The greenhouse effect is the process through which heat is trapped near Earth's

surface by substances known as 'greenhouse gases.' Imagine these gases as a cozy

blanket enveloping our planet, helping to maintain a warmer temperature than it
would have otherwise. Greenhouse gases consist of carbon dioxide, methane,
ozone, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and water vapor. Water vapor, which
reacts to temperature changes, is referred to as a 'feedback', because it amplifies
the effect of forces that initially caused the warming.

A greenhouse is a house made of glass that can be used to grow plants. The sun’s
radiations warm the plants and the air inside the greenhouse. The heat trapped
inside can’t escape out and warms the greenhouse which is essential for the
growth of the plants. Same is the case in the earth’s atmosphere.

During the day the sun heats up the earth’s atmosphere. At night, when the earth
cools down the heat is radiated back into the atmosphere. During this process, the
heat is absorbed by the greenhouse gases in the earth’s atmosphere. This is what
makes the surface of the earth warmer, that makes the survival of living beings on
earth possible.

However, due to the increased levels of greenhouse gases, the temperature of the
earth has increased considerably. This has led to several drastic effects.

Causes:
- Burning coal, oil and gas produces carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide : The burning
of fossil fuels refers to the burning of oil, natural gas, and coal to generate energy.
We use this energy to generate electricity, and to power transportation (for
example, cars and planes) and industrial processes. Ever since the invention of the
first coal-fired steam engines of the 1700s, our burning of fossil fuels has steadily
increased. Across the globe each year we now burn over 4,000 times the amount
of fossils fuels burnt during 1776. The effects of the burning of fossil fuels,
especially carbon dioxide, are having far-reaching effects on our climate and
ecosystems.

- Cutting down forests ( deforestation ) : Deforestation refers to the decrease in

forest areas across the world that are lost for other uses such as agricultural
croplands, urbanization, or mining activities. Greatly accelerated by human
activities since 1960, deforestation has been negatively affecting natural
ecosystems, biodiversity, and the climate. The UN’s Food and Agriculture
Organization estimates the annual rate of deforestation to be around 1.3 million
km2 per decade. Trees help to regulate the climate by absorbing CO2 from the
atmostphere. When they are cut down, that beneficial effect is lost and the
carbon stored in the trees is released into the atmostphere, adding to the
greenhouse effect.

- Increasing livestock farming : Increasing incomes, changing diets, and population

growth have led to increased demand and made the livestock sector one of the
fastest growing agricultural sub-sectors in middle- and low-income countries. This
represents a major opportunity for smallholders, agribusiness, and job creators
throughout the livestock supply chain. However, if not properly managed, this
growth risks accentuating sustainability issues that span equity, environmental
impacts, and public health. The transformations that accompany growth are an
opportunity to move the livestock sector toward more sustainable development
and improved contribution to human diets. Productivity levels and practices can
be managed in ways that address adverse impacts on land, water, and the
environment, as well as the risks posed to animal and human health.

- Fertilisers containing nitrogen produce nitrous oxide emissions. Farmers add

fertilizers to their soils to provide crops with the nutrients they need to grow. For
thousands of years, humans have used mineral and organic fertilizers, like manure
and ground bone, to improve soil fertility. In the last century, human-made
fertilizers have greatly boosted crop production, letting farmers grow more food
on less land. But this uptick in fertilizer use has come at a cost: planet-warming
greenhouse gas emissions. Worldwide, agriculture is the second-largest source of
climate change pollution1—and both the manufacturing and application of
fertilizer has a heavy emissions toll.

Effects:
Adverse effects on human health

The greenhouse effect will cause serious environmental and water pollution,
which are the factors that lead to the widespread spread of many diseases and
epidemics, affecting the immune system and human health.A lot of rain and
sunshine will be favorable conditions for many infectious bacteria to multiply and
develop. At this time, there will be many new diseases appearing, people have
not yet invented a cure in time, and the death rate is very high.

-Earth's climate change

All activities that create emissions increase gases in the Earth's atmosphere,
which is the main cause of climate change. The phenomenon of climate change
up to the present time has been causing many negative impacts on the entire
ecosystem as well as human life.

- Sea level rise: Sea level rise is a rise in water levels in oceans around the globe
but is not caused by tides or storms.. Abnormal rise in sea level in a certain
location can cause higher or lower than global sea level but still capable of
causing coastal cities around the world to sink into sea water, including Vietnam's
coastal cities.

- Global warming: A term used to refer to the earth's temperature that is

changing at the global level and is gradually increasing in each historical period
due to greenhouse gases and that heat. gradually accumulated in the earth's
atmosphere by gases such as C02.. reducing the amount of radiation as well as the
earth's heat that needs to be released into space instead of being absorbed and
retained.

Melting ice phenomenon: Scientists believe that it is the process of accumulating

greenhouse gases, causing a long-term greenhouse effect that will gradually warm
the earth, causing the volume of water to expand, resulting in an increase in water
density. ice melts at the poles. Because of the impact of global temperatures
gradually warming, the amount of permafrost is now gradually melting

Extreme weather phenomena: caused by the impact of greenhouse gases,

ecosystems around the world are gradually changing. This causes drought
phenomena to last all year round in many areas, affecting farming or daily life, or
more seriously, affecting the life of the ecosystem in the area that is suffering and
fighting against it. mother nature. Or places near rivers and lakes suffer from
long-term flooding due to sudden increases in rainfall from extreme rainy weather.