Volume 8, Issue 10, October 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
A Privacy-Enhanced Video Streaming
Taxonomy (PEVIST)
Koffka Khan
Department of Computing and Information Technology
The University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, W.I.
Abstract:- The Privacy-Enhanced Video Streaming
Taxonomy (PEVIST) is a comprehensive framework that
delineates the multifaceted roles and applications of
homomorphic encryption in the domain of video
streaming. This taxonomy serves as a structured guide to
understanding how homomorphic encryption
technologies can be leveraged to fortify the security,
privacy, and efficiency of video streaming services.
PEVIST offers a systematic classification of use cases,
encompassing data privacy and confidentiality, secure
video delivery, content analysis and processing, content
recommendation, access control, watermarking,
monetization, quality of service monitoring, resource
efficiency, and adaptation to emerging technologies. It
highlights the significance of homomorphic encryption in
safeguarding user data, facilitating secure content
delivery, and enabling advanced analytics while
addressing the challenges related to performance, key
management, and compatibility. PEVIST provides a
valuable reference for stakeholders in the video streaming
industry seeking to harness encryption-based solutions to
protect the integrity and privacy of their content and user
data.
Keywords:- Privacy, Video Streaming, Homomorphic,
Encryption.
I. INTRODUCTION
In the digital age, video streaming has become an
integral part of our daily lives, delivering entertainment,
information, and communication through various online
platforms. As this industry continues to flourish, concerns
regarding the security and privacy of video content and user
data have gained prominence. To address these concerns,
homomorphic encryption, a cutting-edge cryptographic
technique, has emerged as a powerful tool that can
revolutionize the way video streaming services are secured
and managed.
The Privacy-Enhanced Video Streaming Taxonomy
(PEVIST) presents a structured framework to navigate the
intricate landscape of homomorphic encryption in the realm of
video streaming. This introduction provides an overview of
PEVIST, outlining the critical role of homomorphic
encryption and the necessity of a taxonomy to
comprehensively classify its applications in this dynamic
field.
IJISRT23OCT1778 www.ijisrt.com
A. The Growing Significance of Video Streaming:
The advent of high-speed internet, coupled with the
proliferation of smart devices, has propelled video streaming
to the forefront of media consumption. From on-demand
movies and TV shows to live sports and events, video
streaming has revolutionized how we access and enjoy
content. Yet, the convenience and accessibility of these
services have raised pressing concerns about data privacy,
content security, and the protection of sensitive user
information.
B. The Role of Homomorphic Encryption:
Homomorphic encryption, a breakthrough in modern
cryptography, offers a unique solution to these concerns. It
enables the performance of computations on encrypted data
without the need to decrypt it, thus maintaining the
confidentiality and integrity of the information. This
technology provides a compelling means to secure video
content, analyze it, and protect the privacy of users in a digital
ecosystem where data breaches and privacy infringements are
ever-present threats.
C. The Need for a Comprehensive Taxonomy:
As homomorphic encryption gains traction in video
streaming, the need for a structured framework to categorize
its diverse applications becomes evident. PEVIST is designed
to fulfill this requirement by systematically classifying the
roles of homomorphic encryption in video streaming, offering
insights into the various aspects where this technology can be
harnessed.
D. The Structure of PEVIST:
PEVIST is organized into categories that encompass
data privacy and confidentiality, secure video delivery,
content analysis and processing, content recommendation,
access control, watermarking, monetization, quality of service
monitoring, resource efficiency, and adaptation to emerging
technologies. These categories collectively highlight the
breadth of homomorphic encryption's influence on video
streaming services, addressing the multifaceted challenges
and opportunities that arise in this domain.
In this context, PEVIST serves as an indispensable
resource for content providers, streaming platforms,
researchers, and policymakers seeking to navigate the
evolving landscape of video streaming, making informed
decisions to enhance security, privacy, and efficiency in an
ever-connected world. This taxonomy aims to shed light on
the innovative applications of homomorphic encryption,
1946
Volume 8, Issue 10, October 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
unlocking new horizons in the quest for a more secure and
private video streaming experience.
This paper consists of seven sections. The importance of
video streaming in modern life is discussed in Section II. The
VSST taxonomy is given in Section III with the relationships
between taxonomy elements in Section IV. A discussion is
given in Section V and taxonomy uses in Section VI. Finally,
the conclusion is given in Section VII.
II. VIDEO STREAMING PRIVACY
Video streaming [16] has become an integral part of our
digital lives, offering a vast array of content, from movies and
TV shows to live broadcasts and user-generated videos [19].
While it provides unparalleled convenience [15] and
entertainment [17], it also raises significant privacy concerns.
Here's an exploration of how video streaming [18] intersects
with privacy in multiple aspects.
A. Data Privacy and User Profiling:
Video streaming platforms often collect vast amounts of
data about user behavior and preferences. This data includes
what users watch, how long they watch, and even their
interactions with the platform. While this data is crucial for
content recommendations and personalization, it also raises
privacy concerns. Users may feel uneasy about their viewing
habits and personal information being tracked and used for
marketing or other purposes.
B. Location Data and Geo-Restrictions:
Many video streaming platforms use geolocation data to
enforce regional content restrictions and provide localized
content libraries. While this is essential for licensing
agreements and content availability, it also means that users'
locations are known and tracked. This raises concerns about
users' physical privacy and the potential for location data to be
misused or breached.
C. Data Security and Breaches:
The security of user data on video streaming platforms is
paramount. Data breaches can lead to the exposure of
sensitive information, including user credentials, payment
details, and viewing histories. High-profile breaches in the
past have highlighted the risks to user privacy when personal
data falls into the wrong hands.
D. Profiling and Targeted Advertising:
Video streaming services often employ user profiling
and targeted advertising to monetize their platforms. While
this can result in more relevant ads and content
recommendations, it also means that users' viewing habits and
personal information are used to create advertising profiles.
Users may find this type of targeted advertising invasive and
an encroachment on their privacy.
E. User Authentication and Password Sharing:
The practice of sharing login credentials with family and
friends is common on video streaming platforms. While this
might be convenient, it also raises concerns about
authentication and access control. Users may inadvertently
IJISRT23OCT1778 www.ijisrt.com
ISSN No:-2456-2165
grant access to their personal profiles and viewing histories to
others, potentially affecting their privacy.
F. Privacy Controls and User Consent:
To address these privacy concerns, many video
streaming platforms have implemented privacy controls and
settings. Users can adjust their privacy preferences, control
what data is shared, and opt out of certain practices like data
tracking and targeted advertising. User consent is crucial in
ensuring that privacy settings align with individual
preferences.
In conclusion, video streaming is a digital phenomenon
that provides unprecedented access to entertainment and
information. However, it also comes with privacy
implications that users and platforms need to address. Striking
a balance between personalized content recommendations and
user privacy is an ongoing challenge for the industry. As
technology evolves and privacy regulations become more
stringent, video streaming platforms must continue to
prioritize data security and user privacy to build trust with
their audience.
III. PRIVACY-ENHANCED VIDEO STREAMING
TAXONOMY (PEVIST)
The PEVIST taxonomy, a comprehensive framework for
understanding the multifaceted roles of homomorphic
encryption in video streaming, comprises several
interconnected categories. It encompasses data privacy and
confidentiality, where homomorphic encryption ensures
content security and safeguards sensitive user data. Secure
video delivery involves encrypted transmissions and end-to-
end encryption, protecting video streams from eavesdropping.
Content analysis and processing enable privacy-preserving
analytics and secure transcoding, enhancing user privacy.
Content recommendation leverages homomorphic encryption
for personalized suggestions while preserving privacy. Access
control offers fine-grained control over content access, and
watermarking and content verification ensure secure content
identification. Monetization and rights management support
secure transactions and compensation for content creators.
Quality of service monitoring safeguards the streaming
experience, and resource efficiency, including bandwidth
optimization, reduces client-side decryption requirements.
Additionally, the taxonomy considers challenges such as
performance, key management, and compatibility with legacy
systems and devices.
A. Data Privacy and Confidentiality:
In the realm of video streaming, data privacy and
confidentiality are paramount concerns for both content
providers and consumers [7], [23], [24]. As the industry
continues to grow and evolve, so do the threats to the security
and privacy of video content and user data. Homomorphic
encryption emerges as a powerful tool to address these
concerns by safeguarding both the content and user-related
information.
1947
Volume 8, Issue 10, October 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
 Content Encryption:
Content encryption is a fundamental application of
homomorphic encryption in video streaming. This technique
allows video content to be transformed into an encrypted
format while maintaining its integrity and ensuring its
confidentiality. Here's a detailed exploration of this aspect:
 Encryption Process: When video content is encrypted
using homomorphic encryption, it is mathematically
transformed into ciphertext, rendering it unreadable to
anyone who does not possess the decryption keys. This
encryption process employs advanced mathematical
operations that are compatible with subsequent
computations on the encrypted data.
 Secure Transmission: Encrypted video content can be
safely transmitted over networks, including the internet.
Even if intercepted by malicious actors, the encrypted data
remains indecipherable without the corresponding
decryption keys.
 Storage Security: Video content stored on servers or cloud
platforms is protected against unauthorized access.
Content providers can store their libraries of movies, TV
shows, and other video assets without the risk of data
breaches or unauthorized viewing.
 Privacy in Cloud Services: Many video streaming services
rely on cloud infrastructure for content storage and
delivery. Homomorphic encryption ensures that content
hosted on third-party cloud services remains confidential,
assuaging concerns about data ownership and privacy in
cloud-based solutions.
 Compliance and Regulation: In the context of regulatory
requirements like GDPR (General Data Protection
Regulation) and data protection laws, content encryption is
essential for compliance. It guarantees that sensitive video
content, including user-generated videos, remains secure
and compliant with data protection regulations.
 Content Licensing and Distribution: Content creators and
distributors can securely exchange video assets and
licensing agreements, confident that the content remains
confidential during negotiation and distribution.
 Secure Playback: Decryption and playback of content only
occur at the client's end, ensuring that the video remains
confidential throughout the streaming process.
 Dynamic Content: Homomorphic encryption can be
adapted to encrypt both static and dynamic video content,
including live streams. This makes it a versatile solution
for various video streaming platforms.
 User Data Protection:
In addition to safeguarding the video content,
homomorphic encryption plays a crucial role in protecting
sensitive user data. This includes personal information,
viewing habits, and any other data generated or collected
IJISRT23OCT1778 www.ijisrt.com
ISSN No:-2456-2165
during the user's interaction with the video streaming
platform:
 Viewing Habits: Video streaming services often track user
viewing habits to provide personalized recommendations.
Homomorphic encryption allows the analysis of these
habits without revealing specific user preferences,
ensuring user privacy.
 User Profiles: User profiles and preferences can be
securely stored and analyzed without exposing individual
user data. Homomorphic techniques enable personalized
content recommendations without compromising user
privacy.
 Advertising Data: For ad-supported video streaming
platforms, homomorphic encryption can protect user data
related to advertising preferences and behavior.
Advertisers can receive aggregated insights without
accessing individual user profiles.
 Authentication and Authorization: User authentication and
authorization data are typically stored and processed on
streaming platforms. Homomorphic encryption secures
these processes, reducing the risk of data breaches or
unauthorized access.
 Payment Information: Users' payment information, such as
credit card details, can be encrypted using homomorphic
techniques to prevent unauthorized access and ensure
secure transactions.
 Legal and Ethical Compliance: With increasing concerns
about privacy and data protection, adherence to legal and
ethical standards is critical. Homomorphic encryption
supports compliance by safeguarding user data from
unauthorized access and data breaches.
In summary, the use of homomorphic encryption in
video streaming services has a profound impact on data
privacy and confidentiality. It secures both the video content
and sensitive user data, enabling secure transmission, storage,
and analysis while maintaining compliance with data
protection regulations and enhancing user trust in the
platform. Homomorphic encryption empowers content
providers to offer a more secure and privacy-focused video
streaming experience.
B. Secure Video Delivery:
Secure video delivery [22], [3], [27] is a critical aspect
of video streaming, ensuring that the content is protected
during transmission from the server to the client's device.
Homomorphic encryption offers innovative solutions to
enhance the security and privacy of this process. Let's delve
into two key components of secure video delivery:
 Encrypted Transmissions:
Encrypted transmissions involve sending video streams
from the server to the client's device in an encrypted form,
which offers several important benefits:
1948
Volume 8, Issue 10, October 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
 Protection Against Eavesdropping: The use of
homomorphic encryption ensures that video content is
protected during transit. Even if intercepted by malicious
actors or eavesdroppers, the encrypted data remains
unreadable, as decryption keys are required to make sense
of the content. This safeguards the video from
unauthorized access and intellectual property theft.
 Man-in-the-Middle Attack Prevention: Homomorphic
encryption mitigates the risk of man-in-the-middle attacks,
a common security threat in data transmission. In such
attacks, a malicious entity intercepts and potentially alters
data being transmitted. By encrypting the video streams,
any tampering with the data would be immediately evident
to the recipient, as decryption would fail due to the altered
ciphertext.
 Data Integrity: The encryption process also ensures data
integrity during transmission. Data cannot be modified or
corrupted while in transit, further guaranteeing the quality
and authenticity of the video content received by the user.
 Secure Public Networks: In scenarios where users access
video streams over public or untrusted networks (e.g.,
public Wi-Fi), encrypted transmissions become
particularly vital. Homomorphic encryption protects the
data from potential snooping or interference on these
networks.
 Network-Level Security: Beyond the content itself,
homomorphic encryption secures the metadata and control
information associated with video streaming, such as
playback controls, quality adjustments, and viewer
statistics. This helps protect not only the content but also
the user's interactions and experience.
 Content Distribution Networks (CDNs): Video streaming
platforms often use CDNs to distribute content.
Encrypting the data during its journey through CDNs
ensures that sensitive content remains protected at every
stage of the distribution process.
 End-to-End Encryption:
End-to-end encryption takes the concept of secure video
delivery to the next level by ensuring that video content
remains encrypted until it reaches the user's device, and
decryption happens solely at the client's end:
 Client-Side Decryption: In an end-to-end encryption
scenario, the video content remains in encrypted form
throughout its entire journey, including while stored on
intermediary servers. It's only decrypted when it reaches
the client's device. This means that not even the service
provider has access to the unencrypted content.
 User Privacy Assurance: End-to-end encryption
guarantees user privacy by preventing even the service
provider from accessing the content. This assurance is
particularly relevant for sensitive or personal content, such
as private video calls or confidential business video
conferences.
IJISRT23OCT1778 www.ijisrt.com
ISSN No:-2456-2165
 Data Access Control: Users have greater control over their
own data when end-to-end encryption is in place. They
can choose when and where to decrypt and view content,
reducing the risk of unauthorized access or data leaks.
 Secure Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Streaming: For peer-to-peer
video streaming platforms, end-to-end encryption is
especially beneficial. It ensures that content remains
secure even when passing through multiple peers in the
network, as decryption occurs solely on the recipient's
device.
 Secure Video Conferencing: In the context of video
conferencing or telemedicine, where privacy and
confidentiality are critical, end-to-end encryption is
essential. It protects sensitive conversations and content
from potential eavesdropping or unauthorized access.
 User Authentication: End-to-end encryption can be
combined with user authentication mechanisms to ensure
that only authorized users with the correct decryption keys
can access the content.
In conclusion, homomorphic encryption plays a pivotal
role in secure video delivery by enabling encrypted
transmissions and supporting end-to-end encryption. These
measures ensure that video content remains confidential,
protects against eavesdropping and tampering, and empowers
users with greater control over their data. These security
enhancements are essential in an era where data privacy and
secure content delivery are top priorities for both content
providers and consumers.
C. Content Analysis and Processing:
Content analysis and processing [26], [20], [30] are
essential components of video streaming services, enabling
content providers to understand user preferences, enhance
video quality, and deliver personalized experiences. However,
these processes can introduce privacy concerns.
Homomorphic encryption offers solutions that allow for
meaningful analysis and processing while preserving user
privacy. Here, we delve into two key aspects of content
analysis and processing using homomorphic encryption:
 Privacy-Preserving Analytics:
Video streaming platforms are often interested in
gathering insights into user behavior, content performance,
and viewer preferences. Privacy-preserving analytics
addresses these needs while respecting user privacy:
 Encrypted Data Processing: With homomorphic
encryption, data analytics can be performed on encrypted
video content and user data without the need for
decryption. This means that sensitive information, such as
user preferences, viewing habits, and demographic data,
remains protected.
 User Privacy Assurance: Users can be assured that their
personal information and viewing history are not exposed
during the analytics process. Privacy-preserving analytics
1949
Volume 8, Issue 10, October 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
provide transparency and build trust with users, assuring
them that their data is not used for unauthorized purposes.
 Data Aggregation: Encrypted analytics can aggregate data
in a manner that maintains the anonymity of individual
users. This allows content providers to derive valuable
insights without compromising the privacy of their
viewers.
 Content Recommendations: Video streaming platforms
can continue to offer personalized content
recommendations without accessing individual user
profiles directly. By analyzing encrypted data, the
platform can provide recommendations based on user
behavior while protecting their privacy.
 Compliance with Data Protection Regulations: Privacy-
preserving analytics align with data protection regulations,
such as GDPR, which require user consent and data
protection. Encrypted data processing ensures compliance
with these regulations while still enabling data-driven
decision-making.
 Security Against Data Breaches: Even in the event of a
data breach, the stolen data remains encrypted and,
therefore, of little value to malicious actors. This serves as
an additional layer of security and risk mitigation.
 Secure Transcoding:
Transcoding is a critical process in video streaming that
involves converting video content from one format to another
to match the capabilities of different devices or network
conditions. Homomorphic encryption can be integrated into
the transcoding process to ensure the security and privacy of
video content during format conversions:
 Content Format Compatibility: Video streaming platforms
must often transcode content into various formats to
support different devices and network conditions. During
this process, the video content can be temporarily
decrypted, which poses a security risk. However,
homomorphic encryption allows transcoding operations to
be performed on encrypted content, reducing the exposure
of the content to potential threats.
 Privacy-Preserving Transcoding: Content providers and
transcoding services can perform secure format
conversions without exposing the video content to
unauthorized access or tampering. The content remains
encrypted throughout the transcoding process.
 Content Protection: Transcoding services are often
provided by third-party vendors. By using homomorphic
encryption, content providers can ensure that their
valuable video content remains confidential, even when
outsourced for format conversions.
 Quality and Efficiency: Transcoding processes can impact
the quality and efficiency of video streaming.
Homomorphic encryption ensures that the quality of the
video content remains consistent and secure, regardless of
the transcoding operations performed.
IJISRT23OCT1778 www.ijisrt.com
ISSN No:-2456-2165
 Adaptive Streaming: For adaptive streaming, where
content quality and format change based on network
conditions and device capabilities, secure transcoding
enables real-time adjustments while keeping the content
encrypted, contributing to a seamless user experience.
In summary, content analysis and processing, including
privacy-preserving analytics and secure transcoding, are
critical for video streaming platforms. The integration of
homomorphic encryption safeguards user privacy, allows for
data-driven decision-making, and ensures the security of
video content during essential processes. These applications
not only protect user data but also enhance the overall quality
and security of video streaming services.
D. Content Recommendation:
Personalized Recommendations with Homomorphic
Encryption
Content recommendation [29], [6], [11] is a fundamental
component of the user experience in video streaming
platforms. It involves the selection and presentation of content
to users based on their preferences, viewing history, and
behavior. While content recommendation can greatly enhance
user satisfaction, it often raises concerns about user privacy.
Homomorphic encryption provides an innovative approach to
deliver personalized content recommendations while
preserving user privacy. Here, we explore the concept of
personalized recommendations and how homomorphic
encryption plays a pivotal role:
 Personalized Recommendations:
 User-Centric Experience: Video streaming platforms aim
to provide users with content that matches their interests
and preferences. Personalized recommendations create a
user-centric experience, increasing engagement and user
satisfaction.
 Data-Driven Decision-Making: Recommendations are
based on data analysis, including user behavior, content
ratings, and demographic information. This analysis
allows platforms to suggest content that is likely to
resonate with each individual user.
 Privacy Concerns: However, to provide personalized
recommendations, platforms often need to analyze user
data, which raises privacy concerns. Users may be
uncomfortable with the idea of their viewing habits or
personal information being accessed and used for
recommendations.
 Homomorphic Encryption for Privacy-Preserving
Recommendations:
Homomorphic encryption offers a solution to the privacy
challenges associated with content recommendation:
 Encrypted Data Analysis: With homomorphic encryption,
user data, including viewing habits, can be analyzed in its
encrypted form, eliminating the need to decrypt the data
1950
Volume 8, Issue 10, October 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
for analysis. This ensures that sensitive user information is
protected at all times.
 Privacy-Preserving Algorithms: Content recommendation
algorithms can be designed to work directly on encrypted
data, providing recommendations without accessing or
revealing the underlying user information. These
algorithms are tailored to protect the privacy of users
while still providing accurate content suggestions.
 Secure User Profiles: Encrypted user profiles allow video
streaming platforms to create and update user preferences
without exposing the specifics of individual profiles. This
process enhances user trust, as they know their data
remains confidential.
 Data Anonymity: The use of homomorphic encryption
ensures that user data remains anonymous during the
recommendation process. This anonymization safeguards
individual user identities and viewing histories.
 Consent and Control: Homomorphic encryption aligns
with user privacy expectations and regulatory
requirements. Users can trust that their data is being used
for recommendations with their consent and that their
control over their data is maintained.
 Dynamic User Preferences: Users' preferences and
viewing habits can evolve over time. Homomorphic
encryption allows platforms to adapt to these changes
without violating user privacy.
 Benefits and Outcomes:
 Enhanced Privacy: Users have the assurance that their
personal data remains private and secure during the
recommendation process. This enhanced privacy
encourages users to engage more with the platform,
knowing that their data is not being exploited.
 Compliance with Data Protection Laws: Homomorphic
encryption helps video streaming platforms adhere to data
protection laws and regulations, such as GDPR, which
require data protection, user consent, and privacy by
design.
 Data Security: Encrypted data is less vulnerable to
breaches and cyberattacks. Even if an unauthorized party
gains access to the data used for recommendations, they
cannot decipher the content.
 Improved User Trust: By implementing privacy-
preserving content recommendation, platforms can build
and maintain trust with their users. This trust is crucial for
user retention and platform credibility.
 Customized Viewing Experience: Users benefit from a
tailored viewing experience that respects their preferences
and viewing habits, all without compromising their
privacy.
IJISRT23OCT1778 www.ijisrt.com
ISSN No:-2456-2165
In conclusion, personalized content recommendations
are a cornerstone of video streaming services, improving the
user experience and engagement. Homomorphic encryption
enables platforms to provide these recommendations while
ensuring that user data remains confidential and secure. This
not only aligns with privacy expectations but also supports
regulatory compliance, data security, and the overall success
of video streaming platforms.
E. Access Control:
Access Control with Homomorphic Encryption: Fine-
Grained Access Control
Access control [8], [13], [25] is a crucial aspect of video
streaming services, allowing content providers to manage who
can access their content and under what conditions. Fine-
grained access control goes a step further by providing
granular control over not only the content itself but also its
metadata. Homomorphic encryption offers innovative
solutions to enforce fine-grained access control, ensuring that
only authorized users can access specific content and
preserving the privacy of metadata. Here, we delve into the
concept of fine-grained access control and its implementation
using homomorphic encryption:
 Fine-Grained Access Control:
 Enhanced Security: Fine-grained access control allows
content providers to specify who can access their content
and under what circumstances. This level of control
enhances the security and confidentiality of video assets.
 Diverse Content Types: Video streaming platforms often
host a variety of content, ranging from public videos to
premium or restricted content. Fine-grained access control
ensures that the right content is available to the right users.
 License Management: For premium content, content
providers need to manage licenses and permissions. Fine-
grained access control assists in the effective enforcement
of these licenses, preventing unauthorized access.
 Data Privacy: Alongside content protection, there's a need
to protect metadata, such as viewer history and
preferences. Fine-grained access control extends to
safeguarding metadata, ensuring user privacy.
 User Segmentation: Different users may require different
levels of access to content. Fine-grained control allows
content providers to segment their user base and offer
customized access based on user profiles and
subscriptions.
 Homomorphic Encryption for Privacy-Preserving Access
Control:
Homomorphic encryption enables content providers to
implement fine-grained access control while maintaining the
privacy of both content and metadata:
1951
Volume 8, Issue 10, October 2023
 Encrypted Metadata: Metadata about video content can be
encrypted using homomorphic encryption. This ensures
that even information about content, such as its title,
description, or viewer history, remains confidential.
 Access Policy Management: Homomorphic techniques
can be employed to manage access policies, specifying
which users or user groups are allowed to access specific
content. These policies can be defined without revealing
sensitive information.
 Content Segmentation: Content providers can segment
their content into various categories, such as public,
premium, or restricted. Homomorphic encryption allows
for encrypted content segmentation, preventing
unauthorized access to premium or sensitive content.
 Dynamic Access Control: Fine-grained access control can
be adapted dynamically as user preferences or content
rights change. Homomorphic encryption supports real-
time adjustments while maintaining the privacy of
metadata.
 Authentication and Authorization: Secure authentication
and authorization processes can be implemented alongside
encrypted access control, ensuring that only authorized
users with the appropriate decryption keys can access
content.
 Benefits and Outcomes:
 Privacy Protection: Fine-grained access control with
homomorphic encryption safeguards both content and
metadata, protecting user privacy. Users can trust that their
viewing habits and preferences are not exposed.
 Data Security: Encrypted access control is less susceptible
to data breaches, safeguarding both content and metadata
even if a security breach occurs.
 Compliance with Regulations: Content providers can
ensure compliance with data protection regulations by
implementing robust access control mechanisms that
respect user privacy.
 License Enforcement: For premium or licensed content,
fine-grained access control ensures that licenses are
enforced, preventing unauthorized access and piracy.
 Personalized Experiences: By segmenting content and
providing personalized access, content providers can
enhance the user experience and increase user
engagement.
In conclusion, fine-grained access control is essential for
video streaming platforms, allowing content providers to
manage who accesses their content and how it is accessed.
Homomorphic encryption adds a layer of privacy and security
to this process, ensuring that both content and metadata
remain confidential and that access is granted in a controlled,
privacy-preserving manner. This not only meets user
IJISRT23OCT1778 www.ijisrt.com
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
expectations for privacy but also enhances data security and
regulatory compliance.
F. Watermarking and Content Verification:
Watermarking and Content Verification [12], [1], [10]
with Homomorphic Encryption: Secure Watermarking
Watermarking is a critical technique in video content
protection, allowing content owners to assert ownership and
detect unauthorized distribution. However, the process of
watermarking can sometimes raise concerns about exposing
sensitive information. Homomorphic encryption offers a
solution by enabling secure watermarking, where watermarks
can be embedded and verified in video content without
revealing confidential data. Let's delve into the concept of
secure watermarking and its implementation with
homomorphic encryption:
 Secure Watermarking:
Ownership Assertion: Watermarking is used to assert
ownership and authenticity of video content. Content
providers, creators, and distributors can embed unique marks
or identifiers in their content to prove ownership and protect
against unauthorized distribution.
 Anti-Piracy Measures: Watermarks act as a deterrent to
piracy. They inform potential infringers that the content is
protected, discouraging illegal copying and distribution.
 Content Tracing: In case of copyright infringement,
watermarked content can be traced back to its source. This
facilitates legal action against infringing parties and aids in
enforcing copyright protection.
 Data Privacy: Watermarking can sometimes involve
embedding data into the content, such as authorship details
or purchase history. Concerns may arise regarding the
exposure of such data during the watermarking process.
 Verification Process: Watermarks need to be verified to
ensure the authenticity of content. The verification process
should be secure and reliable, without compromising the
security and privacy of the underlying data.
 Homomorphic Encryption for Secure Watermarking:
Homomorphic encryption offers a means to implement
secure watermarking that safeguards sensitive data:
 Confidential Data Preservation: Watermarking can involve
embedding data or identifiers into the content. With
homomorphic encryption, this data remains confidential
throughout the watermarking process, as it can be
processed in its encrypted form.
 Privacy-Preserving Embedding: Homomorphic techniques
allow for the embedding of watermarks without exposing
the sensitive data. This is particularly useful when the
watermark contains confidential information, such as user-
related details or proprietary identifiers.
1952
Volume 8, Issue 10, October 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
 Secure Verification: The verification process for
watermarks can also be conducted using homomorphic
encryption. The authenticity of watermarked content can
be checked without revealing the contents of the
watermark.
 Data Integrity: Watermark verification includes ensuring
that the content has not been tampered with.
Homomorphic encryption ensures that data integrity is
maintained throughout the verification process.
 Ownership Protection: Content providers can assert
ownership without exposing proprietary details. This is
vital for protecting intellectual property and ensuring that
only authorized parties can verify the watermark.
 Benefits and Outcomes:
 Data Privacy: With homomorphic encryption,
watermarking can be implemented without risking the
exposure of sensitive information. Users can trust that
their data remains confidential, even when watermarks are
applied.
 Anti-Piracy Measures: Watermarking becomes a more
effective deterrent to piracy when it is integrated with
secure watermarking techniques. Potential infringers are
discouraged by the knowledge that the watermarking
process preserves data privacy.
 Content Verification: Content owners can confidently
verify the authenticity of their content without exposing
proprietary identifiers or user-specific information.
 Legal Protection: In cases of copyright infringement or
unauthorized distribution, secure watermarking and
verification offer legal protection by proving ownership
and authenticity of content.
 Content Integrity: Homomorphic encryption ensures that
the integrity of watermarked content is maintained, as the
content is protected throughout the watermarking and
verification processes.
In conclusion, secure watermarking is a vital component
of content protection in video streaming. Homomorphic
encryption enhances this process by allowing watermarks to
be embedded and verified without revealing confidential data.
This not only preserves data privacy and security but also
strengthens the anti-piracy measures employed by content
providers and creators.
G. Monetization and Rights Management:
Monetization and Rights Management [2], [4] with
Homomorphic Encryption: Secure Payment and Licensing
Monetization and rights management are central to the
sustainability and profitability of video streaming platforms.
These processes involve handling financial transactions,
licensing agreements, and digital rights management (DRM).
Homomorphic encryption offers a solution for secure payment
IJISRT23OCT1778 www.ijisrt.com
ISSN No:-2456-2165
and licensing, ensuring that content creators and distributors
receive fair compensation while safeguarding sensitive
financial and rights-related data. Let's explore the concept of
secure payment and licensing and how it can be implemented
using homomorphic encryption:
 Secure Payment and Licensing:
 Financial Transactions: Video streaming platforms often
involve financial transactions, such as subscription fees,
pay-per-view payments, or revenue-sharing agreements
with content creators. Secure payment methods are
essential to protect the financial interests of all parties
involved.
 Licensing Agreements: Licensing content for distribution
is a complex process involving legal contracts and
agreements. It is critical to ensure that the terms of
licensing are followed and that content is used in
accordance with the rights granted.
 Digital Rights Management (DRM): DRM controls access
to and usage of digital content, ensuring that only
authorized users can view, copy, or distribute the content.
Effective DRM is essential for content security and
protection against piracy.
 Data Privacy: Monetization and rights management often
require handling sensitive financial data, contract details,
and user information. Protecting this data is vital for legal
compliance and user trust.
 Payment Verification: It is essential to verify that
payments have been made and that content has been
licensed or purchased. The verification process should be
secure and reliable.
 Homomorphic Encryption for Secure Payment and
Licensing:
Homomorphic encryption offers a secure way to handle
payment, licensing, and DRM while preserving data privacy:
 Confidential Financial Data: Homomorphic encryption
can be applied to encrypt financial data, such as credit card
details, during payment transactions. This ensures that
financial information remains confidential throughout the
payment process.
 Secure Licensing: Licensing agreements can be
represented and managed through encrypted data. Content
creators and distributors can securely transmit and store
these agreements without exposing sensitive contract
terms.
 DRM Protection: DRM can be enhanced with
homomorphic encryption, allowing content to remain
encrypted during distribution. The decryption key is only
provided to authorized users, ensuring content security.
1953
Volume 8, Issue 10, October 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
 Data Privacy: User data, including payment information
and licensing details, is protected with homomorphic
encryption, ensuring that personal information is not
exposed or misused.
 Payment Verification: Payment verification can be
performed without exposing financial details.
Homomorphic techniques enable secure verification while
preserving data confidentiality.
 Benefits and Outcomes:
 Data Privacy: Homomorphic encryption safeguards
sensitive financial and rights-related data, ensuring that
user privacy is maintained and that data is not vulnerable
to breaches or unauthorized access.
 Secure Transactions: The use of homomorphic encryption
in financial transactions adds an extra layer of security,
reducing the risk of fraud and data theft.
 Legal Compliance: Secure payment and licensing
processes align with legal and regulatory requirements,
ensuring that transactions and rights management adhere
to industry standards and laws.
 Content Protection: DRM strengthened by homomorphic
encryption helps protect content from unauthorized
distribution and piracy, preserving the intellectual property
rights of content creators.
 Fair Compensation: Secure payment methods ensure that
content creators and distributors receive the compensation
they deserve, fostering trust and fair business practices.
In conclusion, secure payment and licensing are integral
to the success of video streaming platforms. Homomorphic
encryption enhances these processes by securing financial
transactions, licensing agreements, and DRM while
preserving data privacy and user trust. This not only ensures
that all parties are fairly compensated but also provides
content security and legal compliance.
H. Quality of Service (QoS):
Quality of Service (QoS) [5] with Homomorphic
Encryption: Secure QoS Monitoring
Quality of Service (QoS) monitoring is a crucial aspect
of video streaming services. It allows service providers to
track and enhance the quality of video delivery, ensuring that
users have a smooth and satisfying streaming experience.
However, monitoring QoS can raise privacy concerns, as it
may involve collecting user data. Homomorphic encryption
offers a solution for secure QoS monitoring, enabling service
providers to assess and improve video quality without
exposing sensitive user information. Let's explore the concept
of secure QoS monitoring and how it can be implemented
using homomorphic encryption:
IJISRT23OCT1778 www.ijisrt.com
ISSN No:-2456-2165
 Secure QoS Monitoring:
 Performance Optimization: QoS monitoring is essential
for optimizing video streaming performance. It involves
assessing factors like bandwidth, latency, jitter, packet
loss, and playback quality. This data helps service
providers make real-time adjustments to ensure the best
possible streaming experience.
 Privacy Concerns: Monitoring QoS often involves
collecting data about user interactions, such as playback
behavior, device type, and network conditions. This data
can be sensitive and raise concerns about user privacy and
data security.
 Data Protection: Service providers must balance the need
for QoS monitoring with protecting user data. Collecting
and analyzing data while preserving user privacy is critical
for building and maintaining trust.
 Real-Time Adjustments: Real-time adjustments to video
delivery require immediate access to QoS data. Secure
QoS monitoring should not impede the ability to make
necessary changes to improve the streaming experience.
 Homomorphic Encryption for Secure QoS Monitoring:
Homomorphic encryption provides a method to monitor
QoS securely and protect sensitive user data:
 Encrypted Data Collection: QoS data, including metrics
related to video streaming performance, can be collected
in encrypted form using homomorphic encryption. This
ensures that sensitive user information remains
confidential.
 Privacy-Preserving Analysis: QoS data can be analyzed
without the need for decryption, maintaining data privacy.
Service providers can assess the performance and quality
of video delivery without exposing user interactions.
 Data Anonymization: Homomorphic encryption can be
used to anonymize QoS data, preventing the data from
being linked to individual user profiles. This further
safeguards user privacy.
 Real-Time Adjustments: With encrypted QoS data, service
providers can make real-time adjustments to video
delivery without compromising user data security. This
ensures that the streaming experience remains
uninterrupted.
 Benefits and Outcomes:
 User Privacy: Homomorphic encryption safeguards user
privacy by allowing QoS monitoring without exposing
sensitive user data. This builds trust with users and assures
them that their interactions remain confidential.
1954
Volume 8, Issue 10, October 2023
 Quality Improvements: Secure QoS monitoring enables
service providers to make real-time adjustments to video
streaming, enhancing the quality of service without
compromising user data security.
 Data Security: Encrypted QoS data is less susceptible to
breaches or data leaks, reducing the risk of unauthorized
access to user information.
 Trust and Compliance: By implementing secure QoS
monitoring, service providers can adhere to data protection
regulations, such as GDPR, and demonstrate a
commitment to user privacy and data security.
 Efficient Resource Allocation: QoS data helps service
providers allocate resources more efficiently, improving
the overall streaming experience for users.
In conclusion, QoS monitoring is crucial for maintaining
high-quality video streaming services. Homomorphic
encryption enhances this process by allowing QoS data to be
collected, analyzed, and acted upon without compromising
user privacy. This not only helps improve the streaming
experience but also aligns with regulatory requirements and
builds trust with users.
I. Resource Efficiency:
Resource Efficiency [21] with Homomorphic
Encryption: Bandwidth Efficiency
Resource efficiency is a critical consideration for video
streaming platforms, as it directly impacts the cost of data
transmission and the user experience. Bandwidth efficiency is
a specific aspect of resource efficiency that focuses on
optimizing data transfer over the network. Homomorphic
encryption offers a solution to enhance bandwidth efficiency
by reducing the need for data to be decrypted on the client-
side, potentially saving bandwidth in streaming applications.
Let's explore this concept in detail:
 Bandwidth Efficiency:
 Data Transfer Costs: Bandwidth is a finite and often costly
resource in network communication. Transmitting large
volumes of data, such as high-definition video streams,
incurs expenses and can result in slower delivery times.
 User Experience: Efficient use of bandwidth is essential
for delivering a seamless and high-quality streaming
experience to users. Reducing bandwidth usage can lead to
faster load times, less buffering, and a more responsive
user interface.
 Mobile and Low-Bandwidth Environments: In mobile or
low-bandwidth environments, efficient bandwidth usage
becomes even more critical. Optimizing data transfer helps
ensure that content remains accessible to users with
limited network resources.
IJISRT23OCT1778 www.ijisrt.com
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
 Content Delivery Networks (CDNs): Many video
streaming platforms rely on CDNs to distribute content.
Bandwidth efficiency is key in reducing CDN costs and
ensuring content is delivered to users efficiently.
 Homomorphic Encryption for Bandwidth Efficiency:
Homomorphic encryption contributes to bandwidth
efficiency by allowing data to be processed and analyzed
without decryption, reducing the need to transfer large
volumes of unencrypted data:
 Data Encryption: In the context of video streaming, the
actual video content can remain encrypted during
transmission. This ensures that even large video files are
securely transferred while reducing the risk of data
breaches.
 Privacy-Preserving Analysis: Homomorphic encryption
enables data analysis to be performed directly on the
encrypted data. This is particularly useful for user-related
data, such as viewing habits and preferences, as it allows
analytics to be carried out without exposing the sensitive
information.
 Decryption on the Client-Side: In traditional video
streaming, the client-side decryption is often necessary to
render the content. However, with homomorphic
encryption, certain processing and analysis can be
conducted on the server side, reducing the amount of data
that needs to be decrypted at the client's end.
 Dynamic Content Adaptation: Streaming platforms can
leverage homomorphic encryption to make dynamic
adaptations to content based on user preferences or
network conditions without fully decrypting and re-
encrypting the content. This flexibility enhances
bandwidth efficiency.
 Benefits and Outcomes:
 Cost Savings: By reducing the need for extensive data
transfer and decryption, bandwidth costs can be
significantly reduced. This is particularly valuable for
video streaming platforms with large user bases and high
data transfer requirements.
 Improved User Experience: Bandwidth efficiency leads to
faster content loading, reduced buffering, and smoother
streaming experiences, enhancing user satisfaction.
 Accessibility in Low-Bandwidth Environments:
Homomorphic encryption enables content to be accessed
and viewed even in low-bandwidth environments, making
streaming services more accessible to a wider range of
users.
 Resource Optimization: Efficient use of bandwidth
resources is vital for the overall resource optimization of
streaming platforms. It allows for the better allocation of
resources and infrastructure.
1955
Volume 8, Issue 10, October 2023
 Data Security: By keeping content and user data encrypted
during transmission and processing, homomorphic
encryption enhances data security, reducing the risk of
data breaches.
In conclusion, bandwidth efficiency is a crucial factor in
the resource optimization of video streaming platforms.
Homomorphic encryption plays a pivotal role in enhancing
bandwidth efficiency by enabling data analysis and processing
without the need for decryption, reducing the volume of
unencrypted data transferred, and ultimately improving the
user experience while optimizing operational costs.
J. Emerging Technologies:
Emerging Technologies and Homomorphic Encryption
[28], [9]: Enhancing Video Streaming Security at the Network
Edge
The integration of homomorphic encryption with
emerging technologies, such as 5G and edge computing, holds
the potential to revolutionize video streaming by enhancing
security and privacy at the network edge. Let's delve into the
details of how these technologies can be combined to create a
more secure and efficient video streaming experience:
 5G Technology:
 Ultra-Fast Speeds: 5G is the fifth generation of wireless
technology, offering ultra-fast data speeds and low
latency. This level of connectivity opens up new
opportunities for high-quality video streaming, including
4K and 8K content.
 Ubiquitous Connectivity: 5G networks aim to provide
ubiquitous connectivity, ensuring that users in both urban
and rural areas have access to high-speed internet. This
broader reach enhances the availability of video streaming
services.
 Low Latency: Low latency in 5G networks reduces the
time it takes for data to travel between devices and the
network. This results in reduced buffering and a more
seamless video streaming experience.
 Network Slicing: 5G introduces the concept of network
slicing, where a single physical network can be divided
into multiple virtual networks. This customization can be
tailored to specific applications, like video streaming.
 Edge Computing:
 Proximity to End-Users: Edge computing [14] involves
processing data closer to the source of data, which is often
at the network edge. This proximity reduces the latency
and provides faster response times for data-intensive
applications like video streaming.
 Distributed Processing: Edge computing distributes
processing power to various edge devices, including
servers and microdata centers. This allows for efficient
IJISRT23OCT1778 www.ijisrt.com
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
video transcoding, content delivery, and caching close to
the end-users.
 Scalability: Edge computing enables the scaling of
resources according to demand. This adaptability is crucial
for handling the variable load of video streaming
platforms efficiently.
 Homomorphic Encryption Integration:
 Secure Data Transmission: Homomorphic encryption
plays a critical role in securing data transmission over 5G
networks. It ensures that video content and user data
remain confidential and protected from eavesdropping.
 Privacy-Preserving Analysis: With edge computing, data
analysis can be conducted closer to the source of data,
ensuring faster results. Homomorphic encryption allows
this analysis to be done without exposing sensitive
information, preserving user privacy.
 Content Protection: In a 5G and edge computing
environment, content delivery and transcoding can happen
at the network edge. Homomorphic encryption ensures
that video content remains encrypted during these
processes, safeguarding against unauthorized access.
 User Data Security: Homomorphic encryption is crucial in
the protection of user data. It allows for data processing at
the edge while maintaining the confidentiality of personal
information, ensuring that user privacy is not
compromised.
 Data Anonymization: Edge computing, in combination
with homomorphic encryption, can anonymize data,
further protecting user identities and behaviors while
allowing for efficient processing.
 Benefits and Outcomes:
 Enhanced Video Streaming Quality: The low latency and
high bandwidth of 5G, coupled with edge computing,
result in a more responsive and higher-quality video
streaming experience.
 Improved Privacy and Security: Homomorphic encryption
ensures that data and content remain secure and private at
the network edge, addressing concerns related to data
breaches and privacy violations.
 Optimized Network Resources: Edge computing allows
for more efficient resource allocation and reduces the load
on centralized data centers. This contributes to the
scalability and resource efficiency of video streaming
platforms.
 Wider Accessibility: 5G's broader reach, combined with
edge computing, makes video streaming more accessible,
especially in remote areas where network infrastructure is
limited.
1956
Volume 8, Issue 10, October 2023
 Real-time Data Processing: The combination of these
technologies allows for real-time data processing, dynamic
content adaptation, and personalization while preserving
user privacy.
In conclusion, the integration of homomorphic
encryption with emerging technologies like 5G and edge
computing offers a compelling solution for enhancing the
security, privacy, and quality of video streaming at the
network edge. It ensures that users can enjoy high-quality
video content while maintaining their privacy and data
security, even in the context of next-generation wireless
networks and edge computing infrastructures.
K. Challenges and Limitations:
Challenges and Limitations of Homomorphic Encryption
in Video Streaming
Homomorphic encryption is a powerful technique for
preserving privacy and data security in video streaming, but it
is not without its challenges and limitations. Three significant
challenges include:
 Performance:
 Computational Intensity: Homomorphic encryption relies
on complex mathematical operations, which can be
computationally intensive. This computational overhead
can slow down the processing of video data, potentially
affecting the real-time streaming experience.
 Latency: The additional computational burden introduced
by homomorphic encryption can result in increased
latency. High latency leads to buffering and delayed
playback, negatively impacting the user experience.
 Resource Consumption: The demanding computational
operations required for homomorphic encryption can
consume significant computing resources, including CPU
power and memory. This resource consumption can affect
the performance of streaming servers and client devices.
 Key Management:
 Key Security: Homomorphic encryption relies on
encryption keys, and managing these keys is crucial.
Ensuring the security of encryption keys is a non-trivial
task, as any compromise of these keys could lead to data
exposure.
 Key Distribution: Distributing encryption keys securely to
authorized parties is a complex process, especially in a
video streaming context with multiple participants,
including content providers, users, and third-party service
providers.
 Key Rotation: Regular key rotation is essential for
security, but it can introduce operational challenges.
Managing key rotation while ensuring uninterrupted
streaming service is a complex task.
IJISRT23OCT1778 www.ijisrt.com
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
 Compatibility:
 Legacy Systems: Compatibility issues may arise when
integrating homomorphic encryption with legacy video
streaming systems and devices. These older systems may
lack the necessary support for encryption or may not be
able to process encrypted data efficiently.
 Device Diversity: Video streaming platforms need to
accommodate a wide range of client devices, from smart
TVs and mobile devices to gaming consoles and set-top
boxes. Ensuring that homomorphic encryption is
compatible with this diversity of devices can be
challenging.
 Network Infrastructure: Legacy network infrastructure
may not be optimized for handling encrypted video
streams. Upgrading infrastructure to accommodate
encryption can be costly and time-consuming.
 Mitigating These Challenges:
 Performance Optimization:
 Algorithmic Improvements: Researchers are continually
working on optimizing homomorphic encryption
algorithms to reduce computational overhead. These
improvements can help alleviate the performance
challenge.
 Parallel Processing: Leveraging parallel processing
capabilities, such as multi-core CPUs and GPU
acceleration, can distribute the computational load and
reduce latency.
 Edge Computing: Offloading some of the computational
tasks to edge devices or servers closer to the user (edge
computing) can reduce the impact of homomorphic
encryption on central servers and improve real-time
streaming.
 Key Management Strategies:
 Secure Storage: Encryption keys should be securely
stored, preferably in hardware security modules (HSMs)
or trusted key management systems to prevent
unauthorized access.
 Access Control: Strict access controls and authentication
mechanisms should be in place to manage key access.
Regularly audit and monitor key usage.
 Automated Key Rotation: Implement automated key
rotation processes that are transparent to users, ensuring
that keys are regularly updated for security.
 Compatibility Solutions:
1957
Volume 8, Issue 10, October 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
 Gradual Transition: Phasing in homomorphic encryption
while maintaining support for legacy systems is one
approach. Gradually transitioning to a fully encrypted
system can help avoid abrupt compatibility issues.
 Transcoding and Adaptation: Use transcoding and
adaptation techniques to handle encrypted content for
devices that may not fully support homomorphic
encryption. These techniques can bridge compatibility
gaps.
 Network Upgrades: When possible, invest in network
upgrades to support encrypted video streaming. This may
involve adopting new protocols or optimizing existing
network infrastructure.
In conclusion, while homomorphic encryption offers
strong security and privacy benefits for video streaming, it is
essential to address the associated challenges. Performance,
key management, and compatibility are key considerations for
successful implementation. Mitigation strategies involve
algorithmic improvements, key management best practices,
and gradual transitions to ensure compatibility while
maintaining security and performance.
IV. VIDEO STREAMING, PRIVACY AND PEVIST
The intersection of video streaming and privacy is
closely related to several categories within the PEVIST
taxonomy, which outlines the roles of homomorphic
encryption in video streaming. Here's how the discussion on
video streaming and privacy can be linked to the relevant
categories of the PEVIST taxonomy:
A. Data Privacy and Confidentiality:
The discussion about user data privacy in video
streaming aligns with the "Data Privacy and Confidentiality"
category in the PEVIST taxonomy. It emphasizes the
importance of safeguarding user data, which is a central
concern within this category.
B. Secure Video Delivery:
Secure video delivery and the encryption of video
streams is directly connected to the "Secure Video Delivery"
category in the taxonomy. Protecting video content from
eavesdropping and ensuring end-to-end encryption is vital for
maintaining user privacy.
C. Access Control:
Access control, as discussed in the context of sharing
login credentials and controlling access to profiles, relates to
the "Access Control" category in the taxonomy. Encrypting
video metadata and applying access control techniques aligns
with the principles outlined in this category.
D. Privacy Controls and User Consent:
The discussion about privacy controls and user consent
closely relates to the "Access Control" and "User Data
Protection" elements in the taxonomy. Both elements
emphasize the importance of user consent and giving users
control over their data and viewing habits.
IJISRT23OCT1778 www.ijisrt.com
ISSN No:-2456-2165
E. Data Security and Breaches:
Concerns about data security and breaches are inherent
in the discussion on privacy in video streaming. These issues
emphasize the significance of data protection, which is a core
aspect of data security within the "Data Privacy and
Confidentiality" category.
F. User Authentication and Password Sharing:
User authentication and password sharing issues are
associated with access control and authentication within the
taxonomy. These aspects underscore the need to secure user
profiles and ensure that only authorized individuals have
access to specific content and viewing history.
The PEVIST taxonomy provides a structured
framework for addressing and implementing privacy
measures in video streaming. It encompasses various aspects
of data security, content protection, user consent, and access
control, aligning with the privacy concerns and solutions
discussed in the context of video streaming. By applying the
principles outlined in the taxonomy, video streaming
platforms can enhance their privacy practices and ensure a
more secure and trustworthy user experience.
V. RELATIONSHIPS AMONG TAXOMONY
ELEMENTS
The elements of the taxonomy you've provided, which
are related to the role of homomorphic encryption in video
streaming, can be interconnected to form a comprehensive
framework for understanding the application of homomorphic
encryption in this context. Let's discuss how these elements
are related:
A. Categories/Elements of the Taxonomy:
The various categories or elements within the taxonomy
represent different aspects of how homomorphic encryption is
utilized in video streaming. These elements are interconnected
in the following ways:
B. Data Privacy and Confidentiality:
This element focuses on ensuring the privacy and
security of video content and user data. It is closely related to
many other elements, as data privacy is a foundational
concern in the taxonomy.
C. Secure Video Delivery:
Secure video delivery relies on encryption to protect
content during transmission. It is interconnected with data
privacy and confidentiality, as encryption is a key technique
for ensuring data security.
D. Content Analysis and Processing:
Content analysis and processing can be performed on
encrypted content while preserving user privacy. This element
is closely related to data privacy and confidentiality.
E. Content Recommendation:
Homomorphic encryption can be employed for
personalized content recommendation while maintaining user
1958
Volume 8, Issue 10, October 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
privacy. This element connects data privacy and
recommendation functionality.
F. Access Control:
Fine-grained access control, enabled by homomorphic
encryption, is closely related to data privacy and
confidentiality. It ensures that sensitive content and metadata
are protected.
G. Watermarking and Content Verification:
Secure watermarking is related to data privacy, as it aims
to protect content and user data while asserting ownership.
Content verification ensures the integrity of watermarked
data, connecting to data security.
H. Monetization and Rights Management:
Secure payment and licensing connect content
monetization and data security, ensuring that financial
transactions are protected. It is also related to user access
control.
I. Quality of Service (QoS):
Secure QoS monitoring helps ensure a high-quality
streaming experience while protecting user data. It is closely
related to data privacy and data analysis.
J. Resource Efficiency:
Bandwidth efficiency, part of resource efficiency, is
connected to secure content delivery, as it impacts the amount
of encrypted data transmitted.
K. Emerging Technologies:
Integrating homomorphic encryption with emerging
technologies connects multiple elements, as it affects the way
data privacy, data analysis, and secure content delivery are
achieved.
L. Challenges and Limitations:
Challenges and limitations, such as performance
concerns, are relevant to all elements, as they can impact the
effectiveness of the applications of homomorphic encryption
in video streaming.
By understanding how these elements are related, the
taxonomy provides a structured framework for exploring the
multifaceted role of homomorphic encryption in video
streaming, from data privacy and security to content delivery
and challenges related to its implementation. This
comprehensive view helps researchers, practitioners, and
stakeholders navigate the complex landscape of video
streaming with homomorphic encryption.
VI. TAXONOMY USES
The taxonomy presented, which outlines the role of
homomorphic encryption in video streaming, serves as a
valuable tool for various stakeholders, including researchers,
developers, policymakers, and industry professionals. Its
primary uses can be summarized as follows:
IJISRT23OCT1778 www.ijisrt.com
ISSN No:-2456-2165
A. Research and Development:
 Guiding Research Focus: Researchers in the fields of
cryptography, data security, and video streaming can use
this taxonomy to identify key areas for investigation. It
helps them understand the various dimensions of applying
homomorphic encryption in video streaming and choose
specific topics for in-depth research.
 Benchmarking and Evaluation: The taxonomy provides a
structured framework for evaluating the effectiveness and
efficiency of different homomorphic encryption
approaches in video streaming. Researchers can compare
solutions based on the categories defined in the taxonomy.
B. Content Providers and Streaming Platforms:
 Privacy and Security Planning: Content providers and
streaming platforms can use the taxonomy to assess their
privacy and security strategies. They can identify the
aspects of their services that require enhanced protection
and evaluate the feasibility of implementing homomorphic
encryption to address these concerns.
 User Data Protection: Platforms can better understand how
to protect user data, ensuring compliance with privacy
regulations such as GDPR and CCPA. The taxonomy
assists in identifying the elements related to data privacy
and confidentiality.
 Enhanced Recommendations: Content recommendation
services can explore how to offer personalized suggestions
while preserving user privacy, based on the "Content
Recommendation" category in the taxonomy.
C. Policy and Regulation:
Privacy Regulation Compliance: Policymakers and
regulators can use the taxonomy to gain insights into how
homomorphic encryption can be utilized to achieve data
privacy and confidentiality. It aids in the development of
regulations that support privacy without stifling innovation.
 Data Protection Guidelines: Policymakers can create
guidelines that align with the taxonomy's categories,
promoting best practices in data security and user privacy
within the video streaming industry.
D. Technology Integration:
 System Architects: Architects and developers can use the
taxonomy to guide the integration of homomorphic
encryption into video streaming systems. It helps them
understand which elements need protection and where
encryption can be applied.
 Edge Computing and 5G Integration: The taxonomy
provides a reference point for integrating homomorphic
encryption with emerging technologies like 5G and edge
computing, ensuring that data privacy remains a priority in
these contexts.
1959
Volume 8, Issue 10, October 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
 Key Management Solutions: Developers can implement
secure key management practices, taking into account the
taxonomy's insights on the challenges and limitations of
homomorphic encryption.
E. User Awareness and Trust:
 User Education: The taxonomy can be used to educate
users about the privacy and security measures
implemented by video streaming platforms. Users can
make informed decisions about their data sharing and
access preferences.
 Trust Building: Transparency in how video streaming
services protect user data builds trust. Users are more
likely to engage with platforms that adhere to the
principles outlined in the taxonomy.
F. Training and Education:
 Academic Curriculum: Educators can incorporate the
taxonomy into academic programs related to
cybersecurity, data privacy, cryptography, and video
streaming technologies. It serves as a structured
framework for teaching and learning.
 Professional Training: Organizations can use the
taxonomy to train their personnel in data security,
encryption techniques, and best practices for
implementing homomorphic encryption in video
streaming.
In summary, the taxonomy provides a versatile tool that
aids in understanding, planning, and implementing the use of
homomorphic encryption in the context of video streaming.
Its applications extend across research, development,
regulation, technology integration, user trust-building, and
education. By addressing the multifaceted aspects of data
privacy and security in video streaming, it supports a more
secure and privacy-respecting digital ecosystem.
VII. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the taxonomy outlining the role of
homomorphic encryption in video streaming provides a
structured and comprehensive framework for understanding
the multifaceted applications of this cryptographic technique
in the realm of online video content delivery. This taxonomy
covers a wide range of crucial aspects, from data privacy and
content protection to access control, security, and the
challenges and limitations that need to be addressed.
Homomorphic encryption in video streaming offers
immense potential to enhance user privacy and data security
while maintaining the high-quality streaming experience that
users expect. The taxonomy, with its categories and elements,
not only serves as a valuable reference tool but also fulfills
various practical purposes across different domains:
IJISRT23OCT1778 www.ijisrt.com
ISSN No:-2456-2165
 Research and Development: Researchers can use the
taxonomy to identify key areas for further investigation
and to benchmark different approaches. This fosters
innovation and the advancement of encryption techniques
in video streaming.
 Content Providers and Streaming Platforms: Content
providers can employ the taxonomy to enhance their
privacy and security strategies, comply with data
protection regulations, and offer personalized content
recommendations while safeguarding user privacy.
 Policy and Regulation: Policymakers can leverage the
taxonomy to create regulations and guidelines that support
data privacy and security in video streaming without
stifling technological progress.
 Technology Integration: Architects and developers can use
the taxonomy to guide the integration of homomorphic
encryption, especially in the context of emerging
technologies like 5G and edge computing.
 User Awareness and Trust: The taxonomy can serve as a
tool for user education and trust-building, as users become
more informed about data security practices employed by
video streaming platforms.
 Training and Education: Educators and organizations can
incorporate the taxonomy into academic curricula and
professional training programs, helping individuals gain
expertise in data security, cryptography, and best practices
for video streaming.
Ultimately, this taxonomy fosters a holistic
understanding of the role of homomorphic encryption in video
streaming. It provides a structured way to approach the
challenges and opportunities of secure, private, and efficient
video streaming, promoting a balanced approach that respects
both user privacy and the need for a high-quality streaming
experience. In a digital landscape where data privacy and
security are paramount concerns, this taxonomy serves as a
valuable tool to navigate the complex and evolving world of
video streaming.
REFERENCES
[1]. Artru, R., Gouaillard, A. and Ebrahimi, T., 2019.
Digital watermarking of video streams: Review of the
state-of-the-art. arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.02039.
[2]. Barakabitze, A.A., Barman, N., Ahmad, A.,
Zadtootaghaj, S., Sun, L., Martini, M.G. and Atzori, L.,
2019. QoE management of multimedia streaming
services in future networks: A tutorial and survey. IEEE
Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 22(1), pp.526-
565.
[3]. Barman, N. and Martini, M.G., 2019. QoE modeling for
HTTP adaptive video streaming–a survey and open
challenges. Ieee Access, 7, pp.30831-30859.
1960
Volume 8, Issue 10, October 2023
[4]. Barua, S. and Talukder, D., 2020, December. A
blockchain based decentralized video streaming
platform with content protection system. In 2020 23rd
International Conference on Computer and Information
Technology (ICCIT) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
[5]. Bouraqia, K., Sabir, E., Sadik, M. and Ladid, L., 2020.
Quality of experience for streaming services:
measurements, challenges and insights. IEEE Access, 8,
pp.13341-13361.
[6]. Bourreau, M. and Gaudin, G., 2022. Streaming platform
and strategic recommendation bias. Journal of
Economics & Management Strategy, 31(1), pp.25-47.
[7]. Carter, S.M., Shih, P., Williams, J., Degeling, C. and
Mooney-Somers, J., 2021. Conducting qualitative
research online: challenges and solutions. The Patient-
Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, 14(6), pp.711-
718.
[8]. Du, J., Yu, F.R., Lu, G., Wang, J., Jiang, J. and Chu, X.,
2020. MEC-assisted immersive VR video streaming
over terahertz wireless networks: A deep reinforcement
learning approach. IEEE Internet of Things Journal,
7(10), pp.9517-9529.
[9]. Geetha, N. and Mahesh, K., 2022. An Efficient
Enhanced Full Homomorphic Encryption for Securing
Video in Cloud Environment. Wireless Personal
Communications, pp.1-19.
[10]. Han, D., Zhang, J., Liu, Y., Wu, P. and Sun, Y., 2020.
Real-time feedback watermarking authentication
scheme for streaming media. Multimedia Tools and
Applications, 79, pp.12699-12725.
[11]. Hesmondhalgh, D. and Lotz, A., 2020. Video screen
interfaces as new sites of media circulation power.
International Journal of Communication, 14, pp.386-
409.
[12]. Hurrah, N.N., Parah, S.A., Loan, N.A., Sheikh, J.A.,
Elhoseny, M. and Muhammad, K., 2019. Dual
watermarking framework for privacy protection and
content authentication of multimedia. Future generation
computer Systems, 94, pp.654-673.
[13]. Jiang, X., Yu, F.R., Song, T. and Leung, V.C., 2021. A
survey on multi-access edge computing applied to video
streaming: Some research issues and challenges. IEEE
Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 23(2), pp.871-
903.
[14]. Jiang, X., Yu, F.R., Song, T. and Leung, V.C., 2021. A
survey on multi-access edge computing applied to video
streaming: Some research issues and challenges. IEEE
Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 23(2), pp.871-
903.
[15]. Khan, K. and Goodridge, W., 2017. SAND and Cloud-
based Strategies for Adaptive Video Streaming.
International Journal of Advanced Networking and
Applications, 9(3), pp.3400-3410.
[16]. Khan, K. and Goodridge, W., 2018. Future DASH
applications: A survey. International Journal of
Advanced Networking and Applications, 10(2),
pp.3758-3764.
[17]. Khan, K. and Goodridge, W., 2019. Stochastic Dynamic
Programming in DASH. International Journal of
IJISRT23OCT1778 www.ijisrt.com
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Advanced Networking and Applications, 11(3),
pp.4263-4269.
[18]. Khan, K. and Goodridge, W., 2020. Reinforcement
Learning in DASH. International Journal of Advanced
Networking and Applications, 11(5), pp.4386-4392.
[19]. Khan, K. and Goodridge, W., 2021. QoE Evaluation of
Legacy TCP Variants over DASH. International Journal
of Advanced Networking and Applications, 12(5),
pp.4656-4667.
[20]. Kleinheksel, A.J., Rockich-Winston, N., Tawfik, H. and
Wyatt, T.R., 2020. Demystifying content analysis.
American journal of pharmaceutical education, 84(1).
[21]. Li, Yuanqi, Arthi Padmanabhan, Pengzhan Zhao, Yufei
Wang, Guoqing Harry Xu, and Ravi Netravali.
"Reducto: On-camera filtering for resource-efficient
real-time video analytics." In Proceedings of the Annual
conference of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data
Communication on the applications, technologies,
architectures, and protocols for computer
communication, pp. 359-376. 2020.
[22]. Liu, Y., Yu, F.R., Li, X., Ji, H. and Leung, V.C., 2019.
Decentralized resource allocation for video transcoding
and delivery in blockchain-based system with mobile
edge computing. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular
Technology, 68(11), pp.11169-11185.
[23]. Pramanik, P.K.D., Pareek, G. and Nayyar, A., 2019.
Security and privacy in remote healthcare: Issues,
solutions, and standards. In Telemedicine technologies
(pp. 201-225). Academic Press.
[24]. Qiu, H., Kapusta, K., Lu, Z., Qiu, M. and Memmi, G.,
2019. All-Or-Nothing data protection for ubiquitous
communication: Challenges and perspectives.
Information Sciences, 502, pp.434-445.
[25]. Raj, J.S. and Joe, C.V., 2021. Wi-Fi network profiling
and QoS assessment for real time video streaming. IRO
Journal on Sustainable Wireless Systems, 3(1), pp.21-
30.
[26]. Riffe, D., Lacy, S., Fico, F. and Watson, B., 2019.
Analyzing media messages: Using quantitative content
analysis in research. Routledge.
[27]. Ulin, J.C., 2019. The business of media distribution:
Monetizing film, TV, and video content in an online
world. Routledge.
[28]. Vazquez-Salazar, A. and Ahmadinia, A., 2021, June.
Partially homomorphic encryption scheme for real-time
image stream. In 2021 8th IEEE International
Conference on Cyber Security and Cloud Computing
(CSCloud)/2021 7th IEEE International Conference on
Edge Computing and Scalable Cloud (EdgeCom) (pp.
71-76). IEEE.
[29]. Wang, W.Y. and Lobato, R., 2019. Chinese video
streaming services in the context of global platform
studies. Chinese Journal of Communication, 12(3),
pp.356-371.
[30]. Zhu, C., Xu, X., Zhang, W., Chen, J. and Evans, R.,
2020. How health communication via Tik Tok makes a
difference: A content analysis of Tik Tok accounts run
by Chinese provincial health committees. International
journal of environmental research and public health,
17(1), p.192.
1961