12 - Ac - Power - Analysis 2020 - MK

Nguyễn Công Phương
Electric Circuit Theory
AC Power Analysis
Contents
I. Basic Elements Of Electrical Circuits
II. Basic Laws
III. Electrical Circuit Analysis
IV. Circuit Theorems
V. Active Circuits
VI. Capacitor And Inductor
VII. First Order Circuits
VIII.Second Order Circuits
IX. Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
X. AC Power Analysis
XI. Three-phase Circuits
XII. Magnetically Coupled Circuits
XIII.Frequency Response
XIV.The Laplace Transform
XV. Two-port Networks
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AC Power Analysis
1. Instantaneous and Average Power
2. Maximum Average Power Transfer
3. RMS Value
4. Apparent Power and Power Factor
5. Complex Power
6. Conservation of AC Power
7. Power Factor Improvement
8. Average Power and RMS Value of Periodic Signals
Instantaneous Power (1)
i (t )
p(t ) = v(t )i (t )
+ −
v(t ) = Vm sin(ωt + φv ) v (t )
i (t ) = I m sin(ωt + φi )
→ p(t ) = Vm I m sin(ω t + φv )sin(ωt + φi )
Vm I m
= [cos(φv − φi ) − cos(2ωt + φv + φi )]
2
Vm I m Vm I m
= cos(φv − φi ) − cos(2ωt + φv + φi )
2 2
Instantaneous Power (2)
Vm I m Vm I m
p(t ) = cos(φv − φi ) − cos(2ωt + φv + φi )
2 2
p(t)
Vm I m
2
Vm I m
cos(φv − φi )
2
0
t
Average Power (1)
1 T
P =  p (t )dt
T 0
Vm I m Vm I m
p (t ) = cos(φv − φi ) − cos(2ωt + φv + φi )
2 2
1 1 T 1 1 T
→ P = Vm I m cos(φv − φi )  dt − Vm I m  cos(2ω t + φv + φi ) dt
2 T 0 2 T 0
The average of a sinusoid over its period is zero
1
→ P = Vm I m cos(φv − φi )
2
Average Power (2)
V = Vm φv
→ VI* = Vm I m φv − φi
I = I m φi → I* = I m − φi
VI* = Vm I m φv − φi = Vm I m cos(φv − φi ) + jVm I m sin(φv − φi )
1
P = Vm I m cos(φv − φi )
2
1
→ P = Re( VI )
*
2
Average Power (3)
1 1
P = Re( VI ) = Vm I m cos(φv − φi )
*
2 2
1 1 1 2
φv = φi : P = Vm I m cos(0) = Vm I m = I m R
2 2 2
1
φv − φi = ±90 :
o
P = Vm I m cos(90 ) = 0
o
Ex. Average Power (4)
v(t) = 150sin(314t – 30o) V, i(t) = 10sin(314t + 45o) A. Find P?
1 1
P = Vm Im cos(ϕu − ϕi ) = 150 ×10 cos(−30o − 45o ) = 194.11 W
2 2
1
P = Re(VI * )
2
V = Vm ϕu = 150 − 30o
I = I m ϕ i = 10 45o → I* = 10 − 45o
( )( )
VI * = 150 − 30o 10 − 45 o = 1500 − 75o = 388.23 − j1448.9 VA
1 1
P = Re{388.23 − j1448.9} = 388.23 = 191.11W
2 2
AC Power Analysis
3. RMS Value
5. Complex Power
Maximum Average Power Transfer (1)
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determine-increase-power-delivered-loudspeaker-resultin-q6983635
1 2 IL
PL = I Lm RL
2 +
Eeq Eeq V ZL
IL = → I Lm =
Z eq + Z L Z eq + Z L –
Z eq = Req + jX eq
Z L = RL + jX L
Zeq IL
→ Z eq + Z L = Req + jX eq + RL + jX L
+
= ( Req + RL ) + j ( X eq + X L ) Eeq
+
– V ZL
–
→ Z eq + Z L = ( Req + RL ) 2 + ( X eq + X L ) 2
1 2 IL
PL = I Lm RL
2 +
E eq V ZL
I Lm =
Z eq + Z L –
Z eq + Z L = ( Req + RL ) 2 + ( X eq + X L ) 2
2
1 Eeq RL
→ PL = ×
2 ( Req + RL ) 2 + ( X eq + X L )2
Zeq IL
 ∂PL
 ∂R = 0 +
PL is maximum if:  L
+
Eeq V ZL
 ∂PL = 0
–
–
 ∂X L
2
1 Eeq RL
PL = ×
2 ( Req + RL ) 2 + ( X eq + X L )2
 ∂PL ∂PL 2 RL ( X eq + X L )
 ∂X = 0 → = E eq =0
L
∂X L [( Req + RL ) + ( X eq + X L ) ]
2 2 2
 2 ( Req + RL ) + ( X eq + X L ) − 2 RL ( Req + RL )
∂ ∂
2 2
P P
 L = 0 → L = E eq =0
 ∂RL ∂RL 2[( Req + RL ) + ( X eq + X L ) ]
2 2 2
 X L = − X eq  X L = − X eq
→ →
= + +  RL = Req
2 2
 L
R R eq ( X eq X L )
ZL = Z *
eq
For maximum average power transfer, the load impedance must
be equal to the complex conjugate of the equivalent impedance
2
1 Eeq RL
PL = × 2
2 ( Req + RL )2 + ( X eq + X L )2 E eq
→ PL max =
 X L = − X eq 8 Req

 RL = Req
For maximum average power transfer, the load impedance must
be equal to the complex conjugate of the equivalent impedance ZL = Z *
eq
If ZL = RL ? → XL = 0
∂PL
= 0 → RL = Req2 + ( X eq + X L )2
∂RL
→ RL = Req2 + X eq2 = Z eq
Ex. 1 Maximum Average Power Transfer (7)
E = 20 − 45o V; J = 5 60 o A
Z1
Z 1 = 12 Ω ; Z 3 = − j16 Ω
+
– Z2 Z3
Determine the load impedance Z2 that
maximize the average power. What is E J
the maximum average power?
Z1 Zeq
Z3 Zeq I2
+
– Eeq Z2
Z1Z3 12( − j16)
Zeq = = = 7.68 − j5.76 Ω
Z1 + Z3 12 − j16
→ Z 2 = 7.68 + j5.76 Ω Z 2 = Z*eq
Ex. 1 Maximum Average Power Transfer (8)
E = 20 − 45o V; J = 5 60 o A
Z1
Z 1 = 12 Ω ; Z 3 = − j16 Ω
+
– Z2 Z3
Determine the load impedance Z2 that
maximize the average power. What is E J
the maximum average power?
a
E +
−J Z1
Z
+
Eeq = Va = 1 – Eeq Z3 Zeq I2

1 1
+ E J
Z1 Z 3 –
+
20 − 45o – Eeq Z2
− 5 60o
= 12 = 54.38 − 140.4o V
1 1 2
+
12 − j16 2 Eeq
Eeq 54.38 2
P2 max =
→ Eeq = 54.38V → P2max = = = 48.13W 8Req
8Req 8 × 7.68
1. Find the Thevenin equivalent
a. Zeq Z1
+
– Z2 Z3
b. Eeq
E J
2. Z L = Z *
eq
2
Eeq
3. Pmax = Z1 Zeq
8Req Z3
1a . Z eq = 7.68 − j5.76 Ω
a
1b . E eq = 54.38 − 140.4 V o
Z1 +
+
2. Z2 = 7.68 + j 5.76 Ω – Eeq Z3

E – J
3. P2 max = 48.13W
Ex. 2 Maximum Average Power Transfer (10) 16 0o V
Determine the load impedance Z that maximize the +–
average power. What is the maximum average power?
j6 Ω
− j8Ω
Vopen-circuit 2I1
Z eq = a b
I short-circuit Ic
4Ω I1 Z
j6 Ω 16 0o V 2 30o A
+– c
− j8 Ω 1. Find the Thevenin equivalent
2I1 a. Z eq
a b
+ b. Eeq
Ic
4Ω I1 Voc 2. Z L = Z eq
*
2 30o A – 2
c E eq
3. Pmax =
8Req
j6 Ω
− j8 Ω
Vopen-circuit Eeq 2I1
Z eq = = a
I short-circuit J eq +b
Ic
4Ω I1 Voc
(Vc − Vb ) −16 + j 6 I2 + 4I1 = 0
2 30o A –c
Voc = Vb − Vc
→ Voc = −16 + j 6 I 2 + 4I1
a. Z eq
I1 = 2 30o b. Eeq
I 2 = Ic = 2I1 = 2 × 2 30 o 2. Z L = Z eq
*
2
→ Voc = − 16 + j 6 × 2 × 2 30 + 4 × 2 30 o o
E eq
3. Pmax =
= −21.07 + j 24.78 V 8Req
j6 Ω
− j8 Ω
Z eq = = a
I short-circuit J eq
b
Ic
4Ω I1 Z
j6 Ω 16 0o V 2 30o A
+– c
− j8 Ω 1. Find the Thevenin equivalent
2I1 a. Z eq
a b
b. Eeq
Ic
4Ω I1 Isc 2. Z L = Z eq
*
2 30o A 2
c E eq
3. Pmax =
8Req
j6 Ω
− j8 Ω
Z eq = = a
b
Ic
4Ω I1 Isc
I1 − 2 30 + I sc = 0 → Isc = 2 30 − I1
o o
2 30o A
c
j6I 2 + 4I1 = 16 0 o

I2 − I1 + 2 30 − I c = 0
o
a. Z eq
→ I 2 − I1 + 2 30o − 2I1 = 0 b. Eeq
→ 3I1 − I2 = 2 30o 2. Z L = Z eq
*
→ I1 = 0.67 − j 0.41 A
2
E eq
3. Pmax =
→ Isc = 2 30 − (0.67 − j0.41) = 1.06 + j1.41 A
o
8Req
j6 Ω
− j8 Ω
Z eq = = a
b
Ic
4Ω I1 Z
Voc = −21.07 + j 24.78 V 2 30o A
c
I sc = 1.06 + j1.41 A 1. Find the Thevenin equivalent
−21.07 + j 24.78 a. Z eq
→ Z eq = = 4.00 + j18.00 Ω b. Eeq
1.06 + j1.41
2. Z L = Z eq
*
→ Z = 4.00 − j18.00 Ω
2
21.07 + 24.78
2 2 E eq
Pmax = = 33.06 W 3. Pmax =
8× 4 8Req
AC Power Analysis
3. RMS Value
5. Complex Power
RMS Value (1)
i(t)
1 T 2 R T 2
→ P =  i Rdt =  i dt
+
e(t) – R T 0 T 0
(AC) 1 T 2
I
→ I eff =
T 
0
i dt
→ P = I 2R
+
E – R
(DC) 1 T 2
Veff =
T 0
v dt
I is the effective/RMS value of i(t)
1 T 2
X eff = X rms = 
T 0
x dt
RMS Value (2)
1 T
I rms =  i 2dt 1 T 2 1 T
[ I m sin ωt ]2 dt
T 0 → I rms = 
T 0
i dt =
T 0
i (t ) = I m sin ω t
1 T 2 1 − cos 2ωt
=
T 0
Im
2
dt
I m2 T Im
=
2T  0
dt =
2
Im Vm
I rms = Vrms =
2 2
RMS Value (3)
I
1 + −
P = Vm I m cos(φv − φi ) V
2
Vm
Vrms = P = Vrms I rms cos(φv − φi )
2
Im
I rms = 1
P = Re(VI* )
2 2
Ex. RMS Value (4)
v(t) = 150sin(314t – 30o) V, i(t) = 10sin(314t + 45o) A. Find Vrms & Irms?
Vm 150
Vrms = = = 106.07 V
2 2
Im 10
I rms = = = 7.07 A
2 2
AC Power Analysis
3. RMS Value
5. Complex Power
Apparent Power (1) I
+ −
V
S = Vrms I rms (in volt- ampere, VA)
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Ex. Apparent Power (2)
v(t) = 150sin(314t – 30o) V, i(t) = 10sin(314t + 45o) A. Find S?
Vm I m 150 10
S = Vrms I rms = × = × = 750 VA
2 2 2 2
Power Factor (1) I
+ −
P = Vrms I rms cos(φv − φi ) V
S = Vrms I rms
P
pf = = cos(φv − φi )
S
• φv − φi = 0 → pf = 1 → P = S = Vrms I rms
• φv − φi = ±90o → pf = 0 → P = 0
Ex. Power Factor (2) I
v(t) = 150sin(314t – 30o) V, i(t) = 10sin(314t + 45o) A. Find pf? + −
V
pf = cos( − 30o − 45o ) = 0.2588
AC Power Analysis
3. RMS Value
5. Complex Power
Complex Power (1)
I Z
+ V –
1 *
S = VI
2
V = Vm φv
I = I m φi → I = I m *
− φi
1 1 1
→ S = Vm I m φv − φi = Vm I m cos(φv − φi ) + j Vm I m sin(φv − φi )
2 2 2
Complex Power (2)
1 *
S = VI
2
V = ZI
 1  V  1 VV* 1 Vm φv Vm − φv
S = V   =
*
=
( = *
)(2
Vrms )
 2 Z 2 Z *
2 Z *
Z
→

 S =
1
2
ZII*
=
1
2
Z I m (φi I m )(
− φi =
1 2
Z
2 m
I = Z )
I 2
rms
Z = R + jX

 P = Re(S ) = RI 2
→ S = ( R + jX ) I rms = RI rms + jXI rms → 

2 2 2 rms
 Q = Im(S ) = XI 2
rms
Reactive power (in volt-ampere reactive, VAR)

Complex Power (3)
I Z
+ V –
2
1 * 1 V
S = VI = P + jQ = Vm I m φv − φi = Vrms I rms φv − φi = ZI rms
2
= rms*
2 2 Z
S = S = Vrms I rms = P 2 + Q 2
P = Re(S) = Vrms I rms cos(φv − φi ) = S cos(φv − φi ) = RI rms

2
Q = Im(S) = S sin(φv − φi ) = XI rms

2
P
pf = = cos(φv − φi )
S
Ex. Complex Power (4) I
v(t) = 150sin(314t – 30o) V, i(t) = 10sin(314t + 45o) A. + −
V
V = 150 − 30o V, I = 10 45o A
S=
1 * 1
2
( )(
VI = 150 − 30o 10 − 45o = 750 − 75o VA
2
)
S = S = 750 VA
P = S cos(ϕu − ϕi ) = 750cos(−75o ) = 194.11 W
Q = S sin(ϕu − ϕi ) = 750sin(−75o ) = −724.44 VAR
pf = cos(ϕu − ϕi ) = cos( −75o ) = 0.26

AC Power Analysis
3. RMS Value
5. Complex Power
Conservation of AC Power (1)
M N
S
i =1
source ,i =  S load ,i
i =1
M N
 Psource ,i =  Pload ,i
 i =1 i =1
→M N
 Q

 i =1 source , i =  Qload , i
i =1
M N
S
i =1
source , i ≠  S load ,i
i =1
Ex. Conservation of AC Power (2)
– +
Z1 = 10Ω; Z 2 = j 20Ω; Z 3 = 5 − j10Ω; I2 I3 E3
Z1 I1
E1 = 30 V; E3 = 45 15o V; J = 2 − 30o A;
+
–
Find currents? Z2 J Z3
E1
I1 = 4.09 75.2o A, I 2 = 2.20 26.4o A, I 3 = 6.16 39.6o A

S Z 1 = Z1 I12rms = 10(4.09)2 / 2 = 83.64 VA
S Z 2 = Z 2 I 22rms = j 20(2.20)2 / 2 = j 48.40 VA → S load = 178.50 − j141.33 VA
S Z 3 = Z3 I32rms = (5 − j10)(6.162 ) / 2 = 94.86 − j189.73 VA

1 1
S E 1 = E1I1* = 30.4.09 − 75, 2o = 61.35 − 75, 2o VA
2 2
1
S E 3 = E3I *3 = 138.60 − 24.6o VA
2
→ S source = 178.34 − j141.36 VA
1
S J = U J J * = ( −Z 2 I 2 ) J* = 36.65 − j 24.35 VA
2
AC Power Analysis
3. RMS Value
5. Complex Power
Power Factor Improvement (1)
pf = cos φ
R pf 2 > pf1 → φ2 < φ1

+
E –
IL L IC
E
φ2
φ1 I
I R C
+
E – IL
IL L IC
φ2 < φ1 → C = ? ( P = const)
Power Factor Improvement (2)
Q1 ΔQ
Q1 = P tan φ1 , Q2 = P tan φ2
S1
∆Q = Q1 − Q2
φ
φ1 2
Q2
2
Erms ∆Q
∆Q = = ωCErms → C =
2
XC ω E 2
rms
P
Q1 − Q2 P tan φ1 − P tan φ2 I
C= = R C
ω E rms
2
ω Erms
2
+
E –
tan φ1 − tan φ2 IL L IC
=P
ω E rms
2
Ex Power Factor Improvement (3)
A load is connected to a 220 V (rms), 50 Hz power line. This load absorbs a power of
1000kW. Its power factor is 0.8. Find the capacitor required to raise the pf to 0.9?
tan φ1 − tan φ2
C=P
ω E rms
2
pf1 = 0.8 → cos φ1 = 0.8 → φ1 = 36.9o → tan φ1 = 0.75
pf 2 = 0.9 → cosφ2 = 0.9 → φ2 = 25.8o → tan φ2 = 0.48
0.75 − 0.48
→ C = 1000 × 10 3
= 0.0178 F
314 × (220) 2
AC Power Analysis
3. RMS Value
5. Complex Power
Average Power and RMS Value
of Periodic Signals (1)
∞
v (t ) = Vdc + Vn sin( nω0t − θn )
n=1
∞
i (t ) = I dc +  I n sin(mω0t − φm )
m =1
1 ∞
P = Vdc I dc + Vn I n cos(θn − φn )
2 n=1
1 ∞ 2
Vrms = V + Vn
2
dc
2 n =1
1 ∞ 2
I rms = I +  Im
2
dc
2 m=1
Average Power and RMS Value
Ex. of Periodic Signals (2)
e1 = 10sin10t V; j = 4sin(50t + 30o) V; e2 = 6 V
(DC); L = 1 H; R1 = 1 Ω; R2 = 5 Ω; C = 0.01 F; L R1 R2
+
find the RMS value of the voltage across R1? – –
e1 j C e2
vR1 = −1 + 1.06sin(10t − 58o ) + 4.14 sin(50t + 32o ) V
∞
1
Vrms = Vdc2 + Vn2
2 n=1
1
= ( −1) + (1.06 2 + 4.14 2 ) = 3.18 V
2
dc
2

12 - Ac - Power - Analysis 2020 - MK

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Nguyễn Công Phương

Electric Circuit Theory

The average of a sinusoid over its period is zero

VI* = Vm I m φv − φi = Vm I m cos(φv − φi ) + jVm I m sin(φv − φi )

Eeq = Va = 1 – Eeq Z3 Zeq I2

2. Z2 = 7.68 + j 5.76 Ω – Eeq Z3

1. Find the Thevenin equivalent

S = Vrms I rms (in volt- ampere, VA)

pf = cos( − 30o − 45o ) = 0.2588

→ S = ( R + jX ) I rms = RI rms + jXI rms → 

Reactive power (in volt-ampere reactive, VAR)

P = Re(S) = Vrms I rms cos(φv − φi ) = S cos(φv − φi ) = RI rms

Q = Im(S) = S sin(φv − φi ) = XI rms

P = S cos(ϕu − ϕi ) = 750cos(−75o ) = 194.11 W

Q = S sin(ϕu − ϕi ) = 750sin(−75o ) = −724.44 VAR

pf = cos(ϕu − ϕi ) = cos( −75o ) = 0.26

I1 = 4.09 75.2o A, I 2 = 2.20 26.4o A, I 3 = 6.16 39.6o A

S Z 3 = Z3 I32rms = (5 − j10)(6.162 ) / 2 = 94.86 − j189.73 VA

R pf 2 > pf1 → φ2 < φ1

pf1 = 0.8 → cos φ1 = 0.8 → φ1 = 36.9o → tan φ1 = 0.75

pf 2 = 0.9 → cosφ2 = 0.9 → φ2 = 25.8o → tan φ2 = 0.48

vR1 = −1 + 1.06sin(10t − 58o ) + 4.14 sin(50t + 32o ) V

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