Republic of the Philippines

ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE

Santa Maria Campus
LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL
Poblacion Norte, Santa Maria 2705, Ilocos Sur

World Geography and Ancient

Civilizations
Introduction

History and geography play a symbiotic relationship; they go hand in hand and coexist. It
is noteworthy that geography contributed a large fraction to the rise and fall of city-states and
ancient civilizations. This is an important variable of economic and cultural development of a
society.

In this module, the learners are bound to understand the relationship of history and
geography. They will dwell on how prehistoric people discovered and exploited natural
resources to satisfy their needs – which became a vantage point of the formation of
communities and development of culture – also known as civilization. This module also
introduces the basic concepts and principles of physical and human geography.

Content Course Competencies:

At the end of the module, the students are expected to:

1. define geography;
2. identify its concepts;
3. explain the relationship of history and geography;
4. differentiate physical geography and human geography;
5. identify land forms, water forms, climate; and
6. identify the languages, arts and literature, religion, social structure, and government
of ancient civilizations.

Performance Competency

At the end of the module, the students are expected to analyze the relationship of
geography and formation and development of civilizations.

Topics

To attain the intended learning competencies of this module, the topics that will be
covered are as follows:

1. Physical Geography
2. Human Geography
Exercises

To be able to accomplish the output of this module, the following exercises should be
accomplished:

1. identify the different concepts of geography;

2. explain the importance of geography and how it contributed to the development of
ancient civilizations.
3. differentiate physical geography and human geography.

Module Output: Essay

Assessment Tool: Rubric for Essay

CRITERIA 4 3 2 1
Excellent Very Good Good Needs
Improvement

Organization The introduction The introduction The introduction There is no clear

is catchy, states clearly states the states the main introduction of
the main topic and main topic and topic and position, the main topic,
position, and position, and but does not position or
previews the previews the adequately structure of the
structure of the structure of the preview the essay.
essay essay, but is not structure of the
particularly essay nor is it
catchy to the particularly
reader. catchy to the
reader
Focus on Topic There is one clear, Main idea about Main idea about The main idea
well-focused topic the relationship of the relationship of about the
about the geography and geography and relationship of
relationship of people is clear but people is geography and
geography and the supporting somewhat clear people is not
people. Main idea information is but there is a need clear. There is
stands out and is broad. for more seemingly random
supported by supporting collection of
detailed information. information.
information.
Support on Relevant, telling Supporting details Supporting details Supporting details
Topic quality details and information and information and information
give the reader are relevant, but are relevant, but are typically
important one key issue or several key issues unclear or
information that portion of the or portions of the irrelevant to the
goes beyond the storyline is storyline are topic.
obvious or unsupported. unsupported.
predictable.
Conclusion The conclusion is The conclusion is The conclusion is There is no clear
striking and recognizable and recognizable and conclusion.
leaves the reader ties up almost all does not tie up the
with a feeling that the loose ends. loose ends.
they understand
what the writing
is pinpointing.
 Topic 1: Physical Geography

Introduction

The study of World History has always been ramified into different aspects – one of
which is geographical. Geography has been metaphorically considered as the soul of History.
One cannot exist without the other. That is why historians and scientists always take
Geography into account when they study the characteristics, culture, and the development of
communities, particularly ancient civilizations. Examples are the type of land they till, the
weather, and even the structure of the community.

It is important to study the physical characteristics on the account that these affect the
lives of the people. Physical geography comprises different forms, climate, wildlife, land,
mineral, among other.

This discipline is of great help in determining and tracing the origin of the people. This
topic underscores the basic principles and concepts of geography as one of the essential tools
in studying history.

Geography is the scientific study of the physical structure of the Earth and the
interaction of people and their environment. The word “geography” came from the two
Greek words geo which means Earth’s crust and graphein which means writing.

In order to establish a better understanding of the relationship of geography and history,

geographers acknowledge five themes:

Themes Rationale Examples

Place This refers to the physical characteristics of the place The Philippines
where people reside. It describes the land forms,
water forms, and the natural resources of a place.

Location Location is a way in identifying a place. It is Absolute Location: 23°-

subdivided into two: absolute and relative. Absolute 21.25° South Latitude
uses longitude and latitude while relative refers to the and 11°-127° East
position of a place or entity based on its location with Latitude
respect to other locations.
Relative Location: East
Watch this video on Youtube. of Pacific Ocean; West:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gsGLc- West Philippine Sea;
BvWZY Noth: Bashi Chanel;
South: Sulu Sea and
Celebes Sea.

Region Region comprises places that have common Great Plains in the
characteristics. One of the factors to consider is the United States
climate, land forms, water forms, and some cultural
characteristics such as language and religion. Central and South
America
Fertile Crescent
Middle East

Human/Environment Geography changes the way people behave. Thus, If people reside nearby
Interaction people need environment to continuously thrive. rivers, expectedly, their
way of living is fishing.
 Movement It refers to the mobility, attitude, and products of the Trading.
people from one place to another. It can be noted that
people migrate to different places to acquire new Nomadic pastoralism.
resources. Through mobility and trading, new ideas
spread out across different regions.

Exercise 1
Objectives:
 identify the different themes of geography;
 locate places using absolute and maritime locations;
Assessment Tools: matrix; 10/10 rating scale.
 WORKSHEET 1
Name: _______________________________ Score: ___________________
Grade/Section: ________________________ Date: ____________________

Actviy 1.1.THEMES OF GEOGRAPHY

Direction: Read and analyse each statement. Identify what theme each item tells. Choose the
letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on the space provided.

Choices: P – lace; L-ocation; R-egion; H-uman/Environment Interaction; M-ovement.

_____ 1. The Philippines has a tropical climate.

_____ 2. The Philippines is located in the West of Pacific Ocean, South of Basi Channel, and
East of West Philippine Sea.

_____ 3. Fishing is one of the livelihoods of the Filipinos since the country is surrounded with
bodies of water.

_____ 4. An exodus of Filipinos are going abroad for greener pasture.

_____ 5. The Philippines is a member of the Southeast Asian Nations.

_____ 6. The rapid growth of population in National Capital Region was a turning point to
improve urban housing and enhance the transportation system.

_____ 7. Modern technologies mobilize travelling.

_____ 8. Buddhism is the official religion of Thailand.

_____ 9. Indonesia lies within 0.7893° S, 113.9213° E.

_____ 10. Portuguese is the official language of Brazil.

Activity 1.2. EXPLORING LOCATIONS

Direction: Identify the absolute and relative locations of the following countries.

COUNTRIES ABSOLUTE LOCATION RELATIVE LOCATION

Myanmar

Argentina

Rwanda

Kosovo

Jamaica

Oman

Saudi Arabia

Hungary

Uganda

Albania
Topography is the study of the land surface. In particular, it lays the underlying foundation of a
landscape. For example, topography refers to mountains, valleys, rivers or craters on the surface.
The origin of topography comes from “topo” for “place” and “graphia” for “writing”. It’s closely
related to geodesy and surveying which are concerned with accurately measuring the land
surface.

Source:http s://

gisgeography.com/what-is-topography/

Physical geography is the spatial study of natural phenomena that make up the environment,
such as rivers, mountains, landforms, weather, climate, soils, plants, and any other physical
aspects of the earth’s surface. Physical geography focuses on geography as a form of earth
science. It tends to emphasize the main physical parts of the earth—the lithosphere (surface
layer), the atmosphere (air), the hydrosphere (water), and the biosphere (living organisms)—and
the relationships between these parts. Source: Geography of the World

Land Forms

The Earth comprises 149,000,000 km² of land surface that is divided into seven continents.
Continents

A continent is one of Earth’s seven main divisions of land. The continents are, from largest to
smallest: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia.

Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=continents+of+the+world+measurements,
+location+and+boundary+table&sxsrf=ALeKk02XIIYFGHENUnUYYi4YeiVbdbJcHA:1596011313764&source=l
nms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi87Ke7hfLqAhVRy4sBHWqlAQAQ_AUoAXoECA4QAw&biw=1366&bi
h=657#imgrc=OO1gLxCZjAHFWM

Area in Square Miles Percent of Total Land

Continent
(Square Km) Area on Earth
57,308,738 Sq. Miles
The World 100%
(148,429,000 Sq. Km)
Asia (including the 17,212,000 Sq. Miles
30.0%
Middle East) (44,579,000 Sq. Km)
11,608,000 Sq. Miles
Africa 20.3%
(30,065,000 Sq. Km)
9,365,000 Sq. Miles (24,256,000
North America 16.3%
Sq. Km)
6,880,000 Sq. Miles (17,819,000
South America 12.0%
Sq. Km)
5,100,000 Sq. Miles (13,209,000
Antarctica 8.9%
Sq. Km)
3,837,000 Sq. Miles (9,938,000
Europe 6.7%
Sq. Km)
2,968,000 Sq. Miles (7,687,000
Australia (plus Oceania) 5.2%
Sq. Km)

North America
North America, the third-largest continent, extends from the tiny Aleutian Islands in the
northwest to the Isthmus of Panama in the south. The continent includes the enormous island of
Greenland in the northeast.
South America
South America is connected to North America by the narrow Isthmus of Panama. These two
continents weren’t always connected; they came together only three million years ago. South
America is the fourth-largest continent and extends from the sunny beaches of the Caribbean Sea
to the frigid waters near the Antarctic Circle.

Europe
Europe, the sixth-largest continent, contains just seven percent of the world’s land. In total area,
the continent of Europe is only slightly larger than the country of Canada. However, the
population of Europe is more than twice that of South America.

Africa
Africa, the second-largest continent, covers an area more than three times that of the United
States. From north to south, Africa stretches about 8,000 kilometers (5,000 miles). It is
connected to Asia by the Isthmus of Suez in Egypt.

Asia
Asia, the largest continent, stretches from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the western Pacific
Ocean. There are more than 40 countries in Asia. Some are among the most-populated countries
in the world, including China, India, and Indonesia. Sixty percent of Earth’s population lives in
Asia. More than a third of the world’s people live in China and India alone.

Australia
In addition to being the smallest continent, Australia is the flattest and the second-driest, after
Antarctica. The continent is sometimes called Oceania, to include the thousands of tiny islands of
the Central Pacific and South Pacific, most notably Melanesia, Micronesia,
and Polynesia (including the U.S. state of Hawai'i).

Antarctica
Antarctica is the windiest, driest, and iciest place on Earth. Antarctica is larger than Europe or
Australia, but unlike those continents, it has no permanent human population. People who work
there are scientific researchers and support staff, such as pilots and cooks.
Source: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/Continent/
Exercise 2
Objective:
 identify the characteristics of each continent;
Assessment Tool: 7/7 rating scale.
 WORKSHEET 2

Name: _______________________________ Score: ___________________

Grade/Section: ________________________ Date: ____________________

Direction: Identify which continent each set of words tells. Write your answer on the space
provided.

1.
Pyramid of Giza Morocco Sahara Desert

________________________________ .

2.
New Zealand Aborigines Kangaroo

________________________________ .
3.
Philippines Jeju Island Mt. Everest

________________________________ .

4.
Liberty Statue Greenland Toronto

________________________________ .

5.
Chile Andes Mountain Angel Falls

________________________________ .

6.
Venice Vatican City Alps Mountain

________________________________ .
7.
McMurdo
Polar Bears Iceberg
Station

________________________________ .

Island
An island is a body of land surrounded by
water. Continents are also surrounded by water,
but because they are so big, they are not
considered islands. Australia, the smallest
continent, is more than three times the size of
Greenland, the largest island.

There are countless islands in the ocean, lakes,

and rivers around the world. They vary greatly
in size, climate, and the kinds of organisms that inhabit them.

Many islands are quite small, covering less than half a hectare (one acre). These tiny islands are
often called islets. Islands in rivers are sometimes called aits or eyots. Other islands are huge.
Greenland, for example, covers an area of about 2,166,000 square kilometers (836,000 square
miles). https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/island/
Image Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=island&sxsrf=ALeKk03rGkS9XRcOseXLu78r1a6VQVMPyA:1597058453030&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=U17pa6Uv0HzOZM%252CgTpd1tgBaQBs7M
%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-kRBmNFDchKwrlRsEdwB4aBEGMAzVg&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-05yuwpDrAhUIfnAKHbwrAZMQ9QEwBHoECAQQOA&biw=1366&bih=657#imgrc=U17pa6Uv0HzOZM

Peninsula
A peninsula is a piece of land that is
almost entirely surrounded by water
but is connected to the mainland on
one side.

Peninsulas can be very small,

sometimes only large enough for a
single lighthouse, for instance.
Lighthouses often sit on peninsulas
near rocky coastlines to warn sailors that they are getting close to land.

Peninsulas can also be very large. Most of the U.S. state of Florida is a peninsula that separates
the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean.
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/peninsula/

Isthmus
 An isthmus is a narrow strip of land that
connects two larger landmasses and separates
two bodies of water.

Isthmuses have been strategic locations for

centuries. They are natural sites for ports
and canals linking terrestrial and aquatic trade
routes. Isthmuses are also key sites
for communications and cultural exchange, as
well as military outposts. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/isthmus/

Mountain

A landform that rises prominently above its

surroundings, generally exhibiting steep
slopes, a relatively confined summit area, and
considerable local relief. Mountains generally
are understood to be larger than hills, but the
term has no standardized geological meaning.
Very rarely do mountains occur individually.
In most cases, they are found in elongated
ranges or chains. When an array of such ranges is linked together, it constitutes a mountain
belt. https://www.britannica.com/science/mountain-landform

Volcano

A volcano on Earth is a vent or fissure in the

planet's crust through which lava, ash, rock and
gases erupt. A volcano is also a mountain formed
by the accumulation of these eruptive products.

Volcanoes have existed for a long time on Earth,

likely causing disasters such as the Permian mass
extinction about 250 million years ago, the
greatest mass extinction in Earth's history, according to a 2015 paper. Volcanoes can and have
existed on other worlds as well: although volcanoes on the moon and Mars have long been
dormant, volcanoes are still very active on Jupiter's moon Io. Researchers are currently striving
to find ways to predict when volcanic eruptions might happen on Earth by analyzing clues such
as crystals and gases linked with volcanoes. https://www.livescience.com/27295-volcanoes.html
Hill

A hill is a piece of land that rises higher

than everything surrounding it. It looks
like a little bump in the Earth. Since
they’re higher than everything around
them, hills are good places to get a nice
view. Hills are easier to climb than
mountains. They are less steep and not as
high. But, like a mountain, a hill will
usually have an obvious summit, which is
its highest point. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/hill/

Image Source: https://www.google.com/search?

q=hill&hl=en&sxsrf=ALeKk01JBHhr3pPiqPx5ZwosjgfMUTqYIA:1597060270842&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi0_oKRyZDrAhUtyIsBHQ8kBUYQ_AUoAXoECBMQAw&biw=1366&bih=657#imgrc=fDtcv
mgWJiFvsM

Plateau

A plain is a landmass that is flat or gently rolling and covers many

miles. There are also different types of plains such as prairies,
grasslands and steppes.

There are a few ways that plains were and are formed. The first plains
were created from lava flowing on Earth. Lava can burn things and
make things that were almost flat, flatter. Erosion and deposits can also
create plains. http://worldlandforms.com/landforms/plain/
Image Source: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience
%2Fplain&psig=AOvVaw0sKlBL5WyImazu3iyUUsUh&ust=1597147121071000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCJDupqHMkOsCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

Valleys

Valleys are the deep areas that are created

between hills or mountains. There are
different types of valleys and and different
ways in which they are created. Valleys are
often considered peaceful places, perhaps
because they are shielded from bad weather
by the mountains or hills that surround them.
Today we will discuss valleys created by erosion as well as valleys created by tectonic forces
inside the Earth. https://study.com/academy/lesson/valley-facts-lesson-for-kids.html
Image Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=valley&hl=en&sxsrf=ALeKk03n-
oUIzOR12wStd56dBm1pQcnLig:1597060855864&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwijg_6ny5DrAhUtCqYKHRACDU0Q_AUoAXoECBcQAw&biw=1366&bih=657#imgrc=7BLsU-KI0pUxXM
Plateau

A plateau is a flat, elevated landform that

rises sharply above the surrounding area on
at least one side. Plateaus occur on
every continent and take up a third of the
Earths land. They are one of the four major
landforms, along with mountains, plains, and
hills. There are two kinds of plateaus:
dissected plateaus and volcanic plateaus. A dissected plateau forms as a result of upward
movement in the Earth’s crust. The uplift is caused by the slow collision of tectonic plates.
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/plateau/

Image Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=plateau&hl=en&sxsrf=ALeKk02v5vKMobQLm4nd-JEH-0t5BK0-

QA:1597061099027&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwifvfebzJDrAhWjBKYKHahoAU8Q_AUoAXoECBUQAw&biw=1366&bih=657#imgrc=IuDLRK1UGU1cvM

Desert

Deserts cover more than one-fifth of the

Earth's land area, and they are found on
every continent. A place that receives
less than 10 inches (25 centimeters) of
rain per year is considered a desert.
Deserts are part of a wider class of
regions called drylands. These areas
exist under a “moisture deficit,” which
means they can frequently lose more moisture through evaporation than they receive from
annual precipitation. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/habitats/deserts/

Image Source: https://www.google.com/search?

q=desert&hl=en&sxsrf=ALeKk00uvTL406UHSIwqesSamsFgoqHz_g:1597061419112&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiy8se0zZDrAhVnxosBHZIOC2EQ_AUoAXoECBYQAw&biw=1366&bih=657#imgrc=s7M2
retYvMTTgM
Exercise 3
Objective:
 Explain the relationship of landforms, people, and disasters.
Assessment Tool: 20/20 rating scale.
 WORKSHEET 3

Name: _______________________________ Score: ___________________

Grade/Section: ________________________ Date: ____________________

INFERENCE

Direction: In two to three sentences, answer the following questions.

1. How do people benefit from land forms?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________.

2. How do natural hazards affect land forms?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________.

3. How land forms become dangerous to the lives of the people?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________.

4. Geographically speaking, the Philippines is the entry point of typhoons, how do

mountains reduce the impact of this natural disaster?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________.
 Water Forms

Water forms play an essential role to the lives of the people. It is where their livelihood
comes from. It is likewise vital to transportation, thus it is a means to establish relations
among countries.

Ocean

The ocean is a huge body of saltwater

that covers about 71 percent of the
Earth’s surface. The planet has one
global ocean, though oceanographers and
the nations of the world have divided it
into distinct geographic regions: the
Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and
Arctic oceans. In recent years, some
oceanographers have determined that the seas around Antarctica deserve their own
designation: the Southern Ocean. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/ocean/

Image Source: https://www.google.com/search?

q=ocean&sxsrf=ALeKk01Up0aElEPx6ViQgVQsEwz6df7QiQ:1597070399386&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiamtju7pDrAhVMCqYKHfm8BukQ_AUoAXoECBYQAw&biw=1366&bih=657#imgrc=Z
mJYrSASW99EAM

The Arctic Ocean

The Arctic Ocean is divided by an underwater ocean ridge called the Lomonosov
ridge into the 4,000-4,500 m deep Eurasian or Nasin basin and the 4,000 m deep North American
or Hyperborean basin. The topography of the Arctic Ocean bottom varies consisting of fault-
block ridges, abyssal plains, and ocean deeps and basins that have an average depth of 1,038 m
due to the continental shelf on the Eurasian side.

The Southern Ocean

The Southern Ocean is the world’s fourth-largest body of water. It encircles Antarctica
and is actually divided among the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Most people of North
America and Continental Europe have no name for the area and regard the area as parts of the
Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans simply extending to Antarctica. However, because mariners
have long referred to this area as the “Southern Ocean” it was accepted as an ocean in 2000 by
the International Hydrographic Organization.

The Indian Ocean

The Indian Ocean is the third-largest in the world and makes up approximately 20% of
the Earth’s water surface. It is bounded by southern Asia in the north, the Arabian Peninsula and
Africa in the west, the Malay Peninsula, Sundra Islands and Australia in the east and the
Southern Ocean in the south. The 20° east meridian separates the Indian Ocean from the Atlantic
Ocean and the 147° east meridian separates it from the Pacific Ocean.

The Atlantic Ocean

The Earth’s second-largest ocean is the Atlantic, a name derived from the “Sea of Atlas”
in Greek mythology. It covers approximately one-fifth of the entire global ocean. Water drains
into the Atlantic from a land area four times the size of both the Pacific and Indian oceans. The
area of the Atlantic excluding the seas next to it is 82,400,000 km² and the volume is
323,617,637 km³.

The Pacific Ocean

The Pacific is the world’s largest body of water and was named by the Portuguese
explorer Ferdinand Magellan who found the Pacific very peaceful (“pacifique”, means peaceful
in French) for most of his journey from the Straits of Magellan to the Philippines. In contrast to
its name, the islands of the “peaceful ocean” are often slammed by typhoons and hurricanes. The
countries that border the Pacific, or the Pacific Rim, often experience volcanoes and earthquakes.
Entire towns have been wiped out by Tsunamis, the large waves caused by an underwater
earthquake. Source: https://marinebio.org/oceans/geography/

Map of the Five Major Oceans

Pacific 64,186,300 sq. km.

Atlantic 33,420,000 sq. km.

Indian 28,359,500 sq. km.

Arctic 5,105,700 sq. km.

Southern 20,317,000 sq. km.

Lake
A lake is a body of water that is surrounded
by land. There are millions of lakes in the
world. They are found on
every continent and in every kind
of environment—in mountains and deserts,
on plains, and near seashores.

Lakes vary greatly in size. Some measure

only a few square meters and are small
enough to fit in your backyard. Such small lakes are often referred to as ponds. Other lakes are so
big that they are called seas. The Caspian Sea, in Europe and Asia, is the world’s largest lake,
with an area of more than 370,000 square kilometers (143,000 square miles).
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/lake/

Gulf

A gulf is a portion of
the ocean that penetrates land.
Gulfs vary greatly in size,
shape, and depth. They are
generally larger and more
deeply indented than bays.
Like bays, they often make
excellent harbors. Many important trading centers are located on gulfs.

Gulfs may be formed by movements in the Earth’s crust. The Earths tectonic plates may rift, or
break apart, creating a gulf. Or, one plate may fold under another, a process called subduction.
Subduction may create a gulf by making downfolds, or troughs, in the rock under the ocean.
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/gulf/

River

A river is a ribbon-like body of

water that flows downhill from the force
of gravity. A river can be wide and deep,
or shallow enough for a person to wade
across. A flowing body of water that is
smaller than a river is called a stream,
creek, or brook. Some rivers flow year-
round, while others flow only during certain seasons or when there has been a lot of rain. The
largest rivers can be thousands of miles long. The erosional power of rivers can form geologic
wonders like the Grand Canyon. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/river/

Exercise 4
Objective:
 identify the characteristics of each ocean; and
 analyze the effect of sea level rise.
Assessment Tool: 10/10 rating scale.
 WORKSHEET 4

Name: _______________________________ Score: ___________________

Grade/Section: ________________________ Date: ____________________
LET’S FIND OUT!
Direction: Identify the following oceans using absolute and relative locations. Write your answer
on the space provided.
_______________ 1. Extending from the Antarctic region in the south to the Arctic in the north
and lying between the continents of Asia and Australia on the west and North and South
America on the east.

________________ 2. Separating the continents of Europe and Africa to the east from those of
North and South America to the west.

________________ 3. Bound on the north by Asia, including the country of India for which it's
named, on the west by Africa, and on the east by Indonesia and Australia.

________________ 4. It is located mostly in the Arctic north polar region in the middle of the
Northern Hemisphere, besides its surrounding waters. It is surrounded by Eurasia and North
America.

________________ 5. It extends from the coast of Antarctica north to 60 degrees south latitude,
which coincides with the Antarctic Treaty region and which approximates the extent of the
Antarctic Convergence.

Activity 6. INFERENCE

Direction: In two to three sentences, answer the following:

What will happen if a large fraction of land What will happen if sea level rise occurs?
covers the Earth’s surface?
Climate

Climate is a significant element of the lives of people, animals, and plants – all of these
live on their adaptation to the temperature suitable to them.

Climate refers to the conditions of the atmosphere at a particular location over a long
period of time; it is the long-term summation of the atmospheric elements (and their variations)
that, over short time periods, constitutes weather. These elements are solar
radiation, temperature, humidity, precipitation (type, frequency, and amount), atmospheric
pressure, and wind (speed and direction).

The location of a country or a region that is based on latitude and distance from the equator
causes changes of climate.

The tropics are defined as the geographical area lying

between 23.5deg. N and 23.5deg.S latitude, while the
temperate regions are found above
these parallels. Climatologically, the tropics are
characterized by high year-round
temperatures and weather is
controlled by equatorial and tropical air
masses. Tropical precipitation is
primarily convective. In the more humid tropical
regions, annual rainfall is often above
2000 mm and falls in almost all months of the year. In the
drier tropics, rainfall can fall below 50 mm, and be very seasonal. The
remainder of the region lies between these precipitation regimes, with distinct wet and dry
seasons. Agriculture is frequently limited by the seasonality and magnitude of moisture
availability.

In the mid-latitude temperate zone, weather is controlled by both tropical and polar air masses.
Precipitation here occurs along fronts within cyclonic storms. The temperate region also has
many different climate regions with warmer and cooler temperatures and seasonal rainfall.
Temperate agriculture is often characterized a predominantly limited by seasonally cooler
temperatures. http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/docs/004-145/004-145.html
Classifications of Climate

Classification of Climate Characteristics Example

Tropical Places experience warm and Philippines

moist climate. There is a high
chance of rainfall whole
year-round.

Arid The soil is dry, the air is dry, Iran

and yearly precipitation is
very low.

Warm Temperate Temperate climates of the Turkey

Earth are characterized by
relatively moderate mean
annual temperatures, with
average monthly
temperatures above 10°C in
their warmest months and
above −3°C in their colder
months (Trewartha and Horn,
1980).

Subarctic The subarctic climate has Northern Europe

brief, cool summers and
bitterly cold winters.
The subarctic experiences the
lowest temperatures outside
of Antarctica, and the largest
annual temperature range of
any climate.

Polar Temperatures are so cold that Antarctic

a layer of permanently frozen
ground,
called permafrost forms
below the surface.

Activity 7. APPLICATION

Direction: Complete the diagram below. In one sentence, explain how climate affects the
different aspects of human lives?

Social

Cultural
 Economic

Psychological

Natural Resources
Natural resources emanate from physical environment and are being used by people in
order to survive. It can be classified into two:

Biotic Abiotic
A type of resource
obtained from the
biosphere comprised of
living and organic
materials are classified A type of resource
as biotic resources such obtained from non -
as animals , plants , living things as opposed
forests and the to biotic resources are
materials obtained from referred as abiotic
them. Even the fossil resources. For
fuels such as coal , instance ; soil, water,
Petroleum and natural gas rainfall , land , ores and
are also considered as the air.
examples of biotic
resources as these
substances are derived
from the dead and
decayed fossils of plants
and animals beneaththe
earth surface.

For some geographers, natural resources can be categorized into renewable and non-
renewable.
Renewable resources are any resource that cycles or can be replaced within a human life
span. Examples include: water, crops, wind, soil, sunlight, animals, etc.
Nonrenewable resources are any resource that cannot be replaced during the time of a
human life span. Took thousands of years to form and exist in fixed amounts in the Earth. They
need to be conserved before they become depleted.

ImageSource:https://www.google.com/search?q=renewable+resources&sxsrf=ALeKk012RHls78PqnnKAz22sLrlcwZkHZw:1597110465408&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwizndSPhJLrAhVsJaYKHd-
qDGcQ_AUoAXoECBAQAw&biw=1366&bih=657#imgrc=-KYo3hBySbWIvM
Exercise 5
Objectives:
 distinguish renewable from non-renewable natural resources; and
 identify their pros and cons.
Assessment Tool: 15/15, 10/10, 55/55 rating scale.
 WORKSHEET 5
Name: _______________________________ Score: ___________________
Grade/Section: ________________________ Date: ____________________

Activity 5.1. LET’S TRY!

Direction: Each material or item on this list is a renewable or nonrenewable natural resource or is
produced directly from a renewable or nonrenewable natural resource. For each item, mark
whether it is, or is made from, a “renewable natural resource” (RNR) or a “nonrenewable natural
resource” (NNR).

_____ 1. Water
_____ 2. Coal
_____ 3. Oil
_____ 4. Trees
_____ 5. Wind
_____ 6. Plastics
_____ 7. Aluminium
_____ 8. Natural Gas
_____ 9. Ice Cubes
_____ 10. Sunlight
_____ 11. Saltwater
_____ 12. Gold Jewelry
_____ 13. Lumber
_____ 14. Iron
_____ 15. Paper
Activity 5.2 VENN DIAGRAM
Direction: Distinguish renewable resource from non-renewable resource.

Renewable Non-renewable
Activity 5.3. EXPLORE!
Direction: Each type of energy has its advantages and disadvantages. Research each source and
complete the matrix below.
Energy Source Source always Good points Bad points When/Where
available the source is
worth
exploiting?
Solar

Wind

Wave

Biomass

Geothermal

Hydropower

Tides

Coal

Oil

Natural Gas

Nuclear Power
 Topic II: Human Geography

Introduction
Geography does not only entail the physical characteristics of the Earth’s surface. It also
deals with the patterns of cultural development – which is one of the focal points of studying
social sciences.

Indeed, culture plays a crucial role in human geography. In this topic, the learners are
bound to explore the languages, arts and literature, religions, social structure, and government of
the different regions that have been enduring for centuries.

Thus, the learners are expected to look into the differences of each region.

Image Source: https://i2.wp.com/africanpeoplewildlife.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Maasai_women_smiling-compressor.png?fit=1488%2C830&ssl=1

Human Geography
Human geography is one of the branches of geography. It is commonly known as cultural
geography. This field deals with the cultural aspect of the world; the way people and
environment interact; and how they shape each other.

The culture of each region is infinite. In light of this, geographers are using different approaches
to identify the commonalities of countries and which region do they belong.

Language
Language and culture are intertwined. A particular language usually points out to a
specific group of people. When you interact with another language, it means that you are also
interacting with the culture that speaks the language. You cannot understand one’s culture
without accessing its language directly.

Arts and Literature

Literature and the arts spans everything from writing books, designing buildings, sculpting
stone, and painting on a canvas, to designing fashion, writing an article, and acting in a play.
From the first cave paintings to modern works in the digital age, it’s always been about
communication and expression.

Religion

Human beings’ relation to that which they regard as holy, sacred, absolute, spiritual,
divine, or worthy of especial reverence. It is also commonly regarded as consisting of the way
people deal with ultimate concerns about their lives and their fate after death. In many traditions,
this relation and these concerns are expressed in terms of one’s relationship with or attitude
toward gods or spirits; in more humanistic or naturalistic forms of religion, they are expressed in
terms of one’s relationship with or attitudes toward the broader human community or the natural
world. https://www.britannica.com/topic/religion

 Monotheism – belief in on god.

 Polytheism – belief in many gods/goddesses.

Social Structure

Each culture has its own social structure. This influences the way people satisfy their necessities.

 Family Pattern
Family is considered as the smallest and most important unit in the society. It teaches
children how to behave and practice norms that are expected of them. Although, all
cultures revolve around family, patterns vary in different regions.

Nuclear family is defined as parents and their minor children who are living under one
roof.
Extended family is a family structure that consists of two or more adults that are from
different generations of the same family, who maintain a household together. This
includes sharing the responsibilities of the household.

Government

The form of government in a particular society reflects the cultural value of the place. For
example, in a democratic state, the people exercise their rights to vote for someone who will
represent their voices in the government. This just means that people have freedom.
Cultures of Regions in the World

Latin America and Caribbean

Language Religion Arts and Literature

Most of the spoken Latin America is home to Temples are adorned with
languages are the tongue of more than 425 million murals that are made of
the conquerors; about 400 Catholics – nearly 40% of the mosaic.
million people in the world’s total Catholic
population – and the Roman Sculpture, metalwork,
Americas speak Spanish as
Catholic Church now has a pottery, (Maya, Aztec,
their First Language.
Latin American pope for the Incas).
247 million people speak
first time in its history.
English as their mother Indigenous art is still
tongue, 204 million people preserved.
speak Brazilian Portuguese,
about 8 million people speak The first literature was
French or French Creole. written by Portuguese and
Spanish soldiers that stayed
in the region.
The first music and dances
were accompanied with wind
instruments.

Western Europe
Language
Western European languages
mostly fall within two Indo-
European language families:
the Romance languages,
descended from the Latin of
the Roman Empire; and
the Germanic languages,
whose ancestor language
(Proto-Germanic) came from
southern Scandinavia.
Religion Arts and Literature
Most of the people in Most of the styles emanated
Western Europe are from Greece.
Catholics while people in the
Southwest are protestants. Architectural designs
manifest Catholicism.
Literatures are almost written
by Greeks.
Bible is the main literature.
Eastern Europe
Language Religion Arts and Literature
The Slavic language group is Eastern Orthodox is the main Buildings reflect Byzantine
the largest group of religion of the region. Other style.
languages in the region and religions include Islam,
Judaism, and Protestantism. Eastern Orthodox Church
is spoken by the majority of
manifests icons.
people. This group includes
the Russian language, Leo Tolstoy was known for
Bulgarian, Ukrainian, Czech his novel “War and Peace.”
and Slovak, Polish,
Macedonian, and the Serbo- Russia became the center of
Croatian languages. The ballet.
Slavic languages belong to
the Indo-European category
of languages.

North Africa and Middle East

Language Religion Arts and Literature
Arabic is by far the most Islam is the most dominant The Mesopotamian built
widely spoken language in religion in the region. ziggurat made out of clay.
the Middle East and North
Africa (henceforth MENA). Cyprus, Israel, and Lebanon Egypt is known for building
Additional languages widely follow Catholicism. pyramids using enormous
spoken in different parts of blocks of stones.
the MENA regions include
Mosques were built with
Tamazight (also known as
Berber, though the use of this flowery designs.
term is declining in favor of
the term used by its own
speakers) in North Africa,
Kurdish and neo-Aramaic in
Mesopotamia and parts of
Syria, and Modern Hebrew
in the part of historical
Palestine now known as
Israel.

Sub-Saharan Africa
Language Religion Arts and Literature
African, Islam, and Arts are influenced by
The three remaining major Christianism are the three masterpieces of Pablo
languages of Sub-Saharan main languages in the region. Picasso.
Africa are Swahili, Lingala,
 The people believe that souls Each of the ethnic tribe has
and Zulu.Colonial activity of their ancestors reside in its own music to
changed much of how the nature. communicate with the souls
African countries operated of their ancestors
economically, socially, and
politically. Language is one
aspect of culture that
indicates a colonial
relationship.

India and South Asia

Language Religion Arts and Literature
Indo-European and Hinduism, Buddhism, and India is known for its Taj
Dravidian are the two main Islam are the three main Mahal.
languages in the region. religions.
Mahabharata and Ramayana
English language is dominant – two of the most famous
in some parts of India epics in the world.
brought about by
colonialism.

China and East Asia

Language Religion Arts and Literature
The language in the region Due to communism, some of The region is known for
emanated from three the religions like pottery.
families: Sino-Tibetan, Confucianism, Taoism, and
Burman, and Chinese. Buddhism were immobilized. Haiku and Tanka as types of
poetry.
Chinese is divided into two: Japan follows Shintoism.
Folk tales are popular in
Cantonese (South) and Some Koreans embraced
urban areas.
Mandarin (North). Christianism.
Building of pagoda.
Taiwanese and Hakka are
spoken in Taiwan.

Mongol in Mongolia.

Japanese and Korean.

Southeast Asia
Language Religion Arts and Literature
Hundreds of languages are Buddhism spread across the Architecture in this region is
spoken in this region that region. inspired by Buddhism and
came from Malayo-
Polynesian, Sino-Tibetan, Mountainous parts of region Hinduism.
and Mon-Khmer. Most of the believe in animism. Ankow Wat is a famous
dialects are a result of Roman Catholic is the most temple in this region.
migration and colonialism. dominant religion in the Vietnam and Myanmar are
These include—English and Philippines.
Spanish in the Philippines; Malay Peninsula follows known for lacquerware.
Chinese, Malay, Tami in Islam.
Singapore; English in Philippines is known for
Malaysia. fabric made out of pineapple
fiber.

Antarctic, Australia, and Oceania

Language Religion Arts and Literature
A large fraction of region Christianism is the most People use traditional method
speaks Indo-European. dominant religion. with the aid of shells, corals,
and pearls.
English is widely spoken in Some parts of the region
Australia and New Zealand. follow Islam and Judaism. The region is known for
handmade masks and
French is dominant in French figurines.
Polynesia.
Natives use stones for
Malayo-Polynesia is spoken sculpture.
in some islands. At present, Australia is the
center of literature, film
In Papua New Guinea, more
industry, and music in South
than 700 dialects still exist.
Pacific.

Exercise 1

Objectives:
 identify the causes of cultural changes in the different regions across the world;
 elucidate the role of geography to cultural changes and development;
 analyze the relationship of colonialism, migration, and culture; and
 establish the relationship of geography and human lives.
Assessment Tools: graphic organizers, 15/15 rating scale.
 WORKSHEET 1

Name: _______________________________ Score: ___________________

Grade/Section: ________________________ Date: ____________________

Activity 1.1. FISHBONE DIAGRAM

Direction: Based on the previous lessons, identify the causes of cultural changes in the different
regions across the world.

Activity 1.2. ANALYSIS

Direction: In two to three sentences, answer the following questions:
1. What could have caused the cultural diversity among the regions across the world?
 ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________.
2. How does migration and colonialism affect cultural changes?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________.
3. Explain why the cultures of some parts in a particular region remain unchanged.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________.
Output
ESSAY
Direction: Approximately twenty tropical cyclones enter the Philippine area of
responsibility yearly. Write a 150-word essay regarding this topic: “How do typhoons shape the
lives of the Filipinos?
Guide Questions:
1. How does the geographical setting of the country affect the lives of the people?
2. Are there changes?
3. How do people cope with typhoons?
4. What adjustment do they manifest?
5. How do typhoons affect the decision-making and preparedness of the government and
its people?
Write your output in this page.