Files 2-Handouts Ch12

12.
Deflections of Beams and Shafts

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
• Use various methods to
determine the deflection
and slope at specific pts
on beams and shafts:
1. Integration method
2. Discontinuity functions
3. Method of
superposition
4. Moment-area method
• Use the various methods to solve for the support
reactions on a beam or shaft that is statically
indeterminate
©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 1
12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
CHAPTER OUTLINE
1. The Elastic Curve
2. Slope and Displacement by Integration
3. *Discontinuity Functions
4. *Slope and Displacement by the Moment-Area
Method
5. Method of Superposition
6. Statically Indeterminate Beams and Shafts
7. Statically Indeterminate Beams and Shafts:
Method of Integration

CHAPTER OUTLINE
8. *Statically Indeterminate Beams and Shafts:
Moment-Area Method
9. Statically Indeterminate Beams and Shafts:
Method of Superposition

12.1 THE ELASTIC CURVE
• It is useful to sketch the deflected shape of the

loaded beam, to “visualize” computed results and
partially check the results.
• The deflection diagram of the longitudinal axis that
passes through the centroid of each x-sectional
area of the beam is called the elastic curve.

• Draw the moment diagram

for the beam first before
creating the elastic curve.
• Use beam convention as
shown and established
in chapter 6.1.

• For example, due to roller

and pin supports at B and
D, displacements at B and
D is zero.
• For region of -ve
moment AC, elastic
curve concave downwards.
• Within region of +ve
moment CD, elastic curve
concave upwards.
• At pt C, there is an inflection pt where curve
changes from concave up to concave down (zero
moment).
Moment-Curvature Relationship
• x axis extends +ve to the
right, along longitudinal axis
of beam.
• A differential element of undeformed width
dx is located.
• ν axis extends +ve upwards from x axis.
It measures the displacement of the centroid on x-
sectional area of element.
• A “localized” y coordinate is specified for the
position of a fiber in the element.
• It is measured +ve upward from the neutral axis.

• Limit analysis to the case of initially straight
beam elastically deformed by loads applied
perpendicular to beam’s x axis and lying in
the x-ν plane of symmetry for beam’s
x-sectional area.
• Internal moment M deforms
element such that angle between
x-sections is dθ.
• Arc dx is a part of the elastic curve
that intersects the neutral axis for each x-section.
• Radius of curvature for this arc defined as the
distance ρ, measured from center of curvature O’
to dx.
• Strain in arc ds, at position y from neutral axis, is
ds '−ds
ε=
ds
But ds = dx = ρdθ and ds ' = ( ρ − y )dθ
ε=
[(ρ − y )dθ − ρdθ s ]
or
ρdθ
1 ε
=− (12 - 1)
ρ y

• If material is homogeneous and shows linear-
elastic behavior, Hooke’s law applies. Since
flexure formula also applies, we combing the
equations to get
1 M
= (12 - 2)
ρ EI
ρ = radius of curvature at a specific pt on elastic curve
(1/ρ is referred to as the curvature).
M = internal moment in beam at pt where is to be
determined.
E = material’s modulus of elasticity.
I = beam’s moment of inertia computed about neutral
axis.
• EI is the flexural rigidity and is always positive.
• Sign for ρ depends on the direction of the
moment.
• As shown, when M is +ve, ρ extends above the
beam. When M is –ve, ρ extends below the beam.

• Using flexure formula, σ = −My/I, curvature is also
1 σ
=− (12 - 3)
ρ Ey
• Eqns 12-2 and 12-3 valid for either small or large
radii of curvature.

12.2 SLOPE AND DISPLACEMENT BY INTEGRATION
• Let’s represent the curvature in terms of ν and x.
d 2υ
1
= dx 2
ρ
( )
3
⎡1 + dυ 2 ⎤ 2
⎣⎢ dx ⎥⎦
• Substitute into Eqn 12-2
d 2υ
dx 2 =
M
(12 - 4)
3
( )
EI
⎡1 + dυ 2 ⎤ 2
⎢⎣ dx ⎥⎦

• Most engineering codes specify limitations on
deflections for tolerance or aesthetic purposes.
• Slope of elastic curve determined from dν/dx is
very small and its square will be negligible
compared with unity.
• Therefore, by approximation 1/ρ = d2ν /dx2, Eqn
12-4 rewritten as d 2υ M
2
= (12 - 5)
dx EI
• Differentiate each side w.r.t. x and substitute
V = dM/dx, we get
d ⎛⎜ d 2υ ⎞⎟
EI = V ( x ) (12 - 6 )
dx ⎜⎝ dx ⎠⎟
2

• Differentiating again, using −w = dV/dx yields
2 ⎛ 2 ⎞
d ⎜ d υ⎟
2⎜
EI 2 ⎟ = − w( x ) (12 - 7 )
dx ⎝ dx ⎠
• Flexural rigidity is constant along beam, thus
d 4υ
EI 4
= − w( x ) (12 - 8)
dx
d 3υ
EI 3 = V ( x ) (12 - 9)
dx
d 2υ
EI 2
= M ( x) (12 - 10)
dx
• Generally, it is easier to determine the internal

moment M as a function of x, integrate twice, and
evaluate only two integration constants.
• For convenience in writing each moment
expression, the origin for each x coordinate can
be selected arbitrarily.
Sign convention and coordinates
• Use the proper signs for M, V and w.

Boundary and continuity conditions
• Possible boundary
conditions are
shown here.

Boundary and continuity conditions
• If a single x coordinate cannot be used to express
the eqn for beam’s slope or elastic curve, then
continuity conditions must be used to evaluate
some of the integration constants.

Procedure for analysis
Elastic curve
• Draw an exaggerated view of the beam’s elastic
curve.
• Recall that zero slope and zero displacement
occur at all fixed supports, and zero displacement
occurs at all pin and roller supports.
• Establish the x and ν coordinate axes.
• The x axis must be parallel to the undeflected
beam and can have an origin at any pt along the
beam, with +ve direction either to the right or to
the left.

Elastic curve
• If several discontinuous loads are present,
establish x coordinates that are valid for each
region of the beam between the discontinuties.
• Choose these coordinates so that they will
simplify subsequent algrebraic work.


Load or moment function
• For each region in which there is an x coordinate,
express that loading w or the internal moment M
as a function of x.
• In particular, always assume that M acts in the
+ve direction when applying the eqn of moment
equilibrium to determine M = f(x).

Slope and elastic curve
• Provided EI is constant, apply either the load eqn
EI d4ν/dx4 = −w(x), which requires four integrations
to get ν = ν(x), or the moment eqns
EI d2ν /dx2 = M(x), which requires only two
integrations. For each integration, we include a
constant of integration.
• Constants are evaluated using boundary
conditions for the supports and the continuity
conditions that apply to slope and displacement at
pts where two functions meet.

• Once constants are evaluated and substituted
back into slope and deflection eqns, slope and
displacement at specific pts on elastic curve can
be determined.
• The numerical values obtained is checked
graphically by comparing them with sketch of the
elastic curve.
• Realize that +ve values for slope are
counterclockwise if the x axis extends +ve to the
right, and clockwise if the x axis extends +ve to
the left. For both cases, +ve displacement is
upwards.
EXAMPLE 12.1
Cantilevered beam shown is subjected to a vertical
load P at its end. Determine the eqn of the elastic
curve. EI is constant.

EXAMPLE 12.1 (SOLN)
Elastic curve: Load tends
to deflect the beam.
By inspection, the internal
moment can be
represented throughout
the beam using a
single x coordinate.
Moment function: From free-body diagram, with M
acting in the +ve direction, we have
M = − Px

EXAMPLE 12.1 (SOLN)
Slope and elastic curve:
Applying Eqn 12-10 and integrating twice yields
d 2υ
EI 2
= − Px (1)
dx
dυ Px 2
EI =− + C1 (2 )
dx 2
3
Px
EIυ = − + C1x + C2 (3)
6

EXAMPLE 12.1 (SOLN)
Using boundary conditions dν/dx = 0 at x = L, and ν =
0 at x = L, Eqn (2) and (3) becomes
PL2
0=− + C1
2
PL3
0=− + C1L + C2
6

EXAMPLE 12.1 (SOLN)
Thus, C1 = PL2/2 and C2 = PL3/3. Substituting these
results into Eqns (2) and (3) with θ = dν/dx, we get
0=−
P 2
2 EI
L − x2 ( )
υ=
P
6 EI
− x3 + 3L2 x − 2 L3 ( )
Maximum slope and displacement occur at A (x = 0),
PL2 PL3
θA = υA = −
2 EI 3EI

EXAMPLE 12.1 (SOLN)
Positive result for θA indicates counterclockwise
rotation and negative result for A indicates that νA is
downward.
Consider beam to have a length of 5 m, support load

P = 30 kN and made of A-36 steel having
Est = 200 GPa.

EXAMPLE 12.1 (SOLN)
Using methods in chapter 11.3, assuming allowable
normal stress is equal to yield stress σallow = 250 MPa,
then a W310×39 would be adequate
(I = 84.8(106) mm4).
From Eqns (4) and (5),
PL2 PL3
θA = υA = −
2 EI 3EI

EXAMPLE 12.1 (SOLN)
From Eqns (4) and (5),
⎡ (
30 kN 10 N/kN × 5 m 10 mm/m
⎢⎣
3
⎥⎦
3
) ( )
2 ⎤2
θA = 3 2
[ ( ) 6
2 200 10 N/mm 84.8 10 mm 4
= 0.0221 rad
]( ( ) )
(
30 kN 103 N/kN × ⎡5 m 103 mm/m
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
) ( ) 2 ⎤3
υA = − 3 2
[ ( )
3 200 10 N/mm 84.8 10 mm6 4
]( ( )
= −73.7 mm
)
EXAMPLE 12.1 (SOLN)
Since 2θA = (dν/dx)2 = 0.000488 << 1, this justifies the
use of Eqn 12-10 than the more exact 12-4.
Also, since it is for a cantilevered beam, we’ve
obtained larger values for θ and ν than would be
obtained otherwise.

EXAMPLE 12.1 (SOLN)
SOLUTION 2
Using Eqn 12-8 to solve the problem. Here w(x) = 0
for 0 ≤ x ≤ L, so that upon integrating once, we get the
form of Eqn 12-19
d 4υ
EI 4
=0
dx
d 3υ
EI 3
= C '1 = V
dx

EXAMPLE 12.1 (SOLN)
Solution II
Shear constant C’1 can be evaluated at x = 0, since
VA = −P. Thus, C’1 = −P. Integrating again yields the
form of Eqn 12-10,
d 3υ
EI 3
= −P
dx
d 2υ
EI 2
= − Px + C '2 = M
dx
Here, M = 0 at x = 0, so C’2 = 0, and as a result, we
obtain Eqn 1 and solution proceeds as before.

EXAMPLE 12.4
Beam is subjected to load P at its end. Determine
the displacement at C. EI is a constant.

EXAMPLE 12.4 (SOLN)
Elastic curve
Beam deflects into shape shown. Due to loading, two
x coordinates will be considered, 0 ≤ x1 ≤ 2a and
0 ≤ x2 ≤ a, where x2 is directed to the left from C since
internal moment is easy to formulate.

EXAMPLE 12.4 (SOLN)
Moment functions
Using free-body diagrams,
we have
P
M1 = − x1 M 2 = − Px2
2
Slope and Elastic curve: Applying Eqn 10-12,
d 2υ1 P
for 0 ≤ x1 ≤ 2a EI = = − x1
dx12 2
dυ1 P 2
EI = − x1 + C1 (1)
dx1 4
P 3
EIυ1 = − x1 + C1x1 + C2 (2 ) 37
EXAMPLE 12.4 (SOLN)
Slope and Elastic curve:
Applying Eqn 10-12,
d 2υ2
for 0 ≤ x2 ≤ a EI = 2
= − Px2
dx2
dυ2 P 2
EI = − x2 + C3 (3)
dx2 2
P 3
EIυ2 = − x2 + C3 x2 + C4 (4 )
6

EXAMPLE 12.4 (SOLN)
The four constants of integration determined using
three boundary conditions, ν1 = 0 at x1 = 0, ν1 = 0 at
x1 = 2a, and ν2 =0 at x2 = a and a discontinuity eqn.
Here, continuity of slope at roller requires
dν1/dx1 = −dν2/dx2 at x1 = 2a and x2 = a.
υ1 = 0 at x1 = 0; 0 = 0 + 0 + C2
P
υ1 = 0 at x1 = 2a; 0 = − (2a ) + C1(2a ) + C2
2
12

EXAMPLE 12.4 (SOLN)
P 3
υ2 = 0 at x2 = a; 0 = − a + C3a + C4
6
dυ1(2a ) dυ2 (a )
− (2a ) + C1 = −⎜ − (a ) + C3 ⎞⎟
⎛
P 2 P 2
=− ;
dx1 dx2 4 ⎝ 2 ⎠
Solving, we obtain
Pa 2 7
C1 = C2 = 0 C3 = Pa2 C4 = − Pa3
3 6

EXAMPLE 12.4 (SOLN)
Substituting C3 and C4 into Eqn (4) gives
2 3
P 7 Pa Pa
υ2 = − 3
x2 + x2 −
6 EI 6 EI EI
Displacement at C is determined by setting x2 = 0,
Pa3
υC = −
EI

*12.3 DISCONTINUITY FUNCTIONS
• A simplified method for finding the eqn of the

elastic curve for a multiply loaded beam using a
single expression, formulated from the loading on
the beam , w = w(x), or the beam’s internal
moment, M = M(x) is discussed below.
Discontinuity functions
Macaulay functions
• Such functions can be used to describe distributed
loadings, written generally as
n
x−a ={ 0 for x < a
{ ( x − a )n for x ≥ a (12 - 11)
n≥0
Macaulay functions
• x represents the coordinate position of a pt along
the beam
• a is the location on the beam where a
“discontinuity” occurs, or the pt where a distributed
loading begins.
• Integrating Macaulay functions, we get
n +1
x−a
∫ x − a dx = n + 1 + C
n
(12 - 12)
• The functions describe both uniform load and
triangular load.
Macaulay functions

Singularity functions
• Used to describe the pt location of concentrated
forces or couple moments acting on a beam.
• A concentrated force P can be considered as a
special case of distributed loading, where w = P/e
such that its width is ε, ε→0.
−1
w= P x−a ={ 0 for x ≠ a
={ P for x = a (12 - 13)

• Similarly, couple moment M0, considered +ve
counterclockwise, is a limitation as ε→0 of two
distributed loadings. Hence,
−2
w = M0 x − a ={ 0 for x ≠ a
= { M0 for x = a (12 - 14)
• Integration of the two functions yields
n +1
∫ x−a
n
dx = x − a , n = −1,−2 (12 - 15)

Elastic curve
• Sketch the beam’s elastic curve and identify the
boundary conditions at the supports.
• Zero displacement occurs at all pin and roller
supports, and zero slope and zero displacement
occurs at fixed supports.
• Establish the x axis so that it extends to the right
and has its origin at the beam’s left end.
• Calculate the support reactions and then use the
discontinuity functions in Table 12-2 to express
either the loading w or the internal moment M as a
function of x.
• Calculate the support reactions and then use the
discontinuity functions in Table 12-2 to express
either the loading w or the internal moment M as a
function of x.
• Make sure to follow the sign convention for each
loading as it applies for this equation.
• Note that the distributed loadings must extend all
the way to the beam’s right end to be valid. If this
does not occur, use the method of superposition.

• Substitute w into EI d4ν/dx4 = −w(x) or M into the
moment curvature relation EI d2ν/dx2 = M, and
integrate to obtain the eqns for the beam’s slope
and deflection.
• Evaluate the constants of integration using the
boundary conditions, and substitute these
constants into the slope and deflection eqns to
obtain the final results.
• When the slope and deflection eqns are evaluated
at any pt on the beam, a +ve slope is
counterclockwise, and a +ve displacement is
upward.
EXAMPLE 12.5
Determine the eqn of the elastic curve for the
cantilevered beam shown. EI is constant.

EXAMPLE 12.5 (SOLN)
Elastic curve
The loads cause the beam to deflect as shown. The
boundary conditions require zero slope and
displacement at A.

EXAMPLE 12.5 (SOLN)
Loading functions
Support reactions shown on free-body diagram. Since
distributed loading does not extend to C as required,
use superposition of loadings to represent same
effect.
By sign convention, the 50-kNm couple moment, the
52-kN force at A, and
portion of distributed
loading from B to C
on the bottom of the
beam are all –ve.

EXAMPLE 12.5 (SOLN)
Loading functions
Therefore, w = −52 kN x − 0 −1 0
+ 258 kN ⋅ m x − 0
−2 0
−50 kN ⋅ m x − 5 m − 8 kN / m x − 5 m
The 12-kN load is not included, since x cannot be

greater than 9 m. Because dV/dx = −w(x), then by
integrating, neglect constant of integration since
reactions are included in load function, we have
0 −1 1
V = 52 x − 0 − 258 x − 0 −8 x −0
−1 1
+50 x − 0 +8 x−0
EXAMPLE 12.5 (SOLN)
Loading functions
Furthermore, dM/dx = V, so integrating again yields
1 0 1
M = −258 x − 0 − (8) x − 0 + 50 x − 5 + (8) x − 5
2 0 2
2 2
( 2
= − 258 + 52 x − 4 x 2 + 4 x − 5 + 50 x − 5
0
)kN ⋅ m
The same result can be obtained directly from Table
12-2.

EXAMPLE 12.5 (SOLN)
Applying Eqn 12-10 and integrating twice, we have
d 2υ 0 2
EI 2
= −258 + 52 x − 4 x + 50 x − 5 + 4 x − 5
2
dx
dυ 2 4 3 1 4 3
EI = −258 x + 26 x − x + 50 x − 5 + x − 5 + C1
dx 3 3
2 26 3 1 4
EIυ = −129 x + x − x + 25 x − 5
2
3 3
1 4
+ x − 5 + C1x + C2
3
EXAMPLE 12.5 (SOLN)
Since dν/dx = 0 at x = 0, C1 = 0; and ν = 0 at x = 0, so
C2 = 0. Thus
1 2 26 3 1 4
υ = (−129 x + x − x
EI 3 3
2 1 4
+25 x − 5 + x − 5 ) m
3

*12.4 SLOPE & DISPLACEMENT BY THE MOMENT-AREA METHOD
Theorem 2
• The vertical deviation of the tangent at a pt (A) on
the elastic curve w.r.t. the tangent extended from
another pt (B) equals the moment of the area
under the ME/I diagram between these two pts
(A and B).
• This moment is computed about pt (A) where the
vertical deviation (tA/B) is to be determined.

Theorem 2


M/EI Diagram
• Determine the support reactions and draw the
beam’s M/EI diagram.
• If the beam is loaded with concentrated forces, the
M/EI diagram will consist of a series of straight
line segments, and the areas and their moments
required for the moment-area theorems will be
relatively easy to compute.
• If the loading consists of a series of distributed
loads, the M/EI diagram will consist of parabolic or
perhaps higher-order curves, and we use the table
on the inside front cover to locate the area and
centroid under each curve.

Elastic curve
• Draw an exaggerated view of the beam’s elastic
curve.
• Recall that pts of zero slope and zero
displacement always occur at a fixed support, and
zero displacement occurs at all pin and roller
supports.
• If it is difficult to draw the general shape of the
elastic curve, use the moment (M/EI) diagram.
• Realize that when the beam is subjected to a +ve
moment, the beam bends concave up, whereas
-ve moment bends the beam concave down.


Elastic curve
• An inflection pt or change in curvature occurs
when the moment if the beam (or M/EI) is zero.
• The unknown displacement and slope to be
determined should be indicated on the curve.
• Since moment-area theorems apply only between
two tangents, attention should be given as to
which tangents should be constructed so that the
angles or deviations between them will lead to the
solution of the problem.
• The tangents at the supports should be
considered, since the beam usually has zero
displacement and/or zero slope at the supports.

Moment-area theorems
• Apply Theorem 1 to determine the angle between
any two tangents on the elastic curve and
Theorem 2 to determine the tangential deviation.
• The algebraic sign of the answer can be checked
from the angle or deviation indicated on the elastic
curve.
• A positive θB/A represents a counterclockwise
rotation of the tangent at B w.r.t. tangent at A, and
a +ve tB/A indicates that pt B on the elastic curve
lies above the extended tangent from pt A.

EXAMPLE 12.7
Determine the slope of the beam shown at pts B and
C. EI is constant.

EXAMPLE 12.7 (SOLN)
M/EI diagram: See below.
Elastic curve:
The force P causes the beam to deflect as shown.

EXAMPLE 12.7 (SOLN)
Elastic curve:
The tangents at B and C are indicated since we are
required to find B and C. Also, the tangent at the
support (A) is shown. This tangent has a known zero
slope. By construction, the angle between tan A and
tan B, θB/A, is equivalent to θB, or
θB = θB A and θC = θC A

EXAMPLE 12.7 (SOLN)
Moment-area theorem:
Applying Theorem 1, θB/A is equal to the area under
the M/EI diagram between pts A and B, that is,
θB = θB ⎛
= ⎜−
PL ⎞⎛ L ⎞ 1 ⎛ PL ⎞⎛ L ⎞
A ⎟⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 EI ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 2 EI ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠
3PL2
=−
8 EI

EXAMPLE 12.7 (SOLN)
The negative sign indicates that angle measured from
tangent at A to tangent at B is clockwise. This checks,
since beam slopes downward at B.
Similarly, area under the M/EI diagram between pts A
and C equals θC/A. We have
1 ⎛ PL ⎞
θC = θC A = ⎜ − ⎟ L
2 ⎝ EI ⎠
PL2
=−
2 EI

EXAMPLE 12.8
Determine the displacement of pts B and C of beam
shown. EI is constant.

EXAMPLE 12.8 (SOLN)
M/EI diagram: See below.
Elastic curve:
The couple moment at C cause the beam to deflect as
shown.

EXAMPLE 12.8 (SOLN)
Elastic curve:
The required displacements can be related directly to
deviations between the tangents at B and A and C
and A. Specifically, ΔB is equal to deviation of tan A
from tan B,
Δ B = tB A ΔC = tC A

EXAMPLE 12.8 (SOLN)
Applying Theorem 2, tB/A is equal to the moment of the
shaded area under the M/EI diagram between A and
B computed about pt B, since this is the pt where
tangential deviation is to be determined. Hence,
2
⎡ ⎤
= ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ ⎢⎛⎜ − 0 ⎟⎞⎛⎜ ⎞⎟⎥ = − 0
L M L M L
Δ B = tB A
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎣⎝ EI ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ 8 EI

EXAMPLE 12.8 (SOLN)
Likewise, for tC/A we must determine the moment of
the area under the entire M/EI diagram from A to C
about pt C. We have
2
⎡ ⎤
= ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ ⎢⎛⎜ − 0 ⎞⎟( L )⎥ = − 0
L M M L
ΔC = tC A
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎣⎝ EI ⎠ ⎦ 2 EI
Since both answers are –ve, they indicate that pts B

and C lie below the tangent at A. This checks with the
figure.

12.5 METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION
• The differential eqn EI d4ν/dx4 = −w(x) satisfies the
two necessary requirements for applying the
principle of superposition
• The load w(x) is linearly related to the deflection
ν(x)
• The load is assumed not to change significantly
the original geometry of the beam or shaft.

EXAMPLE 12.16
Steel bar shown is supported by two springs at its
ends A and B. Each spring has a stiffness k = 45
kN/m and is originally unstretched. If the bar is loaded
with a force of 3 kN at pt C, determine the vertical
displacement of the force. Neglect the weight of the
bar and take Est = 200 GPa, I = 4.6875×10-6 m.

EXAMPLE 12.16 (SOLN)
End reactions at A and B are
computed and shown. Each
spring deflects by an amount
2 kN
(υ A )1 = = 0.0444 m
45 kN/m
1 kN
(υ B )1 = = 0.0222 m
45 kN/m

If bar is considered rigid, these
displacements cause it to move
into positions shown. For this
case, the vertical displacement
at C is
(υC )1 = (υ B )1 +
2m
[(υ A )1 − (υ B )1]
3m
2
= 0.0222 m + [0.0444 m − 0.0282 m]
3
= 0.0370 m

We can find the displacement at C caused by the
deformation of the bar, by using the table in Appendix
C. We have
(υC )2 =
Pab 2
6 EIL
(
L −b −a
2 2
)
=
[ ]
(3 kN )(1 m )(2 m ) (3 m )2 − (2 m )2 − (1 m )2
6(200 )(106 ) kN/m 2 (4.6875)(10−6 ) m 4 (3 m )
= 1.422 mm

Adding the two displacement components, we get
(+ ) υC = 0.0370 m + 0.001422 m
= 0.0384 m = 38.4 mm

12.6 STATICALLY INDETERMINATE BEAMS AND SHAFTS
• A member of any type is classified as statically
indeterminate if the no. of unknown reactions
exceeds the available no. of equilibrium eqns.
• Additional support reactions on beam that are not
needed to keep it in stable equilibrium are called
redundants.
• No. of these redundants is referred to as the
degree of indeterminacy.

12.7 STATICALLY INDETERMINATE BEAMS AND SHAFTS:
METHOD OF INTEGRATION
• For a statically indeterminate beam, the internal
moment M can be expressed in terms of the
unknown redundants.
• After integrating this eqn twice, there will be two
constants of integration and the redundants to be
found.
• The unknowns can be found from the boundary
and/or continuity conditions for the problem.

EXAMPLE 12.17
Beam is subjected to the distributed loading shown.
Determine the reactions at A. EI is a constant.

Elastic curve:
Beam deflects as shown. Only one coordinate x is
needed. For convenience, we will take it directed to
the right, since internal moment is easy to formulate.

Moment function:
Beam is indeterminate to first degree as indicated
from the free-body diagram. We can express the
internal moment M in terms of the redundant force at
A using segment shown below.

Moment function:
1 x3
M = Ay x − w0
6 L
Applying Eqn 12-10, d 2υ 1 x3
EI 2 = Ay x − w0
dx 6 L
dυ 1 1 x 4
EI = Ay x 2 − w0 + C1
dx 2 24 L
5
1 1 x
EIυ = Ay x3 − w0 + C1x + C2
6 120 L
The three unknowns Ay, C1 and C2 are determined
from the boundary conditions x = 0, ν = 0; x = L,
dν/dx = 0; and x = L, ν = 0. Applying these conditions
yields
x = 0, υ = 0; 0 = 0 − 0 + 0 + C2
dυ 1 1
x = L, = 0; 0 = Ay L − w0 L3 + C1
2
dx 2 24
1 1
x = L, υ = 0; 0 = Ay L −
3
w0 L4 + C1L + C2
6 120

Solving, 1
Ay = w0 L
10
1
C1 = − w0 L3 C2 = 0
120
Using the result for Ay, the reactions at B can be
determined from the equations of equilibrium. Show
that Bx = 0. By = 2w0L/5 and MB= w0L2/15

MOMENT-AREA METHOD
• Draw the ME/I diagrams such that the redundants
are represented as unknowns.
• Apply the 2 moment-area theorems to get the
relationships between the tangents on elastic curve
to meet conditions of displacement and/or slope at
supports of beam.
• For all cases, no. of compatibility conditions is
equivalent to no. of redundants.

MOMENT-AREA METHOD
Moment diagrams constructed by method of
superposition
• Since moment-area theorems needs calculation of
both the area under the ME/I diagram and
centroidal location of this area, the method of
superposition can be used to combine separate
ME/I diagrams for each of the known loads.
• This will be relevant if the resultant moment
diagram is of a complicated shape.

MOMENT-AREA METHOD
Moment diagrams constructed by method of
superposition
• Most loadings on beams are a
combination of the four loadings
as shown.

MOMENT-AREA METHOD

MOMENT-AREA METHOD

EXAMPLE 12.20
Beam is subjected to couple moment at its end C as
shown. Determine the reaction at B. EI is constant.

M/EI Diagram:
Free-body diagram as shown.
By inspection, beam is
indeterminate to first degree.
To get a direct solution,
choose By as the redundant.
Using superposition,
the M/EI diagrams for
By and M0, each applied
to the simply supported
beam are shown.

Elastic curve:
Elastic curve as
shown. Tangents at
A, B and C has been
established.
Since ΔA = ΔB = ΔC = 0, then tangential deviations
shown must be proportional,
1
tB C = tA C (1)
2

Elastic curve:
From ME/I diagram, we have
⎛ 1 ⎞⎡1 ⎛ By L ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎡1 ⎛ − M 0 ⎞ ⎤
tB C = ⎜ L ⎟ ⎢ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟( L )⎥ + ⎜ L ⎟ ⎢ ⎜ ⎟( L )⎥
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎣ 2 ⎝ 2 EI ⎠ ⎦ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎣ 2 ⎝ 2 EI ⎠ ⎦
⎛ L ⎞ ⎡⎛ − M 0 ⎞ ⎤
+⎜ ⎟ ⎢⎜ ⎟( L )⎥
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎣⎝ 2 EI ⎠ ⎦
⎡1 ⎛ By L ⎞ ⎤ ⎛2 ⎞ ⎡1 ⎛ − M 0 ⎞ ⎤
tA C = ( L )⎢ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟(2 L )⎥ + ⎜ (2 L ) ⎟ ⎢ ⎜ ⎟(2 L )⎥
⎣ 2 ⎝ 2 EI ⎠ ⎦ ⎝3 ⎠ ⎣ 2 ⎝ EI ⎠ ⎦

Elastic curve:
Substituting into Eqn (1), we have
3M 0
By =
2L
Equations of equilibrium:
Reactions at A and C can now be determined from the
eqns of equilibrium. Show that Ax = 0, Cy = 5M0/4L,
and Ay = M0/4L.

Equations of equilibrium:
From figure shown, this problem can also be worked
out in terms of the tangential deviations,
1
t B A = tC A
2

METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION
• First, identify the redundant support reactions on
the beam.
• Remove these reactions from the beam to get a
primary beam that is statically determinate and
stable and subjected to external load only.
• Add to this beam with a series of similarly supported
beams, each with a separate redundant, then by
principle of superposition, the final loaded beam is
obtained.
• After computing the redundants, the other reactions
on the beam determined from the eqns of
equilibrium.
• This method of analysis is sometimes called the
force method.
Elastic curve
• Specify unknown redundant forces or moments that
must be removed from the beam in order to make it
statically determinate and stable.
• Use principle of superposition, draw the statically
indeterminate beam and show it to be equal to a
sequence of corresponding statically determinate
beams.
• The first beam (primary) supports the same external
loads as the statically indeterminate beam, and
each of the other beams “added” to the primary
beam shows the beam loaded with a separate
single redundant force or moment.
Elastic curve
• Sketch the deflection curve for each beam and
indicate symbolically the displacement or slope at
the pt of each redundant force or moment.
Compatibility equations
• Write a compatibility eqn for the displacement or
slope at each pt where there is a redundant force or
moment.
• Determine all the displacements or slopes using an
appropriate method explained in chapter 12.2−12.5.
• Substitute the results into the compatibility eqns and
solve for the unknown redundants.

Compatibility equations
• If a numerical value for a redundant is +ve, it has
the same sense of direction as originally assumed.
• Similarly, a –ve numerical value indicates the
redundant acts opposite to its assumed sense of
direction.
Equilibrium equations
• Once the redundant forces and/or moments have
been determined, the remaining unknown reactions
can be found from the eqns of equilibrium applied to
the loadings shown on the beam’s free-body
diagram.

EXAMPLE 12.22
Determine the reactions on the beam shown. Due to
loading and poor construction, the roller support at B
settles 12 mm.
Take E = 200 GPa and I = 80(106) mm4.

Principle of superposition
By inspection, beam is indeterminate
to the first degree. Roller support at
B is chosen as the redundant.
Principle of superposition is shown.
Here, By is assumed to act upwards
on the beam.

Compatibility equation
With reference to pt B, we require
(+ ) 0.012 m = υ B − υ 'B (1)
Using table in Appendix C, displacements are

5wL4 5(24 kN/m )(8 m )4 640 kN ⋅ m3
υB = = =
768 EI 768 EI EI
PL 3 B y (8 m )3 10.67 m3 B y
υ 'B = = =
48 EI 48 EI EI
Compatibility equation
Thus Eqn (1) becomes
0.012 EI = 640 − 10.67 B y
Expressing E and I in units of kN/m2 and m4, we have
( )[ ( )]
0.012(200 ) 106 80 10− 6 = 640 − 10.67 B y
B y = 42.0 kN

Equilibrium equations:
Applying this result to the beam, we then calculate the
reactions at A and C using eqns of equilibrium.
+ ∑ M A = 0; −96 kN(2 m ) + 42.0 kN (4 m ) + C y (8 m ) = 0
C y = 3.00 kN
+ ∑ Fy = 0; Ay − 96 kN + 42.0 kN + 3.00 kN = 0
Ay = 51 kN

EXAMPLE 12.24
Determine the moment at B for beam shown. EI is
constant. Neglect the effects of axial load.

EXAMPLE 12.24
Principle of superposition:
Since axial load if neglected, a there
is a vertical force and moment at A
and B. Since only two eqns of
equilibrium are available, problem is
indeterminate to the second degree.
Assume that By and MB are
redundant, so that by principle of
superposition, beam is represented
as a cantilever, loaded separately by
distributed load and reactions By and
MB, as shown.
EXAMPLE 12.24
Compatibility equations:
Referring to displacement and slope at B, we require
( +) 0 = θ B + θ 'B +θ ' 'B (1)
(+ ) 0 = υ B + υ 'B +υ ' 'B (2 )
Using table in Appendix C to compute slopes and
displacements, we have
wL3 9 kN/m(4 m )3 12
θB = = =
48 EI 48 EI EI
7 wL4 7(9 kN/m )(4 m )4 42
υB = = =
384 EI 384 EI EI
EXAMPLE 12.24
PL B y (4 m )
2 8By 2
θ 'B = = =
2 EI 2 EI EI
PL 3 B y (4 m )3
21.33B y
υ 'B = = =
3EI 3EI EI
ML M B (4 m ) 4 M B
θ ' 'B = = =
EI EI EI
ML2 M B (4 m )2 8M B
υ ' 'B = = =
2 EI 2 EI EI

EXAMPLE 12.24
Substituting these values into Eqns (1) and (2) and
canceling out the common factor EI, we have
( +) 0 = 12 + 8 B y + 4 M B
(+ ) 0 = 42 + 21.33B y + 8M B
Solving simultaneously, we get

B y = −3.375 kN
M B = 3.75 kN ⋅ m

CHAPTER REVIEW
• The elastic curve represents the centerline
deflection of a beam or shaft.
• Its shape can be determined using the moment
diagram.
• Positive moments cause the elastic curve to
concave upwards and negative moments cause it
to concave downwards.
• The radius of curvature at any pt is determined
from 1/ρ = M/EI.
• Eqn of elastic curve and its slope can be obtained
by first finding the internal moment in the member
as a function of x.
CHAPTER REVIEW
• If several loadings act on the member, then
separate moment functions must be determined
between each of the loadings.
• Integrating these functions once using
EI(d2ν/dx2) = M(x) gives the eqn for the slope of the
elastic curve, and integrating again gives the eqn
for the deflection.
• The constants of integration are determined from
the boundary conditions at the supports, or in
cases where several moment functions are
involved, continuity of slope and deflection at pts
where these functions join must be satisfied.
CHAPTER REVIEW
• Discontinuity functions allow us to express the eqn
of elastic curve as a continuous function,
regardless of the no. of loadings on the member.
• This method eliminates the need to use continuity
conditions, since the two constants of integration
can be determined solely from the two boundary
conditions.
• The moment-area method if a semi-graphical
technique for finding the slope of tangents or the
vertical deviation of tangents at specific pts on the
elastic curve.

CHAPTER REVIEW
• The moment-area method requires finding area
segments under the M/EI diagram, or the moment
of these segments about pts on the elastic curve.
• The method works well for M/EI diagrams
composed of simple shapes, such as those
produced by concentrated forces and couple
moments.
• The deflection or slope at a pt on a member
subjected to various types of loadings can be
determined by using the principle of superposition.
The table in the back of the book can be used for
this purpose.
CHAPTER REVIEW
• Statically indeterminate beams and shafts have
more unknown support reactions than available
eqns of equilibrium.
• To solve them such problems, we first identify the
redundant reactions, and the other unknown
reactions are written in terms of these redundants.
• The method of integration or moment-area
theorems can be used to solve for the unknown
redundants.
• We can also determine the redundants by using the
method of superposition, where we consider the
continuity of displacement at the redundant.
CHAPTER REVIEW
• The displacement due to the external loading is
determined with the redundant removed, and again
with the redundant applied and external loading
removed.
• The tables in Appendix C of this book can be used
to determine these necessary displacements.

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12.

Deflections of Beams and Shafts

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• It is useful to sketch the deflected shape of the

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• Draw the moment diagram

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• For example, due to roller

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• Generally, it is easier to determine the internal

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Procedure for analysis

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Consider beam to have a length of 5 m, support load

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Displacement at C is determined by setting x2 = 0,

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• A simplified method for finding the eqn of the

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The 12-kN load is not included, since x cannot be

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Procedure for analysis

Procedure for analysis

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Procedure for analysis

Procedure for analysis

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