Jolography

Sionny E.
Gandicela BSED English III

CONTEMPORARY AND POPULAR LITERATURE
CONTEMPORARY POEMS (AFRO-ASIAN LIETRATURE)
Jolography
By Paolo Manalo
O, how dead you child are, whose spoiled

Sportedness is being fashion showed
Beautifuling as we speak -- in Cubao

There is that same look: Your Crossing Ibabaw,
Your Nepa Cute, Wednesdays

Baclaran, "Please pass. Kindly ride on."
Tonight will be us tomorrowed-

Lovers of the Happy Meal and its H,
Who dream of the importedness of sex as long as it's

Pirated and under a hundred, who can smell
A Pasig Raver in a dance club. O, the toilet

Won't flush, but we are moved, doing the gerby
In a plastic bag; we want to feel the grooves

Of the records, we want to hear some scratch-
In a breakaway movement, we're the shake

To the motive of pockets, to the max.
The change is all in the first jeep

Of the morning's route. Rerouting
This city and its heart attacks; one minute faster

Than four o'clock, and the next
Wave that stands out in the outdoor crowd

hanging with a bunch of yo-yos-
A face with an inverted cap on, wearing all

Smiles the smell of foot stuck between the teeth.
ANALYSIS
The poem is a contemporary piece that delves into the experiences and challenges of
urban life. It captures the essence of a bustling city through vivid imagery, wordplay, and
references to specific locations and cultural elements. The poem criticizes the materialistic
tendencies of modern society, highlighting the desire for connection and intimacy in
unconventional ways. It also portrays resilience and adaptability in the face of adversity.
The poem's meaning lies in its exploration of the complexities and contradictions of
contemporary urban existence. It reflects the fast-paced nature of city life and the pressures of
consumerism. The references to fashion shows, imported goods, and pirated media underscore
the superficiality and desire for status within this environment. However, amidst these
materialistic pursuits, the poem suggests a longing for genuine connection and intimacy.
Sionny E. Gandicela BSED English III
The poem also conveys a sense of adaptability and resilience. Despite the challenges and
heartaches depicted, the characters find joy and meaning in everyday experiences. The references
to specific locations and cultural phenomena create a grounded sense of place, immersing the
reader in the sensory experiences of the city.
Overall, the poem invites readers to reflect on the impact of consumerism and the search
for connection within the context of contemporary urban life. It portrays the complex emotions,
desires, and realities of individuals navigating a fast-paced and diverse environment, offering a
critique of societal values while celebrating the resilience and adaptability of those who inhabit
this world.
STYLE AND STRUCTURE
The poem's style and structure combine colloquial language, wordplay, and vivid
imagery to authentically portray the urban experience. The colloquial tone and wordplay make
the poem relatable and lively, capturing the energy of urban life. The free verse structure with
irregular line lengths reflects the fast-paced and fragmented nature of the city, while specific
references to locations and cultural phenomena ground the poem in a tangible urban context.
These stylistic and structural choices effectively convey the complexities of contemporary urban
life, immersing readers in a vibrant and dynamic world.
SIGNIFICANT LINES
1. "Sportedness is being fashion showed"

This line suggests the superficiality and display of fashion in the city, where people try to
project a certain image or status through their attire. It reflects the focus on external
appearances and the influence of consumer culture.
2. "Your Nepa Cute, Wednesdays"

This line references a specific place or event, possibly a gathering or market. It highlights
the local charm and uniqueness of the city, where certain days or locations have their own
significance and attract people.
3. "Dream of the importedness of sex as long as it's pirated"

Here, the poem touches upon the desire for forbidden or illicit experiences, symbolized
by the "importedness of sex" that is "pirated." It reflects a sense of longing for excitement
or thrill, even if it means engaging in activities that may be considered morally or legally
questionable.
4. "We want to feel the grooves of the records, we want to hear some scratch"
This line expresses a yearning for authenticity and connection to the past, represented by
the desire to experience the physicality of vinyl records and the raw sound of scratches. It
reflects a longing for a more tangible and genuine experience in an increasingly digital
and mass-produced world.
5. "Rerouting this city and its heart attacks"

This line metaphorically suggests the need for change and transformation in the city. It
implies a desire to break away from the negative aspects or problems that plague urban
life, such as stress, congestion, and unhealthy lifestyles. It reflects a longing for a
healthier and more balanced urban environment.
REFLECTION
In my everyday life as an ordinary person, I often feel pressured to fit in and meet
society's expectations. The city can be fast-paced and focused on superficial things like looks and
status. But realness and genuine experiences that go beyond just surface-level interactions and
materialistic pursuits are what I mean when I say satisfaction.
In this life, people crave for excitement and fulfillment. They want to break free from the
same old routine and try new things, even if they're considered unconventional or not widely
accepted. I believe that life should be about more than just going through the motions. It should
be about taking risks and embracing the thrill of stepping outside my comfort zone.
Despite the challenges and stresses that come with living in this high-tech world, I'm
determined to find a balance and be happy. I know how important it is to take care of myself and
prioritize my well-being in the midst of the life’s chaos. I also strive to build meaningful
relationships with others, seeking connections that make me feel like I belong and bring me a
sense of fulfillment. Ultimately, by being true to myself and finding a healthy balance, and with
the Guidance of the Lord, I believe I can navigate the complexities of this fast-faced changing
world and lead a fulfilling life.
The Wheel
By Vinda Karandikar
Someone is about to come but doesn’t. Is about

To turn on the stairs but doesn’t.
I button my shirt
Come from the laundry with all its dazzling blots,
Like one’s peculiar fate.
I shut the door, sit quietly.
The fan begins to whirl
And turn the air into a whirlpool of fire,
Making a noise bigger than the house.
Someone is about to come and doesn’t.
It doesn’t matter.
Calmly i lean against the wall,
Become a wall.
A wounded bird on my shoulder laughs raucously,
Laughs at the shoulder it perches on!
My soul of flesh and blood puts a long thread in the needle’s eye.
I stitch a patch on my son’s umbrella.
I pick his nose and name the pickings:
I call one “elephant” and another “lion.”
Someone is about to come and doesn’t. Is about
To turn on the stairs and doesn’t.
I tickle my children,
They tickle me in turn; i laugh,
With a will; for i do not feel tickled.
It doesn’t matter.
I scan their fingers for signs:
Nine conches and one wheel.
Analysis
This is a short yet introspective poem that explores themes of anticipation,

disappointment, and acceptance. Through vivid imagery and contrasting emotions, the poem
captures the essence of human experiences. The speaker's anticipation of someone's arrival and
their subsequent absence sets the tone of longing and unpredictability. Despite the
disappointment, the speaker maintains a calm demeanor, showcasing resilience and acceptance.
Vivid imagery, such as the whirlpool of fire created by the fan, adds depth to the emotions
conveyed. The mention of mundane tasks and the presence of a wounded bird on the speaker's
shoulder provide contrasting elements of simplicity and irony. The poem invites readers to
reflect on the complexities of life, finding solace and joy amidst disappointment.
STYLE
The way the poem is written is thoughtful and reflective. The poet uses clear and simple words to
express deep feelings and thoughts. The writing is straightforward and easy to understand,
allowing the reader to connect with the images and symbols in the poem. The repetition of
certain words and the rhythmic flow of the lines make the poem sound like music.
STRUCTURE
The poem is made up of short lines that are separated, creating a sense of quick and scattered
thoughts. There are no punctuation marks, and the lines flow from one to the next without
interruption. The poem doesn't have traditional breaks between verses, which makes it feel
continuous and uninterrupted. This structure reflects the fleeting and changing moments
described in the poem.
SIGNIFICANT LINES
1. "Someone is about to come but doesn't.” Is about to turn on the stairs but doesn't."
- These opening lines establish a sense of anticipation and the theme of unfulfilled
expectations, setting the tone for the rest of the poem.
2. "A wounded bird on my shoulder laughs raucously, laughs at the shoulder it

perches on!" - This line introduces a surreal and metaphorical image of a wounded
bird laughing on the speaker's shoulder. It reflects a sense of irony and contradiction,
suggesting that even in difficult or painful situations, there can be unexpected
moments of joy or humor.
3. "I pick his nose and name the pickings.” I call one 'elephant' and another 'lion'." -
This line showcases the speaker's playful and affectionate interaction with their
children. It highlights the simple joys of family life and the imaginative connections
we create with our loved ones.
4. "I scan their fingers for signs: nine conches and one wheel." - This line suggests a
sense of curiosity and wonder as the speaker examines their children's fingers,
searching for symbolic signs or meanings. It alludes to the idea that there is deeper
significance or destiny embedded within the mundane aspects of everyday life.
CONTEMPORARY SHORT STORY
The Fruit of my woman

By: Han Lang
Kang’s The Fruit of my Woman, is a short story about a woman who expresses a strong
yearning to escape from the hopelessness of modern city life, failing which she gradually
undergoes a metamorphosis and becomes a plant.
The story begins with the narrator coming home to find his wife withdrawn and
unresponsive. Concerned, he asks about her visit to the hospital, but she remains silent and
distant.
The narrator reminisces about their early days together and how he confessed his lifelong
loneliness to his wife. They had dreams of creating a nurturing home with plants, but their
attempts at gardening failed. Over time, the wife's condition worsens, and she becomes
increasingly silent and physically frail.
Desperate for answers, the narrator takes his wife to the hospital, where doctors declare
her physically healthy despite her obvious decline. The couple continues their daily routine, with
the wife becoming more and more plant-like. Her body sprouts roots and flowers, while her
voice fades away.
The narrator is torn between caring for his wife and his own loneliness. He bathes her,
waters her, and watches as her leaves and flowers fall. He collects the fallen fruits, symbolizing
their failed relationship. He plants the fruits in small flowerpots and waits for spring, unsure if
his wife will bloom again.
The story explores themes of loneliness, identity, and the human condition. It portrays the
gradual transformation of the wife into a plant-like being, paralleling the emotional
disconnection within their relationship. The narrative raises questions about the fragility of
human existence, the limits of communication, and the profound impact of loneliness on
individuals and their relationships.
Several significant issues that are reflected in the text
1. Loneliness and Isolation: The story delves into the deep sense of loneliness
experienced by both the narrator and his wife. The narrator confesses his lifelong
loneliness, while his wife's distant and unresponsive behavior hints at her own
feelings of isolation. This theme highlights the emotional disconnection and longing
for connection that can exist within relationships.
2. Identity and Transformation: The physical transformation of the wife into a plant-
like being serves as a metaphor for the erosion of her identity and the loss of her
humanity. Her gradual change reflects a sense of alienation and the struggle to
maintain one's sense of self in the face of emotional and physical decline.
3. Communication and Silence: The deteriorating relationship between the narrator

and his wife is marked by silence and the breakdown of communication. The wife's
diminishing ability to speak and the narrator's frustration at her lack of response
highlight the difficulty of understanding and connecting with one another. It
underscores the limitations of language and the challenges of expressing complex
emotions.
4. The Fragility of Human Existence: The fragile and transient nature of human
existence is a recurring theme in the story. The wife's physical deterioration and her
eventual transformation into a plant-like being depict the vulnerability and

impermanence of life. It raises questions about the meaning and purpose of existence
in the face of inevitable decay and mortality.
5. Loss and Failed Expectations: The failed attempts at gardening and the withering of
the plants symbolize the loss and disappointment experienced within the relationship.
The couple's inability to nurture and sustain life in the form of plants mirrors their
struggle to cultivate a fulfilling and thriving connection with one another.
6. Desperation and Longing for Connection: The narrator's desperate attempts to care
for his wife, even as she becomes less human, illustrate his longing for connection
and his willingness to cling to any semblance of their relationship. It highlights the
profound impact of loneliness and the lengths one might go to maintain a sense of
attachment.
Literary Elements:
Symbolism: The transformation of the wife into a plant-like being symbolizes the loss of
identity and humanity. The plants, withering and dying, represent the decay and disappointment
within the relationship.
Imagery: The author utilizes vivid and sensory descriptions to create imagery that evokes the
emotions and experiences of the characters. This includes the portrayal of the wife's physical
transformation, the scent of her body, and the visual details of the plants and flowers.
Point of View: The story is narrated from the perspective of the husband, providing insight into
his thoughts, emotions, and observations. The first-person point of view allows readers to
experience the events and the husband's perspective intimately.
Setting: The story takes place in an urban apartment, which contrasts with the wife's longing for
a different, more natural environment. The balcony becomes a significant location, representing
a connection to the outside world and the possibility of growth and change.
Genre:
"The Fruit of My Woman" can be classified as a work of literary fiction. It explores complex
emotions, psychological depth, and existential themes rather than focusing solely on plot-driven
events. The story delves into the internal struggles and relationships of the characters, offering a
reflective narrative.
Traditions:
Han Kang's writing often incorporates elements of surrealism and magical realism. In "The Fruit
of My Woman," the transformation of the wife into a plant-like being blurs the boundaries
between reality and fantasy. This blending of the dull and the extraordinary is a characteristic
feature of magical realism, a literary tradition that links magical or fantastical elements into
everyday settings.
Themes: existentialism and the human condition, which are common in literary traditions that
explore the complexities of human existence and the search for meaning.
Foreshadowing: The dreams of the wife growing tall as a poplar and breaking through the roof
foreshadow her transformation and the eventual separation from her husband.
Allusion: The mention of Buddhist masters and their teachings about the mind's influence on
physical well-being alludes to philosophical and spiritual ideas, exploring the relationship
between the mind and the body.
Figures of Speech:
a. Metaphor: The comparison of the wife's body to a plant serves as a metaphor for her
changing state and loss of humanity. The imagery of roots, stems, and flowers highlights
this transformation.
b. Personification: The author personifies the plants and flowers, attributing human-like
qualities and emotions to them. This heightens the sense of connection between the wife
and the natural world.
c. Repetition: The repetition of phrases, such as "I've been lonely my whole life,"
emphasizes the protagonist's recurring feelings of loneliness and isolation.
d. Irony: The contrast between the husband's perception of a content and peaceful life and
the wife's growing dissatisfaction and yearning for something more creates dramatic
irony, highlighting the disconnect between their experiences.
Moral Lesson
The moral lesson the story is to nurture and cherish our relationships. The story
highlights the consequences of neglecting emotional connections and the importance of open
communication, empathy, and understanding. It encourages us to address dissatisfaction and
work on maintaining healthy relationships. The story also reminds us to embrace change and
growth, appreciate the present moment, and seek understanding and empathy in our
relationships. By applying these lessons, we can strive to build stronger and more fulfilling
connections in our own lives.
MAGICAL REALISM
Magical realism in literature refers to a narrative style that blends fantastical or

supernatural elements with realistic settings, characters, and events. It creates a unique fusion of
the ordinary and the extraordinary, blurring the boundaries between reality and imagination.
Unlike traditional fantasy or science fiction genres, magical realism presents magical or surreal
occurrences as a natural part of everyday life, without questioning or explaining their existence.
This literary technique aims to evoke a sense of wonder, challenge conventional storytelling
norms, and explore deeper truths about human experiences, cultural contexts, and social issues.
Magical realism often incorporates cultural folklore, symbolism, and metaphorical elements to
enhance its narrative impact. It is a rich and imaginative approach that invites readers to view the
world from a fresh perspective and embrace the magic within the mundane.
Paper Menagerie
by Ken Liu
"The Paper Menagerie" by Ken Liu is a poignant and heartfelt short story that follows the
life of Jack, a bi-racial boy growing up in America with a Chinese mother and a white father.
Jack's mother creates origami animals for him, which come to life when she breathes into them.
The magical paper menagerie becomes Jack's cherished companions, providing him with love,
comfort, and a connection to his Chinese heritage. However, as Jack grows older, he becomes
ashamed of his mother's Chinese background and the menagerie, distancing himself from them
in an attempt to assimilate into American culture. Over time, Jack regrets his actions and realizes
the depth of his mother's love and sacrifice. The story explores themes of identity, cultural
assimilation, family dynamics, and the importance of embracing one's heritage. It serves as a
powerful reminder of the enduring bonds of love and the significance of preserving and honoring
one's cultural roots.
ISSUES REFLECTED IN TEXT

Cultural identity: The story explores the theme of cultural identity through the character
of Jack, who is caught between his Chinese heritage and American upbringing. It reflects the
challenges and conflicts individuals may face in reconciling their cultural background with the
dominant culture they find themselves in.
Assimilation challenges: The story highlights the difficulties and sacrifices associated
with assimilation. Jack's mother, an immigrant from China, faces the struggle of adapting to a
new culture and language. It raises questions about the price one pays for assimilation and the
loss of one's cultural roots.
1. Dual heritage and mixed race identity: Jack's mixed-race heritage becomes
a central theme, representing the complexities of navigating between different
cultural identities. It explores the sense of belonging and the challenges faced
by individuals with multiple cultural backgrounds.
2. Feelings of isolation and otherness: The story touches upon the theme of
isolation and the feeling of being an outsider. Jack's unique cultural
background sets him apart from his peers, and he experiences a sense of
otherness and loneliness as he grapples with his identity.
3. Cultural differences and conflicts within families: The story examines the
cultural differences and conflicts that can arise within families. Jack's mother
struggles to pass on her Chinese heritage to her son, leading to a divide
between them. It reflects the generational and cultural gaps that can strain
family relationships.
4. Sacrifices made for assimilation: Jack's mother's sacrifice of her own

cultural identity to assimilate into American society is a prominent theme. It
raises questions about the impact of assimilation on personal and cultural
heritage and the lengths individuals may go to fit into a new culture.
5. Power of heritage and tradition: The story highlights the significance of

heritage and tradition in shaping one's identity. Jack's mother's paper
menagerie represents the power of preserving cultural traditions and passing
them on to future generations.
6. Importance of embracing one's roots: The story emphasizes the importance

of embracing one's cultural roots and recognizing the value of diverse
backgrounds. It encourages individuals to connect with their heritage and find
strength in their cultural identity.
7. Complexities of navigating cultural identity: The story delves into the

complex nature of navigating cultural identity, showcasing the challenges,
conflicts, and emotional turmoil that individuals may experience when
straddling different cultures. It prompts readers to contemplate their own
cultural identities and the influences that shape them.
LITERARY ELEMENTS
 Symbolism: The paper menagerie serves as a powerful symbol representing the

connection between Jack and his mother, as well as the preservation of cultural heritage.
 Imagery: The vivid descriptions of the origami creatures and their lifelike movements
create vivid mental images for the reader, enhancing the emotional impact of the story.
Genre:
 Magical Realism: The story combines elements of the fantastical and the ordinary,
blurring the boundaries between reality and imagination. The magical aspect of the paper
menagerie coming to life within an otherwise realistic setting exemplifies the genre of
magical realism.
Traditions:
 Asian Literature: The story incorporates elements of Asian literature, particularly

Chinese culture and traditions. It explores themes of cultural identity, assimilation, and
the complexities of navigating between different cultural backgrounds.
 Coming-of-Age: The story follows Jack's journey of self-discovery and growth as he

grapples with his cultural heritage and navigates the challenges of assimilation. It touches
upon universal themes of identity formation and the search for belonging.
FIGURES OF SPEECH, SYMBOLS, AND OTHER LITERARY TECHNIQUES AND

DEVICES IN THE TEXT
1. Symbolism: The paper menagerie itself serves as a powerful symbol throughout the
story, representing the connection between Jack and his mother, as well as their Chinese
heritage. It symbolizes the fragility and beauty of their relationship and the preservation
of cultural traditions.
2. Personification: The origami creatures in the menagerie are given lifelike qualities, such
as movement and playfulness. This personification adds a touch of magic and emphasizes
the bond between Jack and his mother.
3. Metaphor: The origami menagerie can be seen as a metaphor for Jack's mixed heritage
and identity. It represents the complexities of cultural assimilation and the challenges of
finding a sense of belonging.
4. Imagery: The story is rich in visual imagery, describing the intricate folds of the paper
creatures, their vibrant colors, and their lively movements. This imagery helps to create a
vivid and immersive reading experience.
5. Foreshadowing: The early mention of Jack's mother breathing life into the paper
menagerie foreshadows the revelation of her magical abilities and sets the stage for the
emotional impact of the story's climax.
6. Irony: The irony lies in the fact that Jack initially takes his mother's magical creations for
granted, only to later realize their profound significance and the love and care his mother
put into making them.
ELEGY
An elegy is a poetic form that serves as a lament or a mourning expression for the deceased,
a loss, or a past era. It is a contemplative and reflective poem that delves into themes of sorrow,
grief, and transience. Elegies have been employed throughout literary history as a means of
paying tribute to the departed, commemorating tragic events, or reflecting on the passage of time
and the inevitable nature of mortality. The conventions of an elegy include:
 Lamentation and Sorrow: The central theme of an elegy is mourning and lamentation
over the loss of a person, a group of people, or something deeply meaningful.
 Structure and Form: Traditional elegies often adhere to specific formal structures, such
as elegiac couplets or quatrains. However, modern elegies can adopt various poetic
forms, as the primary focus lies on the emotional content.
 Eulogistic Elements: Elegies frequently contain elements of praise, celebration, and

eulogy for the departed or the subject of loss. They may highlight the virtues,
achievements, or impact of the individual or entity being mourned.
 Themes of Mortality and Transience: Elegies explore themes of impermanence,

mortality, and the fleeting nature of life. They often contemplate the brevity of human
existence and the inevitability of death.
 Emotional Expression: Elegies are characterized by heightened emotions, conveying a

deep sense of grief, sadness, and nostalgia. The poet's personal emotions and experiences
often find expression in the poem.
 Symbolism and Metaphor: Poets may use symbolic imagery and metaphors to convey
their emotions and thoughts about loss, death, and the passage of time.
 Melancholic Tone: Elegies typically have a melancholic, mournful, or reflective tone,

reflecting the poet's emotional state and the solemn subject matter.
 Reflection and Contemplation: Elegies invite introspection and reflection on the

significance of life, the impact of loss, and the nature of human existence.
 Communal Expression: Elegies can serve as a communal expression of grief, uniting

readers or listeners in their shared experience of loss or tragedy.
 Pastoral Elements: Traditional elegies may include pastoral settings or scenes from
nature, emphasizing the contrast between the beauty of the natural world and the human
experience of grief and mortality.
ANGLO-AMERICAN LITERATURE (CONTEMPORARY POEMS)
ONE TODAY
by Richard Blanco
(United States)
The dust of farms and deserts, cities and plains

One sun rose on us today, kindled over our mingled by one wind—our breath. Breathe.
shores, Hear it
peeking over the Smokies, greeting the faces through the day’s gorgeous din of honking cabs,
of the Great Lakes, spreading a simple truth buses launching down avenues, the symphony
across the Great Plains, then charging across of footsteps, guitars, and screeching subways,
the Rockies. the unexpected song bird on your clothes line.
One light, waking up rooftops, under each one,
a story Hear: squeaky playground swings, trains
told by our silent gestures moving behind whistling,
windows. or whispers across café tables, Hear: the doors
we open
My face, your face, millions of faces in for each other all day, saying: hello / shalom,
morning’s mirrors, buon giorno / howdy / namaste / or buenos
each one yawning to life, crescendoing into our días
day: in the language my mother taught me—in every
pencil-yellow school buses, the rhythm of traffic language
lights, spoken into one wind carrying our lives
fruit stands: apples, limes, and oranges without prejudice, as these words break from
arrayed like rainbows my lips.
begging our praise. Silver trucks heavy with oil
or paper— One sky: since the Appalachians and Sierras
bricks or milk, teeming over highways claimed
alongside us, their majesty, and the Mississippi and Colorado
on our way to clean tables, read ledgers, or worked
save lives— their way to the sea. Thank the work of our
to teach geometry, or ring-up groceries as my hands:
mother did weaving steel into bridges, finishing one more
for twenty years, so I could write this poem. report
for the boss on time, stitching another wound
All of us as vital as the one light we move or uniform, the first brush stroke on a portrait,
through, or the last floor on the Freedom Tower
the same light on blackboards with lessons for jutting into a sky that yields to our resilience.
the day:
equations to solve, history to question, or atoms One sky, toward which we sometimes lift our
imagined, eyes
the “I have a dream” we keep dreaming, tired from work: some days guessing at the
or the impossible vocabulary of sorrow that weather
won’t explain of our lives, some days giving thanks for a love
the empty desks of twenty children marked that loves you back, sometimes praising a
absent mother
today, and forever. Many prayers, but one light who knew how to give, or forgiving a father
breathing color into stained glass windows, who couldn’t give what you wanted.
life into the faces of bronze statues, warmth
onto the steps of our museums and park
We head home: through the gloss of rain or
benches
weight
as mothers watch children slide into the day.
of snow, or the plum blush of dusk, but always—
home,
One ground. Our ground, rooting us to every always under one sky, our sky. And always one
stalk moon
of corn, every head of wheat sown by sweat like a silent drum tapping on every rooftop
and hands, hands gleaning coal or planting and every window, of one country—all of us—
windmills facing the stars
in deserts and hilltops that keep us warm, hope—a new constellation
hands waiting for us to map it,
digging trenches, routing pipes and cables, waiting for us to name it—together
hands
as worn as my father’s cutting sugarcane
so my brother and I could have books and
shoes.
ONE TODAY
by Richard Blanco
(United States)
Trivia: It is a poem Richar Blanco composed and recited for Barack Obama's second
presidential inauguration on January 21, 2013.
Analysis
The poem is about unity, interconnectedness, and the shared human experience within the
United States. The poem celebrates the diversity and vitality of American life while highlighting
the common thread that binds all individuals together. It emphasizes the idea that every person,
from different backgrounds and professions, plays a vital role in shaping the nation's progress
and future.
The poem uses vivid imagery of the sun, light, and breath to symbolize the shared source
of life and hope that unites all Americans. It paints a picture of everyday life, from waking up in
the morning to engaging in various activities, and underscores the significance of even the
smallest gestures of kindness and greetings, fostering a sense of unity among people of different
cultures and languages.
Throughout the poem, the poet acknowledges the challenges faced by the nation,
including tragedies and hardships, but encourages resilience, hope, and a collective vision for a
better future. The references to the sky, the moon, and the stars further reinforce the idea of a
shared destiny, emphasizing that all Americans are part of one country facing the same universe.
In the end, the poem calls for unity, cooperation, and understanding among individuals to
create a hopeful future, symbolized by the metaphor of a new constellation waiting to be mapped
and named together. Overall, "One Today" is a celebration of the American spirit, diversity, and
the potential for collective progress.
Sharing Thoughts and Ideas about the Poem
This is a captivating poem that shows how diverse and amazing the United States is. The
poet uses strong words and pictures to describe the country's different places and cultures. He
wants us to see that even though we come from different backgrounds, we are all connected and
important in making the country better.
Blanco talks about the power of light in the poem. It's like hope and brings us all
together. He shows how even small things, like saying hello in different languages, can make a
big difference in connecting people.
The poem also talks about the struggles we face as a nation, but it reminds us that we can
overcome them if we work together. Blanco believes that if we unite, we can build a brighter
future for everyone.
At the end of the poem, he talks about how we all share the same sky and stars. It's a
reminder that we're all in this together and have a common destiny. The poem leaves us feeling
hopeful and inspired to make a positive impact in our communities and the world.
Interpret and Paraphrase Significant Lines from the Poem
1. Line: "One sun rose on us today, kindled over our shores"

Paraphrase: Today, a single sun rose above our land, brightening our shores with its light.
Interpretation: The line symbolizes unity and the shared experience of witnessing the same sun
rising over the United States. It signifies that, regardless of our differences, we are all connected
by the same natural phenomena, creating a sense of oneness.
2. Line: "One light, waking up rooftops, under each one, a story"

Paraphrase: There is a single light that awakens rooftops, and each rooftop holds its own unique
story.
Interpretation: The line suggests that every individual, represented by the rooftops, has a
distinct life story and experiences, contributing to the collective narrative of the nation. It
emphasizes the value of every person's story and their place in the broader tapestry of American
life.
3. Line: "Many prayers, but one light breathing color into stained glass windows"
Paraphrase: Though there are many prayers, they all find solace in the same light that fills
stained glass windows with color.
Interpretation: This line highlights the diverse religious and spiritual beliefs in America but
emphasizes that they all share a common source of hope and inspiration. The image of stained
glass windows suggests the beauty and unity that can be found in diversity.
4. Line: "Weaving steel into bridges, finishing one more report for the boss on time"
Paraphrase: People are involved in various professions, from constructing bridges to
completing work tasks promptly.
Interpretation: This line celebrates the industriousness and dedication of American workers in
different fields, showcasing their efforts in building infrastructure and fulfilling their professional
responsibilities.
5. Line: "Hear: the doors we open for each other all day, saying: hello / shalom"
Paraphrase: Listen to the doors we open for one another, greeting with words like "hello" or
"shalom."
Interpretation: This line underscores the importance of kindness and inclusivity in daily
interactions. It demonstrates the beauty of diverse languages and cultures coming together in a
spirit of friendliness and acceptance.
6. Line: "One sky: since the Appalachians and Sierras claimed their majesty"
Paraphrase: The sky has been the same since the majesty of the Appalachians and Sierras
emerged.
Interpretation: This line acknowledges the enduring nature of the sky and the continuity of the
natural world, even as human history has unfolded with the rise of majestic mountain ranges.
7. Line: "And always one moon like a silent drum tapping on every rooftop"
Paraphrase: The moon remains constant, like a silent drum tapping on every rooftop.
Interpretation: The moon serves as a universal symbol of unity and time, connecting all
Americans, regardless of their location, as they share the same celestial presence.
8. Line: "hope—a new constellation waiting for us to map it, waiting for us to name it—
together"
Paraphrase: Hope is like a new constellation, waiting for all of us to discover and name it
together.
Interpretation: This line inspires collaboration and a collective sense of purpose. It suggests
that the future is filled with possibilities and that it is our collective responsibility to shape it with
hope and optimism.
One Night
Anne Gray (United Kingdom)
One night you’ll come back and I’ll wake

to see you moving noiselessly in your socks,
you’ll look bewildered, nothing’s quite the same.
You’ll be hunting through the drawers,
wondering where your clothes are.
I won’t move or speak, I’ll try not to breathe.
I’ll want to say, look in the wardrobe,
I saved your Levi boots and leather jacket.
I’ll watch you lift photos in their frames,
take them to the window. Some faces
you won’t know. You’ll guess at Beth.
I’ll watch you sink to your knees,
cover your head with your hands.
I’ll hear you whisper, Nick. Nick got married.
I’ll watch you disappear to the bathroom,
hear you brush your teeth, hear you pee,
see you reappear with a glass of whisky.
You’ll sit on the edge of the bed for ages,
until you turn and lift my hair, touch my neck,
then hold your mouth there.
Then you’ll say, so what happened?
and I’ll say, how long have you got?
Analysis
In this poem the speaker imagines a powerful and emotional scene where a loved one
returns after a long absence. The poem paints a vivid picture of this night, filled with mixed
emotions and memories. It's like watching a heartfelt movie scene unfold, with the returning
person trying to reconnect with their old life.
The speaker describes how the returning person enters the room silently, wearing socks to
avoid making noise. They seem confused and overwhelmed, not recognizing the place they used
to call home. They start searching through drawers for their things, but the speaker stays still,
trying not to interrupt the moment. The person looks at old photographs, some unfamiliar faces
making them wonder who these people are. It's clear that they've missed a lot while they were
away.
The emotions become too much for the returning person, and they kneel down, covering
their head with their hands, possibly mourning the loss of someone named Nick who got
married. They go to the bathroom, do regular things like brushing their teeth, and come back
with a glass of whiskey, as if seeking comfort or solace. Eventually, they sit on the edge of the
bed, and the tone becomes tender as they touch the speaker's hair and neck. The atmosphere is
filled with both nostalgia and uncertainty.
In the end, the returning person asks the speaker what happened during their absence. The
poem concludes with the speaker's ambiguous response, "how long have you got," indicating that
there's a lot to say and a complex story behind their separation. It leaves us pondering the deep
emotions, memories, and untold events that have shaped these two individuals' lives. "One
Night" captures the complexities of love, loss, and the unspoken history between two people,
making it a deeply relatable and moving piece of poetry.
Paraphrase and Interpret Significant Lines from the Poem
1. "One night you’ll come back and I’ll wake

to see you moving noiselessly in your socks,
you’ll look bewildered, nothing’s quite the same."
Paraphrase: At some point, you will return, and I'll awaken to find you silently moving
around in your socks, appearing puzzled by the changes around you.
Interpretation: This opening sets the scene for a poignant moment where a loved one comes
back after a long absence. The bewildered appearance suggests that time has altered their
familiar surroundings.
2. "I won’t move or speak, I’ll try not to breathe.

I’ll want to say, look in the wardrobe,
I saved your Levi boots and leather jacket."
Paraphrase: I will remain still and quiet, even trying to control my breath. Deep within, I'll
wish to tell you about the saved belongings in the wardrobe, including your Levi boots and
leather jacket.
Interpretation: The narrator's desire to remain unnoticeable indicates their emotional
vulnerability and longing to surprise the returning person with preserved mementos, showing
their love and care.
3. "I’ll watch you lift photos in their frames,

take them to the window. Some faces
you won’t know. You’ll guess at Beth."
Paraphrase: I'll observe you picking up photographs in their frames and carrying them to
the window. There will be unfamiliar faces, and you might speculate about one person named
Beth.
Interpretation: The act of going through old photos reflects a search for memories and
connections. The presence of unfamiliar faces and the mention of Beth hint at past
relationships and the impact of time on memory.
4. "I’ll watch you sink to your knees,

cover your head with your hands.
I’ll hear you whisper, Nick. Nick got married."
Paraphrase: I'll witness you kneeling down, covering your head with your hands, and softly
saying, "Nick. Nick got married."
Interpretation: This emotional moment reveals the returning person's reaction to
unexpected news about Nick's marriage. It suggests a mixture of joy, surprise, and perhaps
nostalgia.
5. "I’ll watch you disappear to the bathroom,

hear you brush your teeth, hear you pee,
see you reappear with a glass of whisky."
Paraphrase: I'll witness you going to the bathroom, hearing the sounds of brushing teeth and
urination, and seeing you return with a glass of whisky.
Interpretation: This part captures intimate and ordinary actions, underscoring the human
aspects of the returning person and the sense of familiarity in everyday routines.
6. "You’ll sit on the edge of the bed for ages,

until you turn and lift my hair, touch my neck,
then hold your mouth there."
Paraphrase: You will sit on the edge of the bed for a significant amount of time, and then
you'll gently lift my hair, touch my neck, and linger in that intimate moment.
Interpretation: This touching scene showcases the deep affection between the two
individuals and their yearning to reconnect physically and emotionally.
7. "Then you’ll say, so what happened?

and I’ll say, how long have you got?"
Paraphrase: Later, you will inquire, "What happened?" and I'll respond with a sense of
having much to share, asking about the time available to recount everything.
Interpretation: The closing lines indicate that both individuals have experienced significant
events and changes during the separation. The question of time suggests the richness of their
experiences and the desire to share their life stories with each other. It portrays the depth of
their connection and the need for a prolonged conversation to truly understand each other's
experiences.
CONTEMPORARY SHORT STORY

(ANGLO-AMERICAN)
All Summer in One Day

Ray Bradbury (United States)
About the story:

"All Summer in a Day" is a short story written by Ray Bradbury, first
published in 1954. It is a science fiction tale that takes place on the planet Venus, where the
sun only appears for a brief moment every seven years. The story explores themes of
jealousy, isolation, and the longing for something precious that is often taken for granted.
Summary
The story is set in a future on Venus, a planet covered in constant rain and where
the sun is a rare occurrence. The sun shines for just one hour every seven years, and during
that time, the world becomes radiant and beautiful. The rest of the time, the children on
Venus can only imagine what it's like to experience sunlight.
The main character is Margot, a nine-year-old girl who moved to Venus five years
ago from Earth. She vividly remembers the sun and longs to feel its warmth again. Unlike the
other children, Margot is unable to adapt to the gloomy Venusian environment and is often
teased and excluded by her classmates.
As the day of the sun's appearance approaches, the other children become
increasingly excited. They plan to celebrate the event by playing outdoors, experiencing the
sunlight they have only read and heard about. Meanwhile, Margot becomes even more
withdrawn, unable to share their enthusiasm due to her overwhelming nostalgia for the sun.
On the day of the sun, the children are eagerly waiting for the moment it will appear.
Suddenly, a torrential rainstorm breaks out, and they have to stay inside their classroom. The
rain continues to pour, and the children, in their disappointment and frustration, begin to
blame Margot, saying she lied about the sun.
Finally, the rain stops, and the sun emerges from behind the clouds. The children
rush outside and play, revealing in the light and warmth they had been longing for. They
forget about Margot in their excitement, leaving her alone in the classroom.
As the hour passes, the children realize they had forgotten Margot, and a sense of
guilt overwhelms them. They return to the classroom to apologize and let her experience the
last few moments of sunlight. But Margot, deeply hurt by their earlier treatment, does not
respond to them.
Analysis
The story is a compelling exploration of human nature and the complexities of emotions.
The story portrays the consequences of jealousy and the desire to fit in, as the children's
mistreatment of Margot, an outcast among them, reveals the darker aspects of human
behavior. Bradbury effectively conveys the emotional impact of bullying, evoking empathy
for Margot's profound loneliness and isolation, while also showcasing the remorse and guilt
experienced by her classmates. The stark contrast between the constant rain on Venus and the
fleeting appearance of the sun serves as a metaphor for the duality of human emotions. The
sun symbolizes hope, beauty, and warmth, while the continuous rain represents sadness and
despair. This contrast highlights the power of fleeting moments of happiness and the need to
cherish them fully. Through Margot's longing for the sun and the regret felt by her classmates
after their actions, the story delves into themes of loss and the importance of appreciating the
beauty and individuality around us. Overall, "All Summer in a Day" delivers a poignant
message about empathy, embracing diversity, and the significance of innocence and kindness
in our interactions with others.
Moral Lessons Applicable in Our Daily Lives

The story imparts valuable moral lessons that find practical application in our daily lives.
The story underscores the significance of empathy and kindness, urging us to treat others
with understanding and compassion. In our interactions, we should be sensitive to those who
may feel excluded or different, offering support and inclusion to foster a sense of belonging.
Moreover, the fleeting appearance of the sun reminds us to appreciate the beauty and
wonders of life, even in brief moments. It prompts us to savor special experiences, finding
joy in the simplest of things. Embracing diversity is another vital takeaway from the story,
encouraging us to respect and celebrate individuality, enriching our social fabric.
Additionally, it cautions against succumbing to group mentality and highlights the
importance of independent thinking, standing against mistreatment and prejudice. By
reflecting on our actions and taking responsibility for our behavior, we can grow and evolve
as compassionate individuals. The story serves as a reminder not to take the blessings and
joys in our lives for granted. We should express gratitude for the little things, cherishing the
beauty in the ordinary and finding happiness in the present. Applying these moral lessons in
our daily lives can nurture a culture of empathy, appreciation, and inclusivity, fostering a
harmonious and caring community.
The Proxy Marriage

Maile Meloy (United States) 2012
Synopsis
This is all about the story of William, a shy and awkward boy, and Bridey, a confident girl
with dreams of becoming an actress. They are high school friends in a small Montana town.
The unique setting allows for double proxy marriages, where people can get married without
being physically present. William secretly loves Bridey, but their lives take different paths
after high school. He goes to Oberlin for music, while she pursues acting in New York. They
continue to be proxies for others during holidays but lose contact when Bridey's father stops
performing proxies. After learning of Bridey's divorce, William decides to reconnect with
her, leaving the ending open, with a sense of hope for their complicated relationship.
Tasks:
1. Identify the writing style of the writer
2. Discuss and relate to the issues, problems and lessons reflected on the text.
3. Analyze the selection with the use of the elements of plot
1. Writing Style of the Writer

Maile Meloy's writing style is like taking a deep look into people's emotions and
thoughts. She tells stories in a simple and easy-to-understand way, so readers can really feel
connected to the characters. Her words are powerful, painting a clear picture of how the
characters feel and what drives them. The stories feel real and relatable, as they are based on
everyday life experiences that many people can understand and relate to.
2. Issues, Problems, and Lessons Reflected in the Text

a. Unrequited Love: The central theme of "The Proxy Marriage" revolves around
unrequited love. William's unyielding affection for Bridey is a prominent element of the
story, and the narrative delves into the complexities and challenges of dealing with
unreciprocated feelings.
b. Longing and Regret: Throughout the story, there is a recurring sense of longing and
regret. William pines for Bridey even as they grow apart and lead separate lives. This
highlights the lingering impact of unfulfilled desires and the potential for regret when
opportunities to express one's feelings are missed.
c. Sacrifice and Obligation: The concept of proxy marriage introduces the themes of
sacrifice and obligation. The characters agree to stand in for others, which may involve
personal sacrifices for the sake of military benefits or other reasons. This raises questions
about the weight of familial obligations and how they can influence life choices.
d. Communication and Misunderstandings: The story also addresses the importance of

communication and the consequences of misunderstandings. William's unspoken feelings
for Bridey prevent her from knowing the extent of his affection, leading to missed
opportunities and potential misinterpretations of their relationship.
3. Analysis of the Selection Using the Elements of Plot
a. Exposition
At the beginning of the story, we meet William and Bridey, who are high school
students living in a small town in Montana. William is a shy guy who has a crush on
Bridey, a girl with big dreams of becoming an actress. The story also introduces the idea
of double proxy marriages, where people can get married without being physically
present.
b. Rising Action
Things get interesting when William and Bridey are asked to act as stand-ins for
other couples getting married through the proxy process. As they grow older, their lives
take different paths. William goes to study music at Oberlin, while Bridey pursues her
acting career in New York. Despite the distance, they continue to be proxies for others
during holidays, and their paths cross occasionally.
c. Climax
The most intense moment in the story is when William learns that Bridey is
getting divorced. This news sparks something inside him, and he decides to make a bold
move to reconnect with her and possibly confess his feelings.
d. Falling Action
As the story progresses, we see William preparing to reach out to Bridey. He
reflects on their past and how he has changed since their high school days. The tension
builds as readers wonder if his efforts will lead to any resolution between them.
e. Resolution
The resolution of the story is left somewhat open-ended. The reader is left to
imagine what happens when William reaches out to Bridey and whether he finally
expresses his long-held feelings. The story concludes with a sense of hope and possibility
for a resolution to their complicated relationship.
CONTEMPORARY POEMS
(EUROPEAN AND LATIN-AMERICA)
Atlantis- A Lost Sonnet

Eavan Boland
How on earth did it happen, I used to wonder

that a whole city—arches, pillars, colonnades,
not to mention vehicles and animals—had all
one fine day gone under?
I mean, I said to myself, the world was small then.

Surely a great city must have been missed?
I miss our old city—
white pepper, white pudding, you and I meeting

under fanlights and low skies to go home in it. Maybe
what really happened is
this: the old fable-makers searched hard for a word

to convey that what is gone is gone forever and
never found it. And so, in the best traditions of
where we come from, they gave their sorrow a name

and drowned it.
Analysis
The poem is a sonnet that explores the mysterious disappearance of the legendary city of
Atlantis and draws parallels to the loss of a personal and cherished past. The poet thinks on the
vanishing of an entire city and wonders how such a significant place could simply disappear
from history. The poem delves into themes of loss, memory, and the human tendency to create
stories to cope with sorrow.
Style/Structure
The poem follows the structure of a sonnet, consisting of 14 lines with a regular rhyme
scheme (ABBAABBACDCDCD). Boland uses simple and accessible language to convey
complex ideas effectively. The poem is written in free verse, lacking a strict meter, which allows
for a natural and conversational tone. This approach makes the poem feel more intimate and
relatable.
Interpretation of Significant Lines and Relating to Personal Experiences
"How on earth did it happen, I used to wonder"
This line reflects the speaker's initial confusion and curiosity about the disappearance of Atlantis.
It could also symbolize the perplexity and questioning that often arise when dealing with
personal losses or changes.
"Maybe what really happened is / this: the old fable-makers searched hard for a word"
Here, the poet suggests that the ancient storytellers struggled to find the right word to convey the
idea of irrevocable loss, and in doing so, they gave their sorrow a name and submerged it. This
notion can be related to the human tendency to create narratives or myths around significant
events in our lives to make them more bearable or to give them meaning.
Thoughts and Ideas
"Atlantis" is a touching and thought-provoking poem that combines the mythical with the
personal. The author skillfully weaves together the legendary city's disappearance with the
inevitable losses we all experience in life. The poem prompts readers to contemplate the
transitory nature of existence and the power of storytelling to both preserve and bury memories.
The way the author relates the loss of Atlantis to the personal losses we face in our lives is quite
evocative. It reminds us that our own histories, memories, and cities may vanish over time, and it
raises questions about the permanence of anything in the grand scheme of things.
As I read this poem, it encourages me to reflect on my own experiences of loss and how
I've dealt with them. It reminds me of the stories I've told myself to cope with certain situations,
as if I, too, have created fables to name and bury my sorrows. Additionally, the portrayal of the
poet missing their old city and the memories associated with it evokes a sense of nostalgia,
prompting me to recall the places and moments I hold dear.
From “Late”
by Goffried Benn (Germany)
Feel it—but remember, millennia have felt it—

the sea and the beasts and the mindless stars
wrestle it down today as ever—
think it—but remember, the most exalted

are wallowing in their own bow-wave,
are no more than the yellow of the buttercup,
while other colors too play their game—
remember and endure the hour,

there was never one like it, all are like it,
people and angels and cherubim,
black-winged, bright-eyed,
none was yours—
was ever yours.
Analysis
The poem explores the enduring struggles of existence and the fleeting nature of human
accomplishments. It contemplates the insignificance of human endeavor when compared to the
vastness of time and the unyielding forces of nature. The poem begins by acknowledging that the
challenges faced by humanity have persisted throughout millennia, much like the eternal
struggles of the sea, beasts, and stars. It suggests that despite our advancements and
achievements, we are bound by the same fundamental difficulties that have been endured for
ages. It then contrasts human aspirations for greatness with the reality of their transience. It
likens the most exalted individuals to the temporary beauty of a buttercup's yellow, indicating
that even the highest achievements are ephemeral and pale in comparison to the enduring
universe. The final stanza urges readers to cherish and endure the present moment, as each
moment is unique and irreplaceable. It emphasizes the fleeting nature of human existence and
reminds us to find meaning and significance in the now, rather than dwelling solely on future
ambitions. Overall, the poem prompts reflection on the impermanence of life, the humility that
comes with recognizing our limitations, and the importance of finding value and fulfillment in
the simplicity and uniqueness of each passing moment.
Style/Structure
The poem is written in a straightforward way without any special rhymes or patterns. It
uses vivid imagery to compare human experiences to the unchanging sea, beasts, and stars. The
poet's words flow smoothly, making it easy to read and understand.
"Remember and endure the hour, there was never one like it, all are like it" means we should
cherish and live in the present because each moment is unique and won't come back. This
reminds us to value the special moments in our lives and not worry too much about the past or
future.
“the most exalted are wallowing in their own bow-wave, are no more than the yellow of the
buttercup, while other colors too play their game”
The comparison of the most exalted people to the yellow of a buttercup shows that even the most
important individuals are just like everyone else, and their achievements may not be as lasting or
significant as they think. This can relate to our own experiences, making us realize that everyone
is equal in the grand scheme of things.
Thoughts and Ideas

"Late" is a thought-provoking poem that makes us contemplate the eternal struggles of life and
the passing nature of human accomplishments. It encourages us to live in the present,
appreciating the uniqueness of each moment.
To Those Who Have Lost Everything

Francisco X. Alarcon (Mexico)
crossed mountains
in despair will speak
many deserts for you
full of hope
rain
carrying will flesh
their empty your bones
fists of sorrow
everywhere green again
among ashes
mouthing after a long fire
a bitter night
of shovels started in
and nails a fantasy island
some time ago
“you’re nothing
you’re shit turning
your home’s Natives
nowhere”— into aliens
Analysis
This is a poignant poem that reflects on the struggles and resilience of people who have
experienced profound loss, displacement, and alienation. The poem presents the theme of loss in
different forms, emphasizing the emotional impact it has on those who have been affected.
Style/Structure of Writing
The poem is written in a concise and evocative style. It utilizes vivid imagery and strong
emotions to convey its message effectively. The poet uses short lines and enjambment to create a
sense of urgency and emotional intensity.
The lines "crossed / in despair / many deserts / full of hope" illustrate the paradoxical nature of
loss. The people in the poem have faced immense difficulties ("deserts") while still holding onto
a glimmer of hope. It reflects the resilience and strength of those who endure hardship.
The lines "you're nothing / you're shit / your home's / nowhere" depict the hurtful words and
treatment endured by those who have lost everything. It highlights the cruelty and insensitivity
they may encounter, which can intensify their sense of loss and alienation.
Thoughts and Ideas
This is a moving poem that speaks to the struggles of individuals who have experienced
profound losses, whether it be the loss of their home, identity, or sense of belonging. It captures
the emotions of despair, sorrow, and bitterness that accompany such experiences.
As a reader, the poem makes me reflect on the resilience of people facing adversity and
the importance of empathy and understanding for those who have lost everything. It reminds us
of the profound impact that loss can have on individuals and the need for compassion and
support in difficult times.
The imagery of rain fleshing the bones and green sprouting from ashes signifies the
possibility of renewal and growth even after devastating loss. It serves as a message of hope,
suggesting that healing and recovery are possible, even in the aftermath of great tragedy.
The mention of "Natives" being turned into "aliens" alludes to the historical and ongoing
injustices faced by indigenous communities, who have often been displaced and marginalized.
The poem thus addresses not only personal loss but also broader themes of colonialism,
displacement, and the erasure of identities.
POPULAR LITERATURE (CRIME)
The Fall of the House of Usher

by Edgar Allan Poe
Summary
"The Fall of the House of Usher" is a spooky tale about a man named Roderick Usher, who lives
in a creepy, old mansion with his sister Madeline. Roderick is very sick and asks his friend, the
narrator, to come and visit him. The mansion is in a gloomy state, and strange things start
happening, making everyone feel scared.
Madeline appears to die and is temporarily buried in the mansion. While the narrator reads a
story to Roderick, they hear weird sounds that make things even scarier. Suddenly, Madeline
comes back to life, looking very creepy and possessed. She falls on her brother, and they both
die.
The narrator runs away just as the mansion collapses into a lake. The story ends with the
realization that the House of Usher has fallen, meaning the family has come to a tragic end.
Analysis
This is a spooky story with a haunting atmosphere. The mansion, where most of the story takes
place, is eerie and adds to the overall feeling of fear and mystery. The Usher family is troubled,
with both Roderick and Madeline suffering from unknown illnesses, which creates a sense of
suspense and unease.
Throughout the story, there's a sense of impending doom, and the strange events inside the
mansion increase the tension. The resurrection of Madeline adds a supernatural element to the
story, making it even more thrilling and mysterious.
The story explores themes of madness, death, and the impact of a cursed family history. It
suggests that the Usher family's mental and physical deterioration is connected to their haunted
house, which adds to the overall sense of tragedy.
In the end, the collapse of the mansion symbolizes the downfall of the Usher family and their
dark secrets. The story is filled with spooky and chilling moments, making it a classic example
of Gothic literature.
Writing Style
Poe's writing style in this story is highly descriptive and richly detailed, immersing the reader in
the gloomy and foreboding atmosphere of the Usher mansion. He uses vivid and evocative
language to set the scene, describing the decaying mansion, the surrounding landscape, and the
emotions of the characters with great depth. This attention to detail contributes to the story's eerie
ambiance and heightens the sense of unease.
Format
"The Fall of the House of Usher" is written in the form of a short story, which allows Poe to
present a concentrated narrative with a single plot and theme. The concise format contributes to
the story's intensity, keeping the focus on the central events and the psychological drama
between the characters. Poe's mastery of short story structure ensures that the pacing remains
steady, building tension throughout and culminating in a powerful climax.
Technique
Gothic Elements: The story is replete with Gothic elements, such as the eerie setting of the
decaying mansion, its isolation, and the presence of supernatural or inexplicable occurrences.
These elements contribute to the overall sense of dread and fear, making it a classic example of
Gothic fiction.
Symbolism: Poe uses symbolism throughout the story to add depth and meaning to the narrative.
The crumbling Usher mansion symbolizes the decay of the Usher family itself, while the tarn
surrounding the house reflects the darkness within. The characters' names, like "Usher" and
"Madeline," also carry symbolic significance, reinforcing their roles in the story.
Psychological Exploration: Poe delves into the psychology of the characters, particularly
Roderick and the narrator. He explores the impact of mental illness, fear, and heightened
sensitivity, adding psychological complexity to the narrative.
Foreshadowing: Poe skillfully employs foreshadowing to hint at the tragic events to come. The
sense of impending doom is established early on, creating a sense of anticipation and suspense.
Supernatural Elements: The story blurs the line between reality and the supernatural, leaving
the reader questioning what is real and what is imagined. The resurrection of Madeline and the
strange sounds in the mansion contribute to a sense of the uncanny and the unknown.
POPULAR LITERATURE (FANTASY)
The Last Battle from the Chronicles of Narnia

by CS Lewis
Summary
In "The Last Battle," Narnia faces its ultimate and most dangerous threat as a false Aslan,
the Great Lion who is the true ruler of Narnia, deceives the land's inhabitants. A cruel ape named
Shift manipulates a gullible donkey named Puzzle into wearing a lion's skin, pretending to be
Aslan, and exploiting the Narnians' devotion to the real Aslan. Shift and Puzzle, with the help of
Calormene invaders, enforce a tyrannical rule in Narnia, leading to division, chaos, and
oppression. The situation worsens as the real Narnian animals are forced into hiding or slavery,
and Narnia descends into darkness and despair.
In the midst of this turmoil, Eustace Scrubb and Jill Pole, characters from the previous
books, are summoned to Narnia by the real Aslan. They are given a mission to help the true King
Tirian and the remaining loyal Narnians confront the false Aslan and the invaders. The last battle
between the forces of good and evil unfolds, with the Calormenes and the false Aslan's followers
gaining an upper hand. However, as the situation becomes dire, the real Aslan appears and
restores hope to the Narnians.
As the battle intensifies, Narnia is destroyed, and those who remained faithful to Aslan
find themselves in a new, heavenly version of Narnia called Aslan's Country. The faithful
characters, including King Tirian, Eustace, Jill, and others, are rewarded for their loyalty and
courage, while the ones who followed the false Aslan and the invaders meet a different fate.
Literary Techniques, Devices and Writing Style
1. Allegory: As with the other books in "The Chronicles of Narnia" series, "The Last
Battle" is heavily allegorical. The story contains symbolic elements that represent larger
themes and moral lessons. For instance, the struggle between good and evil is represented
by the conflict between the true Aslan and the false Aslan, while the destruction of Narnia
and the transition to Aslan's Country serve as allegories for spiritual transformation and
the afterlife.
2. Symbolism: Lewis employs symbolism throughout the story to add depth and layers of
meaning. The characters' names, such as "Shift" representing deception and manipulation,
and "Puzzle" symbolizing the gullible and easily misled, carry significant meaning that
reflects their personalities and roles in the narrative.
3. Personification: The animals in Narnia, including the talking animals and mythical
creatures, are given human-like characteristics and personalities. This literary device adds
a fantastical and whimsical element to the story and allows Lewis to explore complex
themes and emotions through these anthropomorphic characters.
4. Christian Themes: Lewis's writing style often incorporates Christian themes and
messages. The story is deeply rooted in Christian allegory, exploring themes of faith,
redemption, and the ultimate triumph of good over evil. The story's central figure, Aslan,
is a Christ-like figure who sacrifices himself for the salvation of others, and the heavenly
realm of Aslan's Country echoes Christian concepts of an afterlife.
5. Vivid Descriptions: Lewis's writing style is marked by vivid and evocative descriptions,
which bring the world of Narnia to life. His detailed imagery of the landscapes, creatures,
and characters immerses readers in the fantastical realm, making the story engaging and
enchanting.
6. Moral Lessons: The book explores themes of loyalty, courage, and the consequences of
deception, while also encouraging readers to reflect on the nature of faith and the
importance of standing firm in one's beliefs.
7. Engaging Dialogue: Lewis's dialogue is engaging and often carries underlying meanings
or philosophical discussions. Through the interactions between characters, he imparts
wisdom and insight, making the dialogue an essential aspect of character development
and thematic exploration.
Moral Lessons
The story teaches us valuable moral lessons in simple terms that everyone can
understand. The story reminds us about the power of faith and belief, showing how having trust
in something greater can give us strength in tough times. It also emphasizes the importance of
being brave and standing up against evil and injustice. The characters in the book teach us about
the value of loyalty and true friendship, sticking together no matter what challenges we face.
Moreover, it warns us about the dangers of being deceived or following dishonest leaders.
Through the story, we learn that the truth can sometimes be subjective, and what we believe can
shape how we see the world. Lastly, "The Last Battle" encourages us to accept change in life and
have hope for new beginnings, even in difficult circumstances. Overall, the book reminds us to
be courageous, stay true to our beliefs, and cherish the relationships we have while remaining
wary of deceitful influences.
Thoughts and Ideas
It was a captivating and thought-provoking journey that left me with a renewed

appreciation for the timeless themes it explored. It encouraged me to reflect on my own beliefs,
values, and the enduring battle between darkness and light in our own lives. Lewis's masterful
storytelling and the spiritual depth of the narrative make it a truly unforgettable and impactful
reading experience.
Adventure
Life of Pi
by Yaan Mantel
Summary
"Life of Pi" is a captivating adventure novel that follows the extraordinary

journey of Piscine Molitor Patel, also known as Pi. The story begins in India,
where Pi's family owns a zoo. When Pi is a teenager, his family decides to emigrate
to Canada, and they embark on a ship carrying their zoo animals. However, a
devastating shipwreck occurs, leaving Pi stranded on a lifeboat in the vast Pacific
Ocean.
Pi's only companions on the lifeboat are a zebra, an orangutan, a hyena, and
a Bengal tiger named Richard Parker. As days turn into weeks and weeks into
months, Pi must find a way to survive and coexist with the dangerous tiger. He
uses his wits, knowledge of animals, and resourcefulness to stay alive. The journey
is filled with perilous encounters, challenges, and moments of awe-inspiring
beauty and wonder.
After a long and arduous journey, Pi and Richard Parker eventually wash
ashore in Mexico. Unfortunately, the tiger disappears into the jungle without
acknowledging Pi's presence, leaving him alone and emotionally scarred. Upon
reaching civilization, Pi is rescued, but authorities do not believe his incredible tale
of survival with a tiger on a lifeboat. As a result, he tells them an alternative, more
plausible version of the story.
Literary Techniques and Devices
1. Allegory: This is an allegorical novel, with the story presenting deeper

symbolic meanings and themes beyond its surface narrative. The journey of
Pi on the lifeboat with the animals is often interpreted as a spiritual and
philosophical allegory.
2. Imagery: Martel's writing is rich in vivid imagery, using detailed

descriptions to create a visually engaging and immersive world. The
depiction of the ocean, the animals, and the natural surroundings adds depth
and authenticity to the story.
3. Symbolism: Throughout the novel, Martel uses symbolism to represent

abstract ideas and themes. The animals on the lifeboat, particularly the tiger,
Richard Parker, take on symbolic meanings, representing aspects of Pi's

psyche and his journey of self-discovery.
4. Foreshadowing: The story employs foreshadowing to hint at future events

and create a sense of anticipation. Small details and incidents throughout the
story provide clues about the ultimate outcome.
5. Metaphor: Metaphorical language is used to compare and connect various

elements in the narrative, allowing for a deeper exploration of the story's
themes and emotions.
Writing Style
The author’s writing style is characterized by its lyrical and philosophical

nature. He skillfully weaves together elements of adventure, spirituality, and
introspection, resulting in a captivating and thought-provoking narrative. Martel's
prose is evocative, allowing readers to visualize the scenes and immerse
themselves fully in the story's world. The story is structured as a frame narrative,
with a distinct framing story setting the stage for Pi's main journey on the lifeboat.
This narrative technique adds complexity and layers of meaning to the overall plot.
The author’s ability to blend elements of realism with fantastical and

allegorical elements showcases his imaginative storytelling. The novel's
exploration of human nature, faith, survival, and the power of storytelling
demonstrates Martel's depth as a writer, encouraging readers to ponder the deeper
questions of life and existence.
In conclusion, the author’s writing style is poetic, philosophical, and deeply

imaginative, making it a compelling and enduring work of literature.
Thoughts and Ideas
This is an incredible story that took me on an extraordinary adventure. I was

immediately captivated by Pi's journey of survival after being stranded on a
lifeboat with a Bengal tiger in the vast ocean. It felt like a roller-coaster of
emotions as I experienced his fear, courage, and determination to stay alive. What
struck me the most was how Pi's faith played such a significant role throughout the
story. His multifaith approach to religion, practicing Hinduism, Christianity, and
Islam, made me reflect on the importance of belief and how it can give us strength
in tough times. The bond between Pi and Richard Parker, the tiger, was both
heartwarming and terrifying, showing the complex connection between humans
and animals. The book's ending left me pondering about the nature of reality and
the power of imagination. Overall, "Life of Pi" is an inspiring and thought-
provoking tale that left me with a sense of wonder about the resilience of the
human spirit and the beauty of embracing diverse beliefs and perspectives.
Moral Lessons
The story teaches us important life lessons that anyone can understand. It
shows us the importance of never giving up and staying strong even when things
get tough. Pi's strong faith in different religions reminds us to believe in something
bigger than ourselves and find comfort in it. The story also encourages us to be
open to different ideas and beliefs, respecting others' viewpoints. It makes us think
about how there can be different truths depending on how we see things. The bond
between Pi and Richard Parker, the tiger, shows us how animals can be our friends
too, and we should treat them with kindness. Pi's imaginative storytelling reminds
us of the power of imagination and how it can help us cope with difficult
situations. Overall, it inspires us to be resilient, open-minded, and to find hope and
meaning in our own unique ways.
POPULAR LITERARTURE (HORROR)

The Outsider
by Stephen King
Summary
In a small town is shaken by a horrifying crime when a young boy is found

brutally murdered. All evidence points to a respected member of the community as
the culprit. However, as the investigation unfolds, strange and supernatural
elements come to light, leading to doubts about the true identity of the perpetrator.
The story follows the intense pursuit of the truth, blurring the lines between reality
and the unknown. Themes of doubt, prejudice, media influence, and the
complexities of human nature are explored throughout the gripping and
suspenseful narrative. Ultimately, The story is a chilling tale that keeps readers
engaged until its shocking and thought-provoking conclusion.
1. Foreshadowing: Throughout the novel, the author uses

foreshadowing to create a sense of anticipation and build suspense. He
drops subtle hints and clues early on that hint at the darker events to
come, keeping readers on edge.
2. Flashbacks: The novel incorporates flashbacks to provide backstory

and context to the events unfolding in the present. This technique adds
depth to the narrative and enhances the reader's understanding of the
characters' motivations and actions.
3. Multiple Points of View: King employs multiple points of view to

present the story from different perspectives, allowing readers to see
events from various angles and enhancing the mystery surrounding
the central plot.
4. Supernatural Elements: The story is no exception, blending

elements of the supernatural with a crime thriller to create a chilling
and gripping tale.
5. Vivid Descriptions: The author’s writing style is characterized by his

vivid and detailed descriptions, painting a rich and immersive picture
of the settings and events. This descriptive prowess allows readers to
feel as if they are experiencing the story firsthand.
6. Atmosphere and Mood:It excels at creating a strong atmosphere and

mood that pervades the entire novel. Whether it's a feeling of dread,
fear, or suspense, the mood of "The Outsider" is expertly crafted to
keep readers engrossed.
7. Psychological Depth: It explores the psychological aspects of his
characters, delving into their fears, insecurities, and inner struggles.
This psychological depth adds layers to the story and makes the
characters more compelling.
Issues Reflected in the Story
1. Doubt and Prejudice: The book shows how people can quickly believe
someone is guilty of a crime based on their reputation or appearance,
without giving them a fair chance to prove their innocence.
2. Media Sensationalism: It explores how the media can blow things out of
proportion, creating a frenzy that affects people's lives and judgments, even
before all the facts are known.
3. Mob Mentality: The story illustrates how people can act impulsively when
they're scared or angry, which can lead to violence and harm to others.
4. Injustice and Legal System Flaws: It points out that our justice system
may have flaws and sometimes rush to make judgments without considering
all the evidence.
5. The Burden of Proof: The book emphasizes the importance of having clear
evidence before making accusations or assuming someone's guilt.
6. Identity and Perception: It delves into how people may struggle with how
they see themselves and how others see them, blurring the line between
reality and perception.
7. Coping with Trauma: The story explores how traumatic events can affect
people's lives and how they try to cope with the aftermath.
8. Supernatural and Reality: It introduces elements of the unexplained or
supernatural, making us wonder about the mysteries of the world beyond
what we can easily understand.
Thoughts and Ideas

The story delves into some thought-provoking themes, like the dangers of
mob mentality and how the media can shape public opinion. It really made me
question how easily we can judge someone without knowing all the facts. The
blend of the supernatural with the gritty crime thriller elements had me questioning
what's real and what's not. And that ambiguous ending! It left me pondering the
boundaries of reality and imagination long after I put the book down. Furthermore,
the story is a gripping and haunting tale that lingers in my mind, and I can't wait to
discuss it with others and hear their take on the story.
Moral Lessons
It tells us not to judge people too quickly or make assumptions based on how
they look or what we hear. The story also teaches us to question things and not just
believe everything we're told without thinking about it. It shows how prejudice can
be harmful and reminds us to treat others fairly and respectfully. The book warns
about the dangers of acting without thinking, especially when a lot of people are
doing the same thing. It also shows how the media can sometimes exaggerate
things, so we need to be careful about what we believe. The characters in the story
have to face their fears and tough situations, teaching us about strength and
resilience. Lastly, it shows that people can be both good and bad, and not
everything is black and white. Sometimes there are things we can't explain, and
that's okay.
POPULAR LITERATURE (WAR)
Catch 22
by Joseph Heller
Analysis
This is a satirical novel set during World War II that follows the experiences
of Captain John Yossarian, a U.S. Army Air Force bombardier. The book's title
comes from a paradoxical military regulation that prevents soldiers from being
declared insane to avoid dangerous missions. If a soldier expresses a desire to be
relieved from flying dangerous missions due to fear, they are considered sane and
must continue flying, but if they claim to be insane to avoid the missions, they are
deemed mentally fit for duty.
The novel uses dark humor and absurdity to portray the chaotic and
bureaucratic nature of war, exposing the folly of war and the irrationality of
military rules. Through a non-linear narrative, the story delves into the experiences
and perspectives of various characters, highlighting the challenges, absurdities, and
moral dilemmas faced by those involved in war.
Literary Techniques and Devices

1. Satire: The novel is primarily a work of satire, using humor, irony, and
exaggeration to criticize and ridicule the absurdities and contradictions of
war, bureaucracy, and authority.
2. Non-linear Narrative: The story is presented in a non-linear fashion,

jumping back and forth in time and shifting between different characters'
perspectives. This unconventional narrative structure adds complexity to the
storytelling and reflects the disjointed and chaotic nature of war.
3. Dark Humor: Heller uses dark humor to illuminate the tragic and absurd
aspects of war. The humorous tone juxtaposed with serious situations serves
to highlight the irrationality and absurdity of war.
4. Paradox: The title itself represents a contradictory situation where soldiers

are trapped by conflicting rules. Paradoxes and contradictions are recurrent
throughout the novel, emphasizing the irrationality and illogical nature of
war and military bureaucracy.
5. Stream of Consciousness: The author employs stream of consciousness

technique, offering readers direct access to characters' thoughts and feelings.
This provides insight into the characters' inner turmoil and adds depth to
their personalities.
6. Symbolism: Various symbols are present throughout the novel, representing

key themes and ideas. These symbols enrich the layers of meaning in the
story.
7. Repetition: Heller uses repetitive phrases and motifs to emphasize key

themes and ideas, reinforcing their significance throughout the narrative.
8. Irony: Irony is a prominent literary device, often highlighting the disparity

between stated intentions and actual outcomes. This further accentuates the
absurdity and contradictions of war and bureaucracy.
Writing Style
Heller's writing style is characterized by its witty and incisive prose,

blending humor and satire with profound social commentary. He weaves a
complex and multi-layered narrative, challenging conventional storytelling and
inviting readers to confront the harsh realities of war and the human condition.
Through these literary techniques and his distinctive writing style, the author
creates a timeless and powerful novel that continues to resonate with readers.
Moral Lessons
The moral lesson of the story is that war can be senseless and absurd, and blindly
following rules and authority without thinking can lead to harmful outcomes. It
teaches us to question unfair rules and to value our humanity and compassion
above all else. The novel also emphasizes the importance of staying resilient and
finding strength in friendship and support during challenging times.

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Sionny E.

Gandicela BSED English III

CONTEMPORARY POEMS (AFRO-ASIAN LIETRATURE)

O, how dead you child are, whose spoiled

Beautifuling as we speak -- in Cubao

Your Nepa Cute, Wednesdays

Tonight will be us tomorrowed-

Who dream of the importedness of sex as long as it's

A Pasig Raver in a dance club. O, the toilet

In a plastic bag; we want to feel the grooves

In a breakaway movement, we're the shake

The change is all in the first jeep

This city and its heart attacks; one minute faster

Wave that stands out in the outdoor crowd

A face with an inverted cap on, wearing all

STYLE AND STRUCTURE

1. "Sportedness is being fashion showed"

2. "Your Nepa Cute, Wednesdays"

3. "Dream of the importedness of sex as long as it's pirated"

5. "Rerouting this city and its heart attacks"

Someone is about to come but doesn’t. Is about

This is a short yet introspective poem that explores themes of anticipation,

2. "A wounded bird on my shoulder laughs raucously, laughs at the shoulder it

CONTEMPORARY SHORT STORY

The Fruit of my woman

Several significant issues that are reflected in the text

3. Communication and Silence: The deteriorating relationship between the narrator

eventual transformation into a plant-like being depict the vulnerability and

Magical realism in literature refers to a narrative style that blends fantastical or

ISSUES REFLECTED IN TEXT

4. Sacrifices made for assimilation: Jack's mother's sacrifice of her own

5. Power of heritage and tradition: The story highlights the significance of

6. Importance of embracing one's roots: The story emphasizes the importance

7. Complexities of navigating cultural identity: The story delves into the

 Symbolism: The paper menagerie serves as a powerful symbol representing the

 Asian Literature: The story incorporates elements of Asian literature, particularly

 Coming-of-Age: The story follows Jack's journey of self-discovery and growth as he

FIGURES OF SPEECH, SYMBOLS, AND OTHER LITERARY TECHNIQUES AND

 Eulogistic Elements: Elegies frequently contain elements of praise, celebration, and

 Themes of Mortality and Transience: Elegies explore themes of impermanence,

 Emotional Expression: Elegies are characterized by heightened emotions, conveying a

 Melancholic Tone: Elegies typically have a melancholic, mournful, or reflective tone,

 Reflection and Contemplation: Elegies invite introspection and reflection on the

 Communal Expression: Elegies can serve as a communal expression of grief, uniting

ANGLO-AMERICAN LITERATURE (CONTEMPORARY POEMS)

The dust of farms and deserts, cities and plains

Sharing Thoughts and Ideas about the Poem

Interpret and Paraphrase Significant Lines from the Poem

1. Line: "One sun rose on us today, kindled over our shores"

2. Line: "One light, waking up rooftops, under each one, a story"

One night you’ll come back and I’ll wake

Paraphrase and Interpret Significant Lines from the Poem

1. "One night you’ll come back and I’ll wake

2. "I won’t move or speak, I’ll try not to breathe.

3. "I’ll watch you lift photos in their frames,

4. "I’ll watch you sink to your knees,

5. "I’ll watch you disappear to the bathroom,

6. "You’ll sit on the edge of the bed for ages,

7. "Then you’ll say, so what happened?

CONTEMPORARY SHORT STORY

All Summer in One Day

About the story:

Moral Lessons Applicable in Our Daily Lives

The Proxy Marriage