MEASUREMENTS

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LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson the students must be able to do
the following:
• •Differentiate precision and accuracy;
• •Determine the different sources of errors in
measurements

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CAN YOU CITE SOME

SITUATIONS IN DAILY LIFE
WHERE A MEASUREMENT
IS IMPORTANT?

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PRECISION
ACCURACY
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Accuracy, on the other

Precision of a set of
hand, refers to the
measurements refers
closeness of the average
to how close each
value to the actual or true
measurement is to value, or most probable
one another. Itis the value. Precise
consistency of a measurements are most
result. likely to the accurate.
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UNCERTAINTY IN
MEASUREMENTS

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Random Error
(indeterminate error)
• Is the uncertainty that arises from a scale reading
which results from the uncontrolled variables in
the measurements. It causes one measurement to
differ slightly from the next. It comes from
unpredictable changes during an experiment.

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Systematic Error
(determinate error)
• Is the uncertainty that may come from a flaw in the
equipment used or designed for an experiment.
These errors are usually caused by measuring
instruments that are incorrect calibrated or are
used incorrect

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UNIT OF MEASUREMENTS
BASE QUANTITY NAME SYMBOL

LENGTH Meter m

MASS Kilogram kg

TIME Second s

ELECTRIC CURRENT Ampere A

THERMODYNAMIC Kelvin K
TEMPERATURE
AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE Mole mol

INTENSITY OF LIGHT Candela cd

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SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
• It is a simple way to write or to keep track of very
large or very small numbers without having to deal
with a lot of zeros.
• It provides a convenient way of recording results
and doing calculations

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5
2.5𝑥10
exponent
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RULES IN EVALUATING
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
RULE EXAMPLES

1. Non-zero digits – all non-zero digits a. 124 mL has three significant figures
are significant. b. b. 6352 g has four significant figures
c. c. 6.867 mm four significant figures

2. Captive zeros – zeros between non- a. 8.09 g has three significant figures
zero digits are significant. b. b. 80.9 mL has three significant
figures
c. c. 236.005 m has six significant
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RULES IN EVALUATING
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
RULE EXAMPLES

3. Leading zeros – zeros to the left of a. 0.04 L has one significant figure
the first non-zero digit are not b. 0.000 071 km has two significant
significant. They are placeholders and figures
are used to locate a decimal point. c. 0.00373 m has three significant
figures
4. Trailing zeros – zeros at the end of a. 0.500 g has three significant figures
a number and to the right of a decimal b. 125.00 mL has five significant figures
point are significant. c. 3.000 000 000 mm has ten
significant figures
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RULES IN EVALUATING
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
RULE EXAMPLES

5. Final zeros – zeros at the end of a
number that lies to the left of an
understood decimal point may or may
not be significant.
a. The zeros in numbers that do not
have a decimal point such as 200 m,
5000 m and 12,300 m may or may not
be significant. The number of
significant numbers in 5000 m can be
one, two, three or four. However, if
such zeros were known measured
values, then they would be significant
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RULES FOR SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

IN FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONS
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
When measurements are added or subtracted, the answer
cannot have more decimal places than those in the least
accurate measurement. This means that the answer should
be rounded to the same number of decimal places as the
measurement with the least number of decimal places.

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SAMPLE PROBLEM

Calculate the sum of three masses:

120.0 g + 34.506 g + 13.15 g. Give the
answer to the correct number of
significant figures

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RULES FOR SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

IN FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONS
MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION
When measurements are multiplied or divided, it is the
significant figures, not the number of decimalplaces, in
each measurement that are counted. The answer cannot
contain more significant figures than those in the least
accurate measurement.

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SAMPLE PROBLEM

What is the density of an object

with a mass of 3.250 g and a
volume of 9.37 mL?

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