KIRTI

SHARMA
203251006
MSC-BIO II

BIOSTATISTICS PRESENTATION
 1. Intro
A data distribution is a function or a listing which
shows all the possible values (or intervals) of

Statistical the data

data
It also (and this is important) tells you how often
each value occurs. Often, the data in a
distribution will be ordered from smallest to

distribution largest, and graphs and charts allow you to

easily see both the values and the frequency
with which they appear.
 For characterizing data it is best to start with the
raw data and answer four basic questions which
will help in the characterization.

• Whether the data can take on only discrete values or whether the data is continuous; whether a new
pharmaceutical drug gets FDA approval or not is a discrete value but the revenues from the drug
represent a continuous variable.
• It looks at the symmetry of the data and if there is asymmetry, which direction it lies in;, are positive
and negative outliers equally likely or is one more likely than the other.
• Whether there are upper or lower limits on the data; there are some data items like revenues that
cannot be lower than zero whereas there are others like operating margins that cannot exceed a value
(100%).
• Relates to the likelihood of observing extreme values in the distribution; in some data, the extreme
values occur very infrequently whereas in others, they occur more often
 TYPES OF
STATISTICAL
DISTRIBUTIONS
DISCUSSION ON:

1. Normal Distribution.

Bell shaped symmetric curve

2. Skewed Distribution.

Positively skewed ( towards left)

Negatively skewed ( towards right)
● MEAN: The arithmetic mean is the sum of all
the observations divided by the number of
observations.
● It is written in statistical terms as
The sign Σ (sigma) = (x1 + x2 +……xn)

● MEDIAN: The sample median is

1. is the largest observation if n is odd

2. largest observations if n is even

● MODE : The mode is the most frequently

occurring value among all the observations in a
sample.
Data : 13, 18, 13, 14, 13, 16, 14, 21, 13
n=9

Mean: (13 + 18 + 13 + 14 + 13 + 16 + 14 + 21 +
13) ÷ 9 = 15

Median: 13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 16, 18, 21 (9+1/2

= 5)

Mode: 13 is the mode.

 NORMAL
DISTRIBUTION

 Properties of a normal
distribution

1. The mean, mode and median  are all equal.

2. The curve is symmetric at the center (i.e.
around the mean, μ).
3. Exactly half of the values are to the left of
center and exactly half the values are to the
right.
4. The total area under the curve is 1.

 For E.g. Heights of people.

Measurement errors.
Blood pressure.
Points on a test.
IQ scores.
Salaries.
 Standard deviation controls the spread of
the distribution.
 Smaller standard deviation= data is tightly
clustered around the mean.
Normal distribution will be taller.
 Larger standard deviation= data is spread
out around the mean.
Normal distribution will be flatter and
wider.
• 68% of the data falls within one standard
deviation of the mean.
• 95% of the data falls within two standard
deviations of the mean.
• 99.7% of the data falls within three
standard deviations of the mean.
 SKEWED
DISTRIBUTION ● If one tail is longer than another, the
distribution is skewed.
● These distributions are sometimes called
asymmetric or asymmetrical distributions as
they don’t show any kind of symmetry.
● The relationship between the arithmetic mean
and the sample median can be used to assess
the symmetry of a distribution.
● Positively skewed distributions, the arithmetic
mean tends to be larger than the median.
● Negatively skewed distributions, the
arithmetic mean tends to be smaller than the
median.
 A left-skewed A right-skewed
distribution ha distribution ha
s a long left s a long right
tail. tail.
. 
Mean is also Mean is also
to the left of to the right of
the peak. the peak.

Long tail in the Long tail in the

negative positive
direction on the direction on the COMPARITIVE
number line. number line BETWEEN
Negatively-skewed Positive-skew
POSITIVE
distributions distributions SKEWED AND
NEGATIVE
SKEWED
VARIOUS MEASURES OF
SKEWNESS
 Measures of skewness help us to know to what degree and in which
direction (positive or negative) the frequency distribution has a departure
from symmetry.
 Although positive or negative skewness can be detected graphically
depending on whether the right tail or the left tail is longer but, we don’t get
idea of the magnitude.
 Hence some statistical measures are required to find the magnitude of lack
of symmetry.
 Measures of skewness can be both absolute as well as relative
 More the mean moves away from the mode, the larger the asymmetry or
skewness.
 An absolute measure of skewness can not be used for purposes of
comparison.
 Skewness (Sk) = Mean – Median

Absolute
Skewness (Sk) = Mean – Mode
Measures of
Skewness

Skewness (Sk) = (Q3 - Q2) - (Q2 -

Q1)
Karl Pearson Coefficient
Sk = Mean – Mode / S.D

Bowleys Coeffiicient of Skewness

SKB = Q3 + Q1- 2Q2/ Q3- Q1
Relative Measures
of Skewness
Kellys Coefficient of Skewness
SKK = Dq + D1 + 2Q2/ Dq – D1

Personian’s Coeffiecient of Skewness.

β1 =(µ3)2/ (µ2)2
Examples for normal
distribution
(a) human body
temperature
(b) university
undergraduate brain size.
(c) numbers of abdominal
bristles on Drosophila fruit
flies
 Examples for skewness:

 Distribution is symmetric: Distribution

of systolic blood-pressure measurements
taken on all 30- to 39-year-old factory
workers in a given workplace
 Distribution is positively skewed:
Distribution is that of the number of
years of oral contraceptive (OC) use
among a group of women ages 20 to 29
years.
 Distribution is negatively skewed:
Relative humidities observed in a humid
climate at the same time of day over a
number of days. Most humidities are at
or close to 100%, with a few very low
humidities on dry days.
 Good luck!
● https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-
statistics/normal-distributions
/
● https://
bio304-class.github.io/bio304-book/normal-distri
butions.html
● Fundamentals of Biostatics .
● http://www.igntu.ac.in/eContent/IGNTU-
eContent-467281593500-B.Com-4-
Prof.ShailendraSinghBhadouriaDean&-
BUSINESSSTATISTICS-All.pdf