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Day 21: Modern Physics

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© Abdullah Al Sakib

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 From Previous Class

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*Radioactive decay

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*Alpha, Beta, Gamma

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*When happens

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*Mass Comparison
*Energy Comparison

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10/31/2023 ®Abdullah Al Sakib 2
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PART TWO:

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Nuclear Physics (2)

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10/31/2023 © Abdullah Al Sakib 3
 Radioactive Decay Law

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At any moment the number of radioactive atoms that disintegrate in unit time is

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directly proportional to the number of unchanged radioactive atoms remaining.

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If the rate of radioactive disintegration of atoms is dN/dt if N is the number of
unchanged atoms at time t, then,

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𝑑𝑁
∞-N

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𝑑𝑡

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𝑑𝑁
=-λN

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𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑁
= - λ dt

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𝑁

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Where, λ is the radioactive decay constant.

10/31/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 4

 Radioactive Decay Law(2)

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𝑑𝑁 From equation number (1)

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∫ = - λ ∫ dt
𝑁
Log e N = - λ t + LogeN0

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Log e N = - λ t + C ………………….. (1)
𝑁
Where, C is the constant of integration. Log e 𝑁𝑜 = - λ t

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Suppose, N = N0 at time t = 0 𝑁
= e – λt

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𝑁𝑜
Then

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N = N0 e – λt
Log e N0 = C

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This is the law of radioactive decay or disintegration.

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10/31/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 5
 Half-life

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The half life of a radioactive element is defined as the time

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during which the number of atoms remaining unchanged

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becomes half of its initial value.

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10/31/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 6
 Half-life

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10/31/2023 7
 Mathematical Problems

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The disintegration rate of a certain

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radioactive sample at an instant is

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4750 disintegrations per minute. After
5 minutes, it is 2700 per min,

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Calculate
(i) decay-constant of the material.

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(ii) half life of the sample
(log10(1.76) = 0.2455)

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10/31/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 8
 Mathematical Problems

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The disintegration rate of a certain

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radioactive sample at an instant is

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4750 disintegrations per minute. After
5 minutes, it is 2700 per minute,

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Calculate
(i) decay-constant of the material.

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(ii) half life of the sample
(log10(1.76) = 0.2455)

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10/31/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 9
 Nuclear Fission

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Fission is the splitting of a large atom into two or more smaller ones.

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235 U + n = 236 U = 144 Ba + 89 Kr + 3n + 177 MeV
92 92 56 36

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10/31/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 10
 Nuclear Fusion

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Fusion is the fusing of two or more lighter atoms into a larger one.

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2 Deuterium + 3 Tritium = 4 He + 1 n + 17.6 MeV
1 1 2 0

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10/31/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 11
 What Really Fission and Fusion are?

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Really want to know?

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Hope you listened in class.

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Search for Fission and Fusion reactions and

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read and prepare them.

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10/31/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 12
 Nuclear Chain Reaction

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Chain reaction is such a process which once started the

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reaction continues without requiring further energy and a

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tremendous amount of energy released because of the fission

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of all nuclei.

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10/31/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 13
 Nuclear Reactor

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A nuclear reactor is a device to initiate and control a sustained nuclear chain reaction.

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Nuclear reactors are used at nuclear power plants for electricity generation and in

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propulsion of ships. Heat from nuclear fission is passed to a working fluid (water or
gas), which runs through turbines.

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10/31/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 14