Meaning of Resources

Resources refer to all the materials available

in our environment which help us to satisfy
our needs.

They are not free gifts of nature!

Rio De Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992

● First International Earth Summit
● Held at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
● Convention endorsed the global Forest
Principles & adopted Agenda 21 for
achieving Sustainable Development in
the 21st century.
 DIVISION SUBDIVISION DEFINITION EXAMPLE

Biotic Living elements in the ecosystem. Flora & Fauna

ORIGIN
Abiotic Non-living elements in the ecosystem. Rock, metal.

Renewable Resources that can be used over & over again. Solar & wind
energy
EXHAUSTIBILITY
Non-renewable Resources that can only be used once. Fossil fuels

Individual Owned privately by individuals. Pasture land,

pond

Resources are accessible to all members of the Picnic spot,

Community playground
community.
OWNERSHIP
National Belong to the nation. Minerals, forests

International institutions regulate these Exclusive

International resources. economic zone
 DIVISION SUBDIVISION DEFINITION EXAMPLE

Technology is available but resources are not Solar & wind

Potential
used to a reasonable scale. energy

Coal,
Developed Currently being used.
petroleum
DEVELOPMENT
Hydrogen from
Stock Technology is not available.
water

Reserves Used partially. Can be used for meeting future

River water
requirements.
 Land Utilization Pattern

● Forests

● Barren & Wasteland

● Permanent pastures and grazing land

● Culturable waste land (left uncultivated for more

than 5 agricultural years).

● Current fallow- (left without cultivation for one or

less than one agricultural year)

● Other than current fallow-(left uncultivated for the

past 1 to 5 agricultural years)

● Net Sown Area (sown more than once in

agricultural year)
“There is enough for everybody’s need and not for anybody’s
greed,” who has given the above statement?

A. Atal Bihari Vajpayee

B. Vinoba Bhave

C. Mahatma Gandhi

D. Jawaharlal Nehru
“There is enough for everybody’s need and not for anybody’s
greed,” who has given the above statement?

A. Atal Bihari Vajpayee

B. Vinoba Bhave

C. Mahatma Gandhi

D. Jawaharlal Nehru
What was the name of the book written by Schumacher?

A. Small is Beautiful

B. Small is Great

C. Lectures on Gandhian Philosophy

D. None of the above

What was the name of the book written by Schumacher?

A. Small is Beautiful

B. Small is Great

C. Lectures on Gandhian Philosophy

D. None of the above

 Causes and Areas of Land Degradation

Causes of land Areas where land degradation

degradation has occurred

Mining and Quarrying Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya

Pradesh and Odisha

Waterlogging due to Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar

over-irrigation causing Pradesh
increase in salinity and
alkalinity

Overgrazing Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya

Pradesh, Maharashtra, and hilly
states of Northern India

Industrialisation In pockets all over India

causing retardation of
water infiltration into
the soil
 Special
Soil States Soil Texture Deficient Crops
Feature

Nitrogen,
Punjab, Haryana, Sugarcane,
Sandy, loam Phosphorus &
ALLUVIAL Uttar Pradesh, Paddy, Wheat, Highly fertile
Bihar, etc.
to clay. organic
Cereal, etc.
matter

Gujarat, Humus, Cotton, Citrus

Clayey Made up of
BLACK Maharashtra, Nitrogen, fruits,
material lava flow
M.P., Chattisgarh Potassium. tobacco, etc.

Cotton,
Odisha,
Phosphoric pulses, millets,
Chattisgarh, Formed under
RED & Fine grained, acid, organic oilseeds,
Southern of the well drained
YELLOW clay to loam material, potato, maize,
middle Ganga conditions
humus. groundnut,
plain.
etc.
 Special
Soil States Soil Texture Deficient Crops
Feature

The pebbly
Reddish
Tamil Nadu, crust formed
brown in
Andhra Pradesh, Plant Cashew Nuts due to
LATERITE Kerala, Madhya
colour due to
Nutrients & Tea Plants alteration of
Pradesh, etc. the presence
wet and dry
of iron oxide
periods.

Sandy in
Western High salt &
texture & Humus & Barley, Wheat,
ARID Rajasthan, calcium
saline in moisture. Millets
Haryana, Punjab. content.
nature.

Loamy & silty

Himalayas, in valley sides Potash,
Spices, teak,
FOREST Eastern Ghats & and coarse phosphorous Acidic soil
apple.
Terai regions grained in the & lime.
upper slopes.
Which one of the following is the major source of land and
water pollution in many parts of the country?

A. Extensive use of fertilisers

B. Sewage waste

C. Industrial effluents

D. None of the above

Which one of the following is the major source of land and
water pollution in many parts of the country?

A. Extensive use of fertilisers

B. Sewage waste

C. Industrial effluents

D. None of the above

 TYPES OF SOIL EROSION

WIND EROSION

Wind blows loose soil off flat or

sloping land known as wind
erosion.

SHEET EROSION

Water flowing down over a large

area causes the top soil to be
washed away.

GULLY EROSION

Running water cuts through the

clayey soils and makes deep
channels as gullies. This makes
land unfit for cultivation.
 CONSERVATIVE PRACTISES

STRIP CROPPING
CONTOUR
Large fields can be divided into
PLOUGHING
strips. Strips of grass are left to
grow between the crops. This
Ploughing along the breaks up the force of the wind.
contour lines can
decelerate the flow of
water down the
slopes.

TERRACE FARMING

SHELTERBELTS Steps can be cut out on the

Planting lines of trees to create
shelter also works in a similar
way. This helps in stabilisation
of sand dunes and in stabilising
the desert in western India.
slopes making terraces.
Terrace cultivation restricts
erosion. Western and
central Himalayas have well
developed terrace farming.
Identify the kind of conservative practice shown in the
picture below:

A. Terrace farming

B. Contour ploughing

C. Shelterbelts

D. Strip cropping
Identify the kind of conservative practice shown in the
picture below:

A. Terrace farming

B. Contour ploughing

C. Shelterbelts

D. Strip cropping
This soil type is made up of extremely fine material and are
well-known for their capacity to hold moisture. Identify the
soil:

A. Alluvial

B. Forest

C. Black

D. Arid
This soil type is made up of extremely fine material and are
well-known for their capacity to hold moisture. Identify the
soil:

A. Alluvial

B. Forest

C. Black

D. Arid
Rise of Nationalism
In Europe
 Which of the following
was/were already a nation
state when this print was
published?

A. United States

B. Germany

C. Switzerland

D. Both A and C
 Which of the following
was/were already a nation
state when this print was
published?

A. United States

B. Germany

C. Switzerland

D. Both A and C
 Zollverein- Custom Union

● Initiative of Prussia in 1834.

● Abolished tariff barriers.

● Reduced the number of currencies from 30

to 2.

● Promoted a network of railways to promote

mobility.
 TREATY OF VIENNA,1815

Where: Vienna

When: 1815

Member States:
BARP (Britain;
Austria; Russia;
Prussia)

Who Hosted: Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich

Why: To bring back conservatism (restore Monarchy)

in Europe after Napoleon’s defeat.
First Upheaval: France-
(JULY 1830)
THE AGE OF
REVOLUTIONS:
Established-
Constitutional
1830-1848
monarchy.

Louis Philippe was its

head. Brussel’s
Revolution

Belgium broke away

THE GREECE WAR OF from the United
INDEPENDENCE (1832)
Kingdom.
Treaty of
Constantinople-
recognized Greece as an
independent nation.

Poets and artists lauded

Greece as the Cradle of
European Civilisation.
● In 1848- unemployment brought the population of
Paris out on the roads. Barricades were erected
and Louis Philippe was forced to flee.

● National Assembly proclaimed republic.

● France became a Republic (suffrage to all adult

males above 21).

Silesian Revolt
● Silesia weavers led a revolt against cotton contractors
for low wages.

OUTCOME

● Weavers’ demand were not considered.

● They were treated with scorn and threats alternately.

● Eleven weavers were shot

German Middle Class wanted to unite
Germany:

Unification was done by Conservatives!

● Prussia started a movement for national

unification under Otto Von Bismarck.

● 3 wars over 7 years with Austria, Denmark &

France ended in Prussian victory and
completed the process of unification.

● Princes & other people of German states,

Chief of Prussia, Bismarck, gathered in the
Hall of mirrors in the palace of Versailles
(January 1871) to proclaim German empire
headed by Kaiser William I of Prussia.
Italy Unified

1. Italy was divided into 7 states.

2. Giuseppe Mazzini put together a

programme for unifying Italy.

3. He formed a secret society-

Young Italy.

4. Sardinia-Piedmont ruler- Victor

Emmanuel II could unify Italy
through wars.

5. Chief Minister Cavour led the

movement to unify the regions
of Italy.

6. In 1860, they succeeded in

driving out the Spanish rulers.

7. In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was

proclaimed king of United Italy.
Germania guarding the The fallen Germania,
Rhine Julius Hübner, 1850
 MEANING OF THE SYMBOLS

Broken Chain Breastplate with Eagle Crown of Oak Leaves Sword

Symbol of the German Readiness to

Being Freed Empire- strength Heroism Fight
 MEANING OF THE SYMBOLS

Olive Branch Around

Black, Red and Gold Tricolour Rays of Rising Sun
the Sword

Willingness to make Flag of the liberal-nationalists in Beginning of a new ear.

peace 1848, banned by the Dukes of the
German States
The Grimm Brothers: Folktales and Nation-building Grimms’ Fairy Tales is a familiar
name. The brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm were born in the German city of
Hanau in 1785 and 1786 respectively.

While both of them studied law, they soon developed an interest in collecting old
folktales. They spent six years travelling from village to village, talking to people and
writing down fairy tales, which were handed down through the generations. These
were popular both among children and adults.

In 1812, they published their first collection of tales. Subsequently, both the brothers
became active in liberal politics, especially the movement for freedom of the press.
In the meantime they also published a 33-volume dictionary of the German
language.

The Grimm brothers also saw French domination as a threat to German culture, and
believed that the folktales they had collected were expressions of a pure and
authentic German spirit. They considered their projects of collecting folktales and
developing the German language as part of the wider effort to oppose French
domination and create a German national identity.
 Which political right were by
Grimm Brothers passionate
about?

A. Freedom of press

B. Universal Adult Franchise

C. Freedom of Stories

D. Women Empowerment
 Which political right were by
Grimm Brothers passionate
about?

A. Freedom of press

B. Universal Adult Franchise

C. Freedom of Stories

D. Women Empowerment
 Why did Grimm Brothers
collect Folktales?

A. They had a interest in stories

B. They wanted to protect German

Language

C. They wanted to oppose French

Domination

D. All the above

 “When France sneezes, the rest of Europe
catches cold”. Who among the following said
this popular line?

A. Guiseppe Mazzini

B. Metternich

C. Otto Von Bismarck

D. Giuseppe Garibaldi
 “When France sneezes, the rest of Europe
catches cold”. Who among the following said
this popular line?

A. Guiseppe Mazzini

B. Metternich

C. Otto Von Bismarck

D. Giuseppe Garibaldi
Assertion: On 10 May 1848, 831 elected representatives
revolted in the Frankfurt Parliament.

Reason: The elected representatives revolted against

the issue of extending political rights to women.

A. Both A & R are true and R is correct explanation of

A

B. Both A & R are true, but R is not the correct

explanation of A

C. A is true, but R is false

D. Both A & R are false

Assertion: On 10 May 1848, 831 elected representatives
revolted in the Frankfurt Parliament.

Reason: The elected representatives revolted against

the issue of extending political rights to women.

A. Both A & R are true and R is correct explanation of

A

B. Both A & R are true, but R is not the correct

explanation of A

C. A is true, but R is false

D. Both A & R are false

 Match the following:

List I List II

A. 1804 1. Greek struggle for independence

began
B. 1815 2. Napoleon wars began
C. 1797 3. Treaty of Vienna
D. 1821 4. Civil Code

CODES
A B C D
a) 3 1 2 4

b) 1 3 2 4

c) 4 3 2 1

d) 2 1 4 3
 Match the following:

List I List II

A. 1804 1. Greek struggle for independence

began
B. 1815 2. Napoleon wars began
C. 1797 3. Treaty of Vienna
D. 1821 4. Civil Code

CODES
A B C D
a) 3 1 2 4

b) 1 3 2 4

c) 4 3 2 1

d) 2 1 4 3
Agriculture
PRIMITIVE SUBSISTENCE
FARMING
Practised on small land.
Use Primitive tools: Hoe,
dao, digging sticks, etc.
Depends on monsoon &
natural fertility of soil.
Farmers clear a patch of
land & then shift to a new
patch, to produce cereals
and other food crops.
Called by different names
in different parts of
country: Jhumming (NE
States), Bewar (MP), ‘Podu’
(Assam), etc.
INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE
FARMING
Exercised in areas of high
population pressure on
land.
Labour intensive.
High doses of
biochemicals & intensive
irrigation used.
The land is divided into
many holdings by the
‘right of inheritance’
leading the intensive
pressure on the land for
the maximum output.
 COMMERCIAL FARMING

Farming done using high doses of modern inputs,

e.g. high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical
fertilisers, insecticides, & pesticides, to obtain
higher productivity.

PLANTATION

● Single crop grown in large area.

● Use high level of inputs, with the help of
migrant workers.
● Produced- used raw material in agriculture
based industries.
● Needs- Good transportation &
communication network development.
● E.g.- Tea, Coffee, Rubber, etc.
 KHARIF CROPS

● Sown- Onset of Monsoon (May-July)

● Harvested- Summer (Sept - Oct)
● Major Crops- Rice, Maize, Jowar, Bajra, Moong, Tur,
Urad, Cotton, Jute, Soyabean, & Groundnut.
● Places- Assam, West Bengal, Coastal region of Orissa,
Andhra Pradesh, etc.

RABI CROPS

● Sown- Onset of Winter (Oct-Dec)

● Harvested- Summer (April- June)
● Major Crops- Wheat, Barley, Peas, Gram, and Mustard.
● Places- Punjab, Haryan, UP, J&K, Uttarakhand, & H.P.

ZAID CROPS

● Sown- Between Rabi and Kharif Season (March - June)

● Major Crops- Watermelon, Muskmelon, Cucumber,
Vegetables, and Fodder Crops.
Name of Type of Cultivation Soil Type Annual Major
Temperature
Crop(s) Crop(s) Season Preferred Rainfall Regions

Clay/ clay loam Punj, Haryana,

RICE Staple Food Kharif (good water Above 25˚ C Above 100 cm Plains of North
retention capacity) & NE India, WB

Ganga-Sutlej
Well-drained fertile 10˚-15˚ C during
plains (Punj,
WHEAT Cereal Crop Rabi soil, black soil, growth & 25˚-28˚ 50-75 cm
Hary, UP, MP,
clayey, loamy. C at ripening
Bihar, etc.

MP,
Coarse grains/ Black (regur) or Average
JOWAR Any Below 100 cm Maharashtra,
millets Alluvial 26˚-33˚C
Karnataka, etc

UP, Gujarat,
Coarse grains/ Sandy or Shallow Haryana,
BAJRA Any 20˚-28˚ C 40-75 cm
millets Black Soil Maharashtra,
Rajasthan

Sandy, loamy, red Kar,

Coarse grains/
RAGI Any or Shallow Black 18˚-28˚ C 60-80 cm Uttarakhand,
millets
Soil TN, HP, etc.
Name of Type of Cultivation Soil Type Annual
Temperature Major Regions
Crop(s) Crop(s) Season Preferred Rainfall

Kharif UP, MP, Andhra

Food &
MAIZE Rabi (only in Old Alluvial 21˚ - 27˚ C 50-100 cm Pradesh,
Fodder
Bihar) Karnataka

UP, MP, Rajasthan,

PULSES Leguminous Any Dry, light soils 20˚- 30˚ C 50-75 cm
Karnataka, etc

UP, Maharashtra,
Fertile, 21˚- 27˚C (hot & Haryana, TN,
SUGARCANE Plantation Annual 75-100 cm
well-drained soil humid) Punjab, Andhra
Pradesh

Rabi (Linseed Groundnut-

& Mustard) Gujarat (largest
Edibles & raw Sandy loam & Depends on Depends
OIL SEEDS Kharif producer), Other
material black (Groundnut) type on type
(Groundnut) seed: MP, Punjab,
Both- Castor WB, Bihar etc
 Name of Type of Cultivation Soil Type Annual
Temperature Major Regions
Crop(s) Crop(s) Season Preferred Rainfall

Assam, hills of
Deep, fertile,
Darjeeling &
well-drained soil, Above 200
TEA Plantation Annual 10˚ - 30˚ C Jalpaiguri distt of WB,
rich in humus & cm
Tripura, Kerala HP,
organic matter.
etc.

Karnataka- major
Well drained soil,
producer, Nilgiri Hills
COFFEE Plantation - rich in humus & 23˚-28˚ C 150-200 cm
in Kerala & Tamil
organic matter
Nadu

HORTICULTURE Fruits &

Zaid/ Any Variable - - All over India
CROPS vegetable
 CROPS LEADING PRODUCERS

Rice West Bengal

Wheat UP

Sugarcane UP

Rubber Kerala

Cotton Gujarat/ Maharashtra

Groundnut Gujarat

Tea Assam

Coffee Karnataka

Jute West Bengal

Maize MP

Bajra Rajasthan

Ragi Karnataka
It is an equatorial crop, but under special conditions, it is
also grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas. It requires
moist and humid climate with rainfall of more than 200 cm.
and temperature above 25°C. Identify the crop and the
leading producer of this crop.

A. Rubber & Karnataka

B. Cotton & Maharashtra

C. Tea & Assam

D. Sugarcane & Telangana

It is an equatorial crop, but under special conditions, it is
also grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas. It requires
moist and humid climate with rainfall of more than 200 cm.
and temperature above 25°C. Identify the leading producer
of this crop.

A. Rubber & Karnataka

B. Cotton & Maharashtra

C. Tea & Assam

D. Sugarcane & Telangana

Assertion: Organic farming is much in vogue.

Reason: In organic farming, crops are grown using high

doses to increase production.

A. Both (A) & (R) are true and (R) is the correct
explanation of (A)

B. Both (A) & (R) are true but (R) is not the correct
explanation of (A)

C. (A) is true but (R) is false

D. (A) is false but (R) is true

Assertion: Organic farming is much in vogue.

Reason: In organic farming, crops are grown using high

doses to increase production.

A. Both (A) & (R) are true and (R) is the correct
explanation of (A)

B. Both (A) & (R) are true but (R) is not the correct
explanation of (A)

C. (A) is true but (R) is false

D. (A) is false but (R) is true

The Bhoodan-Gramdan movement was also known as
_______.

A. Land Revolution

B. Green Revolution

C. White Revolution

D. Blood-Less Revolution
The Bhoodan-Gramdan movement was also known as
_______.

A. Land Revolution

B. Green Revolution

C. White Revolution

D. Blood-Less Revolution
Match the following:

List I List II

A. Horticulture 1. Grown with the onset of

monsoon
B. Sericulture 2. Grown in winter season
C. Rabi crops 3. Cultivation of fruits &
vegetables
D. Kharif crops 4. Production of silk

Codes
A B C D

1. 3 4 2 1

2. 4 2 1 4

3. 2 4 1 3

4. 1 3 4 2
Match the following:

List I List II

A. Horticulture 1. Grown with the onset of

monsoon
B. Sericulture 2. Grown in winter season
C. Rabi crops 3. Cultivation of fruits &
vegetables
D. Kharif crops 4. Production of silk

Codes
A B C D

1. 3 4 2 1

2. 4 2 1 4

3. 2 4 1 3

4. 1 3 4 2
On the map, ‘B’ is marked as a major Jute cultivating state.
Identify it from the following options.

A. West Bengal

B. Bihar

C. Tripura

D. Odisha
On the map, ‘B’ is marked as a major Jute cultivating state.
Identify it from the following options.

A. West Bengal

B. Bihar

C. Tripura

D. Odisha
 Different People have Different Goals

Different persons have different situations in

their life.

People have different goals due to which

development is sometimes contrasting and
conflicting.
 Development Goals can be Conflicting

At times 2 persons or groups can seek things which

are conflicting.

Eg: A girls expects as much freedom & opportunity

as her brother & that he also share some
responsibility in the household work. But the same
may not be with her brother.

Similarly, to get more electricity, industrialists may

want more dams. But this may submerge the land &
disrupt the lives of people, who are displaced such
as tribals. They may resent this & may prefer small
check dams or tanks to irrigate land.
Assertion: Different people have different developmental
goals.

Reason: The capitalist approach to development is

detrimental to poor section of the society.

A. Both (A) & (R) are true and (R) is the correct
explanation of (A)

B. Both (A) & (R) are true but (R) is not the correct
explanation of (A)

C. (A) is true but (R) is false

D. (A) is false but (R) is true

Assertion: Different people have different developmental
goals.

Reason: The capitalist approach to development is

detrimental to poor section of the society.

A. Both (A) & (R) are true and (R) is the correct
explanation of (A)

B. Both (A) & (R) are true but (R) is not the correct
explanation of (A)

C. (A) is true but (R) is false

D. (A) is false but (R) is true

Assertion: The developmental goals that people have are not
only about better income but also about other important
things in life.
Reason: A safe and secure environment may allow more
women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business.

A. Both (A) & (R) are true and (R) is the correct
explanation of (A)

B. Both (A) & (R) are true but (R) is not the correct
explanation of (A)

C. (A) is true but (R) is false

D. (A) is false but (R) is true

Assertion: The developmental goals that people have are not
only about better income but also about other important
things in life.
Reason: A safe and secure environment may allow more
women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business.

A. Both (A) & (R) are true and (R) is the correct
explanation of (A)

B. Both (A) & (R) are true but (R) is not the correct
explanation of (A)

C. (A) is true but (R) is false

D. (A) is false but (R) is true

 NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

It is an exhaustive term that includes

improvement in living standard of the people,
increase in per capita income, providing
social amenities like education, medical care,
social services, etc. to the citizens of the
country.
For comparing countries, their income is
considered to be one of the most important
attributes.

Countries with higher income are more

developed than others with less income. Eg:
USA, Japan, Chine, etc.

For comparison we compare the Average

income/ Per capita income: It is the total
income of the country divided by its total
population.

Average income is useful comparison but it

doesn’t tell us how this income is distributed
among people.
 WORLD BANK CRITERIA

● World Bank classifies the countries

on the basis of their per capita
income.

● Countries with per capita income of

US$ 12056 per annum and above in
2012, are called rich countries.

● Countries with per capita income of

US$ 955 or less are called low-income
countries.

● India is a low middle income country

as India’ per capita income was $1820
per annum in 2017.
 INCOME & OTHER CRITERIA

Infant Mortality Rate: The number of children dying at

less than 1 year of age, divided by the number of live
births that year.

Literacy Rate: The proportion of literate population in

the 7 and above age group.

Net Attendance Ratio: The total number of children of

age group 14 and 15 years attending school as a
percentage of total number of children in the same
age group.
 BODY MASS INDEX (BMI)

At times 2 persons or groups can seek things which

Body mass indexare conflicting.
(BMI) is a value
derived from the mass and height of a
person.
Eg: A girls expects as much freedom & opportunity
as her brother & that he also share some
responsibilitySIinUnit
Universal the of BMI- Kg/m
household work. But the same
may not be with her brother.
For Instance:

Similarly, to get
1. Ideal more electricity,
weight of 14 years industrialists
Girl: 18.5 may
want more
and dams.
24.9But this may submerge the land &
disrupt the lives of people, who are displaced such
as tribals. They may resent this & may prefer small
2. check
Idealdams
weight of 14 to
or tanks years Boyland.
irrigate : 18.5
and 24.9
Human Development Report (HDR)

Useful method to measure

development

HDR published by UNDP

(United Nations Development
Programme)

Compares countries based

on the educational levels,
health status, and per capita
income.

India occupies 131 Rank as

per 2019 Report.
Sustainable development refers to:

A. Promoting economic growth of the nation

B. Development without damaging the environment

C. Development without compromising the needs of

future generation

D. All of the above

Sustainable development refers to:

A. Promoting economic growth of the nation

B. Development without damaging the environment

C. Development without compromising the needs of

future generation

D. All of the above

Assertion: Non-renewable resources are getting exhausted at
a faster rate.

Reason: Sustainable development is the way to reduce the

overuse of resources.

A. Both (A) & (R) are true and (R) is the correct
explanation of (A)

B. Both (A) & (R) are true but (R) is not the correct
explanation of (A)

C. (A) is true but (R) is false

D. (A) is false but (R) is true

Study the table and answer the question given below :

Identify the reason for low mortality rate in Kerala.

A. Because it has girl nurses

B. Because it has adequate provision for health

C. Because it has adequate provision for

educational facilities

D. Only (B) & (C)

Study the table and answer the question given below :

Identify the reason for low mortality rate in Kerala.

A. Because it has girl nurses

B. Because it has adequate provision for health

C. Because it has adequate provision for

educational facilities

D. Only (B) & (C)

 SECONDARY SECTOR

● Natural products are

PRIMARY SECTOR changed into other
forms through
● Forms base for all manufacturing
other products. process.
● Example: Fishing,
Agriculture, Dairy, ● Example: Flour Mills,
Forestry, etc. construction, etc.

Why primary sector is

known as primary? TERTIARY SECTOR

Direct use of natural ● Helps in

resources. development of the
Both secondary and primary and
tertiary sectors are secondary sectors.
dependent on it.
● Example: Banking,
Transport,
Communication, etc.
Extraction of Minerals is an activity of:

A. Primary Sector

B. Secondary Sector

C. Tertiary Sector

D. None of the above

Extraction of Minerals is an activity of:

A. Primary Sector

B. Secondary Sector

C. Tertiary Sector

D. None of the above

Life insurance is an activity of the _________.

A. Primary Sector

B. Secondary Sector

C. Tertiary Sector

D. None of the above

Life insurance is an activity of the _________.

A. Primary Sector

B. Secondary Sector

C. Tertiary Sector

D. None of the above

Choose the correct option from the following:

List-I ( Examples) List-II (Sector)

A. Forestry 1. Secondary Sector

B. Doctor 2. Tertiary Sector
C. Transporter 3. Secondary Sector
D. Mining 4. Tertiary Sector

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D
Choose the correct option from the following:

List-I ( Examples) List-II (Sector)

A. Forestry 1. Secondary Sector

B. Doctor 2. Tertiary Sector
C. Transporter 3. Secondary Sector
D. Mining 4. Tertiary Sector

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D
Which one of the following is an example of Tertiary sector
activity?

A. Banking

B. Making apps

C. Both A and B

D. Construction
Which one of the following is an example of Tertiary sector
activity?

A. Banking

B. Making apps

C. Both A and B

D. Construction
 PRIMARY SECTOR SECONDARY SECTOR TERTIARY SECTOR

1. Mining 1. Metal working & 1. Retail, wholesale

2. Forestry smelting sales
3. Farming 2. Automobile 2. Transportation &
4. Grazing production distribution
5. Hunting 3. Textile production 3. Entertainment
6. Gathering 4. Chemical & (movies, television,
7. Fishing Engineering media etc.)
8. Quarrying industries 4. Restaurants
5. Aerospace 5. Clerical Services
manufacturing 6. Tourism
6. Energy utilities 7. Insurance
7. Engineering 8. Banking
8. Breweries & bottlers 9. Healthcare
9. Construction & 10. Law
shipbuilding
 GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
The value of final goods and services produced in
all the three sectors during a particular year.

Importance of Tertiary sector rises as country progresses

in the journey of development.

Each nation starts its journey from primary sector ---->

secondary ----> tertiary sector.

In India :
1. Most people are still employed in primary sector
2. But Maximum share in GDP belongs to tertiary
sector.

Reasons :
1. Tertiary have certain really high paying jobs, like
research, engineering, etc.
2. Primary sector has disguised and seasonal
unemployment. And, LOW INCOME.
 MGNREGA, 2005

Recognizing the need for some short-term quick

measures, the Central Government in India made a
law - Right to work.

Right to work implemented in 625 districts in India.

100 days of guaranteed employment.

If government fails to provide employment,

unemployment allowance given to those persons.
 ORGANISED SECTOR
Registered by government.
Follow rules & regulations,
given under various laws
such as Factories Act,
Minimum Wages Act, etc.
Job security.
Fixed working hours.
Paid overtime & several
other benefits such as
gratuity, provident funds,
etc.
UNORGANISED SECTOR
Small and scattered units
largely outside the control
of government.
Rules & regulations not
followed.
No job security.
No fixed working hours.
Jobs are low-paid & no
provision for overtime,
provident funds, etc.
 SECTORS IN TERM OF OWNERSHIP

PUBLIC PRIVATE

Ownership of assets and

The government owns
delivery of services is in
most of the assets and
the hands of private
provides all the services.
individuals or companies.

Purpose: Not to earn

Purpose: To earn profit.
profit.

Example: Tata Iron and

Example: Indian Railways,
Steel Company Limited
Bharat Heavy Electricals
(TISCO), Reliance
Ltd, etc.
Industries Ltd.
Assume there are four families in a country. The average per
capita income of these families is Rs 5000. If the income of
three families is Rs 4000, Rs 7000, and Rs 3000 respectively,
what is the income of the fourth family?

A. Rs 7500

B. Rs 2000

C. Rs 3000

D. Rs 6000
Assume there are four families in a country. The average per
capita income of these families is Rs 5000. If the income of
three families is Rs 4000, Rs 7000, and Rs 3000 respectively,
what is the income of the fourth family?

A. Rs 7500

B. Rs 2000

C. Rs 3000

D. Rs 6000
Read the source below and answer the questions that follow:

Shyam, son of a milkman, after studying at Engineering

College, has become a mechanical engineer and undertakes
work for developing, designing, testing, of manufacturing
systems.

Analyze the information to know the sector in which he has

shifted from past to present.

A. From tertiary to primary

B. From primary to tertiary

C. From secondary to tertiary

D. From primary to secondary

Read the source below and answer the questions that follow:

Shyam, son of a milkman, after studying at Engineering

College, has become a mechanical engineer and undertakes
work for developing, designing, testing, of manufacturing
systems.

Analyze the information to know the sector in which he has

shifted from past to present.

A. From tertiary to primary

B. From primary to tertiary

C. From secondary to tertiary

D. From primary to secondary

Read the graph and answer the questions that follow:

Why didn’t a shift in the primary sector happen in the case of employment?

A. Because India is a global agricultural powerhouse

B. Because rural people were hesitant to explore new

jobs in other sectors

C. Because not enough jobs were created in the

secondary and tertiary sector

D. None of the above

Read the graph and answer the questions that follow:

Why didn’t a shift in the primary sector happen in the case of employment?

A. Because India is a global agricultural powerhouse

B. Because rural people were hesitant to explore new

jobs in other sectors

C. Because not enough jobs were created in the

secondary and tertiary sector

D. None of the above

POWER SHARING
 Accommodation in Belgium

4 Constitutional amendments made to reduce

conflict.

Dutch Ministers = French ministers

in Central Government.

State government not subordinate to Central

Government.

Equal representation of both language speakers

in Brussels.

Community government. Each level was elected

by the speakers of that language.
 Language Communities in Sri Lanka

74% speak Sinhala- Government established by majority

community (1948).

1956: Sinhalese declared as official language.

Majoritarianism :

Sinhalese preferred in government jobs, universities

position. A new constitution : state shall protect and foster
Buddhism.

18% speak Tamil- They felt that the constitution &

government policies denied them equal political rights,
and discriminated against them in getting jobs.
ALIENATION.

Result- agitation by minority- Demand for separate state

(Tamil Eelam) in 1980s.

Civil war in Sri Lanka- ended in 2009.

 REASONS FOR POWER-SHARING

Moral Reason
Prudential Reason
Power sharing is the very
Helps to reduce the
spirit of democracy.
possibility of conflict
between social groups.
Strengthen democracy as
all citizens enjoy equal
Ensures stability of the
participation in the
government.
governance.
Among Different Organs of the Government

Horizontal Distribution of Power

● Power is divided between legislature, executive, and

judiciary.

● But no organ can exercise unlimited power.

● Each organ checks the others ( called system of

checks and balance).

Among Government at Different Levels

Vertical Distribution of Power

● A general govt for the entire country (Union

Government).

● Government at the provincial or regional level (State

Government).

● The level of government lower than the State

government is called local government.
 Coalition Government

● Power may also be

shared among Different Interest Groups
political parties.
● All India Kisaan Sabha
● A form of (AIKS)
government in which
political parties ● Narmada Bachao
cooperate, reducing
the dominance of Andolan(NBA)
any one party within ●
that "coalition". ● Rashtriya
Swayamsevak Sangh
(RSS)

Different Social Groups ● Akhil Bharatiya

Vidyarthi Parishad
Power may also be (ABVP)
shared among different
social groups, such as
the religious and
linguistic groups.
 Match the following:

List A List B

A. 59 percent 1. French speakers

B. 74 percent 2. Dutch speakers
C. 40 percent 3. Tamil speakers
D. 18 percent 4. Sinhala speakers

CODES
A B C D
a) 3 1 4 2

b) 1 3 2 4

c) 4 3 2 1

d) 2 4 1 3
 Match the following:

List A List B

A. 59 percent 1. French speakers

B. 74 percent 2. Dutch speakers
C. 40 percent 3. Tamil speakers
D. 18 percent 4. Sinhala speakers

CODES
A B C D
a) 3 1 4 2

b) 1 3 2 4

c) 4 3 2 1

d) 2 4 1 3
Assertion: In a democracy, everyone has voice in
the shaping of public opinion.

Reason: India is democratic and that is why it

has to be federal system.

A. Both A & R are true and R is correct explanation of

A

B. Both A & R are true, but R is not the correct

explanation of A

C. A is true, but R is false

D. Both A & R are false

Assertion: In a democracy, everyone has voice in
the shaping of public opinion.

Reason: India is democratic and that is why it

has to be federal system.

A. Both A & R are true and R is correct explanation of

A

B. Both A & R are true, but R is not the correct

explanation of A

C. A is true, but R is false

D. Both A & R are false

Federalism
 FEATURES OF FEDERALISM

2 or more tiers of
Constitution specifies
government: State &
jurisdiction of level.
Union.

Different tiers of
Changes in Constitution
government govern the
require the consent of
same citizens, but each
both the levels of
tier has its own
government.
JURISDICTION.

Judiciary has power to Indian Federalism

interpret the consists of 28 states & 8
constitution. UTs.

Sources of revenue for All the above features are

each level of government present in India. Hence,
are clearly specified. India is a federal country.
 Coming Together Holding Together Federation
Federation

1. Independent 1. Large country decides to

States coming divide its power between
together on their the constituent States &
own to form a the national government.
bigger unit.

2. All the 2. The central government

constituent States tends to be more
usually have powerful vis-à-vis the
equal power. States.

3. Example: USA, 3. The central government

Australia. tends to be more
powerful vis-à-vis the
States

4. Example: India, Belgium.

 UNION LIST
Includes subject of National importance.

Union govt. alone make laws.

Example: Defense, Banking, foreign affairs, etc.

STATE LIST
Includes subject of State & local importance.

Jurisdiction
It differs from State to State. State govt. make laws.

Example: Police, Agriculture, Trade, etc.

CONCURRENT LIST

Both govt. can make laws, in conflict, laws by Central

govt. prevails.

Example: Education, Forest, adoption, succession etc.

 Computer Software is
included in

A. State List

B. Centre List

C. Concurrent List

D. None of the above

 Computer Software is
included in

A. State List

B. Centre List

C. Concurrent List

D. None of the above

 When power is taken away from Central & State
governments and given to local government, it is called
decentralisation (1992). Major steps :

Constitutionally mandatory to hold regular elections

to local government bodies

Seats are reserved for the Scheduled Castes,

Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes.

At least one-third of all positions are reserved for

women.

State Election Commission- created in each State to

conduct panchayat & municipal elections

The State governments are required to share some

powers & revenue with local government bodies.
Assertion: Zilla Parishad Chairperson is the
political head of the zilla parishad.
Reason : Mayor is the head of municipalities.

A. Both A and R are True & R

is the correct explanation
of A

B. Both A and R are True, but

R is not the correct
explanation of A

C. A is True and R is False

D. A is False and R is True

Assertion: Zilla Parishad Chairperson is the
political head of the zilla parishad.
Reason : Mayor is the head of municipalities.

A. Both A and R are True & R

is the correct explanation
of A

B. Both A and R are True, but

R is not the correct
explanation of A

C. A is True and R is False

D. A is False and R is True

Choose the correct statement regarding the
language Policy of the Indian Government

1. Constitution of India didn’t declare any

language as national language

2. Citizens are free to choose any language

as their official language.

3. Indian Constitution has recognised 22

languages as Scheduled languages.

A. Only 1

B. Both 1 & 3

C. Only 2

D. Both 2 & 3
Choose the correct statement regarding the
language Policy of the Indian Government

1. Constitution of India didn’t declare any

language as national language

2. Citizens are free to choose any language

as their official language.

3. Indian Constitution has recognised 22

languages as Scheduled languages.

A. Only 1

B. Both 1 & 3

C. Only 2

D. Both 2 & 3