified citrus seed is the first key to successful citrus agribusiness [7]. Certified seeds guarantee
the optimum vigor planting material, expecting a maximum physiological response to the agro-input
being applied. The certified seed also assures the seeds are free from disastrous diseases, like
Huanglongbing (HLB). Indonesia is known to be one of the endemic areas of the respected disease.
The disease destroyed many citrus orchards and collapsed production centers in many areas during the
1980s. In Sambas - West Kalimantan for instants, 3,572 of 11,827 hectares (approximately 31% of the
total area) of the productively harvestable area have been destroyed by the disease. Other production
centers, even have worse situations due to the disease [8].
Various programs have been launched to recover the production centers and rebuild the farmers’
confidence in citrus agribusiness. The steps have been comprehensively carried out from the healthy
planting material production, and plant maintenance up to the restriction of the disease spread. The
production of healthy planting material has started with the development of the Foundation Block (FB)
and the Bud-stick (planting material) Multiplication Block (BMB) in the production centers to ease the
citrus farmers’ access the healthy citrus seeds. The distribution of citrus seeds in Indonesia is 1.6 to 2
million annually, which is equivalent to 4000-5000 hectares for the development of new areas and
replanting existing citrus development areas.
The development of healthy seed production still has faced several constraints. First, the
availability of targeted seeds of each targeted variety cannot be fulfilled at any time. This was related
to the availability of the planting material source according to the physiological attributes of each
genotype or variety. The other is that the standard of quality of citrus seeds has not been implemented
in various citrus centers. Most often, the circulating seeds vary in terms of qualities and subsequently
impacted the plant growth performance and fruit production. The difficulty in acquiring citrus planting
material from BMB also occurred in Soe, East Nusa Tenggara, so the development of citrus in these
areas during the last two decades has stagnated [9].
The source seeds produced by ICSFRI during the 2015-2020 period were 43,046 in 30 provinces
throughout Indonesia. The potential amount produced is 21,465,150 seeds are equivalent to 53,663
hectares or 73% of the national area of Indonesian citrus, which is 73,083 ha in 2019. Up to this
moment, the demanded varieties of citrus seeds are less varied and still dominated by commercial
varieties that have been released for more than twenty years. The new varieties launched in the last
decade are needed to be promoted to provide diverse choices to growers/consumers.

2. The problem related to citrus planting material in Indonesian citrus industry

Certified citrus seed, which is the first key to the success of the citrus industry described in the
introduction, faces several obstacles. The first obstacle encountered, as stated in the introduction, is the
unavailability of a bud-stick ready at any time. Furthermore, the citrus breeders who provide citrus
seeds do not fully understand the requirements and the appropriate condition for bud-stick harvesting,

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2nd Agrifood System International Conference (ASIC-2022) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1160 (2023) 012057 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1160/1/012057

so citrus seedlings become one of the causes of the spread of Citrus Vein Phloem Degeneration
(CVPD)/HLB.

3. Materials and method

This article is a descriptive review, depicting a particular area or specific study. The presentation used
a textual narrative synthesis, which has the characteristic of presenting data extraction from various
studies related to the research topic, in this case, the healthy citrus planting material in Indonesia. The
procedure started with problem identification, then developing a review, searching the literature,
filtering the literature, assessing quality, extracting data, and reporting findings. The process was
carried out repeatedly and produced new structural arrangements, which at the same time provided a
comprehensive view of the role of healthy citrus planting materials production as a major component
in the development of the national citrus industry [10-12].

4. Healthy citrus seed production mechanism

The availability of quality seeds is one of the key factors in the development of citrus fruits [13].
High-quality seeds are seeds whose varieties have been registered, are free of certain systemic
pathogens, have genetic, physiological, and physical qualities according to standards, and the stages of
production are following applicable regulations. The Indonesian government has established a
mechanism and system for the production of citrus seeds to produce high-quality seeds and ensure that
no systemic pathogens are carried in them. The systemic pathogens in question are Huanglongbing
(formerly known as CVPD-Citrus Vein Phloem Degeneration), CTV (Citrus Tristeza Virus), CVEV
(Citrus Vein Enation Virus), -which is a vector-borne disease-, as well as CEV (Citrus Exocortis
Viroid), and CPsV (Citrus Psorosis Virus) which is a non-vector-borne disease [8,14,15].
Huanglongbing has destroyed citrus orchards in Indonesia since the early 1960s and is a major citrus
disease in the world [16-19]. Meanwhile, CTV is the second most important disease after
Huanglongbing which is endemic in Indonesia and difficult to cure curatively [20]. One of the efforts
to suppress the development and spread of the disease is through a program to produce healthy,
disease-free seeds that were initiated in 1985. Production of high-quality citrus seeds must go through
a certification system and only be carried out by government agencies or producers who already have
a certificate of competence and a certificate of quality management system in the field of horticultural
seeds.
High-quality citrus seeds were obtained through clonal propagation which was carried out in
stages. Each stage is supervised by the seed supervisor or quality assurance division. When the seeds
have passed the quality control and will be distributed, they must be labeled according to the class of
seeds, namely yellow for breeder seed, white for foundation seed, purple for stock seed, and blue for
extension seed. In general, healthy citrus seed propagation consists of 2 activities, namely the
production of rootstocks and the production of planting materials (scions), where the Production Unit
of Elite Planting Material (UPBS) produces certified stock seeds which are distributed throughout
Indonesia.

4.1. Production of rootstock

Rootstock is a critical factor in defining plant growth and production [21-22]. The criteria for citrus
varieties that can be used as rootstocks are compatible with scions, have good adaptability to the
environment, are tolerant of biotic and abiotic stresses, and have good growth. Types of rootstocks that
are widely used by Indonesian citrus farmers and seed breeders are Japanese Citroen (Citrus
limonia Osbeck.) and rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.) [23]. Rootstock propagation is done by
planting seeds. Seeds are sown by placing the pointed part at the bottom. After growing, the selection
is done on zygotic seedlings, crooked or abnormally rooted seedlings, and seedlings with diseases.
Only nucellar seedlings are used as rootstock. The selection process is carried out simultaneously with
transplanting into polybags, which is carried out about 2.5-3 months after seed planting. Citrus

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1160 (2023) 012057 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1160/1/012057

rootstock is ready for grafting at the age of about 4 months after transplanting with a stem diameter of
at least 8 mm.

4.2. Production of planting material (scions)

Production of healthy planting material is initially started from the collection of single true-to-type
plants (PIT)/mother plants of the commercial and released variety. The PIT plant is made from the
direct vegetative propagation from the breeder seed. The PIT was then screened for systemic diseases,
especially the most 5 infectious pathogens, CVPD, CTV, CVEV, CEV, and CPsV. If the PIT protocol
infected at least one of the mentioned pathogens, the pathogen elimination procedure was
implemented in the infected PIT plant until the free diseases protocol was obtained [23].
Pathogen eliminations were using shoot tip grafting (STG), which is a method of grafting the shoot
tip of about 0.2 mm on two-week-old seedlings that grow aseptically. This technique was developed
by Navarro, Roistacher, and Murashige [24]. STG and indexing methods have been proven to produce
healthy and high-quality plants as propagation sources and have been applied in various citrus-
producing countries [25-29]. The STG and indexing plants were then planted in the screen house. This
plant is a duplicate of a single mother plant and is equivalent to a breeder seed.
The free PIT was planted in a 45 cm pot and maintained under an insect-proof glass house. Regular
fertilizer and pest and disease control were employed to ensure the optimal growth of the plant. Every
year, the screening for the 5-mentioned systemic diseases was carried out to guarantee the health of
the produced buds. Based on the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture Decree No.
04/Kpts/SR.130/D/6/2019 about the Production of citrus planting material, the citrus planting material
is divided into 3 classes, i.e. breeder, stock, and extension seeds. The production of stock seed includes
the establishment of a foundation, bud multiplication (BPMT), and seed propagation (BPB) blocks.
The foundation produced buds for bud multiplication and extension seed. The bud multiplication seed
produced seed propagation and extension seed and seed propagation block produced extension seed as
presented in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Flowchart of the production of citrus planting material.

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1160 (2023) 012057 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1160/1/012057

Figure 1 showed that the scions that come from the foundation block are then used as plant
propagation material in the budwood multiplication block as a stock seed. As for the production of
extension seed, the scions used to come from the budwood multiplication block. The source of the
scions in the foundation block and budwood multiplication block is planted in a screen house with a
hole size of 1 mm, double doors, and equipped with a fungicide disinfectant tub. Double doors
function to minimize the entry of disease-transmitting insects. In addition, the indexing of five
pathogens is also carried out periodically in the foundation block. The certified stock seed in Indonesia
has been produced by the Production Unit of Elite Planting Material (UPBS) of The Indonesian Citrus
and Subtropical Fruit Research Institute (ICSFRI) since 2014. Since then, the production of free-
disease citrus stock seeds follows a standard operational standard that has been approved by the
National Agency of Seed Certification [30].

4.3. Recommendations for extension seed production technology

The citrus seedling production process follows the recommendation of production technology of
disease-free citrus seedlings suggested by the Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and
Development (IAARD) through the Indonesian Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research Institute
(ICSFRI). The components of the recommended technology are; (1) using polybag in the whole
production process, (2) sowing rootstock seed correctly, (3) selection of nucellar seedlings, (4) using
bud-stick from BMB, (5) grafting area minimum at 20 cm above root crown, and (6) optimum
maintenance during the production process [9,18].
In addition, quality seeds are guaranteed the purity of the scion and rootstock varieties. In practice,
quality citrus seeds are disease-free labeled citrus seedlings whose production process stages are based
on the appropriate seedling supervision and certification program. Distribution of citrus propagation
material from disease-free mother trees to farmers through standard channels that apply nationally,
namely from the FB, BMB to the Commercial Seed Reproduction Block belonging to the breeder;
only planted on the field of farmers that are connected form distribution (Figure 1). Every three years
of bud sticks (planting material) production or based on certain urgent reasons, the BMB plants will be
replanted by newly grafted plants derived from FB. Citrus seeds that are declared to have passed the
inspection will be certified/labeled free of disease by the local Seed Supervision and Certification
Center located in every province in Indonesia. The benefits of using disease-free citrus seeds: free
from 5 systemic pathogens/diseases, varieties according to the PIT/mother plants (trusted generation
tracing), sturdy and uniform tree, guaranteed fruit production and quality, long productive life, early
fruiting period (after 2-3 years).

Figure 2. Certified extension seed scheme.

5. Utilization of healthy seed innovation and challenges

The success of innovation can be measured by its usefulness in society. This is marked by its
acceptance and implementation, which will affect the increase in income as well as welfare. Therefore,
it is necessary to disseminate innovation so that there is no gap in technology adoption [31]. In
conducting dissemination, ICSFRI applies a multichannel dissemination spectrum, commonly called

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1160 (2023) 012057 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1160/1/012057

SDMC [32]. Several national citrus dissemination programs/communication channels that have been
held include (a) exhibitions and exposures, ranging from agency to national scopes, including holding
technology exhibitions; (b) meeting forums through training and technical guidance, which is known
as Bimtek; (c) printed media, whether brochures, leaflets, posters; and (4) electronic media (website,
Facebook, podcast). According to the research results of [33] meeting forums are media that are often
accessed by respondents.

5.1. Dissemination through training and mutual partnership

ICSFRI has consistently carried out training activities and technical guidance of national citrus seed
innovations, ICSFRI also helps to improve the knowledge capacity of the producer unit of extension
seeds (PBS) through technical training to ensure the technology of free disease citrus seed production
be adopted and the production procedure of the extension seed is consistent with the recommendations
[34] some of it were: (a) national citrus seed revitalization training in 2015, which was attended by
representatives from 15 eastern provinces in Indonesia, (b) citrus seed innovation training in Selayar
island, South Sulawesi in 2017, (c) technical guidance on seedling in 2018, (d) technical workshop on
citrus seeds at ICSFRI in 2019, Technical training and guidance is one of the effective means of
disseminating national citrus seed innovations. In addition to introducing technology innovations, it
can also increase the capabilities of actors, both seed producers (BBI, local breeders, private sectors),
farmers and agricultural extension officers [35-36]. The whole program is expected to provide
information, and receive feedback on the results of the national citrus seed innovations that have been
developed.
Furthermore, ICSFRI has comprehensively built a mutual partnership with local governments,
farmer cooperation, and private sectors to establish a certified production unit of extension seeds
(PBS). The supervision of plant maintenance and quality control of the certified extension seeds are
collaboratively carried out by ICSFRI. These collaborative efforts were aimed to strengthen the
farmers’ bargaining position’ on citrus agribusiness through the improvement of seed quality [19].
Some of the collaborative activities include: a workshop on seed for seed supervision and certification
center (BPSB) officers, and parent seed center (BBI) throughout Indonesia, (a) The empowerment of
Jaya Sempadung PBS located in Segedong village, Tebas, Sambas as a citrus seed model industry in
2018-2019 by establishing a Bud-stick Multiplication Block (BMB) measured 6 m x 12 m containing
550 BMB plants and a demo plot of commercial seed nursery, and (b) the regional technical
implementing unit of the horticultural seed center (UPTD-BBH) Aceh, where grafting officers from
the agency conducted an apprenticeship in disease-free citrus seed technology in 2020. The role of
each party is needed in creating a strong seed industry. Therefore, ICSFRI not only provides guidance
and training to private PBS or government seed producers (BBI, BBH), BPSB, and agricultural
extension officers.

5.2. Distribution of certified foundation and stock seed

The number of free disease-foundation and stock seed productions that followed by the distribution
tended to decrease from 11.617 in 2015 to 5.545 trees in 2019. The recipient decreased from 19 to 8
provinces. This condition was related to the decrease in the extended planting area, thus impacted on
the demand for extension seeds [28]. The number of varieties in which their foundation and stock were
produced, were fluctuated during 2015-2019. In 2015, foundation and stock seeds from 19 varieties
were produced. In the following year, the number increased to 26 varieties. In 2017, the foundation
and stock seeds were produced from 31 varieties. While in 2018 and 2019, the number of varieties
employed for their foundation and stock seeds was 22 and 25, respectively. The number of varieties
produced for the foundation and stock seeds indicated the number of varieties registered to and
approved by the national agency of seed certification for the foundation and stock seed production.
Among the varieties that the foundation and stock seeds were produced, the number of ordered
foundation and stock seeds per variety was different every production year. In 2015, the top three
varieties that were highly produced were Tangerine ‘Banjar’, Mandarin ‘RGL’, and Tangerine

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1160 (2023) 012057 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1160/1/012057

‘Pontianak’. While in 2016, the Tangerine ‘Banjar’ was still the most preferred followed by Mandarin
‘Terigas’ and Tangerine ‘Siam Madu’. Tangerine ‘Banjar’ was still the most ordered in 2017, together
with Mandarin ‘RGL’ and Tangerine ‘Siam Madu’. In 2018, tangerine varieties were dominated on the
foundation and stock seed production/demand, i.e. Pontianak, Madu, and Banjar. While in 2019,
Tangerine ‘Pontianak’ and Mandarin ‘Terigas’ were the most preferred. The different domination of
produced varieties in each year represented the different areas of cultivation and/or consumer/market
preferences related to the variety being planted [37-40].
In terms of the number of distributed foundation and stock seeds, the PBS from East Java had
ordered the highest number of foundation and stock seeds from UPBS-ICSFRI. From 2015-2019, as
many as 11,311 plants have been planted and served as the foundation and planting material for the
production of extension seeds at the East Java PBS. The other provinces that also have a collaborative
program for certified/healthy extension seed production with ICSFRI are Central Java, North
Sumatera, West Kalimantan, Bengkulu, South Kalimantan, Papua, West Java, Aceh, Central
Kalimantan, Riau. East- South Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Lampung, West Sumatera, South Sumatera,
East Kalimantan, Jambi, North Kalimantan, Bali, Yogyakarta, West Papua, West Sulawesi, Central
Sulawesi, North Maluku and North Sulawesi. In the future, the demand for healthy extension seeds
would be predictably increased in line with the increase of the newly planted area of citrus,
rehabilitation of citrus orchards, and the demand for newly incoming released varieties that are
preferred by consumers [41-42].

5.3. Challenges to the application of healthy seed technology

There are some challenges in the utilization of science and technology resulting from ICSFRI in
sustaining the citrus nursery industry and citrus agribusiness. Previous studies showed that technology
components for disease-free citrus seedling production have not been applied completely by PBS.
Therefore, the level of adoption of several components of this technology was still very low [43-44].
Attempts have been made to accelerate technology transfer and to escalate technology adoption, such
as by conducting interesting dissemination methods and technical training for citrus seedling
producers. Dissemination approaches through printed media, audiovisual, and exhibition are
considered effective (Assessment Institution of Agricultural Technology of Central Sulawesi, 2005),
while technical training is effective to increase farmers’ knowledge and skill [34]. Another study
showed that the level of technology adoption immediately rises after a training session [45].
In addition, farmers’ lack of awareness to use certified citrus planting materials, as well as their
lack of knowledge and understanding of the specific HLB disease symptoms could prevent them from
adopting technology. Furthermore, the limited availability of certified citrus planting materials causes
many farmers still use uncertified seedlings which have no guarantee of the seed’s health condition
[46]. In general, several factors could inhibit the use of technology by farmers. Related studies
indicated that technical, knowledge, socio and economic aspects commonly become obstacle factors in
technology adoption [47]. To overcome the challenges, the technology itself must have good
innovation characteristics, and the methods of dissemination and extension must be effective.

6. Conclusion
The revitalization and development of newly extended citrus production centers in Indonesia have
been comprehensively carried out since the 1980s. Production of free-disease and vigor planting
materials have been considered one of the most vital factors in replacement of the unproductive plants
and with proper maintenance, these will ensure long-lasting productive plants. The production of
healthy planting material started from the acquisition of the free diseases protocol, thus becoming the
initial source of the lower seed classes. Every production process follows standard operational
procedures, including periodic indexing of the systemic disease and replanting of the mother plants.
The seeds that pass quality control will be labeled and ready to be transferred to growers. Referring to
the problems that exist in the production of citrus bud-stick (limited availability of citrus planting
materials, technology components to produce healthy seedlings that are not fully applied, as well as

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1160 (2023) 012057 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1160/1/012057

the partial application of certified citrus planting materials), periodic visits to monitor growers’ citrus
plants were carried out to supervise growers that are included in the activities of field training on
specific cases, problem-solving and cultural practices recommendation, and technology transfer.

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1160 (2023) 012057 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1160/1/012057

Lombok Tengah Dissertation (Bogor: IPB University)

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