COPYRIGHT PAGE FOR UNIFIED LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS

General Physics 1 – Grade 12 (STEM)

Learning Activity Sheets
Quarter 1 – Week 6: Work, Energy and Energy Conservation

First Edition, 2021

First Edition, 2021

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for the exploitation of such work for a
profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.

Borrowed materials (e.g. songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this activity sheets are owned by their respective copyright
holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials
from their copyright owners. The authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Development Team of the Learner’s Activity Sheets

Writer: Juzalin P. Costuya

Regional Validators: Kevin Hope Z. Salvaña

Cesar F. Navales, Jr.
Yvonne S. Salubre
Jeremaeh G. Delosa

Division Validators: Ric Me D. Diaz

AR A. Ranesis
Marvelous Saint P. Jumanoy
Marvin T. Tejano
Shekaina Faith C. Lozada
John Ferry P. Sual
Christopher Christian Braza
Edna E. Trinidad, EdD

Management Team: Josita B. Carmen, Schools Division Superintendent

Gilbert L. Gayrama,PhD, Asst. Schools Division Superintendent
Celsa A. Casa, PhD, CID Chief
Bryan L. Arreo, LR Manager
Edna E. Trinidad, EdD, Science Education Program Supervisor

Author: Juzalin P. Costuya

School/Station: Panikian National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur
email address: juzalin.costuya@deped.gov.ph
 WEEKLY LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS
General Physics 1, Grade 12, Quarter 1, Week 6

WORK, ENERGY AND ENERGY CONSERVATION

Name: ___________________________________________ Section: ____________________

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

- Define work as a scalar or dot product of force and displacement. (STEM_GP12WE-If-42)
- Interpret the work done by a force in one-dimension as an area under a Force vs Position
Curve. (STEM_GP12WE-If-42)
- Relate the gravitational potential energy of a system or object to the configuration of the
system. (STEM_GP12WE-Ig-48)
- Relate the elastic potential energy of a system or object to the configuration of the system.
(STEM_GP12WE-Ig-49)
- Explain the properties and the effects of conservative forces. (STEM_GP12WE-Ig-50)

Learning Objectives:

1. Determine if work is done in the given situations.

2. Describe Potential Energy that can be observed at home or in the locality.
3. Describe the work done in situations where conservative forces exist.

Time Allotment: 4 hours

Key Concepts

Work
• Force is simply defined as pulling or pushing an object that may cause it to move, change
direction, move faster or slower or even stop its motion. Whenever force is applied, energy is
exerted. This process would then result to work.
• Work is a scalar quantity and is described only by its magnitude. It is simply defined as the
dot product of the force and the displacement.

• Consider the figure below.

• A force is applied at an angle θ causing it to move to a

distance d. Calculating the work done:

• 𝑊 = 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑⃗ = (𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)𝑑 = 𝐹𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Figure 1. Force x Displacement Diagram
Source: 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
https://www.slideserve.com/hesper/work
-done-by-a-constant-force 𝐹 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐹 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑
• SI Unit of Work is Joules = Newton∙meter
• In our daily life, work simply refers to any form of activity that may require mental and
physical involvement. In Physics, not all these activities can be defined as work. Consider
the figures below.

Author: Juzalin P. Costuya

School/Station: Panikian National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur
email address: juzalin.costuya@deped.gov.ph
 Figure 2. Work done by a force applied at different directions
Source: https://dev1.slideserve.com/hesper/work-done-by-a-constant-force
o In figure 2A, notice that the object did not move when you pushed it with force
equal to 10 N (F=10 N), the displacement is equal to zero (d=0). Using the
mathematical definition of work, work then is 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = (10𝑁)(0)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0,
therefore, No work is done in pushing the box that did not move.
o In figure 2B, the object moves in the same direction as the force applied. Therefore
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = (5𝑁)(2𝑚)𝑐𝑜𝑠30 = 8.67𝑁, work is done on the object.
o In figure 2C, the force applied is directed upward (along y-axis) while the object,
moving with you, is going to the right (along x-axis). They are perpendicular with
each other giving the angle between them 𝜃 = 90°.
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = (2𝑁)(3𝑚) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 90° ; 𝑐𝑜𝑠 90° = 0
𝑊 = 0. Therefore, No work is done carrying the box to a distance d.
• The force applied to an object can be graphed as a function of the position of the object.
Work is the area under the curve of the force position graph. Areas above the position axis
are positive work and areas below the axis are negative work. If the force is not constant,
divide the graph into sections with simpler shapes and add up the work in each section.
Example:
• To find the Total work done on the object in
Figure 3 add the areas (A1 & A2), the figure can be
analyzed as two separate areas.
o Add the areas of 𝐴1 & 𝐴2 , 𝐴1 is a rectangle of
height 𝐹0 and width 𝑑1 , 𝐴2 is a triangle of height 𝐹0
and base 𝑑2 , then

𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 ,
1
𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐹0 𝑑1 + 𝐹0 𝑑2 ,
2
o 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
Suppose 𝐹0 = 5 𝑁, 𝑑1 = 1 𝑚 and 𝑑2 = 2 𝑚, then
Figure 3. Work is the area under a force vs 1
𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐹0 𝑑1 + 𝐹0 𝑑2
displacement graph. 2
1
Source: 𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = (5 𝑁)(1𝑚) + (5𝑁)(2𝑚)
2
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in- 1
in-class11th-physics/in-in-class11th- 𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 5 𝑁𝑚 + (10 𝑁𝑚)
2
physics-work-energy-and-power/in-in- 𝑾𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟏𝟎 𝑵𝒎 or 10 Joules
class11-introduction-to-work/a/work-ap-
physics-1#:~:text=a%20Force%20vs.-
,displacement%20graph,curve%20of%20the
%20force%20vs.&text=Areas%20above%20t
he%20position%20axis,the%20axis%20are • In summary, work is being done only when all the
following conditions are satisfied:
%20negative%20work.
1. There is force applied on an object
2. The object moves to a distance d as the force applied.
3. The force applied has a parallel component with the object’s motion.

Energy

Author: Juzalin P. Costuya

School/Station: Panikian National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur
email address: juzalin.costuya@deped.gov.ph
• Energy enables you to exert Force to be able to do Work. The common definition of Energy
is the “ability to do Work”. Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy are the two types of Ener
gy. Examples of Potential Energy are Gravitational Potential Energy and Elastic Potential
Energy.

Potential Energy (𝑈)

• Potential energy is the energy possessed by an object

due to its position.
• Consider the figure to the right.
When the massive ball of the demolition machine is not
lifted, it cannot do Work on another object. But when
raised above the ground, it gains potential energy
which capacitates it do Work. Figure 4. Potential Energy Example
• Same thing happens to the bow and arrow. The arrow Source:
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/
can only be released if the bow is stretched.
energy/Lesson-1/Potential-Energy Al
• Hence, the word “potential” means that something is
capable of doing Work.

Gravitational Potential Energy

• Gravitational Potential Energy (𝑼𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒗 ) is the energy stored

of an object because of its distance above the surface of the
Earth.
• In figure 5, moving the box to a height, h, it gains
Gravitational Potential Energy equal to:
𝑈𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
where:
m is the mass of the box
g is the acceleration due to gravity equal to 9.8 Figure 5. Gravitational Potential
m/s2 Energy
Source: http://hyperphysics.phy-
h is the height of the box from the ground astr.gsu.edu/hbase/pegrav.html
• 𝐹 = −𝑚𝑔 is the force acting due to gravity
• An object rises to a specific height, such as a rock that is
lifted to a hill, has energy and can do work as it falls. A
pile driver uses the stored potential energy that can be
used to drive a huge pile into the ground.
• The work done on the box by this force can be calculated
as:
𝑾𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒗 = ⃗𝑭⃗ ∙ ⃗𝒅⃗ = −𝒎𝒈(𝒚𝒇 − 𝒚𝒊 ) = 𝒎𝒈𝒚𝒊 − 𝒎𝒈𝒚𝒇 = 𝑼𝒊 − 𝑼𝒇 = −∆𝑼𝒇
Figure 6. Sample Potential Energy
where: Source: (Left)
𝑈𝑖 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 https://www.dreamstime.com/photo
𝑈𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 s-images/man-pushing-boulder.html
(Right)
𝑦𝑖 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 https://theconstructor.org/geotechn
𝑦𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ical/pile-driving-equipment-types-
uses/17605/

Author: Juzalin P. Costuya

School/Station: Panikian National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur
email address: juzalin.costuya@deped.gov.ph
Elastic Potential Energy

• Stretching or compressing a spring or any elastic materials

enables it to do Work, thus elastic potential energy is
gained.

• In the figure shown, as the spring is stretched it

1
possesses potential energy equal to: 𝑈𝑒𝑙 = 𝑘𝑥 2
2

where: 𝐹𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = −𝑘𝑥

𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔′ 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
Figure 7. Elastic Potential Energy
• The work done in stretching the spring is calculated as Source: http://hyperphysics.phy-
follows: astr.gsu.edu/hbase/pegrav.html
𝟏 𝟏
𝑾𝒔𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝒌𝒙𝟐𝒊 − 𝒌𝒙𝟐𝒇 = 𝑼𝒊 − 𝑼𝒇 = ∆𝑼
𝟐 𝟐
where:
𝑈𝑖 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝑈𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝑥𝑖 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑥𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

Table 1. Summary of the Different Types of Energy

Potential Energy Type Formula When to use

Gravitational Potential Object is elevated with respect to
𝑈𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣 = 𝑚𝑔𝑦
Energy a reference point

Elastic Potential 1
𝑈𝑒𝑙 = 𝑘𝑥 2 Presence of Elastic materials
Energy 2

Conservative Force
• A force that offers a two-way conversion between kinetic and potential energies is called a
conservative force. Two examples of conservative forces are the gravitational force and the
spring force.
• The work done by a conservative force always has four properties:
1. It can be expressed as the difference between the initial and final values of a potential-
energy function.
2. It is reversible.
3. It is independent of the path of the body and depends only on the starting and ending
points.
4. When the starting and ending points are the same, the total work is zero.

Author: Juzalin P. Costuya

School/Station: Panikian National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur
email address: juzalin.costuya@deped.gov.ph
• The illustration in Figure 8 depicts a
person pushing a box up a ramp. In
the process, the person works
against the gravitational force on the
box and a frictional force between the
box and the ramp. The person, the
gravitational force, and the frictional
force all do work on the box. The
same would be said if the ramp were
made longer. But interestingly, from
the way work is defined, the work
done by the gravitational force
depends only on the vertical height Figure 8. A person pushing a box up a ramp
Source:
through which it moves. The work is https://cnx.org/contents/pFZ2LeFu@1.1:AvubR_nq@1.1/Problems
the same no matter how long or how
short the ramp, as long as the vertical height is the same. If the work done by a force depends
only on where it started and where it ended up, the force is said to be conservative. Unlike
the gravitational force, the frictional force is nonconservative because the work done by it
does depend on the path of the movement, that is, the length of the ramp.

Author: Juzalin P. Costuya

School/Station: Panikian National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur
email address: juzalin.costuya@deped.gov.ph