Department of EIE, KITSW U18EI 704 INDUSTRIAL PROCESS CONTROL

7ECI AY:2023-24
CDT3- LECTURE SUMMARY

CDT3 1. Process Modeling (Laplace domain approach): General process transfer

function of process (for I order, II order and with dead time)
Topics Covered
2. Process model for single tank based liquid level process - With linear
resistance element
The topics covered in this class give you an idea about the process modelling of
Motivation
single tank level process and also on the number of controllers that can be
developed for any process application.
Lecture Learning Outcomes (LLOs): After completion of this lecture, you should be able to…
LLO1
On topic 1
mention the importance of process modeling and write generalized process transfer functions
LLO2
On topic 2
develop the process model for single tank based liquid level process - With linear resistance element

CDT3 – Lecture Summary – Key Takeaways

Topic 1: Process modeling:

Process transfer functions for:

Instantaneous (or) steady state process, I order process & II order process, pure dead time
process and cascaded I order process

For Instantaneous (or) steady state process:

Xo(s)/Xi(s) = Kp
where ‘Kp’ is process gain
For I order process:
Xo(s)/Xi(s) = [Kp/ (τp s+1)]
where ‘Kp’ is process gain & ‘τp’ is process time constant
For II order process:
Xo(s)/Xi(s) = [Kp1 Kp2/ (τp1 τp2s+1)]
where ‘Kp1 & Kp2’ are process gains & ‘τp1 & τp2’ are process time constants
For Pure dead time process:
Xo(s)/Xi(s) = [1/ (td s+1)]
where ‘td’ is time lag (or) dead time
Prepared by: B. SHASHIKANTH , Dept of EIE, KITSW Page 1 of 3
 Department of EIE, KITSW U18EI 704 INDUSTRIAL PROCESS CONTROL
7ECI AY:2023-24
CDT3- LECTURE SUMMARY
Process parameters to be determined from process transfer function include
(i) Process time constant (τp): Every self regulated process has a time constant
associated with it. The time constant is the amount of time it takes the process
63.2% of the final value of the process.
(ii) Process gain (Kp): The time constant is affected by the capacity of the process and
the process resistance to change. The larger the process capacity, the longer the time
constant, and the more resistive elements in the process the longer the time
constant.
(iii) Process dead time (td): Dead time is defined as the time difference between
when a change occurs in a process and when the change is detected. Dead time
exists in all processes and is a factor in the control loop control, which must be
addressed when tuning the loop.

Topic 2: Process model for single tank based liquid level process - With linear resistance
element:

Flow head equation is A*𝑑ℎ(t)/𝑑𝑡 = q𝑖 (t) – q𝑜(t)

Where, q𝑜(t)= h (t)/R
‘R’ is liquid resistance & ‘C’ is liquid capacitance
Note: We can develop process model for any liquid level process by writing process
equations across the process system using conservation of mass balance principle (or)
transient mass balance equation, after clear identification of process variables & process
objective.
Process transfer functions for liquid level process with linear resistance element are
given by:
(i) Output level process transfer function (PTF1):
H(s)/Qi(s) = [R/ (ARs+1)]
where R is ‘Kp’ & AR is ‘τp’
(ii) Output flow rate process transfer function(PTF2):
Qo(s) /Qi(s) = 1/ (ARs+1)
where 1 is ‘Kp’ & AR is ‘τp’

Importance of Output level controller (LC) & Outlet flow rate controller (FC) responses.

Prepared by: B. SHASHIKANTH , Dept of EIE, KITSW Page 2 of 3

 Department of EIE, KITSW U18EI 704 INDUSTRIAL PROCESS CONTROL
7ECI AY:2023-24
CDT3- LECTURE SUMMARY
CDT3 - LECTURE LEVEL PRACTICE PROBLEMs/ QUESTIONs (LLPs/ LLQs) to
test the LLOs
To test whether you achieved the learning outcomes of this lecture, you should be able to solve the
following LLPs, in the class itself, after completion of the lecture. Minimum one question / problem (LLP) is
designed to test each expected LLO.

1. LLQ1 (on LLO1):

Write generalized process transfer functions for the Instantaneous, I order, II order and
Dead time processes. Also mention their importance. (CDLL – U)

2. LLQ2 (on LLO2):

Distinguish between linear & non linear resistance elements response. (CDLL – U)

3. LLQ3 (on LLO2):

Write process transfer functions for the liquid level process, with level & flowrate as
output variables. Infer on the liquid resistance & liquid capacitance. (CDLL – U)

4. LLP4 (on LLO2):

Assume a liquid level tank system having an area of 4m2 and with a control valve
offering linear resistance of 0.5 sec/m2 is used in liquid level process flow application.
Develop the process model for the single tank liquid level process system using mass
balance principle and determine the process parameters. Also, infer on the process
regulation characteristic. (CDLL – Ap)

Prepared by: B. SHASHIKANTH , Dept of EIE, KITSW Page 3 of 3