Introduction To Geotechnical Engineering 2nd Edition Holtz Solutions Manual

Introduction to Geotechnical
Engineering 2nd Edition Holtz

Solutions Manual
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Stress Distribution and Settlement Analysis Chapter 10
CHAPTER 10
STRESS DISTRIBUTION AND SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS
10-1. Compare the stress distribution with depth for (a) a point load of 1200 kN and (b) a 1200
kN load applied over an area of 3 x3 m. Plot the results.
10-2. If you used the Boussinesq (or Westergaard) theory for Problem 10.1, do the problem
again but use the Westergaard (or Boussinesq) theory instead. Comment on the differences
between the two theories.
SOLUTION:
Rectangular Load Point Load
Corner Center
Depth, z σz 4σz Q/z2 NBouss Nwest σz - Bouss σz - West
(m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)
1 28.76 115.02 1200.00 0.477 0.318 572.96 381.97

5 4.98 19.92 48.00 0.477 0.318 22.92 15.28
10 1.38 5.52 12.00 0.477 0.318 5.73 3.82
15 0.63 2.50 5.33 0.477 0.318 2.55 1.70
20 0.35 1.42 3.00 0.477 0.318 1.43 0.95
25 0.23 0.91 1.92 0.477 0.318 0.92 0.61
30 0.16 0.63 1.33 0.477 0.318 0.64 0.42
40 0.09 0.36 0.75 0.477 0.318 0.36 0.24
45 0.07 0.28 0.59 0.477 0.318 0.28 0.19
50 0.06 0.23 0.48 0.477 0.318 0.23 0.15
Stress Increase (kPa)

0 10 20 30 40 50
0
10
Boussinesq
Depth, z (m)
20 Westergaard
Rectangle Center
30
40
50
60
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10-3. Compute the data and draw a curve of σz/Q versus depth for points directly below a point
load Q. On the same plot draw curves of σz/Q versus depth for points directly below the center of
square footings with breadths of 6.5 m and 20 m, respectively, each carrying a uniformly
distributed load Q. On the basis of this plot, make a statement relative to the range within which
loaded areas may be considered to act as point loads. (After Taylor, 1948.)
SOLUTION:
As can be viewed in the plot, at a depth of about two times the loaded area, the σz value is not
significantly different than the point load solution. (A Q value of 1000 was used in this solution.)
6.5 m x 6.5 m Load Point Load 20 m x 20 m Load

Corner Center Corner Center
Depth, z σz 4σz Q/z2 NBouss Nwest σz - Bouss σz - West σz 4σz
(m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)
1 6.28 25.10 1000.00 0.477 0.318 477.46 318.31 0.62 2.50

5 3.01 12.04 40.00 0.477 0.318 19.10 12.73 0.58 2.32
10 1.10 4.39 10.00 0.477 0.318 4.77 3.18 0.44 1.75
15 0.53 2.13 4.44 0.477 0.318 2.12 1.41 0.30 1.21
20 0.31 1.24 2.50 0.477 0.318 1.19 0.80 0.21 0.84
25 0.20 0.80 1.60 0.477 0.318 0.76 0.51 0.15 0.60
30 0.14 0.56 1.11 0.477 0.318 0.53 0.35 0.11 0.45
40 0.08 0.32 0.63 0.477 0.318 0.30 0.20 0.07 0.27
45 0.06 0.25 0.49 0.477 0.318 0.24 0.16 0.05 0.22
50 0.05 0.21 0.40 0.477 0.318 0.19 0.13 0.04 0.18

0 10 20 30 40 50
0
10 Boussinesq
Westergaard
Depth, z (m)
20
6.5m x 6.5m square load
30 20m x 20m square load
40
50
60
10-4. The center of a rectangular area at ground surface has Cartesian coordinates (0, 0), and
the corners have coordinates (7, 18). All dimensions are in meters. The area carries a uniform
pressure of 150 kPa. Estimate the stresses at a depth of 20 m below ground surface at each of
the following locations using the Boussinesq approach: (0, 0), (0, 18), (7, 0), (7, 18), and (12, 28).
SOLUTION:
(12,28)
+
(0, 18) qo = 150 kPa and z = 20 m

(7, 18)
+ Determine the stress increase using Fig. 10.4 (or Eq.
10.6) for the vertical stress under the corner of a
uniformly loaded rectangular area. Use superposition as
necessary. (Influence values presented below were
determined using the Boussinesq solution as given by
+(0, 0) + (7,0) Eq. 10.6.)
(a) (0,0)
x = 7, y = 9 → I = 0.0592 (multiply I by 4)
σz = 4qoI = 35.49 kPa
(b) (0,18)
x = 7, y = 36 → I = 0.1007 (multiply I by 2)
σz = 2qoI = 30.21kPa
(c) (7,0)
x = 14, y = 18 → I = 0.0875 (multiply I by 2)
σz = 2qoI = 26.25 kPa
(d) (7,18)
x = 14, y = 36 → I = 0.1672 (multiply by 1)
σz = qoI = 25.08 kPa
(e) (12, 28)

(x1 = 36, y1 = 19), (x 2 = 19, y 2 = 10), (x 3 = 46, y 3 = 5), (x 4 = 5, y 4 = 10)
σz = qo ∑I = q
i 0 (I1 − I2 − I3 + I4 ) = (150 kPa) × (0.1942 − 0.1181 − 0.0756 + 0.0475)
σz = 7.2 kPa
10-5. Compare the results of Problem 10.4 with those of the 2:1 method. Comments?
SOLUTION:
qoBL (150 kPa)(14 m)(36 m)
(Eq. 10.2) σz = =
(B + z)(L + z) (36 + 20)(14 + 20) m2
σz = 39.7 kPa
10-6. Calculate the stress distribution with depth at a point 3.5 m from the corner (along the
longest side) of a rectangularly loaded area 15 by 35 m with a uniform load of 75 kPa.
+ (15, 38.5)
qo = 75 kPa and z varies
Determine the stress increase using Fig. 10.4 (or Eq.
10.6) for the vertical stress under the corner of a
uniformly loaded rectangular area. Use superposition as
necessary. (Influence values presented below were
35.0 m.
determined using the Boussinesq solution as given by
Eq. 10.6.)
(0, 0)
+
SOLUTION:
Boussinesq 2:1 Method
Depth Ι1 Ι2 Δσv Δσv
(m) (kPa) (kPa)
1 0.2500 0.2477 0.17 68.36
5 0.2464 0.1711 5.65 49.22
10 0.2292 0.0989 9.78 35.00
15 0.2026 0.0632 10.45 26.25
35 0.1100 0.0177 6.92 11.25
50 0.0718 0.0093 4.69 7.13
100 0.0242 0.0025 1.63 2.54
Bous sin esq

x = 38.5, y = 15 → I1
x = 3.5, y = 15 → I2
σz = qo (I1 − I2 ) (see tabulated results)
qoBL (75 kPa)(15 m)(35 m)
(2 : 1 Method, Eq. 10.2) σz = =
(B + z)(L + z) (35 + z)(15 + z) m2

0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00
0
20
Depth (m)
40
60
80
Boussinesq
100 2:1 Method
120
10-7. How far apart must two 18 m diameter tanks be placed such that their stress overlap is not
greater than 10% of the contact stress at depths of 10, 20, and 30 m?
SOLUTION:
Use Fig. 10.5. Determine x for I values of 5%
At z = 10 m: z = 1.11, x = 2, x = 18 m
r r
At z = 20 m: z = 2.22, x = 2.4, x = 21.6 m
r r
At z = 30 m: z = 3.33, x = 2.3, x = 20.7 m
r r
10-9. Work Example 10.5, using superposition of the results of Figs. 10.7 and 10.4. How does
your answer compare with the solution for Example 10.5?
SOLUTION:
Scan fig from p.471
Fig. 10.7 − Corner of triangular load:
Assume L is very large in comparison to z; thus, m = 10 + .
For z = 3 m : m = 10, n = 2, I = 0.179
For z = 6 m : m = 10, n = 1, I = 0.125
Fig. 10.4 − Corner of rectangular loaded area:

Assume y is very large in comparison to x; thus, n = 10 + .
For z = 3 m : m = 1.67, n = 10, I = 0.234
For z = 6 m : m = 0.83, n = 10, I = 0.189
Apply superposition:
For z = 3 m : σ z = qo (I1 + I2 ) = 2 × (59 kPa)(0.179 + 0.234) = 48.7 kPa
For z = 6 m : σz = qo (I1 + I2 ) = 2 × (59 kPa)(0.125 + 0.189) = 37.1kPa
10-10. Given the data of Example 10.6. Instead of a load on the surface, compute the depth of
an excavation to cause a reduction in stress at the bottom of the excavation of 200 kPa if ρ = 2.1
Mg/m3. The excavation plan area is shown in Fig. Ex. 10.6a.
SOLUTION:
Find z for Δσ = 200 kPa at point O’ using the Boussinesq method (Fig. 10.4 or Eq. 10.6)
ρ = 2.1 Mg
m3
; (
γ = 2.1 Mg )⎛ 9.81 m ⎞ = 20.6 kN
⎜
m3 ⎝
⎟
s2 ⎠ m3
γ × z = Δσ v
20.6 kN × z = −200 kPa
m3
z = 9.71m excavation
Now, determine σz 9.71 m below point O', for qo = −200 kPa using superposition.
Find σz at z = 9.71 m, for qo = -200 kPa. (Influence values presented in the table below were
determined using the Boussinesq solution as given by Eq. 10.6.)
Rectangle x y I
1 60 100 0.25
2 60 20 0.24
3 10 20 0.203
4 10 40 0.206
∑ Ii = 0.899
σz = qo ( ∑ I ) = (−200 kPa)(0.899) = −179.8 kPa

1
10-11. For the excavation of Problem 10.10, estimate the stress change at a depth of 50 m
below the bottom of the excavation at point O’.
qo = -200 kPa, z = 50 m
Determine the stress decrease using
Fig. 10.4 (or Eq. 10.6) for the vertical
stress under the corner of a uniformly
loaded rectangular area. Use
superposition by adding I values for the
4 rectangular areas as tabulated below.
SOLUTION:
Find σz at z = 50 m, for qo = -200 kPa. (Influence values presented in the table below were
determined using the Boussinesq solution as given by Eq. 10.6.)
Rectangle x y I
1 60 100 0.212
2 60 20 0.106
3 10 20 0.033
4 10 40 0.050
∑ Ii = 0.401
σz = qo ( ∑ I ) = (−200 kPa)(0.401) = −80.2 kPa

1
10-13. A strip footing 2.5 m wide is loaded on the ground surface with a pressure equal to 175
kPa. Calculate the stress distribution at depths of 2.5, 7.5 and 12.5 m under the center of the
footing. If the footing rested on a normally consolidated cohesive layer whose LL was 78 and
whose PL was 47, estimate the settlement of the footing. Assume wn = 50%, S = 100%, γ’ = 7.5
kN/m3, and the total clay layer thickness beneath the footing = 15 m.
SOLUTION:
Find σz for qo = 175 kPa. Use ½ the footing width and multiply by 4 (superposition) to determine
the maximum value of σz at the midpoint of the strip footing. Use this value for settlement
determinations. (Influence values presented below were determined using the Boussinesq
solution as given by Eq. 10.6.)
Assume x is very large in comparison to y; thus, m = ∞.
1.25
For z = 2.5 m : n = = 1.0, I = 0.137, σz − 2.5 = qo × I = 4(175 kPa)(0.137) = 95.9 kPa
2.5
1.25
For z = 7.5 m : n = = 0.167, I = 0.052, σ z − 5 = qo × I = 4(175 kPa)(0.052) = 36.4 kPa
7.5
1.25
For z = 12.5 m : n = = 0.10, I = 0.032, σz −10 = qo × I = 4(175 kPa)(0.032) = 22.4 kPa
12.5
Estimate Cc using Eq. 8.28: Cc = 0.009(LL − 10) = (0.009)(78 − 10) = 0.612

Gs w (2.7)(50)
Estiamte eo . Assume w n ≈ 50%, S ≈ 100%, and Gs ≈ 2.7 →= e= = 1.35
S (100)
Determine sc by dividing clay profile into 3 layers with centers at z = 2.5, 5, and 10 m.
n
σi + Δσi
∑ H log
Cc
Use Eq. 10.15 for NC clay: sc = i
1 + eo i =1
σi
0.612 ⎡ ⎛ 18.8 + 95.9 ⎞ ⎛ 56.3 + 36.4 ⎞ ⎛ 93.8 + 22.4 ⎞ ⎤
sc = ⎢5 × log ⎜ ⎟ + 5 × log ⎜ ⎟ + 5 × log ⎜ ⎟⎥
1 + 1.35 ⎣ ⎝ 18.8 ⎠ ⎝ 56.3 ⎠ ⎝ 93.8 ⎠⎦
sc = (0.260) ⎣⎡3.927 + 1.083 + 0.465 ⎦⎤
sc = 1.42 m
10-16. A large oil storage tank 90 m in diameter is to be constructed on the soil profile shown in
Fig. P10.16. Average depth of the oil in the tank is 18 m, and the specific gravity of the oil is 0.92.
Consolidation tests from the clay layer are similar to those given in Problem 8.18. Estimate the
maximum total and differential consolidation settlement of the tank. Neglect any settlements in
the sand. Work this problem: (a) assuming conditions at the middepth of the clay are typical of
the entire clay layer, and (b) dividing the clay layer into four or five thinner layers, computing the
settlement of each thin layer and summing up by Eq. (8.14). Hint: See Example 10.8.
SOLUTION:
( )
Gs = 0.92, ρoil = (0.92) 1 Mg m3 = 0.92 Mg m3
(
γ oil = 0.92 Mg m3 ) ( 9.81 ) = 9.025
m
s2
kN
m3
qo = ( 9.025 kN
m3) (18 m) = 162.4 kPa
From Fig. 10.5: for r = 45 m and z = 30 m, σz = Δσ v = 135 kPa
consolidation indices from Problem 8.18: Ccε = 0.154, Crε = 0.0112, σ'p = 260 kPa
clay layer properties: w = 29.3%, ρd = 1.5 Mg m3 , eo = 0.79
( )
clay: ρt = 1.5 Mg m3 (1 + 0.293 ) = 1.94 Mg m3 , ρ ' = 1.94 − 1.0 = 0.94 Mg m3
1.81
sand: ρt = 1.81 Mg m3 , ρ ' = 1.81 − 1.0 = 0.81 Mg m3 , estimate ρdry = = 1.7 Mg m3
0.06 + 1
At the center of the clay layer: σ'vo = ⎣⎡(2)(1.7) + (18)(0.81) + (10)(0.94)⎦⎤ × 9.81 = 268.6 kPa
σ'vo ≈ σ'p ∴ clay is NC
σ 'vo + Δσv
(a) Eq. 8.13: sc = CcεHo log
σ 'vo
(268.6 + 135)
sc = (0.154)(20 m)log = (0.154)(20 m)(0.1768)
268.6
sc = 0.5447 m = 544.7 mm
solution continued on next page
10-16 continued.
n
σ 'vo + Δσv
(b) For multiple layers: sc = Ccε ∑ H log
i =1
i
σ 'vo
See tabulated values below. When σ 'vo > σ'p , assume σ'p = σ 'vo
Solution: sc = 0.3572 m = 357 mm
Depth Below Clay Surface σ'vo σ'p Δσv σ'vf Compression Ratio Change in
Sublayer Effective Preconsol. Pressure Final Recomp. Virgin Thickness

Top Bottom Center of Thickness Overburden Pressure Change Pressure Curve Curve ΔH
Sublayer Ho Pressure Cε r Cε c
(m) (m) (m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (m)
0.0 5.0 2.50 5.00 199.40 260.0 148.0 347.40 0.0112 0.154 0.1034
5.0 10.0 7.50 5.00 245.54 260.0 139.0 384.54 0.0112 0.154 0.1323
10.0 15.0 12.50 5.00 291.65 291.7 130.0 421.65 0.0112 0.154 0.1233
15.0 20.0 17.50 5.00 337.76 337.8 120.0 457.76 0.0112 0.154 0.1017
20.0 27.5 SUM = 15.00 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! SUM = 0.3572
10-17. Estimate the ultimate consolidation settlement under the centerline of a 17 x 17 m mat
foundation. The mat is 1.2 m thick reinforced concrete, and the average stress on the surface of
the slab is 80 kPa. The soil profile is shown in Fig. P10.17. Oedometer tests on samples of the
clay provide these average values: Neglect any settlements due to the sand layer.
Cc = 0.40, Cr = 0.03, clay is NC
SOLUTION:
Estimate γ conc = 23.6 kN m3
( )
qo = 23.6 kN m3 (1.2 m ) + 80 = 108.3 kPa
(
qnet = 108.3 − 1.9 Mg m3 ) (9.81 ) (1.2 m) = 85.9 kPa
m
s2
8.5 8.5
From Fig. 10.4 (Eq. 10.6): for m = , n= Determine I at center of each sublayer.
z z
consolidation properties: Cc = 0.40, Cr = 0.03, σ'p = σ 'vo for NC clay
clay layer properties: w = 42%, ρsat = 1.8 Mg m3 , ρ ' = 1.8 − 1.0 = 0.8 Mg m3
Gs w (2.7)(42)
estimate eo = = = 1.13 → Ccε = 0.187, Crε = 0.014
S 100
Break clay into 4 sublayers as shown in the table below.

Sublayer Ho Pressure Cεr Cε c
0.0 2.0 1.00 2.00 101.05 101.05 85.8 186.85 0.187 0.014 0.0075
2.0 4.0 3.00 2.00 116.74 116.74 83.5 200.24 0.187 0.014 0.0066
4.0 7.0 5.50 3.00 136.36 136.36 74.8 211.16 0.187 0.014 0.0080
7.0 10.0 8.50 3.00 159.91 159.91 60.2 220.11 0.187 0.014 0.0058
10-17 continued.
n
σi + Δσi
∑ H log
Cc
Use Eq. 10.15 for NC clay: sc = i
1 + eo i =1
σi
At the center of each clay sublayer: σ' = (1.9
vo
Mg
m3 ) (9.81 ) ( 5 m) + (0.8
m
s2
Mg
m3 ) (9.81 ) z
m
s2
σ'vo = 93.2 kPa + (7.848)z; where, z = depth below the clay surface
use superposition to determine Δσv = σz =4 ( qnet ) (I)
RESULTS : sc = 0.0204 m = 20 mm
10-18. Three uniformly distributed loads of 100 kPa each are applied to 10 x 10 m square areas
on the soil profile shown in Fig. P10.18. Undisturbed samples of the clay were taken prior to
construction, and consolidation tests indicated that the average preconsolidation stress is about
110 kPa, the average compression index is 0.50, and the average recompression index is 0.02.
Estimate the total consolidation settlement for the clay layer only under the center of the middle
loaded area.
SOLUTION:
qo = 100 kPa, assume eo = 0.9
0.50 0.02
consolidation indices: Ccε = = 0.55, Crε = = 0.022, σ'p = 110 kPa
0.9 0.9
clay: γ ' = (1.83 − 1.0)(9.81) = 8.14 kN m3
sand: γ ' = (2.0 − 1.0)(9.81) = 9.81 kN m3
At the center of the clay layer: σ'vo = (10)(9.81) + (1.5)(8.14) = 110.3 kPa
σ'vo ≈ σ'p ∴ clay is NC
σ 'vo + Δσv
Eq. 8.13: sc = CcεHo log
σ 'vo
Use Fig. 10.4 (Eq. 10.6) to calculate Δσv = σz at the center of the 3 mats, at depth z = 11.5 m.
Δσv = σz = qo ∑ I = 4q
i 0 (I1 − I2 + I3 ) = ( 4)(100 kPa) × (0.1226 − 0.1200 + 0.1043)
Δσv = 42.76 kPa (see tabulated values below)
Rectangle x y I
1 30 5 0.1226
2 20 5 0.1200
3 5 5 0.1043
(110.3 + 42.76)
sc = (0.55)(3 m)log = (0.55)(3 m)(0.1423)
110.3
sc = 0.235 m = 235 mm
10-19. A series of oil storage tanks are to be constructed near Mystic River power station in
Boston, MA. The typical tank is 22 m in diameter, and it exerts an average foundation stress of
about 125 kPa. The soil profile at the site is very similar to that shown in Fig. 8.19(a), see next
page. Estimate both the total and differential consolidation settlement under the average tank.
SOLUTION:
⎡ σ 'p σ 'vo + Δσv ⎤
Eq. 8.19b: sc = Ho ⎢Crε
⎣⎢
∑ log σ ' vo
+ Ccε ∑ log σ 'p
⎥
⎦⎥
Calculate settlement of the silt and clay layers from depth 7 to 32 m.
Break region into 4 sublayers.
Estimate σ'vo and σ'p by interpolating values from the plot in Fig. 8.19a.
Use empirical expressions from Chpt. 8 to estimate Cc and Cr .
Use Fig. 10.5 to determine Δσ v beneath the center and the edge of the tank,
at the center of each sublayer.
The differential settlement is the difference between these two sc values.
..............................................................................................................................
Assume Gs = 2.7
Gs w (2.7)(0.3)
Estimate eo for the upper organic and silty layers. eo = = = 0.81
S 1.0
G w (2.7)(0.4)
Estimate eo for the lower blue clay layer. eo = s = = 1.08
S 1.0
Use Table 8.3 to estimate Cc for the upper organic and silty layers.
Cc 0.345
Cc = 1.15 × 10−2 × 30 = 0.345, Ccε = = = 0.191
1 + eo 1.81
0.191
estimate Crε = = 0.0191
10
Use Table 8.4 to estimate Cc for the lower blue clay layer.
Cc 0.4 0.192
assume Cc = 0.4, Ccε = = = 0.192, Crε = = 0.0192
1 + eo 2.08 10
See table below for Δσv values determined from Fig. 10.5.
Depth below Δσcenter Δσcenter

tank (z), m z/r Icenter (kPa) Icenter (kPa)
10 0.91 0.696 87.0 0.35 43.8

215 1.36 0.476 59.4 0.28 35.0
21 1.91 0.305 38.1 0.21 26.25
28.5 2.59 0.188 23.5 0.13 16.25
10-19 continued.
Table below summarizes consolidation settlement calculation for the tank center.
10-19: Tank Center

Sublayer Ho Pressure Cε r Cεc
0.0 6.0 3.00 6.00 8.93 80.00 87.0 95.88 0.191 0.0191 1.1003
6.0 10.0 8.00 4.00 14.10 30.00 59.5 73.55 0.191 0.0191 0.2803
10.0 18.0 14.00 8.00 19.74 19.74 38.1 57.85 0.192 0.0192 0.0717
18.0 25.0 21.50 7.00 26.79 26.79 23.5 50.29 0.192 0.0192 0.0368
Table below summarizes consolidation settlement calculation for the tank edge.
10-19: Tank Edge

Sublayer Ho Pressure Cεr Cε c
0.0 6.0 3.00 6.00 8.93 80.00 43.8 52.73 0.191 0.0191 0.8838
6.0 10.0 8.00 4.00 14.10 30.00 35.0 49.10 0.191 0.0191 0.2669
10.0 18.0 14.00 8.00 19.74 19.74 26.3 45.99 0.192 0.0192 0.0564
18.0 25.0 21.50 7.00 26.79 26.79 16.3 43.04 0.192 0.0192 0.0277
10-19. Solution Summary

Total maximum consolidation settlement = 389 mm
Differential settlement = 389 – 351 = 38 mm
10-20. A new highway to Siracha, Thailand, is to be constructed east of Bangkok, across a

region of deep deposits of very soft marine clay. A typical soil profile is shown in Fig. 8.21(a). The
average Cc = 0.8 below the drying crust. The proposed embankment is 17 m wide at the top, has
three horizontal to one vertical side slope, and is 2.5 m high. Estimate the ultimate consolidation
settlement of the centerline of the embankment.
SOLUTION:
⎡ σ 'p σ ' + Δσv ⎤

Eq. 8.19b: sc = Ho ⎢Crε
⎢⎣
log
σ 'vo∑+ Ccε log vo
σ 'p
⎥
⎥⎦
∑
Calculate settlement of the silt and clay layers from depth 0 to 10 m.
Break upper crust (0 to 4 m) into 2 sublayers, and lower clay (4 to 10 m) into 2 sublayers.
Estimate σ'vo and σ'p by interpolating values from the plot in Fig. 8.21a.
Use Fig. 10.6 to determine Δσ v beneath the center of the embankment,
at the center of each sublayer.
..............................................................................................................................
Assume Gs = 2.7, w = 15% (upper crust)
Gs w (2.7)(1.0)
Estimate eo for the lower green clay sublayers. eo = = = 2.7
S 1.0
Use Table 8.4 from Chpt. 8 to estimate Cc for upper crust sublayers → Cc = 0.4
Cc 0.4 0.108
upper crust: Ccε = = = 0.108; estimate Crε = = 0.0108
1 + eo 3.7 10
Cc 0.8 0.216
green clay: Ccε = = = 0.216; estimate Crε = = 0.0216
1 + eo 3.7 10
See table below for Δσv values determined from Fig. 10.6.
Estimate γ fill = 20.4 kN m3 , a = 7.5 m, b = 17 m, (
qo = (2.5 m) 20.4 kN m3 = 51kPa )
z below
embankment Δσv = 2σz
(m) a/z b/z I (kPa)
1 7.5 17 0.499 50.9

3 2.5 5.7 0.499 50.9
5.5 1.4 3.1 0.49 50.0
8.5 0.88 2.0 0.475 48.4
From profile in Fig. 8.21a: σ 'vo = 3.3z + 2

Estimate σ'p values from plot in Fig. 8.21a
10-20 continued.
10-20: Embankment Center

Sublayer Ho Pressure Cε r Cεc
0.0 2.0 1.00 2.00 5.30 34.00 50.9 56.20 0.0108 0.108 0.0646
2.0 4.0 3.00 2.00 11.90 30.00 50.9 62.80 0.0108 0.108 0.0780
4.0 7.0 5.50 3.00 20.15 36.00 50.0 70.15 0.0216 0.216 0.2041
7.0 10.0 8.50 3.00 30.05 50.00 48.4 78.45 0.0216 0.216 0.1411
10-20. Solution Summary
Consolidation settlement at embankment center = 423 mm
10-21. Figure P10.21 shows a proposed foundation site, with 10 ft of sand overlying 15 ft of clay
with consolidation properties shown. The clay is normally consolidated. Assume 1-D conditions.
(a) Compute the initial σ’v at the middle of the clay layer prior to excavation and construction. (b)
After excavation and during construction, the foundation area will be heavily loaded with the
structure and equipment so that σ’v at the middle of the clay layer will be increased to 3900 psf.
Determine the settlement that will occur under these conditions. (c) After construction is
completed, the equipment will be removed, and the final σ’v at the middle of the clay layer will be
3200 psf.
SOLUTION:
(a) At the center of the clay layer: σ'vo = (10 ft)(110 pcf ) + (7.5 ft)(120 − 62.4 pcf ) = 1532 psf
σ 'vo + Δσv
(b) Eq. 8.13: sc = CcεHo log
σ 'vo
3900
sc = (0.165)(15)log = (2.475)(0.406) = 1.0 ft
1532
σ' 3200
(c) sc = CrεHo log vf = (0.033)(15)log = (0.495)( −0.0859) = −0.0425 ft (0.52 in)
σ 'vo 3900
Heave = 0.52 inches occurs after the equipment is removed (part b to part c).
Net movement = 12 − 0.52 = 11.5 in (settlement)
10-22. As part of a construction project, a 7.5 m thick layer of clay is to be loaded with a
temporary 3 m thick sand layer. The figure below shows the water table location, soil unit weights,
and the compression curve properties for the clay. Assume the sand layer remains dry. (a)
Calculate the value of σ’v in the middle of the clay layer (at 3.75 m below the water table) before
the sand layer is applied, and after consolidation is complete. (b) Based on your answer in part
(a), and the compression curve characteristics, calculate the settlement that will occur under
these conditions. (c) How much will the clay layer heave when the 3 m sand layer is removed?
SOLUTION:
(a) At the center of the clay layer: σ'vo = (3.75 m)(20.5 − 9.81 kN m3 ) = 40.09 kPa
σ 'p = 74 kPa
(b) σ'vo < σ 'p ∴ clay is OC
σ'vf = (3 m)(16 kN
m3
) + 40.09 = 88.09 kPa
σ 'p σ 'vo + Δσv
Eq. 8.19b: sc = CrεHo log + CcεHo log +
σ 'vo σ 'p
74 88.09
sc = (0.03)(7.5)log + (0.18)(7.5)log = 0.05989 + 0.1022
40.09 74
sc = 0.162 m = 162 mm
σ 'vf 40.09
(c) sc = CrεHo log = (0.03)(7.5)log = −0.0769 m = 77 mm (heave)
σ 'vo 88.09
10-23. The figure shows the 1-D compression curve for a clay. (a) Using log interpolation
between 100 and 1000, determine the σ’v value at a vertical strain, εv = 20%. (b) If the initial void
ratio, eo = 0.846, determine Cr and Cc for this soil. For Cc, use the portion of the curve between σ’v
= 200 and 800 kPa. (c) If the original clay layer thickness is 9.5 m, determine the settlement that
occurs in the layer when it is loaded from 70 to 200 kPa.
SOLUTION:
(a) σ 'v = 140 kPa at ε v = 20% ( ∼ 60% of the way between 100 and 200)
0.40 − 0
(b) Ccε = = 0.248 → Cc = Ccε (1 + eo ) = (0.248)(1 + 0.846) = 0.458
900
log
22
0.32 − 0.30
Crε = = 0.01 → Cr = Crε (1 + eo ) = (0.01)(1 + 0.846) = 0.0185
1000
log
10
sc
(c) ε v = ; From the consolidation curve, Δε v = 0.20 − 0.05 = 0.15
Ho
sc = (0.15)(9.5 m) = 1.42 m
10-24. A large embankment is to be built on the surface of a 15-ft clay layer. Before the
embankment is built, the initial σ’v at the middle of the clay layer is 480 psf. The results from a 1-D
consolidation test on the clay from the middle of the layer are as follows: σ’p = 1800 psf, Crε =
0.0352, Ccε = 0.180. If the final σ’v at the middle of the layer after the embankment loading is
2100 psf, what is the settlement, in inches, of the clay layer resulting from this loading?
SOLUTION:
At the center of the clay layer: σ'vo = 480 kPa, σ 'p = 1800 kPa
σ'vo < σ 'p ∴ clay is OC
σ'vf = 2100 kPa
Eq. 8.19b: sc = CrεHo log + CcεHo log
σ 'vo σ 'p
1800 2100
sc = (0.0352)(15)log + (0.18)(15)log = 0.3031 + 0.1808
480 1800
sc = 0.484 ft = 5.8 inches
10-25. The figure shows a proposed site where an excavation will be made. The 10 ft layer of
sand will be removed, so that the top of the 24 ft. normally consolidated clay layer will be
exposed. Assume full capillarity in the clay only. (a) Assume that the water table location remains
the same during excavation. Compute the σv, σ’v and u values at the middle of the clay layer
before and after the excavation. (b) Assuming 1-D conditions, compute how much the clay layer
will deform due to this excavation, in inches. Specify whether this is settlement or heave.
SOLUTION:
(a) before excavation
σv = (10 ft)(110 pcf ) + (3 ft)(120 pcf ) + (9 ft)(120 pcf ) = 1100 + 360 + 1080 = 2540 psf
u = (9 ft)(62.4 pcf ) = 561.6 psf

σ 'v = σv − u = 2540 − 561.6 = 1978.4 psf
after excavation
σv = (3 ft)(120 pcf ) + (9 ft)(120 pcf ) = 1440 psf
u = (9 ft)(62.4 pcf ) = 561.6 psf

σ 'v = σv − u = 1440 − 561.6 = 878.4 psf
σ 'vf 878.4
(b) sc = CrεHo log = (0.035)(24)log = −0.2962 ft
σ 'vo 1978.4
sc = 3.55 inches of heave
10-26. The figure shows the soil profile at a site where you plan to lower the water table. You
have results from two consolidation tests, one from the upper 12 ft thick overconsolidated crust,
and another from the lower 32 ft thick normally consolidated zone. You plan to lower the water
table from its current 12 ft depth to 20 ft below ground surface. The consolidation properties for
each layer are shown. Assume full capillarity. (a) Compute σ’v the in the middle of each layer
before and after the water table is lowered. (b) Determine the total settlement that will result from
lowering the water table.
SOLUTION:
(a) water table at 12 ft
σv = (12 ft)(120 pcf ) + (16 ft)(118 pcf ) = 1200 + 1888 = 3088 psf
u = (16 ft)(62.4 pcf ) = 998.4 psf
σ 'v = σv − u = 3088 − 998.4 = 2089.6 psf
water table at 20 ft
σv = (12 ft)(120 pcf ) + (16 ft)(118 pcf ) = 1200 + 1888 = 3088 psf
u = (8 ft)(62.4 pcf ) = 499.2 psf
σ 'v = σv − u = 3088 − 499.2 = 2588.8 psf
Consolidtaion settlement will occur in the lower, soft clay, layer.

σ 'vo + Δσ v
Eq. 8.19b: sc = CcεHo log
σ 'p
2588.8
sc = (0.185)(32)log = 0.551 ft = 6.6 in
2089.6
10-27. When a consolidation test is performed on some soils, the virgin compression region is
not linear, but bilinear. The figure shows such a compression curve from a 15 ft thick layer. (a)
What vertical strain, εv, occurs when the soil is loaded from an initial σ’v1 = 560 psf to σ’v2 = 3000
psf? (b) If you load the soil further, to σ’v3 = 4000 psf, how much additional settlement occurs?
(c) Finally, if you unload from 4000 psf back to σ’v4 =3000 psf, what additional deformation (in
feet) occurs?
SOLUTION:
⎡ σ 'vf ⎤
∑ ⎢⎣C log σ '
980 3000
(a) ε v = i ⎥ = (0.032)log + (0.17)log
vi ⎦ 560 980
ε v = 0.00778 + 0.0826 = 0.090 = 9.0%
4000
(b) sc = (15 ft)(0.14)log = (15)(0.01749) = 0.26 ft (3.1in)
3000
3000
(c) sc = (15 ft)(0.032)log = (15)( −0.004)
4000
sc = −0.06 ft ( −0.72 in) → heave
10-28. The figure shows a soil profile where a clay layer will consolidate under an embankment
loading of 150 kPa. There is no capillarity. Your firm performed two consolidation tests: i) one
test indicated that the soil is overconsolidated, with σ’p = 110 kPa. ii) one test indicated that the
soil is normally consolidated. Both tests gave the same Crε and Ccε values. Assume Ccε = 0.25.
(a) Determine the initial σ’v at the middle of the clay layer (i.e., at depth 5.5 m). (b) Compute the
settlement due to the embankment loading, assuming that the overconsolidated assumption is
correct (σ’p = 110 kPa). (c) Compute the settlement again, this time assuming that the soil is
normally consolidated.
SOLUTION:
(a) At the center of the clay layer: σ'vo = (2.5 m)(16 kN m3 ) + (3 m)(20.5 − 9.81 kN m3 ) = 72.07 kPa
(b) σ 'p = 110 kPa, σ'vf = 150 + 72.1 = 222.1kPa

σ'vo < σ 'p ∴ clay is OC
Eq. 8.19b: sc = CrεHo log + CcεHo log
σ 'vo σ 'p
110 222.1
sc = (0.025)(6)log + (0.25)(6)log = 0.0275 + 0.4577
72.1 110
sc = 0.4852 m = 485.2 mm
(c) Assume σ'vo = σ 'p = 72.1kPa

σ 'vo + Δσ v 222.1
sc = CcεHo log = (0.025)(6)log = 0.073 = 73.3 mm
σ 'p 72.1

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Introduction to Geotechnical

Engineering 2nd Edition Holtz

STRESS DISTRIBUTION AND SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS

1 28.76 115.02 1200.00 0.477 0.318 572.96 381.97

Stress Increase (kPa)

6.5 m x 6.5 m Load Point Load 20 m x 20 m Load

1 6.28 25.10 1000.00 0.477 0.318 477.46 318.31 0.62 2.50

Stress Increase (kPa)

(0, 18) qo = 150 kPa and z = 20 m

(e) (12, 28)

Bous sin esq

Stress Increase (kPa)

Fig. 10.4 − Corner of rectangular loaded area:

For z = 6 m : σz = qo (I1 + I2 ) = 2 × (59 kPa)(0.125 + 0.189) = 37.1kPa

σz = qo ( ∑ I ) = (−200 kPa)(0.899) = −179.8 kPa

σz = qo ( ∑ I ) = (−200 kPa)(0.401) = −80.2 kPa

Estimate Cc using Eq. 8.28: Cc = 0.009(LL − 10) = (0.009)(78 − 10) = 0.612

solution continued on next page

Sublayer Effective Preconsol. Pressure Final Recomp. Virgin Thickness

Sublayer Effective Preconsol. Pressure Final Recomp. Virgin Thickness

solution continued on next page

Depth below Δσcenter Δσcenter

10 0.91 0.696 87.0 0.35 43.8

solution continued on next page

Sublayer Effective Preconsol. Pressure Final Recomp. Virgin Thickness

Sublayer Effective Preconsol. Pressure Final Recomp. Virgin Thickness

10-19. Solution Summary

Differential settlement = 389 – 351 = 38 mm

10-20. A new highway to Siracha, Thailand, is to be constructed east of Bangkok, across a

⎡ σ 'p σ ' + Δσv ⎤

1 7.5 17 0.499 50.9

From profile in Fig. 8.21a: σ 'vo = 3.3z + 2

solution continued on next page

Sublayer Effective Preconsol. Pressure Final Recomp. Virgin Thickness

10-20. Solution Summary

Consolidation settlement at embankment center = 423 mm

u = (9 ft)(62.4 pcf ) = 561.6 psf

u = (9 ft)(62.4 pcf ) = 561.6 psf

Consolidtaion settlement will occur in the lower, soft clay, layer.

(b) σ 'p = 110 kPa, σ'vf = 150 + 72.1 = 222.1kPa

(c) Assume σ'vo = σ 'p = 72.1kPa

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