Test Code: 713104: Solution

MGP 2024
Test Code : 713104
Solution
Instruction to Students
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answers around them. Elaborate answers are given with the purpose that candidates
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Q.1) There has been a spurt in space missions to moon in recent times from USA, Russia, China, India,
and Japan. Why is there a renewed interest in lunar exploration? To what extent can the Artemis
Accords help to create a spirit of cooperation among the new space-faring nations?
Approach: Introduce the answer by defining lunar exploration. In the body of answer, discuss the reasons for
renewed interest in lunar exploration as evident from spurt in space missions to moon. Next, write about the
role of Artemis Accords in creating a spirit of cooperation among the new space-faring nations along with
challenges/limitations. Conclude by highlighting the need for sustainable usage of global commons like outer
space.
Lunar exploration refers to the process of sending orbiters, landers, rovers, or human missions to the
moon for the purpose of studying, researching, and its better understanding. In recent times, there is a
renewed interest in lunar exploration as evident from spurt in space missions to moon, reasons being:
1. Scientific research: The study of Moon's geology and composition can provide valuable insights
about the primordial Earth and the origins of solar system.
2. Economic potential: It has resources that could be exploited for economic gain, such as water
ice, helium, rare earth elements, etc. These resources could be used to support future human
habitation on the Moon (Lunar Colonies).
3. Technological advancements: Improved propulsion systems, robotics, autonomous navigation,
etc. have made lunar exploration more feasible and cost-effective. E.g., Japan’s "moon
sniper"(SLIM) mission aim to achieve high-accuracy landing on the moon surface.
4. Strategic Importance: The Moon can act as a platform for observing Earth, deep space and
supporting future crewed missions to Mars and beyond. Establishing a sustainable presence on
the Moon could serve as a steppingstone for future deep space exploration.
5. National pride: Lunar exploration helps countries to demonstrate their technological prowess
and leadership in the space sector. Rise of China and India along with a resurgent Russia is
intensifying the ‘scramble’ for moon (Space Race 2.0).
6. International collaborations and greater participation of private sector in space economy has
led to fund-sharing, innovation, facilitating lunar explorations. E.g., Artemis Accords, Lunar
Gateway project; role of SpaceX, Space IL (Israel).
Artemis Accords are a US led non-binding set of principles designed to guide civil space exploration.
The Accords aim to build a common vision for peaceful, sustainable, and transparent cooperation in
space. It can help in help to create a spirit of cooperation among the new space-faring nations, however
there are challenges as well.
Potential benefits Limitations/Challenges

1. Aid in exploration of lunar surface in accordance 1. Potential conflict or overlap with existing
with the international laws. international space law i.e., Outer Space
2. Boost interoperability in the space missions Treaty 1967.
between the participating countries through 2. Not legally binding, which raises questions
pooling of resources, technologies, and about their enforceability.
manpower.
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3. Enable sharing of scientific data with the global 3. Major space powers China, Russia are not
community in a timely manner. part of the accords, limiting its utility.
4. Promote transparency through information
dissemination about respective national space
policies.
5. Mechanism to mitigate orbital debris. E.g., safe
disposal of redundant spacecrafts.
Outer space is a shared heritage of mankind. India’s presence in the Artemis Accords should be leveraged
to ensure broader consultation to devise an amicable framework of cooperation for sustainable usage of
global commons. (441 words)
Q.2) Why is graphene considered material of the future? Suggest measures to help India become a
frontrunner in the incoming graphene-age?
Approach: Introduce the answer by defining graphene. In the body of answer, discuss why graphene is
considered as material of the future by listing its applications in various industries. Next, suggest measure
that will help India become frontrunner in graphene-based technologies. Conclude by highlighting the
importance of graphene in the 4th Industrial Revolution.
Graphene is a nanomaterial, composed of carbon atoms that are connected in a hexagonal lattice
structure. Graphene is considered a material of the future because it possesses remarkable properties
that has the potential to revolutionize various industries, as discussed:
1. Strength: Graphene is one of the strongest materials known, even stronger than steel. Its
extremely high strength-to-weight ratio makes it ideal for applications where lightweight yet
strong materials are required. E.g., Aerospace sector.
2. Excellent conductor of electricity and heat; suitable for manufacturing more energy-efficient
electronic devices. E.g., smartphones, laptops, etc.
3. Transparency and flexibility allow its use as transparent conductive electrodes/films (low sheet
resistance and high optical transparency) in Augmented reality applications, wearable devices,
flexible/foldable displays etc.
4. Biocompatibility: Graphene is chemically inert and non-toxic to living cells; utility in biomedical
applications. E.g., drug delivery, tissue engineering, biosensors, biomedical implants, etc.
5. Energy Storage: Graphene-based supercapacitors with high power density shall enable the
design of flexible energy storage systems. E.g., in electric vehicles; portable electronic devices.
6. Eco-friendly: improved efficiency of various processes and products reduce carbon footprint in
several industries, easing the path to global net zero target. E.g., nanocomposites as “green
concrete,” solar panels, wind turbines etc.
Following measures can help India harness the potential of graphene and become a frontrunner in the
‘graphene age’:
1. Commercialization Ecosystem: Encourage private sector participation through PPPs with
industry partners for commercial graphene engineering E.g., MEITY’s Graphene-Aurora
Program.
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2. Allocation of adequate funds for research & development by the government;

3. Innovation hubs and incubators for startups and entrepreneurs working on graphene-related
technologies; E.g., India Innovation Centre for Graphene in Kerala.
4. Strengthening educational programs in STEM fields to produce a skilled workforce in material
science and upstream-downstream processes. Setting up centers like Centre for Nano Science
and Engineering, IISc Bangalore in other premier institutes.
5. Developing clear and supportive regulatory frameworks and IPR protection to create an enabling
ecosystem for graphene-related research and production. India should consider launching a
National Graphene Mission on lines of EU’s Graphene Flagship.
6. Learning from global best practices: Collaboration with countries like Brazil and China (leaders
in commercial production of graphene); platforms like BRICS can facilitate international
standardization.
Thus, India should make right interventions to harness the potential of graphene, which is likely to be
among the key technologies underlying the 4th Industrial Revolution. (392 words)
Additional Information :
The Graphene-Aurora Program:
1. Aims:
a) To promote Graphene Engineering in India
b) To nurture the deep/emerging Graphene technology & innovation ecosystem.
c) To bridge the gap between graphene R&D and commercialization.
2. India Graphene Engineering and Innovation Centre (I-GEIC) to be set up in Kerela.
3. Implementation by Digital University Kerala with joint funding from MeitY, the Government
of India, the Government of Kerala, and industry partners.
4. Total Budget outlay: Rs 94.85 crore.
Q.3) Discuss the pioneering contributions of Prof. Jagadish Chandra Bose in the field of scientific
research, with special reference to his work on plant physiology.
Approach: Introduce the answer by brief information about the broad fields of in which Prof. J.C. made his
contributions. In the body of the answer, discuss in detail his contributions made to the realm of plant
physiology and other fields like radio technology. Conclude with the significance and the legacy of his works.
Prof. Jagadish Chandra Bose (JC Bose) was a renowned Indian scientist with ground-breaking works in the
field of plant physiology and radio-physics.
JC Bose’s pioneering contributions in the field of scientific research are as follows:

Plant Physiology Other Fields
1. Invented a device known as crescograph that 1. Boosting wireless technology:
could measure very small motions in plants. a) In 1895, Bose demonstrated microwave
2. Found that plants move in response to stimuli, transmission over a distance of 75 feet;
such as exposure to light, fertilizers, or laid the foundation of wireless
poisons.
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3. He measured the electrical signalling in the technology, much before Marconi

plants, which is now recognized as an patented the radio.
important aspect of plant communication and b) Invented an improved coherer – a device
stress responses. used for detecting the radio waves.
4. Bose demonstrated that plants react both 2. Engineered many components used to
chemically and physically to touch, hence transmit radio waves. E.g., waveguides,
showing the attribute of “sensation” similar to polarizers, horn antennas, dielectric lenses,
human beings. parabolic reflectors, and attenuators),
5. Bose's research works hinted at the presence 3. Interdisciplinary studies:
of circadian rhythms in plants. It is the a) Pioneered the field of biophysics, by
internal biological clocks that regulate merging biology and physics;
various physiological processes in a rhythmic b) challenged the traditional disciplinary
manner.
boundaries and encouraged a holistic
6. He proved that plants are living organisms
perspective on scientific research.
like the other animate beings.
4. Promoting scientific education: He
founded Bose Institute, a premier research
institute of India and also one of the oldest in
India; served as the Director of Bose Institute
from its inception until his death.
5. Literary Contributions:
a) Popularising science: Wrote several
science fiction stories which helped
popularise science among masses.
b) Literary pioneer: He was the first person
to write science fiction in Bengali; known
as the father of Bengali science fiction.
The recent findings of Tel Aviv University of Israel that plants show distress signals like crying out when
in stress, were already implicit in the studies of J.C. Bose. As is evident, the legacy of Prof. J.C. Bose
continues to influence contemporary research in fields of plant neurobiology, biophysics, and
interdisciplinary studies. (386 words)
Q.4) Elucidate the contribution of women in the fields of science & technology. How can we incentivize
more women to enter the scientific fields?
Approach: Introduce the answer with various societal and institutional barriers faced by women in field of
science and technology. In the first part, discuss some examples of women and their contribution to science
and technology. Next, highlight the measures needed to increase the participation of women in STEM.
Conclude with mentioning recent development about women’s role in the Chandrayaan-3 and end your
answer on an optimistic note.
Various factors such as different social expectations, primary care giver role, discrimination at work place,
career breaks due to pregnancy etc. have traditionally restricted women from getting their due share in
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the field of STEM. Despite these constraints, women have made remarkable contribution in field of science
and technology:
1. Charusita Chakravarty: Charusita is known for her work on the ‘basis of molecules’ and ‘effects
of change in molecular base on DNA proteins’.
2. Usha BarwaleZehr: She is credited with production of India's first genetically modified food,
Btbrinjal.
3. Tessy Thomas: Known as the 'Missile lady', she was the Project Director for the Agni-IV and
Agni-V missile in DRDO and is the first Indian woman scientist to have headed a missile project.
4. Shubha Tole: Shubha Tole is known for her contribution in the field of neuroscience. She
discovered a master regulator gene which controls the development of the brain's cortex
hippocampus and amygdala. She is a recipient of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar prize in 2010.
5. Paramjit Khurana: She developed hybrid strains of mulberry, wheat and rice that are drought
resistant, can withstand heat and have a higher UV radiation capacity thus, helping farmers who
depend on climatic conditions for their crops.
Women participation in STEM can be incentivized through:

1. Creating women friendly work environment allowing maternity and paternity leave to ensure
care role is divided, work from home facility and easy integration into workforce post pregnancy.
2. Exposure: Educators must strive to create environments in schools and colleges to expose young
girls to STEM through workshops, counselling and mentorships.
3. Policy and Pedagogy: Initiatives like Atal Innovation Mission, Innovation in Science Pursuit for
Inspired Research (INSPIRE) are major initiatives in operation to attract students to study science
subjects. Specific focus to attract girls is needed.
4. International collaborations: There is a need to collaborate with agencies like UNESCO, UNICEF
etc. to replicate best practices and implement international programs on women STEM
participation. UNESCO’s STEM and Gender Advancement (SAGA) project is an example.
5. Financial Support: Support in the form of fellowships and scholarships be provided to women.
Special focus on women from SC, ST, OBC and minority needed through initiatives like Swarna
Jayanti fellowships, PM fellowship for doctoral Research etc.
According to World Bank data, percentage-wise, there are more Indian female (43%) graduates in STEM
at tertiary level than developed nations like the US (34%), UK (38%), Germany (27%) and France (32%). Also,
the involvement of more than 100 women scientists and engineers in Chandrayaan-3 mission is a
testimony to the role of Nari Shakti in reaching Shiv Shakti (touch down point of Chandrayaan-3). (427
words)
Q.5) How can nanotechnology help to enhance socio-economic development in the country?
Approach: Introduce the answer by defining nanotechnology. In the first part of the body, discuss its
applications in various fields like health, agriculture, electronics, etc. In the second part of the body, explain
the challenges associated with the application of nanotechnology. Conclude with the importance of policy
support, research and development and financial aid for development of nanotechnology.
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Nanotechnology is a field of scientific research and innovation that deals with particles at nanoscale size
(from 1-100 nanometre). The material at nanoscale is believed to show different/distinct properties in
terms of its physiochemical, biological, mechanical, optical, and electronic characteristics.
Nanotechnology can help to enhance socio-economic development in the country in the following ways:
1. Health and medicine:
a) Development of efficient drug delivery systems. E.g., gold nano-particles help in
elimination of disease-causing bacteria.
b) Nano-technology can aid in early detection of diseases. E.g., antibodies attached to
carbon nanotubes.
c) Emergency response: Injection of synthetic platelets to reduce internal bleeding in
trauma patients.
d) Nano-food fortification to tackle malnutrition.
2. Agriculture:
a) Quantum dots for live imaging in plant root systems; verify and correct physiological
processes and stresses.
b) CNT nano sponges increase efficiency of soaking up pesticides, fertilisers, etc.
c) Gold nanorods aid in regulation/monitoring of cell culture growth of various
plants/crops.
d) Nano-encapsulation for protection of plants against toxins and controlled release of
nutrients (precision agriculture).
3. Electronics:
a) Development of energy-efficient, cheaper, and faster chips and sensors.
b) Nanoscale transistors can increase data-storage capacity; aid in processing of big data
for businesses and governance.
c) Nanophotonic technology can considerably increasing the internet speed.
4. Environment:
a) Nano-porous membranes to produce biofuel; Reducing GHG emissions through efficient
fuel production and lower fuel consumption and
b) Purification of water through nano-sensors made of titanium oxides.
c) Efficient energy storage through improved capacity and safety of lithium-ion batteries.
While there are several advantages of nanotechnology, there are certain challenges:
1. Health-challenges:
a) Nano-pollution: Particles of nano-waste remain suspended in the air for a long duration.
b) Adverse effects on health. E.g., Titanium oxide nanoparticles used in cosmetics can lead
to quicker ageing of colon cells.
c) Inhaled carbon nano tubes are known to suppress immune system by affecting the
functioning of T-cells.
2. Effective regulation: Hard to track the use pattern and effects. E.g., products do not have labelling
for nanoparticles.
3. Lack of acceptance and awareness regarding nanoparticles/technology makes their scalability a
challenge. E.g., apprehensions about nanotechnology-based food augmentation.
4. Excessive use of nanoparticles may lead to phytotoxic, genotoxic, and cytotoxic effects in plants.
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5. Supporting infrastructure like reproducibility, intellectual rights protection, quality control,

characterization etc., are lacking.
6. Research and development is limited due to lack of human resource, infrastructure, funds etc.
Also, high cost associated with nanotechnology may create a nano-innovation divide for
businesses and nano-divide for the society.
Nanotechnology holds several benefits for the socio-economic growth of the country. However, there is
a need to provide a complimentary policy, research, and financial support. (433 words)
Q.6) Harnessing the potential of traditional medicine would be a game changer for health when founded
on evidence, innovation, and sustainability. Comment and discuss the steps taken by the government of
India in preserving the traditional knowledge of medicine.
Approach: Introduce the answer by defining traditional medicine. In the body of answer, discuss the potential
of traditional medicine as a game changer for health. Next, mention the challenges in harnessing the potential
of traditional medicine. Then discuss the steps taken by the government of India in preserving the traditional
knowledge of medicine. Conclude by highlighting the potential of traditional medicines in achieving SDG 3.
WHO describes traditional medicine as the sum total of indigenous knowledge, skills and practices,
which different cultures have used over time to maintain health and prevent, diagnose and treat physical
and mental illness. Harnessing the potential of traditional medicine would be a game changer for health
as discussed:
1. Holistic Approach: Traditional medicine and practices focuses on the physical, mental, emotional,
and spiritual aspects of a person's well-being. E.g., meditation, yoga.
2. Traditional medicine can complement modern healthcare. E.g., cancer patients undergoing
chemotherapy may use traditional therapies like acupuncture to manage side effects such as nausea
and pain.
3. Enhancing affordability and accessibility of health care benefits; checking rising out of pocket
expenditure. E.g., Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Science (CCRAS) has initiated Tribal
Health Care Research Programme (THCRP) to provide medical aid at the door steps of tribal.
4. Integration of traditional and modern medicines would contribute to advancing the health system
attributes related to quality, equity, sustainability and resilience as reflected in Astana
Declaration 2018.
5. Positive externalities:
a) Traditional medicine relies on natural ingredients, such as herbs and other plant-based
materials, thus have lesser carbon footprint.
b) Minimal or no side-effects.
However, there are following challenges in harnessing the potential of traditional medicine:
1. Lack of adequate clinical trials, leads to apprehensions towards safety and efficacy of traditional
medicines. Also, they generally require a longer duration to show their effects in comparison to
allopathic medicines.
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2. Lack of international standards (quality testing and certification) and regulatory framework,
restricts the reach of traditional medicines.
3. Intellectual Property and Bio-piracy: Traditional knowledge associated with traditional medicine
are being exploited without consent/fair compensation. E.g., turmeric patent filed by an American
company.
4. Critics argue that promoting traditional medicines may promote pseudoscience. E.g., as per former
CJI, N V Ramana, quackery is the biggest disease affecting India.
5. Lack of dedicated medical infrastructure (educational institutions, medical professionals, etc.)
also limit the reach of traditional system of medicine.
6. Resistance and skepticism towards traditional medicine. E.g., IMA protest against ‘mixopathy’.
The government of India has taken following steps in preserving the traditional knowledge of medicine:
1. Ministry of AYUSH set up with a vision of reviving the knowledge of our ancient systems of
medicine and ensuring the optimal development and propagation of the AYUSH systems of
healthcare.
2. Regulatory bodies to standardize and regulate traditional medical practices. E.g., Central Council
of Indian Medicine (CCIM) for Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha practices; while the Central Council of
Homeopathy (CCH) for Homeopathy.
3. Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) is created as database of traditional knowledge of
medicine to check bio piracy, violation of IPR and to enhance its accessibility (availability in
various Indian and foreign languages).
4. Preservation of Ethnic and Tribal medicinal practices along with promotion of R&D. E.g.,
a) National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB) supporting R&D projects on medicinal usage of
local flora by tribal people.
b) North Eastern Institute of Folk Medicine (NEIFM) set up with objective to survey,
document and validates folk medicine practices, remedies and therapies prevalent in the
region.
c) Recognition for conservation of traditional knowledge. E.g., Padam Shri to
Lakshmikutty for cataloguing/preserving the knowledge of more than 500 varieties of
traditional medicine.
5. Traditional medicines and practices are being integrated into national healthcare framework. E.g.,
opening of AYUSH hospitals and clinics; Health and Wellness centres (Ayushman Bharat).
6. International Collaboration:
a) MoUs with more than 20 nations to promote traditional medicines.
b) WHO Global Centre for Traditional Medicine (GCTM) to be set up in Jamnagar.
Embracing ancient wisdom of traditional medicines and modern science shall strengthen our march
towards achieving SDG 3 and One Health framework. (560 words)
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Q.7) What is Human Pangenome Project? What are the unique aspects that differentiate it from its
predecessor Human Genome Project? What potential benefits does it hold for the human race?
Approach: Introduce the answer by defining Human Pangenome Project. In the body of the answer, list the
differences between Human Pangenome Project and the Human Genome Project in a table. Next, list the
potential benefits of Human Pangenome Project for the human race. Conclude the answer by highlighting
how Human Pangenome Project helps the global community achieve the SDG target.
The Human Pangenome Project is an international effort to create a comprehensive and accurate
representation of human genome through a pangenome map. The project aims to create a more
sophisticated and complete human reference genome. It is led by the National Human Genome Research
Institute (NHGRI) of USA.
Fig (a) Linear reference genome vs a simplified pangenome
The unique aspects that differentiate Human Pangenome Project with its predecessor Human Genome
Project (HGP) are as follows:
Human Genome project Human Pangenome project
1. HGP had sequenced the DNA of mostly a 1. Pangenome project aims to sequence the
single individual of mixed African and DNA of multiple individuals from diverse
European ancestry. populations. E.g., 47 in first iteration to
2. It produced a linear reference genome. It is a more than 300 and so forth.
single sequence representative set of genes 2. It will produce a pangenome map, which is a
from idealized individual organism of a collection of all the genetic information in
species. E.g., GRCh38. a species.
3. It represents the common genetic material of 3. It represents both common and unique
all humans. genetic variants.
4. It was not able to sequence the entire DNA in 4. It uses newer techniques to sequence more
the human genome, as some regions were too difficult regions of the genome, which will
difficult to sequence. E.g., Repetitive parts make the pangenome more complete. E.g.,
were not sequenced. long-read DNA sequencing technology.
5. HGP was beneficial to identify disease- 5. Human Pangenome Project has
causing/related genes; helped in gene transformational potential in fields of
mapping, genome sequencing etc. precision medicine and evolutionary
biology amongst others.
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Potential benefits of human pangenome project for the human race are as follows:
1. Health:
a) It aids in discovering new genetic variations and ensure that the results of genetic
research apply to a broader range of people. It will assist in studying genetic variations
that contribute to underlying health conditions.
b) Pharmacogenomics: Improved drug development through better understanding of how
genetic variations affect drug metabolism; development of personalized medicines
tailored according to individual’s genetic makeup. E.g., Genetic therapies for the
treatment of cancer.
c) Rare Diseases: By including genetic data from diverse populations, the pangenome
project can identify rare and population-specific genetic disease. E.g., Arya Vaisya
Chettiyar community is fatally allergic to anaesthesia
d) Pandemic control through better understanding of disease dissemination and better
translational research for effective and early responses.
2. Evolutionary biology and anthropological studies; can reveal human migration patterns and
population history over millennia; discovery of extinct human species like Denisovans.
3. The project unravels new methods and techniques which are helpful in study of new genome. E.g.,
genetic recreation of the history of Ajnala skeletons of 1857 martyrs.
4. Forensic Analysis: The project can aid in forensic investigations by providing a more
comprehensive genetic database for identifying individuals based on DNA finger printing.
5. Can aid India’s effort in cataloguing the genetic variation of its population; helpful in decolonizing
genetic studies, removing racial biases. E.g., Genome India Project, Human Microbiome
Initiative and PACER Programme.
The Human Pangenome project provides valuable insights into epidemiological knowledge and improves
the global capacity for genetic research. The project is crucial for the global community’s fight for good
health and wellbeing (SDG 3). (545 words)
Q.8) 3D printing, a cornerstone of digital manufacturing, is not just a technology; it's a sunrise sector
that strategically builds the future, one layer at a time. Discuss and suggest measures to aid the growth
of 3D printing industry with special reference to the National Strategy for Additive Manufacturing.
Approach: Introduce the answer by briefly defining Additive Manufacturing. In the body, firstly explain how
3-D printing, a sun rise sector, can aid in socio- economic development. In the next part, enumerate the
salient features and key recommendations of National Strategy for Additive Manufacturing (AM). Conclude
the answer by stressing on the need of a holistic approach to create conducive ecosystem for additive
manufacturing.
3D printing or Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a process of manufacturing 3D objects from a software

designs like CAD model. It involves laying down successive layers of material until the object is fully
created.
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Computer-
aided design
(CAD)
Computer-
aided
Data manufacturing
analytics (CAM)
Digital
Manufacturing
Simulation Additive
for testing Manufacturing
Fig (a) Additive Manufacturing: a corner stone of Digital Manufacturing.
3-D manufacturing is a sunrise sector with following implications for socio-economic development:
1. Social innovations: AM helps in building cost effective and quicker construction of buildings. It
can address various last mile challenges. E.g., recent success with Bengaluru’s 3D printed post
office can be emulated in PM Awas yojana.
2. Advanced Health care: Lack of customization of health products can be addressed through AM
biomedical solutions. E.g., Prosthetics, 3D printed organs (nascent stage), patient-specific
implants.
3. Education and research: small scale 3D printer encourages innovation by providing a platform
for students, inventors, and designers. It helps in visualizing complex concepts and to explore
novel ideas. E.g., Atal tinkering labs uses 3D printers as teaching aids.
4. Commercial applications: According to MeitY’s estimates, the global market for AM is expected
to reach USD 35 billion by 2023. Early adoption of technologies can result in first mover
advantage and may become a boon to MSME sector.
5. Deep Tech applications:
a. AM offers design freedom due to which complex geometries can be quickly
manufactured. E.g., Agnikul cosmos’s 1st 3D printed rocket engine.
b. AM can help in Defence indigenisation and strategic autonomy in weapon and warfare
technologies. E.g., Indian Army’s 3D printed Bunker at LAC.
6. Sustainable solutions: AM helps us to create novel climate change mitigation strategies. E.g.,
Printing “Bio-rocks” – artificial coral reefs to re-establish ecosystem.
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Cost of
equipment
and
materials
Liability
issues
Lack of
between
Standards
consumers
and OEMs
Challenges
Legal
issues E.g., Monopoly
illegal by foreign
weapons OEMs
3D printed
Lack of
Skilled
workforce
Fig (b) Challenges associated with Additive Manufacturing (AM).
Salient features of the National Strategy for Additive Manufacturing (AM):

1. National Strategy for Additive Manufacturing advocates for self- reliance through technology
transformation of production paradigm.
2. It aspires to enhance India’s market share in AM to 5% of Global market with a target to add $1bn to
the GDP by 2025.
Fig (c) Six targets of the National Strategy of AM
3. The strategy would address key sector specific technical challenges, such as build volumes and
fabrication speed, for making 3D printing economically viable for MSMEs.
4. Amidst recent geopolitical and economic instabilities governments across the world, including India,
are advocating adoption of AM to achieve supply chain resilience. E.g., Additive Manufacturing
Industry Development Action Plan of China.
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Following are the Key recommendation for pioneering Additive Manufacturing (AM) in India.
1. Setting up of a dedicated agency, National Additive Manufacturing Centre (NAMC) to develop
and adopt AM technologies through PPP model.
2. Engineering curriculum for AM should be developed by AICTE in consultation with Industries to
impart Global skillsets in workforce.
3. Encourage R&D efforts in AM with focus on creating Indigenous IPR on materials, design,
software and machines. E.g., Creating Centres for promotion of Additive Manufacturing
(CPAMs).
4. Mobilise Government investment and private funding to promote domestic AM ecosystem and
supplychains. E.g., PLI scheme and Credit Linked Capital Subsidy Scheme for AM.
Additive Manufacturing is a disruptive technology that creates newer opportunities for socio-economic
growth through cost effective and more flexible manufacturing ecosystem. A multipronged approach
through Industry –Academia – Government collaboration holds the key to unravel the opportunities. (546
words)
Q.9) In a knowledge-driven world, knowing your copyrights from your patents can mean the difference
between innovation and litigation. What are the key distinctions among various forms of Intellectual
Property Rights (IPRs)? How does India's IPR policy contribute to the promotion and safeguarding of
innovation?
Approach: Introduce by highlighting the meaning of intellectual property and intellectual property rights. In
the body of the answer, discuss in detail the difference between Copyrights, Patents and trade secrets, GI,
and trade marks. In the second part of the body, examine the role of India’s Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
policy in promoting and safeguarding innovations. In the last part, suggest some ways to strengthen the
innovation/IPR protection paradigm in the country. Conclude by emphasizing the role of IPR policy in
making India a leader in global knowledge economy.
IP refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; etc. used in
commerce. Intellectual property rights (IPRs) are the protections granted to the creators of Intellectual
property.
The key distinctions between various forms of IPRs can be analyzed as:
Copyright Patents Trade Secret GI Trade Mark

1. Given for 1. It excludes 1. Confidential 1. Industrial 1. A
creative and others from information property that recognizable
artistic works; with distinguishes sign, design,
making,
gives commercial the products of a
using, or or
exclusive value, which specific
selling expression
right to is not geographical that identifies
products or
control available in origin. E.g., a product or a
processes,
reproduction public Kalanamak rice service.
based on
or adaptation. (Siddharthnagar) 2. Registered
patented domain and
; Kadaknath trademarks
Page 14 of 16
2. Does not invention the disclosure black chicken are

protect the without of which may (Jhabua) etc. administere
prior cause 2. Seeks to prevent d under the
process
permission. financial harm
through which unauthorized Trademarks
2. Unlike to the owner.
a particular use of products, Act, 1999.
copyright, 2. They include
work was name, and origin. 3. It prevents
patents manufacturi
created. 3. Helps maintain
protect fraudulent
3. Comes into g or
the quality and use of
play "ideas", and industrial
reputation of intellectual
automatically not just secrets and products. marks.
. "expression commercial 4. GI tags are given 4. Protection
4. Protected s of those secrets. E.g.,
for a period of 10 against
through the ideas". Coca-Cola
years which can marks likely
"Copyright 3. Patents are formula.
be renewed. to cause
Act 1957". required to 3. Protected
5. The term is without confusion.
be
generally 60 registered. registration
years from the 4. Patents are just like
beginning of covered copyrights.
the calendar under 4. It can be
year. "Indian protected for
Patents Act an unlimited
1970". period of
5. The term is time.
generally for
20 years.
The role of India’s IPR policy in promoting and safeguarding innovations can be analyzed below:
1. Aims to generate public awareness about the economic, social and cultural benefits of IPRs.
2. Calls for a base line survey/IP-audit to undertake assessment and evaluation of potential in
specific sectors.
3. IP framework works in a way which is compliant to global IP regimes. E.g., IPR policy is TRIPS
compliant.
4. Provides a public platform and acts as an interface between creators/innovators on one hand and
users/industry on the other hand, aiding commercialization.
5. Broadens the enforcement and adjudication of IPR laws through training of judges, ADR
mechanisms, strengthening of IPR cells etc.
However, the IPR policy can be made more effective by incorporating following suggestions:
1. Extending access to knowledge by making government funded research papers available to
scholars.
2. Privatization/monetization of traditional knowledge should bear adequate safeguards for the
community as a whole. E.g., creation of Traditional Knowledge Digital Library, proper
implementation of GIs, Biological Diversity Act etc.
3. Creating an ecosystem for innovation. E.g., Atal Incubation Centers are a step in right direction.
4. Balance between social good and innovation.
Page 15 of 16
The IPR Policy reiterates India’s commitment to the Doha Development Agenda and the TRIPS agreement.
It has a seminal role in making India a leader in the global knowledge economy paradigm. (535 Words)
Q.10) How is Artificial Intelligence making our lives better? Analyze the challenges associated with its
use.
Approach: Start the answer with the definition of AI. In the body of the answer, first list how AI is making
our lives better through its wide applications. Then, list the challenges associated with its use. Lastly, suggest
measures to overcome the challenges. Conclude with the need for maximizing benefits and addressing
challenges of AI.
Artificial Intelligence is a group of technologies that enable a machine, computer, or software to act with
higher level of intelligence. AI systems emulate human brain's capabilities of comprehension and
decision making.
AI is making our lives better through a wide range of applications in various fields:
1. Healthcare: Developing new drugs and therapies, accurate and early disease-diagnosis, and
personalize treatments for patients. E.g., App 'Divyang Roshni’ to detect Cerebral Palsy.
2. Education: AI enables personalized learning experiences and can improve learning outcomes
and quality of education in public schools. E.g., National Education Alliance for Technology (NEAT)
scheme.
3. Governance:
a) AI-powered systems can address long-standing issues in social welfare programs. E.g.,
Better inventory management through machine learning in PDS and FCI.
b) Predictive policing using AI for surveillance, crowd monitoring, observing criminal acts,
etc. E.g., PAIS (Police artificial intelligence system) of Punjab Police.
4. Smart Homes: AI-driven devices like smart thermostats, lights, and voice-activated assistants
improve home automation and energy efficiency. These technologies make homes more
comfortable and convenient.
5. Disaster Management: AI can predict onset of disasters and analyze vulnerability of habitats; can
help in building disaster resilience and minimizing loss of life and property.
6. Generative AI is creating intuitive, decentralized internet through web 3.0 technologies. E.g.,
automated generation of legal petitions reduces bureaucratic paper work.
However, there are following challenges associated with the use of AI:
1. Privacy: AI requires massive data; pervasive access to one’s personal life can endanger privacy of
individuals.
2. Unemployment: AI could threaten low-income desk jobs (cashier, accountants etc.); a large
number of skill-sets could become irrelevant in future.
3. Inequality: Labor-evasive use cases for tech giants and rich people could reduce trickle-down
effect and increase wealth concentration.
4. Resources: Inadequate budgetary allocations, low private investment and poor R&D spending is
a major hurdle in harnessing the potential of AI.
Page 16 of 16
5. Authoritarianism: Control of government over data and public systems can result in creation of a
big brother state empowered by AI.
Following measures can help address these challenges:

1. Update legal frameworks and regulations to address challenges such as privacy, intellectual
property and cybersecurity.
2. Adapting regulations and policies as necessary vis-à-vis new developments in the field; Regularly
monitor and evaluate technological advancements.
3. Collaborate with industries to develop voluntary codes of conduct and self-regulation
mechanisms. E.g., responsible AI practices and digital ethics like standardized documentation,
disclosure of AI-generated content etc.
4. Invest in indigenous research and development to impart fairness in AI and design solutions for
developmental needs and as countermeasures against cyber threats.
5. Foster international collaboration and cooperation to share best practices, harmonize policies
and establish common standards for responsible use of AI. E.g., Responsible AI for Social
Empowerment (RAISE), Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI).
6. Public awareness initiatives to educate users about the capabilities and limitations of AI for
productive use. Create skilling programmes to produce AI-empowered workforce for the digital
age. E.g., ‘FutureSkills PRIME’ initiative, AI for Youth etc.
AI has the potential to significantly improve our lives, but it also raises important ethical and societal
questions. We need to be prepared to tackle the challenges of the future while maximizing the benefits
of AI for the present generation. (535 words)

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Potential benefits Limitations/Challenges

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Fig (b) Challenges associated with Additive Manufacturing (AM).

Salient features of the National Strategy for Additive Manufacturing (AM):

Fig (c) Six targets of the National Strategy of AM

Copyright Patents Trade Secret GI Trade Mark

2. Does not invention the disclosure black chicken are

Following measures can help address these challenges:

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