J*i
2 Complete the sentences. Use the present perfect or
L"ttt'l
,
Past simple
For actions that happened
at a specific point in the
past, usually wlth a time
expression.
L¿ç wønl to ?orlugal last
104r.
For situations that
happened in a period
time that has ended.
I liv¿d in Garmanl from
AooL lo ?-0o,,0.
With past time references,
such as yesterday, last ...
and... ago.
v'le f¡nish¿d our ¿rams last
$caK.
Kar¿n started h¿r neu
s¿hool a føw dars aqo.
With time references such
as thìs morning, today and
this weeklo talk about
something that happened
in a part of that period that
ìs finished.
I saw Fred lhis mornínq.
(The morning is finished.)
Þid Laura ohona lodav?
(lt is now the evening, so
the main part of'today'is
finished.)
With the question form
How long ago ... ?
Hov¡ lono aao did Tom
.."""',-','"".""'.-"".",'"",'_
brøaK hís loa?
H¿ broKo
J
il luro vsars aoo.
108 Grammar reference and pract¡ce 3
Present perfect
For actions that haPPened
at some point in the Past;
the time is unknown or
unimportant.
Larriohae slaleÅ al lhal
holsl tui¿¿.
For actions or states that
of began in the past and
that continue up to the
present, usually with for or
since.
Froda haa uorKsd hers for
s¿v¿ral v¿ars.
fm haa bø¿n a leacher
6inco 2olo.
With ever, never, already,
just and yet.
Havø vou ever beonhero
beloro?
No, l'vp n¿vor b¿¿n hor¿ in
m1 lifa.
Havs lhe airls arrív¿d v¿l?
lsabel has alreadv arriv¿d.
Kirstv has iuat ool hare. bul
6uev hasn'l arrivød vpl.
With time references such
as this morning, todaY and
this weekto talk about the
whole of that period of
-t¡me up to now.
I hav¿n't sson Frod lhis
morninc. (lt ìs still the
mornìng.)
Haa Laura phonød lodav?
(lt is stlllthe daytime.)
With the question form
How long.,. i and with for
or since.
Hov¡ lona hav¿ lou had
that rash?
l'v¿ had it for a monìh
sin¿e Februarv.
- which has just been interrupted;the present perfect
The present perfect and the present perfect continuous
past s¡mple form of the verbs below. can sometimes be used with liitle difference in meaning,
own not eat especially with verbs that express a continuous act¡on such
æ :ã ei come rd run w Iive xx go x be n get
Hou long did Tom have the rash for? (Tom no longer has as wait, live, work + for or since.
1 I know you live in England,now, but how long
the rash.) Ho's waitod a long time for lhis moment.
Ho had it for a monlh. you in lreland for? H¿'s beøn wailing a long tima for lhis momsnl.
Nor@ 2 The Romans .... to Br¡tain over two Howeve; the present perfect can tell us that an action fìn¡shed
thousand years ago. recently, while the present perfect continuous emphasizes the
The verb go has two past participle forms: been and gone
3 Grandad in hospital since last week, activity itself
We use been when we know that someone has returned
4 Harry ... ...... every morning for a year, and he l've dons m.¡ homøuorK. (l recently finished my homework.)
isn't going to stop now. I've boon doing m1 hom¿worK. (That is how l,ve spent my
from a trip. We use gone when they have not returned.
fosh has bpon Ìo lndia. (= He is back now.) 5 How long ago .... your parents time untiljust now.)
... married? The present perfect continuous can't be used with state
fosh has qonø lo lndia. (= He is still in lndia.)
6 My aunt and uncle .. to lndia for six verbs, e.g. be,like, believe, have.
months. They gave me this lovely souvenir. l've boen a løachor 6inco Zooø.
ln the past simple, there is only one form for the past
-
of go'.went.
7 How long .... . . you . . your pet NOT
snake? The present perfect continuous isn't used to say how often
fosh wønl lo lndia lasl loar^ (We don't know lf he came
back, or if he is still there.)
8 We had a sandwich last night but we something happened.
since then. fhel've viait¿d ue man.l limøs.
We can use the past simple or the present perfect with time Nor@
expressions, such as: today, this morning, this evening, this
3.2w Present perfect cont¡nuous 1 Complete the sentences using the present perfect
week, this year, etc. Compare the sentences:
I urot¿ thr¿¿ cma¡ls lhis morning. (The speaker is talking in Affirmative and negative continuous form of the verbs below.
the evenìng, so the perlod of time has ended.) {¡ get i*ì chat e¡ wait æ do m take *a not study
I
l'va vrrilton thr¿s smails lhis morning. (The speaker ìs
talking in the morning, so the period of time continues.)
You have been 1 I. . . . .. at rhis bus srop for half
We haven't been an hour.
1 Choose the correct sentence endings.
They
watching TV. 2 You're soaking wetlWhat you
1 lt's two otlock in the afternoon. Leo usually phones He
has been 3 Marcia
?
... ...
otlock She toherfriend
at ten
hasn't been on the phone since 5.30.
a but he dìdn't phone me this morning. Ir
4 Mark .. .. .. .. .. very hard for his exam
b but he hasn't phoned me this morning. Questions and short answers 5 We.. .. .... extra lessons to
2 l'm trylng to contact my old penfrìend but
help us with our maths.
........ ...
a she moved to a new city. 6 The population
b she has moved to a new clty. you fatter over
Yes, I have.
Have the past few decades.
3 They keep getting lost because WE No, I haven't.
a they haven't been here before. they been watching
TV?
2 Choose the correct sentence. Sometimes, both are
b they didn't go here before. he correct.
4 l've stopped going skating because Yes,he has.
a l've broken my leg the last time I went.
Has she
No, she hasn't.
1 a We're late because we've been helping Dad clean
¡r the garage.
b I broke my leg the last time I went.
5 She didn't buy a coat in the market because
b We're late because we've helped Dad clean the
Use garage.
a she didn't find anything suitable there.
b she hasn't found anything suitable there.
We use the present perfect continuous to talk about: 2 a The Fielding family have lived in this area for at
iï a situation or action that began in the past and is still in least a century.
6 lt's strange. I can't find Simon, but he
progress.The emphasis is on the duration of the activity.
a was here a few minutes ago. b The Fielding family have been living in rhis area for
We can use forand s¡ncelo show how long. at least a century.
b has been here a few minutes ago.
You'vo been vrriling thal lefi¿r for lhree hour¡. 3a l've had a headache since lunchtime.
r: an action that has happened repeatedly in the past and b l've been having a headache since lunchtime.
/ that is still happening now. 4a Ben's been writing a science fiction story. ln fact,
Ðan'sboon laKing guiÌar leasons. he's nearly finished it.
är a very recent action which has e¡ther just finished or b Ben's wr¡tten a science fiction story. ln fact, he's
nearly finished it.
continuous often introduces a reason or explanation. 5 a lt's been raining, so the grass is quite wet.
Kalo anÅ Lucl hava beøn pla.¡ing lønnis. b lts rained, so the grass is quite wet.
l'm tirød becauao l've boen þ¡orK¡ng all da1. 6 a The reason l'm covered in flour is because i've
made biscuits.
b The reason l'm covered in flour is because l've
been making biscuits.
Grammar reference and practice 3 1O9l
i
/-
 Grammar reference and Practice'4 /tli\\,",':Àltl J-f,, 1 -./dl'l òt¡l11
-æL)*^,:<r-% __l
Expressing the future go¡ngto 4.2n Future
-r pgffect and
4.1 x fUture Future cont¡nuous
llllfill We use be + going ro to talk about: cont¡nuous
Present simple r
¡tttlt
intentions.
Þen's going to join a g1m. Future perfect
Affirmative and negative -*æ"-***ær":rl
we use the present simple to talk about future events that
are fixed because they are based on a schedule, calendar or þ predictions about the future based on something we I

can see in the present. Affirmative and negative Yo u

timetable.
Look al lho sr.g. lfs going lo bo a boautiful da'¡. He/She/lt willbe
?etds flight lande al l¡.0o lomorro$ morning. I helping many people.
We won't be
What limo doea lhe f¡lm slart? Compare: You
going tofha.¡ arøn'l going to sla.¡ vorl long. He/She/tt willhave
You
Present continuous (That is their intention.)
We won't have
helped many people. They

We use the present continuous to talk about personal will / won't Tho.¡ vron'l slal vor.¡ long. (l predict this.) You
Questions and short answers
arrangements for a future day or date. They
l'm meeling up vrith Olivia lonighl. Sometimes there is little difference between going to and I

the present continuous when talking about the future. Questions and short answers you
l'm nol doing an.¡Thing latør. be helping Yes, you
$ldre going lo hav¿ a part¡ ne$ v¡øeßønd.
I wiil
he/she/it many will.
1 Choose the correct words. \rldro having a par\ n¿rl us¿Kend. you Yes, you
WE
people? No, they
1 We have / are having a meet¡ng tomorrow to discuss We use the present continuous to talk about a definite plan he/ sh e/it you won't.
have helped will.
for which the arrangements have been made. And we use will they
how to raise funds. WE many people? No,they
going to to show that the plan is only an intention.
2 According to the timetable, the drama group you won't.
rehearses / is rehearsing at six o'clock. may I might they Use
i

I
3 What do you do / are you doing later?
4 Does everyone go / ls everyone going to Luke's
party on Saturday?
5 They don't hold / aren't holding a meeting this week,
6 The football match ends / is ending at 7.00, so we
can watch the film afterwards.
i
We use may or mightwhen we are less certain about the
future. Althou gh may is considered to be more definite
than mÌght, there is, in fact, very little difference in meaning
between the two words.
We use the future continuous with a future time expresslon
to talk about actions that will be in progress at a definite
Use
time in the future.
We use the future perfect to talk about:
l'll b¿ travelling to Africa Ìhis l¡ma ns¡l w¿ek.
x an action that will be completed before a definite time
in the future.
It is not always necessary to use a future time expression,

I
3 Complete the sentences with the correct Íotm of will part¡cularly if the timeframe is clear from the context,
or be going fo and one of the verbs below. We often use by + a time expression to say when the action
2 Rewrite the sentences. Use the present simple or the
will be finished.
trtlill 1ou bø hølping oul al lhs øvant? (some time
between
present continuous form ofthe verbs in brackets. x start n cause G not go I fall u not take r make
ïho lraffic silualion v¡ill hav¿ improvød b1 øløven o,clo¿y.
the start and the end ofthe event)
I

1 Jan and Kim have decìded to go to Amy's party on

1 hope this a long time. I'm very busy. Call Lhria lomorrow. H¿'ll have had more l¡m¿ lo think
I

I
Saturday. (go)
I
2 Complete sentence b so that it has a similar
ir
2 is clear that further
lt drought
..................... very about lho idea b.¡ lhen.
meaning to sentence a. Use the future perfect or
serious probìems in the area.
2 Sarah has just bought a plane ticket for a flight to
future continuous tense.
3 Look at that manl He offthe roof! We can also use before + time expression.
Madrid next Tuesday. (fly) 4We to the meeting, We've got too 4hris won'l have maÅo hiô de¿¡åion b¿foro ìomorrovr. 1 a The concert finishes at 9.00.
much work to do. A time expression is not always necessary, however.
b At 8.59, the concert
3 The plane's departure time is 0920. (leave) 5 Clean water probably I hope lhat v¡e won'f havo á,ono all that hard vrorK for 2 a We leave school at 3.45,
the biggest difference to the people in the village. nothing.
b By 4.00, I
school.
4 The summer lecture programme is scheduled to 6 They .. a campaign to help promote the Tho camVaign will rais¿ avnronols of lhø issuq but in lh¿ 3 a Nick is going to arrive home later than 12.00.
begin on 15 June. (start) message. end, v¡hal uill ¡t have achiovod?
b Nick.... . ... home by 11.55.
i 4 a lt's eleven otlock. At eleven otlock tomorrory she,s
5 Matt and Jamie have booked a badminton court for 4 Match 1-8 to a-h to make sentences. 1 Complete the sentences with the future perfect flying to Lisbon.
later. (play) form of the verbs in brackets. b This time tomorrow she... . .......
i 1 l've got a cold, so I probably to Lisbon.
i 2 Sarah and I won't be at the picnic, but we 1 Byfour otlock this afternoon, Olivia
5 a The package will take several weeks to arrive.
i
I w¡ll 3 lt's great news. we're her driving test. (take)
b The package by
4 Good luck. I hope I 2 Wait until tomorrow to speak to Mark. He
tomorrow.
t We use will and won'tfo talk about:
f
m promises and hopes for the future, often with verbs like
5 Mike isn't sure, but he thinks ... .. his mind up before then. (not
6a The protest begins tomorrow morning at 9 a.m
i
6 The temperature is droPPing, lt make up)
hope, expect or promise + that (you can omit thdt). and continues all day.
I
7 Carla isn't certain, but she 3 By this time tomorroW Mr Reed
b By 9.30 tomorrory the Protest
t hopo (rhal) .¡ou'll bø verl happ.¡ herø.
8 They intended tojoin us on the protest, but they across the English Channel. (swim)
I
We can also use the infinitive with fo after these verbs.
4 By the end of this essay, I . ..... ..... over
\tlø hope lo arrangø anolhør moøling mon.
t
w predictions, often after lthink or I don'tthink, or future
a might meet us later. two thousand words. (write)

facts that we are certain about.

b aren't going to come now. 5 .. you
............ .... your exam results
I
t don't thinK it r¡¡ill bo d¡ff¡¿ult to pasa thi¡ o¡am.
c won't go swimming later. by this time tomorrow? (receive)
6 I
I

I
ThaT plant won'Ì survivo for long wilhoul ual¿r.
d the journey wilì take about three hours. By this time on Friday, rhis film
H future facts that we are less certain about, with probably.
e going to get a dog, at last. six times. (see)
f
I

may see you at Jack's party.

\¡l¿ r¡¡¡ü probabl.¡ go to tho parK, but il depønds on lho
g 'll see you again soon.
wøalh¿r.
h 's going to be very cold tonight.

110 Grammar reference and practice 4 Grammar reference and practice 4 l1l

cruise (n) lkrtuzl a holiday in which you travel
on a ship and visit a number of different places:
lflll They?e plonning to go on a cruìse.
cut through (sth) (v) /k¡,t Orur/ to go across, etc.
sth, in order to make your route shorter lt's much
quicker if we cut through theñeld.
deck(n) /dek/ one of thefloors of a shiporbus:
The restaurant is on the upqer deck.
DIY holiday (n) /,dir at 'war hnledel/ a holiday
where you choose and book the accommodation,
transport, activities, etc. yourself: We decided to go
on a DtY holiday so we could get the cheapestflights.
drive (along) (v) /draIv/ to go ortake sb
somewhere in a cat: I drove along the motorway,
escape the crowds (v) /r,skerp ðe 'kraaclzl
to get away from a place where there are lots of
people t found a quiet beach to escapethe crowds.
excursion (n) /rk'skcrjr¡/ a shortjourneyortrip
that a group of people make for pleasure:They're
go¡ng on an excursion to the seaside.
expedition (n) /,ekspo'dIJn/ a shortjourney
that you make fo r pleasure: My brotheß went on a
fi s h i n g exped iti o n tog eth er.
flight (n) lflart/ a journey by aÍ:They met on a
fl¡ght to Australio.
gate (n) /gert/ the place at an a¡rport where
you get on or off a plane: F/þht I 39 to Bol¡ ¡s now
board¡ng at gate 16.
get offthe beaten track (idiom) /get 'of ðe ,bi:tn
'tliek/ to go to a place where people do not often
goi We got off the beoten trcck ond ate at o quiet
locol restaurant.
get to know sb (v) /,get tð 'nðu/ to meet sb and
gradually find out more about them: Alexh wife
seems intercst¡ng. I d like to get to know her better.
head (forsb/sth) (v) lhed/ to move ¡n the
direction mentioned: Iheship was heading for the
harbour.
hold (n) /heuld/ the partof ashiporanaircraft
where goods are sloredi Five men were found
hiding in the ship\ hold.
honeymoon (n) /'h¡nimurn/ a holiday that is
taken by two people who have just got married:
We went to Howoii for our honeymoon,
houseswap (n) /'haos swnp/ an arrangement
where two people or families move into each
other! houses for a holiday: We're doing a
houseswap with a family who live in Poris.
land (v) /lænd/ to come down from the air or to
b¡ing sth down to the ground; to go onto land or
put sth onto land from a ship: Iheplone landed at
Heothrow airport,
lead (to) (v) /lird/ (used abouta roadorpath)to
go to a place; / don'tthinkthis path leads anywhere'
luggage rack (n) /'l,rgrcl3 r'ækl a piece of
equipment on a train, bus, plane, etc., that you can
put bags, suitcases, etc, in or on: /9ot on thetra¡n
ond put my bags in the luggage rack.
motorway (n) /'moutewer/ a wide road where
traffic can travel fast for long distances between
large towns: / /ove driving on the motorway.
national park (n) /,nieJ'ncl'po:l<,/ a large
area of beautiful land that is protected by the
government so that the public can enjoy it:
We saw lots of wildlife ìn the national park.
overhead locker (n) /,ouvehed'lnko(r)i a small
cupboard above the seats on a plane, used for
stor¡ng bags, suitcases, etc.: P/edse put your bags ¡n
the overhead locker.
packageholiday(n) /'pækrd3 hoteder/ a holiday
where the accommodation, travel, act¡v¡ties, etc.
are arranged for you by a company:We booked a
packoge holiday in Spain.
píer (n) /pro(r)/ a large wooden or metal
structure that is built out into the sea from the
lând. Boats can stop at piers so that people or
goods can be taken on or off.: We boarded the boat
from the pier.
platform (n) /'plætf ¡lmi the place where you get
on or offtrains at a ra¡lway station: Which platform
does the trc¡n to York leave from?
publictransport (n) /,p,rbhk'trænspuT/
a system of buses, trains, etc. which can be
used by the public: Do you go to work by public
tronsport?
130 Wordlist
runway (n) /'r¡nwet/ a long piece of ground with
a hard surface where aircraft take off and land
at an airport: Ihe plane landed safely on the runway.
seat belt (n) /'si:t belt/ a long narrow piece of
cloth that is fixed to the seat in a car or plane and
that you wear around your body, so that you are
not thrown forward if there is an accident: Fosfen
your seat belt!
self-catering holiday (n) i,self 'kertarr¡ ,hnlader/
a holiday where you stay ¡n a house or flat and
cook for yourself We're going on a self-catering
holidoy because hotels are too expensive,
setsail (v) /set'serV to begin ajourneybysea:
Columbus set soil for lndia.
sightseeing holiday (n) /'sartsi:I4 ,holede/
a holiday where you visit the sights of a of a city,
etc. as a tour¡st: / went on a sightseeing holiday to
Rome,
slow down (v) /slau 'daun/ to start to move, do
sth or happen at a slower speed; to cause sb/sth to
do this'. Con't you slow downT You're dr¡ving too fast.
soakupthesun (v) /,seuk,rpða'san/ totake
off most of your clothes and sit or lie in the sun in
order to enjoy its warmth, relax, get a tan (= darker
skinl , etc.: I cant wa¡t to soak up the sun in Goa.
speed up (v) lspi:d'ap/ to go or makesth go
taster:The trafñc sped up on the motorwoy.
stand (n) /st¿encll a placeatabusorcoach
station where a bus or coach stops so that people
can get on and off:The bus leoves from stand C.
staycation (n) /,ster'kcrj'n/ a holiday where you
stay at home, and relax or go on day ttips: We're
just having a staycation thisyear.
take off (v) /terk 'nf/ (used about an aircraft) to
leavethe ground and startflying: Theplonetook
off an hour late.
take part (in sth) (v) /terk 'po¡f/ to jo¡n with
other people in an activity: We alltookport in the
díscussion,
take time out (to do sth) (v) /te¡k tarm 'aut/
to stop doing your usual activities for a short time,
in order to relax, go on hol¡day, etc.: l'm going to
toke time out to rcad a few good books.
tour (n) /tuo(r)/a journey that you make for
pleasure, during which you visit many places:
We went on a tour of Oxford.
tour guide (n) /'tuc(r') gald/a person who shows
tourists or people who are travelling where to go:
She works as o tour guide in Venice.
tour¡st trap (n) /'tclrlst træp, 'tuârlst træp/
a place that has been created to attract tourists
and encourage them to spend moneyiThat gift
shop is a tourist trap. Let's go to the museum insteod,
tracks (n pl) /træks/ the two metal rails on which
a train runs: fhe troin stopped becousetherewas o
tree across the Üack'
travel (down) (v) /'tr'ævl/ to go from one place
1o another, especially over a long distance: Ihe bus
travelled down o long country road.
travel destination (n) /'trævl destt,netJnl
a place that is popular with people who are going
on holiday: Irarrel dest¡notions like Rome and Paris
are often very busy.
trek(n) itlek/ a long hardwalk, lasting several
days or weeks, usually in the mountains: We went
on a trekfor two weeks in the Himalayas.
trip (n) /trrp/ a journeytoa placeand backagain,
either for pleasure or for a particular purpose:
How was you trip toTurkey?
voyage (n) I'vtttd3l a long journey by sea:
The voyage tookthree doys.
wind (around) (v) /warnd/ (used about a road,
path, etc.) to have a lot of bends or curves in it:
The poth winds around the hills.
working holiday (n) /'wsrkr¡ ,holeder/ a journey
where you help a charity or the local people in
the place you are visiting:5he3 go,ng on a working
holiday to help build a school in lndia.
Unit 3
ability (n) /a'brlati/ the mental or physical power
or skill that makes it possible to do sth:Slre has the
ab¡l¡ty to poss the exam, but she must work harder.
amazed (adj) l¿'metzdl very surprised: / was
amazed by the change in his attitude.
annoyed (adj) ie'nc¡dl slightlyangry:He3
annoyed with himself forfailing the exam.
appalled (adj) /o'pcrld/ feeling horrorordisgust
at sth unpleasant orwrong: We were appalled by
the povetty and starvat¡on we saw everywhere.
astonished (adj) /o'slonr.[t/ very surprised: / was
astonished by the decision.
a pain in the partofthe
backache(n) /'bækerk/
body between the neck and the bottom: Dad had
a backache ofter gardening all day.
be down in the dumps (idiom) /bi ,daun rn ðe
'darnps/ to be unhappy or sad: She was down in
the dumps because all her friends were on holiday.
be on cloud nine (idiom) /bi nn ,klaud 'natn/
to be very happy, pleased, etc.: He was on cloud
nine when he got his exom results,
be over the moon (idiom) /bi ,euve(r) ða 'muln/
to be very happy, pleased. etc.: When lfound out l'd
got thejob, I was over the moon!
bruised (adj) lbru'.zt1l having the blue, brown
or purple marks that appear on the skin after you
have fallen, been hit, etc.i He had o bruised leg.
cheaply (adv) /'tJirpli./ for a low price: You can
travel quickly and cheaply all over thetown by bus.
chestpains (n pl) i't.''cst petnz/ unpleasant
feelings in the top part ofthe front ofyour body;
l'm going to the doctor because I have chest pains.
clearly (adv) /'khali/ without d oubl: She clearly
doesn't want to speakto you ony more,
comfortably (adv) /'k¡mftebli/ in a way that
makes you feel physically relaxed and in no pain;
that provides you with everything your body
needs:,Jon was sitting comfottably in the armchair.
comm¡tment(n) /ke'mltnront/ being prepared
to give a lot ofyourtime and attention to sth
because you believe it is right or important:
I odmire her commitment to the basketball teom.
cough (n) lknf/ an illness or infection that makes
you cough (= to send air out ofyour throat and.
mouth with a sudden loud noise) a lotj. Kevin's got
a bad cough.
cross (adj) /klos/ angry or annoyed: I was really
cross with her for leaving me with allthework.
delighted (adj) /dr'lartrdi extremely pleased:
She was delighted that she got thejob.
devastated (adj) /'devesteltrd/ extremely
shocked and upset: They were devastated when
the¡r team lost the cup frnal.
discipline (n) /'drsoplrn/ the practice oftraining
your mind and body so that you control your
actions and obey rules; a way of doing this: /t fdkes
o lot of d¡scipline to study for three hours a doy.
disgusted (adj) /chs'g,rstrd/ not liking or
pprovi n g of sb/sth at a : !4/e were d i s g u sted
a II
stondard of servicewe received,
dizzy (adj) /'dIzil feeling as ifeverything is
turning round and that you might faft. I get d¡zzy
in hìgh places.
enthusiastic (adj) /rn,0.iurzi'æstIk/ full of
excitement and interest in sth: Iñ e kids arevery
enth u s ¡ a sti c ab out spo rt.
excited (adj) /Ik'sa¡tIdl feeling or showing
happiness and enthusiasm; not calm:Areyou
getting excited about your holiday?
extremely (adv) /rk'strilnrli/ very'. Listen carefully
becouse this is extremely important.
feel blue (idiom) /firl 'blu:/ to be sad or
unhappy: He'd been feeling blue all week.
feeldown in the mouth (idiom) /firl ,daun tn ða
'nar¡ð/ to be sad or unhappy: I felt down in the
mouth when you saidyou were leaving.
feel on top of the world (idiom) ifirl on ,tnp av
ða'wgrlrV to be very happy: Chris felt on top of the
world when he got his new motorbike.
frightened (adj) /'frartnd/ afraid orscared:
Frightened children were collìng for their mothers.
furious (adj) /'fjuerios/ very angry: Kat was
furious with Wanen for losing the car keys.
generosity (n) i,d3ene'rosetil the quality of
being generous: He thanked her for her kindness
and generosity.
happiness (n) /'hæpinas/ afeeling of pleasure:
Money doesn't always bring happ¡ness.
r.t .'
3- j 'r'\- æ,rrN, Fl*¿ _\.}..'/-/;cr¡
headache(n) /,hctjcrk/ a pain inyourhead:/,re
got a splitting (=very bad) headochb.
hurt (adj)
./h3rr/ upset and offended by sth that
sþ has said or done: Madeleine was deeþty hurt that
she had not been inv¡ted to the party.
incredibly (adv)
n'k r.ctlabli/ exTremely: We have
/r
nad some incredibly strong winds recently,
itchy (adj) /rtJi/ makinq you want to rub or
scratch your skin: My skin is att itchy.
kindness (n) /'karncln¡s/ thequalityof being
kind; a kind act: Ih ankyou for your kíndness. '
laziness (n) /'lcrzincs/ the quality of not wanting
towork: I put his bad exom reiults down to laziness'.
miserable (adj) /'lnrzr.cbl/ very unhappy:
Oh dear, you look miseroble. Wnafs wroÅgiZ
necessity (n) /nc'ses¡li/ somethino that vou
must have: C/ean woter is an obsolutó ,eceäty.
n.u.mb (aa, /n¡m/ not able to feel an¡hing;
not
able to move: My frngers were numb *íth ,o"t¿.
nainful (adj) /, petnll/ rhat causes pain: My ankte
is still too painfulto wolk on.
petrified (ad) /'petrrfarcl/ veryfrightened:
petriñed of dogs.
pleased (adj) / plitzclt
h appy or satisfi ed a bout
stn:Heathq was very pleosed with her new car,
prosperity (n) /pro'speroti/ the state ofbeino
successful, and having a lot of mo ney:Tourism'hos
brought prosperity to mony parts ofspain.
quickly (adv) /,kw¡klil fasq in a short time: /d /ike
you to get here as quickly as possible.
rapidly (adv) l, r æpttllil very q uickly:
Th e q u a I i ty
of her work progressed rapidly.
rash (n) /r.æ/ an area of small red spots that
appear on your skin when you are ill or have a
reaction to sth: He come out in o rash where the
plont had touched him.
really(adv) /'trcbl t,m really thed.
runny nose (n) /,ttni,nsuzl a nosethat
produc¡ng too much liquid: Iherr c hildren atways
seem to have runny noses.
scared (adj) lskeadl Areyou scared ofthe dark?
self-estsem (n) /,self t,stirm/ youropinion of
yourself: Richard hos low self-esteem.
self-reliance (n) /,self n,larons/ the ability
to manage without depending on help froin
anyon_e else: Gorn g to university teaches students
self-reliance.
self-sacrifice (n) /,self ,sækrrfars/ giving up
what_you need or want in order to hãlp oihers:
Rebuilding the country after war demond"d hoid
wo r k a n d s elf- so c ri fr ce.
shivery (adj) /'Jrv;ril
at th e
shaking slightly, especiallv
because you are ill: t feetweakândihiíery.'
shocked (adj) [okt/ to feel upset, angry or
surprised: We were shocked by his deatll. '
sick (adj) /s¡k/ not well: Hr's baby is sick again.
simila¡ly (adv) /'s¡rnalcli/ in a way that is like
sb /.sth but not exactly the same: Íh e pluratl oi
'shelf is 'shelves! Similorly, the pturat ofrwolf, is
'wolves:
single-mindedness (n) /,srngl'ma¡ndrdnâs/ the
quality of having one clear aim or qoal which vou
âre determ¡ned to
achieve: t admirád her singté_
mindedness ond her determination towin,
sore (adj) isrr( r)/ painful: My feet were sore from
wolkinq so far.
sportsmanship (n) /'spc:tsmen [rnl the oualitv
of being fair, generous and politõ when yol are'
playing a game or doing sport: Ihe playérs
showed
sportsmanshipwhen
they shook hands after the
match.
stamina (n) /'stæmrna/ the ab¡lity to do sth that
involv.es a lot of physical or mentaíeffort for a ioìg
timei You need stamino to run a marathon.
stomach ache (n) /,st,rmek erk/ a pain in the
front part of your body below your èhest and
above your legs: Prowns g¡ve me o stomach ache.
surprised (adj) /se'pralzd/ feeling or showing
surprise: I was very surprised to see Jim at the po'rty,
surprisingly (adv) /sa' pllr.t r ¡ Ii/ Surprisi ng ly few
people got the correct onswer,
swollen (adj) /'swaulen/ thicker or wider than
usual: Her ankle wos swollen after she twisted it,
*;,lt*li*frNÏldi;x;fu]:iy,,
t¡redness (n) /'tar¡dncs/
the
need to rest'or sree-f äiåarì"i.rlllins ,]'u,
touses occidents.
unhappy (adj) lnnil,,"oir'nï,t
terribly unhappy oboû¡osino
h::Å1.)¿
unwell (adj) lm'wcl/ ill; sick: you
¡Í you are unwell.
upset (adj) /np,set/ unhaoov
¡;" ri i ìl åá ú'íp'à i' ;;; ;;Ëil"i; #
(ad, /wi:k/ "
(used
ye.ak abour the body)
ittl e st re n gth or en er gy : H e w o s *
I
wonyingly (adv) i 'w,rr.ir¡li/ in a waythat "
maies
youthink that sth bad might happen or has
nappened: Wofty¡ngly, I cant frnd my house
keys.
Unit 4
address (issues / a problem) (v) /o,clrcs/ to
try to
p/rr7rs deal with a.problem, government is ñn;li;
.etc.iThe
oddress¡ng the issue of corruption.
aid.(poor people / developing countries) (v)
/ertV to help sb / sth: The government poià for food
and medic¡ne to oid developing countries,
believe in sth (v) ibr'li:v rn/ to think that sb/sth
is good or right: He doesn't believe in eating meot.
belong to sth (v) /br,lon têl to be a member of
a group or an organization: Doyou belong to ony
politicol portyT
campaign (v) /kæm,pern/ to take part in a
planned series of activities in order io make
sth happen or to prevent sth: Local people are
compaigning for lower speed limits in the town.
campaigner (n) /kæm'pclnarr)/ a person who
takes part in a planned series of activities in order
to make sth happen or to prevent sth: He3 dn
is
animal rights campaiqner.
care (aboutsb/sth) (v) /kea(r)/ to be worried
about or interestedin sth: I onty core about money.
charity worker (n) i 'r.f¿er.rt i ,w:r:kelr)/ a person
who is employed by a charity (= ¿¡ organiiation
that collects money to help people wño are poor,
s¡ck, etc. or to do work that is useful to society):
Shelters for stray dogs are run by charity workeís.
climatlr change (n) I'lilalmot,tJerncl3/ changes
in the Earth's weather, including changies in
temperature, wind patterns and rainfall, especiallv
the increase in the temperature ofthe eartht
atmosphere that is caused by the increase of
particular gases, especially carbon dioxide: Some
people blame climate chonge on pollution.
co-exist (v) /,keurq,z;stl to live or be together
at the same time or in the same place as ú/sth:
Can different ethnic groups co-exist peacefully?
compete (v) /kân1'pirt/ totryto win orach¡eve
sth, or to try to be better than sb else:The world,s
best athletes compete in the Olympic Gomes.
competítor (n) /kem,pet rte(r)/ a person or an
organization that is competing agaínst others:
here ore ten competitors in the frrst race.
I
contaminate (v) /kÕn'tæmìnert/ to ädd a
substance which will make sth dirty or harmful:
The town\ drinking water was contaminated with
poisonous chemicols.
co-operate (v) /kau,operelt/ to work with sb else
to achieve sth: We ore co-operot¡ng with a new frrm
on this project.
deforestation (n) /,dil,f orr,ster.[n/ cutting down
trees over a Iarge area: Deforestation is o mãjor
couse of globol warming.
devastate (v) /'devesterti to destroy sth or
damage it badly: The town was devosiated by an
earthquake.
die out(v) /tjar'aut/ tostop happening or
disappear: Dinosaurs dìed out millions of-years ago,
disease (n) /dt'zizl an illness of the body in
humans, animals or plants:, Moloria is a disease.
distribute-(v) /dr'srr rbju:t/ to give things to
number ofpeopl e:Th.ey distribuled emerjency food
supplies to the areas thot were most in neãd. '
:å*'Ëili'^'*,i*$i:ili$ifuqq.s,""
of shoPs and comP
number
the main distributor of mobile phonø,-tìYinpony
¡s
(monev / clothes) (v) ,.,1"'"liil",lTÍ.^
ioìate
vo,
sad: she3
donor (n) /'dcon¡(r)i a person who givêS monc'
should go home or goods to an organlzarlon lnal,nelps people oi'
animalsiThe chor¡ty ß suppor(eo oy clonors.
ed : sh e was drought (n) ldtaoll a¡ong-period without r¿i¡;
;rr
i
The counüy had twoyears ol severe drought,
havino earthquakes (n) /':rl0kwcrks/ sudden, violent
i
o rí¡ ín"Ël,',1
r. åo" movements ofthe earth's surface: thousandsof
people were left homeless by the earthquake.
evacuate (v) /r'vækjuerti 1o move people frqrn
a dangerous place to somewhere safer; to leave a
place because it is dangerous: Hundredsofpeople
were evacuated from the wor zone,
famine (n) /'fænun/ a lack of food over a long
per¡od oftime ¡n a large area that can cause the
death of many pe ople: There is a severe fomine in
many ports ofAfrica.
floods (n pl) /llnds/ largeamounts of waterthat
have spread from a r¡ver, the sea, etc. and that
coveran areâ which should bedry:Hewasforced
to leave h¡s home because ofthe flóods.
fundraiser (n) /'f^ndt.erlå(r)/ a person whose
job is to find ways of collecting money for a
cnailty or an organization: Would you like to work
os a rundraiser for a charityT
insist (on sth) (v) /rn's¡st/ to say strongly that
you must have or do sth, or that;b elseïust
do
sthi Don ¡nsisted on coming too.
interact (v) /,rnter,ækt/ (used about people) to
communicate or mix with sb, especially whileyou
work, playor spend time togethêr: Heís studying
the way children interact witñ eoch other.
internatÍonal (adj) /,rnta'næJnoV involving
two or more countríes: He come second in al
i ntemat¡ono I piono com petition.
organize (v) t,t:gcnatzl to plan or arrange an
event, activ¡ty, etc.:The school orgonizes tr1ps
b
various places of interest.
organizer (n) /'t;ganavt(r)/ a person who plans
or arranges an event, activity, etc.: The orgonizers
ofthe concert said thot it ha¿ been a greot success.
overcrowded (adj) /,out a,kr.auclrd/ (used about
a place) with too many people insideiThe trains
are overcrowded on Friday evenings.
overflowing (adj) /,auvo'f larln/
so full that the
contents go over the sides: Tfre tap wos left on and
the bath was overÍlowing.
participant (n) /pol'trsrpent/ a person who takes
partin sTh: Hundreds of porticiponts joined the
demonstrotion.
participate (v) ipo:'lrsrperti totake part or
become involved in sth: Students are encouroged
to potticipate ¡n the running of the college.
pollution (n) lpa'luN'n/ the act of mak;ng the air,
water, etc. d¡rty and dangerous; substances that
pollute:The rivers are full of pollution.
poverty(n) /'povoti/ the state of being poor:
Millions of people in this country live ¡n poverty.
preserve (v) lptt'zstvl to keep sth safe or in
good condition: They've managed to pteserve most
ofthe woll paintings'in the covàs.
promote (v) /pra'mauT/ to advertise sth in order
to ¡ncrease its sales or make it pop ular:This cream
is being prcmoted as o miracle cure for wrinkles.
promoter (n) /pto'nraute(r)/ a person who
organizes or provides the money for an event:
The promoters believed that the party wos a success.
protest (against sth) (v) /prå'rest/ to say or show
that you do not approve of or agree with sth,
especially publicly: Students hove been prctesting
agoi nst the govern me ntS dec¡s¡on.
raise (money) (v) /rerzl to get money from
people for a particular purpose: We are doing a
a
sponsored walk to roise money for charity,
raise (awarenessl (vl lretz/ to ¡ncrease the
level of sth or to make sth better or st¡.onger:
The wristbands were sold to ro¡se oworeness of the
'Make Poverty H i story' campai g n.
Wordlist 131
 Wordlist
t,.., t .. -.
10,*,,fl reappear (v) /,rire'pro(rì/ to appear again or be
seen again: lf ony signs ofthe illness reoppeaL see
y ou r d octo r i m m ed ¡ ately.
jrrlrttlt
rebuild (v) /,r'ir'brldl to bu¡ld sth again'.Following
the stom, many houses will have to be rebuilt.
lr,
itrllll
relocate (v) /,ri:'lor.r'kert/ to move to a new
place to live or to run a business: My parents are
I
relocating to the South of Fronce.
relvon sb/sth (v) /r¡'lar/ to need sb/sth and not
I
beãble to live or work properly without them or
it:The otd tady had to rely on othet peopleto do her
I
shopping for her.
semi-circle (n) /'semissrkU one half of a circle;
I
something that is arranged in this shape: P/ease sit
i in a semic¡rcle.
semi-permanent (adj) /'semi 'p:rmenont /
I
something which doesn't last forever, temporary:
We've decided to live in Fronce on o semFpermonent
basis.
set up (sth) (v) /,set ',rpl to start a business, an
i
organization, a system, etc.: Ihe company hos set
I that a person has who knor, ã lot
I up a new branch in Woles.
sponsor(v) /'sponsa(r)/ to agreeto pay money
I
to a charity if sb else completes a particular
I
aclivilyi I'm running a marathon for charity -will
you sponsor me?
I
sponsor (n) /'sponselr)/ a person who agrees
I to pay money to a charity if sb else completes a
particular activity I need sponsors for o bike rideto
I
Brighton in oid ofConcer Research.
i
spread (v) /spredl to affect a larger area or a
I
bigger group of people; to make sth do this: ¿ts
and flies spread diseose.
I
support (a charity / a campaign) (v) /se'prrt/
to help sb/sth by say¡ng that you agree with them
or it, and sometimes giving pract¡cal help such as
money: My company ¡s supportingthe proiect.
supporter (n) /sa'p::rte(r)/ a person who
supports a political party, sports team, etc.: A// the
opplause camefrom the pol¡ticianb own supporters,
survive (v) /se'va¡v/ to cont¡nue to live or exist
in or after a difficult or dangerous situation: Only
three people survived the crash.
transform (lÍves / a situation) (v) /træns'fcrm/
to change sb/sth completely, especially in a
way which improves sb/sth: Having a baby hos
üansformed my life.
(used
underdeveloped (adj) /,¡ndodr'velopt/
about a country, society, etc.) having few
industries and a low standard of living:5he3
helping to build schools in underdeveloped
countries.
unemployment (n) /,,rn¡m'pl¡tmenti the
number of people who are unemployed:
The economy is doing badly and unemployment ¡s
rising.
urbanization (n) /,:lrbanar'zelJìr/ the process
in which areas ofthe countrys¡de become part
of towns and cit¡es: Animals'homes are being
d estroyed by u rb o n izatio n.
volcanic eruptions (n pl) /vol,kænrk r'r,tp.[nzl
times when a mounta¡n with a hole in the top
throws out steam, lava (= hot melted rock), fire,
smoke, etc.: The volcanic eruptions coveted the
town in a layer of osh.
volunteer (n) /,volan'tro(r)l a person whooffers
or agrees to do sth without being forced or paid to
do ft Are there any volunteeß to dothewashing-up?
volunteer (time / help) (v) /,volon't1â(r)to offer
sth or to do sth which you do not have to do or for
which you will not be paid: Heoftenvolunteersfor
extra work becouse he really likes hisiob.
wash sb / sth away (v) l,woJ e'rveI/ (used about
water) to carry sb /sth away:Thefloods had washed
awoy the path.
work for charity (v) /,ws:k {cr(r) 'tJ'æroti/ to do
work for an organizat¡on that collects money to
help people who are poor, sick, etc. or to do work
that is useful to socieïy: He's work¡ng for charity this
summer.
Unit 5
admit (to sth) (v) /ad'mlt/ to agree that sth
unpleasant is true or that you have done sth
wrong: He refused to odm¡t to the theft,
132 Wordlist
approve (of sb / sth) (v) /e'prulvl to be pleased
abòut sth; to like sb/sth: His father didn't opprove of
him becoming a dancer.
armed robber (n) i,olmd 'rnbe(r)/ a person who
steals from a place or a person using a weapon:
An armed robber held up the cashier at gunpo¡nt'
armed robbery (n) /,olmd 'robori/ the crime of
stealing from a place or a person using weapons:
Two men were found guilty of armed robbery.
be responsible (forsth) (v) /rr'sponsebV being
the thing or person whose caused sth to happen:
Who was responsiblefor the accident?
blame sb (for sth) (v) /blerm/ to think or say that
a certain person or thing is responsible for sth bad
that has happened: He blamed me for the acc¡dent.
come up with sth (v) /k,rm 'ap wrð/ to find an
answer or a solution to sth: Engineershovecome
upwith new woys of soving energy.
community service (n) /ko,mju:neti 'sstvls/
work helping people in the local community that
sb does without being paid, either because they
want to, or because they have been ordered to
by a court as a punishment: She wos sentenced to
thrce months of community setvice forvandalism,
compulsory (adj) /kem'p'rlsari/ that must be
done, by laW rules, elc.: Moths ond English are
compulsory subjects on th¡s course,
death penalty (n) /'deO penlti/ the legal
punishment of being killed for a crime: Afterthe
murder therewere calls to bring bockthe deoth
penolty.
deter sb (from doing sth) (v) /tlr'ts:(r)i to make
sb decide not to do sth, especially by telling them
that it would have bad results: Ihe counc¡l is try¡ng
to detervisitorsfrcm driving in the city centre.
disagreement (n) /,cùse'gri:ment/ a s¡tuation in
which people have a different opinion about sth
and often also argue: lt's normal for couples to hove
disagreements.
disbelief (n) i,drsbr'lirf/ thefeeling of not
believing sb/sth: 'lt con't be true!'he shouted in
disbelief.
dishonesty (n) /drs'nnrsti/ the act of trying to
make sb believe sth that is not true:Thefootboller
accused the referee of dishonesty.
disrespect (n) /,drsrr'spekt/ a lackof respect for
sb/sth that is shown in what you d o ot sayi Do not
show d¡stespect towords your parents.
fair (adj) /feo(r)/ treating each person or side
equally, according to the law, the rules, etc.:
ttwasn'tfair on her to ask her to stoy so late.
fall out (w¡th sb) (v) /f¡:l 'aut/ to argue and stop
being friendly (wirh sb)i Alan and Michael have
fallen out.They aren't speaking to eoch other'
forgive sb (for sth) (v) /fa'grv/ to stop being
angry towards sb for sth that they have done
wrong: I can'tforgive him for his actions last nìght.
gang violence (n) /,9æ¡'varelans/ damage or
harm caused to sb physically as a result offights
between groups ofyoung people or criminals:
There is o lot of gang violence in that pott ofthe city.
get away w¡th sth / doing sth (v) /ger o'weI wrði
to do sth bad and not be punished for it: He /red,
but he got oway w¡th it.
get round to sth / doing sth (v) /get 'raund tel
to find the time to do sth, after a delay: I wont to
read that bookbut I haven't got round to ityet'
have the right (to sth) (v) /,hæv ðe 'raIt/ to be
allowed to do sth according to the law; to have a
moral authority t o do sthi ln Britain everybody hos
the r¡ght tovote at 18.
house arrest (n) /har¡s o'rest/ the state of being
kept in your own home as a punishment instead
of in prison, and not being allowed to leave:
Galileo was kept under house arrestfor mony years'
illegal (adj) /r'lirgl/ not allowed bythe law: ltrs
illegal to drive a corwithout insurance.
internet fraud (n) i'rntenet,ticrdi (an act of)
cheating sb Ín order to get money, etc. illegally,
using the internet: Haveyou ever been avictim of
internet fraud?
just (adj) /d3rst/ fair and right; reasonable: / don't
thinkthat was o veryjust decision.
ì !.\* . ?ær.rr,Fk¿_\.t"...,/,/;<I\
{ f=Ðr--ã\lnIIL
knife crime (n) /'na¡f klarm/ illegal behaviour stopsb / sth (from) doing sth (v) /str)p/ to
make
or activities in which knives are used as weapons: sþ/sth,end orfnish an activity; to prevãnt -r-Iir.üæ (large) proportion (adj) /pra'pc:
sb/sth
There has been an increose in knife uime among Trom do¡ng sth: They've built o fence
to stop the dog iiåií,üTËffi ,fl .';?,i iî,i Ë""".í,Ji,f, .,1i"ï' l.n/ a Þart ^"
a Iorse proportion ortn" ràiint
Ld.n ouy every week or :l*-"-:l-r_yh"t"i
young men since thistime lastyeor. getting out. month containing arti¿les,
p¡o-tographs, etc. often surtoce ts covered by sea,
legal (adj) /'lì rgl/ allowed by law: lt is not legol to takeaccountofsb/sth (v) lterk â,kaont ov/ on a panicular tópic:
t nere^r odvetß purchase (n)/'p:rt.fas/ something thatyou h,,,..
'ere for the shampoo in alt tite glossy
drive o cotwithout insurance. to consider sth,.especially when deciding.oi magaznes. ,!"::*:":-y:* poor purchase _ íh"y;,à?iìíiì|y,
life sentence (n) /'larf sentens/ the pun¡shment Judging sth: We'lltake occount of your co"mments. greatpart-of{n) /grett ,no:t aport atreody. "
by which sb spends the rest of their life in prison: theft.(n) /0eft/ the crime ofstealing sth: I/rere ¡v/ mostof;the purchase (v)
majority of: She sp ent o great port ot n"ì iiåìnÞar¡s. /'pr:t.[es/ to buy sth: Mdny
He was given a life sentence for murder. have been a lot ofthefts in this orea rãieiäy. employees have the opportun¡ti to purcháse shares
industry(n) /'rndãstri/ the people
and activities
limiting (adj) /'Lmrtrq/ putting limits on what ¡s thief In) /0irl/ a perso,n who steals things
from involved ¡n producing sth, p.u¡.i¡ng in theh company.
possible: Ihe rules about what shoes you con weat another person: A thiefsnatched her han'dbaa u ,"iuäå..'--
etc.: Th e n ew h i g h + a ¡ n á r rti¡ à
rî',å rä pioiJ ri' refund (n) /,ri;f¡nd/ asumof moneythatisÞãi.t
to school orevery l¡m¡t¡ng. conta¡ning her new mobile phone. manufacturing industries
" back to you, especially because yo, huue puij-'"
in many areas,
l¡ve up to sth (v) iliv '¿p toi to be as good as yli91(r) /'.r,ændl/ a person whodamases influence (v) /'tnfiuons/ to have an too much or you are not happy with sth yäu have
sb effect on bought: There's o hole here. Can I hove o refund? -
expected: Ch,Tdren sometimes frnd it hard to live up elses property on purpose and for no
reas'on, or power over sb/sth so that he/she¡¡t
to th e i r parcnts' expectoti ons. vanaaß had wrecked the school hall. lÀaÀãäs,
You must decide foryourseff. oon;t
iü;;;;;;""i;; refund (v) lr¡,f¡ncl/ to paysb backa sum of
misbehaviour (n) /,mrsbr'helvje(r)/ to behave vandalism (n) /,vændolrzem/ There has
been a
influence you. money, especially because they have paid too
badly: Paul was punished for his misbehaviour. marked ìncrease in vondalism in " much orthey are not happy with sth ihey have
recentyi"ii- influence (n) /,lnl lu¡ns/ the powerto
aftect.
misfortune (n) /,rnrs'fcrtJuln/ (an event, voluntary (adj) /'vnl¡ntri/ done or given change or controt søtstn: rv càn Þoughti Your trovelling expenses will be reîunded.
accidenl etc. that brings) bad luck or disaster:
iiviáü)àii research (v) irr's'ltJ. ,ri:s.lfj7 to do deta¡led
þecause you want to do ¡t, not becauie you
have
influence on children.
He has learned a lotfrom his misfortunes. to do it: He tookvoluntary redundancy and teft and careful study of sth to find out more
the (n) /rn,satdã( r)'nohcl3/
m¡streatment (n) l,mrs'triltment/ cruelty to a company lost year. iLsld:r flowJedge
tntormation rnrormation-about tt: They,re research i ng ways
of
person or animal:The owner of the zoo was accused reducing traffrc ¡n the c¡ty centrc.
aþout a group or an organization because thev
of mistreatment of his onimals. Unit 6 a paft ^,o" research (n) /rr,s.r:t.[, 'r.i:se:tJi detailed and
.of iti H¡s insider knowledge wor
r"ry uieiít"
mugger (n) /'mnge(r)/ a person who attacks and when he moved to o rival compony. caretul study of sth to find out more information
advertising camp?ign (n) /,ædvrrarzr¡
steals from sb in the street:The mugget was white, jingle (n) l'<ftrnglt about.it: We are carrying out morket reseorch
kærn,pcrn/ all of the advertisumuntr, pórt"rr, a shorttunethat¡s easvto to find
aged 18 to 20, ond waswearing a darkiacket. remember, often used in advertisin out who our typ¡col customer ¡s,
billboards, etc. that are created to pãffi;'" grrnoi6iifs retailer (n) /'rilterlalr.t/ a person oÍ comÞanv
mugging (n) /'mrgr¡/ The mugging took place a.product or service at a particulaitime: jingle is very easy to remember.
that sells goods to the public: The superm'arkót
around midnight. he.advert¡sing. campaign fot the new
Mp3 player launchlv) /l)rnt.í to startsth newortoshowsth caused problems for local retailers,
has
wos
"t
very popular with teenagers. roÍ the first time: They've just launched
obligatory (adj) /e'bhgetri/ that you must do: a new car.
It is obligatoty to get insurance beforeyou drive banner (n) /,b¿un¡(r)/ a long, narrow /'lctrgao/ a printed symbol or design Iil jn) ¡r'rLl a possibility of sth dangerous or
a cor, aovertrsement on a website: Ihere o re fg:_fq
tnat a company or an organization uses as it!
unpleasant happen¡ng; a situation thalt
could be
too mony oangerous or have a bad result: The risks
offence (n) /o'fens/ a crime; an illegal action: banners on this web page. speciaf sign: The company logo was very invotved
modern. tn tne enteryrise were considerable.
billboard (n) /'brlbo:cll a large board near
Deliberote damogeto public property is a criminal luxury goods (n) i 'l,nkj¡ri
a road ,gotlz/ products that risk.(v) f'rski to do
offence. where advertisements are pui: Ihere *"r",ri"iot areþeautilul and very expensive: I uxury goods, sth that may mean that vou
g-et ¡nto asituation which is unpieasa"t f;;yå;i
offender (n) /o'fencle(r)/ a person who breaks oiltooards on the moin road ¡nto the city. such os perfumq ore popular with rich
touí¡sts.
'
lf you_dontwork hord now, you iisk faitiig
the law or commits a crime: Young offenders brand image(n) /,brænd,rmrd3/ thegeneral (vast) majority (n) /rna'tl3or.ati/ iolr"
the largest exoms.
should not be sentto odult pt¡sons. tmpress¡on that a product, compan, organization,
:yl.?_"-t.9ip..tJ gf a.group of peopte or tÉings: rhrs sample (n) /,so:nrpl/ a small number or
optional (adj) /'op.l'anl/ that you can choose or etc. gives to the p ublic: poilutinþ thé ' proctuct ¡s avo¡loble in the vost maþrity
of stoíes. amount
or sþ/sth that is looked at, tested, examined,
not choose: Optio nal extros w¡th the cor include woutd domage the company's biond image. "nriroi^ànt manufacture (v) /,mærrju'tn:ktJr(ry to make etc.
ro nnd out what the rest is like:The interviews
electricwindows and a CD ployer. classÍfied ad (n) /,klasrfartl '¡:d/ a small srn.rn targe quantities using machines:The were
local given to a rondom sample of shoppers.
own up (tosth) (v) /aun'¡p/ totell sbthatyou advertisement that you put in a newspaper
if toclory mo nufacturcs fwnitu re.
yo_u want to buy or sellsth, sample (v) /'su:rnpU to try a small amount
have done sth wrong None of the children owned employ sb, fiild a flat, market (n) /,nlolklt/ a country, an area or a of sth
to see.what ¡t ¡s like: you are welcome to somple
up to breaking thewindow. eÍc.: ff you need o bobysitter, you coutd
took at the group of peopfe that buys sth; ihe number - '
classifred ads. of any of our wines before making a purchose.
petty theft (n) /,peti'oeft/ an act of stealing that sth:The company is hopins to
commerciaf.(n) lka'nttfll an adveÍtisementon ?.:9!1",y|"
expond ?ry_ sign¡fi cant amount (n) /sr g, nr l rkcnl J'mûi)nt/
is not very seriou s: People dont usuolly go to prison ¡nto the Europeon Morket,
a quant¡ty or number of sth that ¡s important
for peuy theft. r V or.the ¡,adio: Ih isTV chonnel
shows fortoo mony market (v) /'morkrt/ to sell sth with the helo or
of targe enough to be noticed or to havé
prisonterm (n) /'prrzn ts:m/ a period of timefor
commerciols! advertising: /trs orketed os a heaiihy
"' an effect:
m ,nàrlr.- He donated o sign¡frcant omount of
.;;"y t;;È;
which sb is in prison: He faces o long prison term. consumer (n) /kan'sju:ma(r.Ji a person who marketing agency (n) /'morkrtlç char¡ty.
þuys thtng,s or uses services: Consu mers should ,ercl3onsi/
a company that creates advertising foröther
prohibit sb i sth (from doing sth) (V) /pra'hrbrt/ slogan (n) /'slsugcn/ short phrasethat
comploin if they are not sotisfied wìth the a is
to say that sth is not allowed (by law): English law seüice companies' produ cfs: They hired o-marketing easy to remember and that is used in politics
they rece¡ve. ogency to design the posters, or
prohibits anyone under I Sfrom buying cigarettes. advertising: ,4nti- government slogor, [;;d
ld.t,zatnt to ptan and make a drawins massive.(adj) /'rr¿rs rvl very big: painted all over the wolls.
b;;;
prohibited (adj) /pra'htbrtldi Smoking is L":iql
ot lyl w¡ll
how sth be made: She des igns the interiors-
He suffered o
prohibited on this trc¡n. massve heart ottack. spam (n) /spæm/ advertising material sent
of shops. bv
punish sb (for sth) (v) /'p¡ntÍ to make sb (t¡ny) minority(n) /mar,nnr.eti/
thesmaller emart to people who have not asked for
it: IhlÍ
desìgnln) The orchitect showed us her numþer or part of a group; less tha n half: Onlv
suffer because they have done sth bad or wrong: .lclt'zaml emoil progrom can recognise spam and
design for the new theotre. o delete ¡t
The children were pun¡shed fortell¡ng lies. mtnor¡ty ot students become involved in potiticí. tor you.
display (v). /dr,splcr/ to put sth in a place where
put sth down to sth (v) /put 'daon tal to believe modest (adj) /,rnndlst/ not very large: sp,ecial offer (n) /,spe.l l'ul'et r.1/ a low price for
peopfe will see it or where it will attract
that sth ¡s caused by sth: I put his bad exam results attention:
' She received a modest
pay increose, sth ¡n a shop, usually for a shorttime:
Posteß fot the show were disployed at schooi. Sàe betow for
down to laziness rather thon a lackof abil¡ty. overwhelming (adj) /,ouvc,welnlrn/ extremelv aetatts ot our spec¡ql offer.
put up with sb / sth (v) /put ',rp wrð/ to suffer 9ithy t"l itlr'splcr/ an arrangement of things in great or strong: / had an overwhelming desire stealth marketing.(n) /,stelO ,morkrt¡l/
a puþtrc ptace tor people to see: The bokery toþo. the
sb / sth unpleasant and not complain about it: hald a perçr'ade (v) /pc'swertl/ to make Þractice of promoting products in u *uy ti,ui
beout¡tul d¡splay of cakes and biscuits. sb do sth
does not appeaf to be advertising, such
I don't know how they put up with this noise. Þy grvrng them good reasons: /t wø s
endorsement (n) /rn,drlsment/ a public diffrcutt to as bv
product placement (= showing piôOuitiin-ítr.
release sb (fiom sth) (v) /n'lirs/ to allow sb to be persuode tom to change his mind.
statement that you give ofñcial supþort or or retevrsron programmes): Do you think stealth
free: Heb been released from prison.
agreement to a plan, statement, decision, etc.:
pop-upad(n) /,pnp,rp'lcd/ an advertisement
marketing is eth¡col?
restrictive (adj) ln'strrktrv/ limit¡ng; preventing your computer screen suddenty
people from doing what they wanti London has
ceteonttes are oÍten po¡d to g¡ve endorsements
of lî:l:1?:."
wnrte you are1" target (v) l,tu:glt./ totryto havean effecton
expensive products, browsing the internet:Thiswebsiíe
a panrcutar group ot people: The odvertising
rest t¡ ctive p r ki ng r u I es. nas so mony pop-up ads _ they?e reatty
o annoying!
rob sb /sth (of sth) (v) /rob/ to take money, :l!:t]"":: tg(n)yo.u/rk'sprcrians/ something that has
(often sth unusuat or eicitins):
present (n) /' prezntl something that you
give to
campa¡gn is torgeted at teenogers,
property, etc. from a person or place illegally: ::?p:l:d sb or receive from sb:The toy waí a toráú priràil trend (n) /trcntl/ a general change or
5ne wrote o book obout her experiences in Africa'.
development: He o lways fol I owed'the lotest trends
Severol people on the trainwere robbed.
experience (v) /rk,spl¿rirns/ to have sth present(v) lprr'zcnt/ toshowsth thatVou
have in fashion.
sentence sb (to sth) (v) /'sentens/ (used about prepared to people Good teochers
nappen to you; to feel: lt was the frrst time try to'pnr"ii-
td ever trick(v)./lr¡k/ to persuade sbto
a judge) to telt sb who has been found guilty of experienced failure. the¡r mater¡ol in an interesting woy. do sth by
mak¡ng them believe sth that ¡s notlrue:
a crime what the punishment will be:Theiudge profit (n) / prntìti the moneythatyou He tr¡cked
flier (n) /'flaro(r)/
a small sheet of paperthat make me into lending him money.
sentenced her to three yeors in prison. when you sell sth for more thán it cóst you:
advertises.a product or an event an¡ i;;ì;;ì. .
shoplifter (n) /'J ophfto(r)i a person who large number of p eople: Heh handing oít We mode a profrt on our house when
*r'rotà n.
yl:f"piry.(pl 1'n.npr n/ very bis:
steals sth from a shop while pretending to be a
nirrìi;, promise (n) /,promrs/ a written or spoken
-(informat)
He earns o whopping f.200,000 a year.
a new club.
customer: Shoplifters will be prosecuted. statement or agreement that you wili or will not
free samples (n pl) /,fri: ,stumplz/ small
shopl¡ft¡ng (n) /'Jophftr¡ He was orrested for amounts of products that you dbn,t have to do stl't: You should never break a promise. Unit 7
(") /'o:9jur/ to saythings, often angrity,
shoplifting. pay for, which are given to you to test, promise (v) /'pr.omrs/ to say defin¡tely
that
try out, :J9:_î
tnat show that you do not agreã with sb
speedingñne(n) /'spirdr¡ farn/ asum of money tasfe, etc.i.They?e gìving out lots offree samples you will do or not do sth or that sth wii ab"oui'sth:
happen:
that you have to pay for driving a car, etc. faster promote the new perfume.
to
She promised to phone every week. t never argue w¡th my parents obout
money.
than the legal speed limiti He rece¡ved o speeding promote (v) /prc,meut/ to advertise sth /btrnk/ to.shut your
frne of f200.
in order
to increase its sales or make itpopular:The new
ll':! t"l ugrl
eyes and open
oh dear!you btinked ¡ust
:1:I:9?,ln cuickt.y:
toce cream is being promoted os a miracle os t took the photogroph!
cure for
wrinkles.
it
Wordlist 133