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As a rule they were politica favorites se- lected without regard to their knowledge of law or of the affairs which they were to admimster By 1866, however, as a result of a series of royal decrees, the functions ofthe alcalde-mayor became entirely judicial, his executive functions having been tumed over to the newly established office of gobemador avil (avil governor), and Jawyers alone were now qualified to be appointed alcaldes-mayores. Eventually, they became known as jueces de primera instancia, exercising jurisdiction within the limits oftheir respective partidos Gudical districts) unto which the Philippines has been divided They took cognizance of all civil and criminal cases ansing within tem- tories, except such cases as were under ecclesiasical or other spe- ial courts and the audiencias, and gave judgment in all civil cases im which the amount-of property or other interest involved ex- ceeded 200 pesos fuertes or 1,000 pesetas. The correctional supervi- soa ofjudges of first instance for offenses or crimes in office was vested in the audiencias. In ordinary offenses having no connection wath their official character they were tnable before the ordinary courts 1s e. Gobernadorcillos;jueces de paz ‘The gobernadorcilios were wnt late in the 19th century the local judges in their respective pueblos or municipalities In civil suits their jurisdiction war limited to cases where the property or interests involved did not exceed 44 pesos, and to minor offenses the penalty for which did not exceed ten days! confinement, or a fine ofS pesos By Royal Decree of May 29, 1835, and in pursuance ofthe general plan of separating the judicial and executive power even in the lower grades, st war presenbed that in each judicial district ofthe city offManila and in every municipality there should be ajuez de paz Gustce of the peace), wath the jurisdiction and powers conferred by the laws ofcivil ad criminal procedure. The judges were to be appointed by the govemor-general. on the recom- mendation of the president of the Audiencia of Manila such ap- ointments being given only to persons who were lawyers or had CASE LAW 17 some academic or professional title, or to those “whose position and Greumstances* warranted it When such persons could aot be found, the petty governors ofthe municipalities were to act 2s justices of te peace. They were given junsdicion over civil cases when the pupperty or interests involved did not exceed 200 peros or L000 pesetazin value In deciding offenses of a criminal character, the ‘~nalties imposed conformed to the requirements ofth: penal code W.-he Philippines which was put in operation by the royal decree of Meyember 17, 1886.00 {Special tribunals (Q) Ecclesiastical Courts In addition to the courts of ordinary jurisdiction already de- Vonibed, there were special tnbunals in the Philippines which had heir prototypes in the mother country, and whose existence was largely due to the centralized ad theocratic character of the gov- ‘etnment administration, and to the pnvileges of certan classes Foremest among these were the ecclesiastical courts which had sunsdiczon over all civil crimes and offenses committed by the clergy or other persons having a sacerdotal character, over mar- riage sad divorce and violations ofthe cason law. But by the royal of October 20, 1835, an exception was made in the case of legAet cs crimes committed by the clergy, ever which the sivil courts fere gven junistiction For many years the junisdiction of the ecclemastical courts was exerted exclusively by judges of first (llstance, who were designated ecclesiastical judges, and regarded — cout vicars of the Archbishop of Manila and the suffragan Dishops of the other dioceses By the royal decree of February. | £569 unifying the junsdiction of the different courts, it was de- f:jred that courts of ordinary jurisdiction alone were competent to tee cognizance of civil and criminal cases As a result the avil gpd crminal junsdiction of ecdenastical and other special courts falas trmsferred to the ordinary courts However, the decree was uspended by the Govemor-General in so far as it refered to the fgclesiastics until a final decision could be received fom the home government No such decision was ever rendered, but when the Civil Code went into effect in December, 1899. the Govemnor-Gen- eral suspended certain titles, which practically exempted the clergy from the junsdiction of the ordinary courts, except in the case of158 LEGAL RESEARCH atrocious crimes, for the commission of which they had been ame nable to the civil courts since the promulgation ofthe royal order of October 20, 1835u7 In 1898, the ecclesiastical court in Manila consisted of one provisor and vicar-general, or ecclesiastical judge, ont ecclesiastical prosecuting attorney, one notary, and for the supreme government, fone secretary, one vice-secretary, one archivist, one accountant; the suffragan bishops of Nueva Caceres, Cebu, and Jaro had similar courts A large proportion, if not all. of these officials were mem- bers of the religious orders. @) Armyand Navy Courts ‘The army and navy courts were similar in their jurisdictionto the ecclesiastical courts, and took cognizance act only of purely mulitary offenses, but of avil and criminal cases affecting soldiers and other persons having military privileges Civil suits could be appealed to the Audiencia of Manila However, pursuant to the same royal decree of February 1, 1869, this special jurisdiction of the military courts was turned over to the ordinary courts. @) Treasury Court The royal decree of December 4, 1786, provided in Span for the appointment of an intendente corregidor with jurisdiction over all legal cases affecting the royal treasury, including contraband, smuggling, etc By the royal decree of September 16, 1813, this junsdiction was withdrawn from the intendente corregidorand trans- Fered to crviljudges who were lawyers, and whe tock cognizance in first instance, with appeal to the audiencia. This decree was con- firmed by the royal cedula of January 30, 1855, but was not camed into effect in the Philippines until 1856, when the royal decree of December 16 of that year established the treasury court. The court held its sessions in Manila and was composedof a civil judge ofthe final category, with junsdiction in first mstance over all treasury cases, with appeal to the audiencia, The Treasury Court was later abolished by virtue of the above mentioned Poyal Decree of Febru- ary 1, 1863, which lodged in the crdinary courts exclusive junisdic- tion over cases affecting the treasury x» mg, pp 4747s CASE LAW 19 (4) Commercial Court ‘The Commercial Court succeeded the Tribunal de Conaulado (Qnbunal of the consulate), and was established in Manila by the Toyaldecree of Fuly 26, 1832 It consisted of one priar.two consuls, —esubstitute consuls, and subordinatz personnel, The Governor Qeneral appointed the members of the court, which had juriscie- ~bn over all transactions, contracts, and other agreements or mat- fils growing out of the commerce of the islands Later, in accord- ‘See with the oft- mentioned Royal Decree of February 1869, the commercial Court was abolished and cognizance over all cases relating to CommerceVestedin the Ordinary COUnS mo (5) Contentious Court By virtue of the Royal Decree of June 4, 1861, there was established a court known as the Trbunal Contencioso, to hear and ~ecide complaints against the administration of the government, —th final appeal to the council of state in Spain. It formed part of fhe council of administration In 1806, it was comporedof a presi- \ntand three magistrates it was abolished on February 7, 1869, established on March 19, 1875, but was abolished or suspended Dy the Royal Decree of November 23, 1888, creating the Tribunal Abntencioso Admmistrativo. This was a new organization, inde- -pendent of the council of admimistration, and was composed ofthe president and two judges of the audiencia and two administrative jdges. 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