Data Transmission

SCS2111
 Overview
❖ Synchronous and Asynchronous transmission
❖ Error Detection
❖ Transmission impairments
❖ Types of Error
Introduction
 Introduction
• Timing problems require a mechanism to
synchronize the transmitter and receiver
• Two solutions
• —Asynchronous
• —Synchronous
Asynchronous
 Asynchronous
• In contrast, asynchronous transmission works
in spurts and must insert a start bit before
each data character and a stop bit at its
termination to inform the receiver where it
begins and ends.
• The term asynchronous is used to describe the
process where transmitted data is encoded
with start and stop bits, specifying the
beginning and end of each character
 Asynchronous
• No synchronization is required between the
transmitter and receiver devices. Sender can
directly transmit data and the receiver can
receive that data.
• The sender does not require any primary
storage device.
• Cost is very low to implement this method.
• It is convenient while transmitting a little
amount of data.
 Asynchronous
• Disadvantages-
• Data transmission speed is very low.
• Efficiency is comparatively less.
Efficiency of Asynchronous Transmission:
Synchronous
 Synchronous Transmission
Advantages-

•Efficiency is comparatively very high.

•Speed of data transmission is very high.
•No need to transmit start and stop bit.
•In case of transmitting a lot of data, this method
is suitable
 Synchronous
• Disadvantages-
• Primary storage device is required.
• Comparatively expensive.
• Synchronization between the source and
target is required.
Synchronous
Synchronous vs Asynchronous
 Isochronous Transmission

• Isochronous transmission is similar to

synchronous transmission but the time
interval between blocks is almost zero.
• In this transmission synchronous and
asynchronous data is collected from several
devices within a time slot (125 micro-second)
and then passed those collected data as time
frame through a synchronous data link one
after another.
 Error Detection
❖ Error detection is the detection of errors
caused by noise or other impairments during
transmission from the transmitter to the
receiver.
❖ Error correction is the detection of errors and
reconstruction of the original, error-free data.
 Transmission Impairments
❑ The three different causes of impairment are
attenuation
❑ distortion
❑ noise
 Transmission Impairments
• Attenuation means a loss of energy. When a
signal, simple or composite, travels through a
medium, it loses some of its energy in
overcoming the resistance of the medium.
That is why a wire carrying electric signals gets
warm, if not hot, after a while.
 Attenuation
• Some of the electrical energy in the signal is
converted to heat. To compensate for this
loss, amplifiers are used to amplify the signal.
Attenuation
 Distortion
• Distortion means that the signal changes its
form or shape. Distortion can occur in a
composite signal made of different
frequencies. Each signal component has its
own propagation speed (see the next section)
through a medium and, therefore, its own
delay in arriving at the final destination..
 Distortion
• Differences in delay may create a difference in
phase if the delay is not exactly the same as
the period duration. In other words, signal
components at the receiver have phases
different from what they had at the sender.
The shape of the composite signal is therefore
not the same
 Noise
• Noise is another cause of impairment. Several
types of noise, such as thermal noise, induced
noise, crosstalk, and impulse noise, may
corrupt the signal. Thermal noise is the
random motion of electrons in a wire which
creates an extra signal not originally sent by
the transmitter. Induced noise comes from
sources such as motors and appliances.
 Noise
• These devices act as a sending antenna, and
the transmission medium acts as the receiving
antenna. Crosstalk is the effect of one wire on
the other. One wire acts as a sending antenna
and the other as the receiving antenna.
Impulse noise is a spike (a signal with high
energy in a very short time) that comes from
power lines, lightning, and so on. They are
three kinds of noise
 Noise
• Thermal Noise:
• Random motion of electrons in a wire creates
extra signal.
• Induced Noise:
• The noise comes from motors.
• Crosstalk:
• The noise comes when another wire affects a
wire.
Types of error
 Error Detection
• Error
A condition when the receiver’s information
does not match with the sender’s information.
During transmission, digital signals suffer from
noise that can introduce errors in the binary
bits travelling from sender to receiver. That
means a 0 bit may change to 1 or a 1 bit may
change to 0.
Error Detecting Codes (Implemented
either at Data link layer or Transport
Layer of OSI Model)
• Whenever a message is transmitted, it may
get scrambled by noise or data may get
corrupted. To avoid this, we use
error-detecting codes which are additional
data added to a given digital message to help
us detect if any error has occurred during
transmission of the message.
Error Detection
Simple parity check
 Simple Parity Check
•
Blocks of data from the source are subjected to a
check bit or parity bit generator form, where a
parity of :
• 1 is added to the block if it contains odd number
of 1’s, and
• 0 is added if it contains even number of 1’s
• This scheme makes the total number of 1’s even,
that is why it is called even parity checking
 Checksum
•
• In checksum error detection scheme, the data
is divided into k segments each of m bits.
• In the sender’s end the segments are added
using 1’s complement arithmetic to get the
sum. The sum is complemented to get the
checksum.
 checksum
• The checksum segment is sent along with the
data segments.
• At the receiver’s end, all received segments
are added using 1’s complement arithmetic to
get the sum. The sum is complemented.
• If the result is zero, the received data is
accepted; otherwise discarded
 Cyclic redundancy check (CRC)
• Unlike checksum scheme, which is based on
addition, CRC is based on binary division.
• In CRC, a sequence of redundant bits, called
cyclic redundancy check bits, are appended to
the end of data unit so that the resulting data
unit becomes exactly divisible by a second,
predetermined binary number.
 Cyclic redundancy check (CRC)
• At the destination, the incoming data unit is
divided by the same number. If at this step
there is no remainder, the data unit is
assumed to be correct and is therefore
accepted.
• A remainder indicates that the data unit has
been damaged in transit and therefore must
be rejected.
Cyclic redundancy check (CRC)
Example
 CRC link
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A9g6rTM
blz4
Hamming code
 ref
• Data Transmission Method : Asynchronous |
Synchronous | Isochronous (edupointbd.com)
 Qns
• For the following data, parity bits are used for
one bit error correction. However, CRC code is
also used to make sure only one bit error has
occurred in the data. a. Find the parity bits b.
Compute the CRC using polynomial X3 +x+1 c.
Explain how the receiver can estimate if only
one or more bits are in error and what it does
in each case. Data: 10100011
• https://ceng331.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files/
file/Data%20Communications%20Final%20Sa