>

Vrlinckh -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4

Vróohah - Rlarlsh no
no iuturh phst-bohcjcmnke ------------------------------------------
----------------------------------- ------- 9

Ketrhducckóe - On Slauedn Rlvhouckóe

Rlvhouckóe dl Ketlrelt ----------------------------------
-------------------------------- -- =

Vrlî`buoh
Vrlî`buoh - \en brlvl mksthrkn dlo bohcjcmnke -------------------------------------
---------------------- --------------- >4

Vnrtl > - ¸CÓ@H I\ECKHEN LO BOHCJCMNKE8

Cnpàtuoh > - ¸^uë

¸^uë ls bohcjcmnke8 ---------------------------------------
---------------- ---------------------------------------
---------------- 2>

Cnpàtuoh 2 - @lcneks`hs
@lcneks`hs dl cheslesh ------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------- ---------- 21

Cnpàtuoh 3 - Cnrnctlràstkcns dlo bohcjcmnke

bohcjcmnke -------------------------------------------
---------------------- --------------------- 33

Vnrtl 2 - ¸C\NOLS SHE ONS NVOKCNCKHELS I\T\RNS8

Cnpàtuoh 4 - \en rlvhouckóe

rlvhouckóe ikenecklrn ------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------ ------------ 49

Cnpàtuoh < - \en vlrdndlrn lcheh`àn dl ketlrcn`bkh -----------------------------

-------------------------- --- 9;

<.>- Hbgltkvh7 sncudkr n ohs akanetls

akanetls dl on wlb ----------------------------------
----------------------- ----------- 12
<.2- @÷skcn, cuoturn y `ldkhs7 l`phdlrnr n quklels crlne -------------------
------------ ------- =<
<.3- Gulan, npulstn y ndkvken lo iuturh --------------------------------------
--------------- -----------------------------
------ ;<

Cnpàtuoh 9 - \e trn`phoàe mnckn ue `uedh nuth`ntkzndh ----------------------- >66

Cnpàtuoh 17 Vkonr pnrn on dl`hcrnckn y on nd`kekstrnckóe dlo `nþnen --------- >><

1.>- Rlkevletnedh on dl`hcrnckn

dl`hcrnckn ------------------------------------------------
---------------------------- -------------------- >><
1.2- Rlplesnedh ohs slrvkckhs
slrvkckhs dlo lstndh ---------------------------------------
---------------------- ----------------- >22
1.3- \e ehtnrkh
ehtnrkh cyblrhiikcl --------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------- ------------------- >21

Vnrtl 37 OHS DLSNIÀHS DL BOHCJCMNKE

Cnpàtuoh = - Dlsnrrhooh dl skstl`ns dl likckleckn lelraëtkcn --------------------

----------------- --- >39

Cnpàtuoh ;7 Ylohckdnd, prkvnckdnd y slaurkdnd7 trls dlsniàhs tëcekchs -------- >3=

2
Cnpàtuoh >6- @nrjltkea7 Lechetrnr `hdlohs dl elahckhs vknbols ske dls`letkr
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >42

Cnpàtuoh >> - Trnesihr`n

Trnesihr`nedh
edh trnbnghs ske dlstrukr -------------------------------
----------------------------- -- >4<

Cnpàtuoh >2 - Rlauonr ske ok`ktnr

ok`ktnr on keehvnckóe ------------------------------------
-------------------------------- ---- >4=

Cnpàtuoh >3 - \en culstkóe dl shblrneàn pnrn Irneckn y Lurhpn ---------------

-------------- - ><3

Checouskóe -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ><9

Ehtns -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ><=

3
Vrlinckh

On tlcehohaàn Bohcjcmnke slrî, ske dudn, on rlvlonckóe dl 26>9 pnrn lo p÷bokch

le alelrno. On prhokilrnckóe dl nrtàcuohs y lvleths hranekzndhs shbrl lstl tl`n
ls qul on lxtleskóe dl on rlvhouckóe cuoturno, shckno l kecoush on keehvnckóe
phoàtkcn qul phdràn prlsnaknr.

N trnvës dl on nuth`ntkznckóe y on dlscletrnokznckóe rndkcno dl ohs `lcneks`hs

dl chetrho y slaurkdnd dlo ch`lrckh, ons cndlens dl su`kekstrh phdràn, `nþnen,
nilctnr prhiuedn`letl ons chedkckhels dl prhducckóe y ch`lrckh dl lelraàn,
ohs ioughs ikenecklrhs y dl bklels le eulstrn lcheh`àn. Lstn tlcehohaàn phdràn
dlsniknr n thdh lo `hdloh dl shckldnd le lo qul vkvk`hs. Bnecn, slaurhs,
cletrhs ikenecklrhs y `lrcndhs, lstndhs y ahbklrehs7 on olaktk`kdnd dl on
suplrlstructurn, lstl chegueth dl skstl`ns cletrnokzndhs lstnbn mnbonedh dl
Jnro @nrx, phdràn dlsnpnrlclr le invhr dl uen lcheh`àn rndkcno`letl
dlscletrnokzndn
dlscletrnokzndn y dl chonbhrnckóe. Le lo cn`ph dld l on lelraàn, dàn, dkslþndh phr
Glrl`y Rkijke, dhedl ohs prhducthrls y ohs chesu`kdhrls sl chevlrtkrîe le uen
dl ons ch`uekdndls ohcnols le on prhducckóe dl lelraàn ildlrndhs rldls
ketlokaletls h ons rldls ketlokaletls, vletn h ch`prn dl lolctrkckdnd h lelraàns
rlehvnbols
rlehvnbols dl nculrdh n sus elclskdndls, yn eh pnrlcl lstnr tne olghs ...

Dltrîs dl lsths mhrkzhetls n onrah ponzh qul puldle slduckr y prlhcupnckóe

qul sl nvlcken dlckskhels phoàtkcns k`phrtnetls yn ml`hs netkckpnedh ... ske
dlgnr dl ondh ons npokcnckhels checrltns y ÷tkols qul sl lstîe dlsnrrhoonedh
nctuno`letl. Le alelrno, thdns ons îrlns dhedl on iknbkokdnd dl ohs dnths, on
prulbn dl kdletkdnd, on prhpkldnd y on lstnednrkznckóe she hbgltkvhs convl
puldle blelikcknrsl dlo bohcjcmnke. Le lo slcthr bnecnrkh, su ush ls skeóek`h
dl rlducckóe dl chsths y nclolrnckóe dl ons trnesncckhels, h `lghrn dl on oucmn
chetrn lo irnudl. Su phtleckno phdràn lxtledlrsl `nþnen n on snoud p÷bokcn y
plr`ktkr uen `lghrn cheskdlrnbol
cheskdlrnbol le on trnznbkokdnd dl ons drhans. Vhr ÷otk`h,
le lo `h`leth dl dlsnrrhooh dl on vhtnckóe lolctróekcn, lsplckno`letl pnrn lo
blelikckh dl eulstrhs ch`pntrkhtns rlskdletls le lo lxtrneglrh, on tlcehohaàn
bohcjcmnke nbrl plrsplctkvns
plrsplctkvns `uy ketlrlsnetls le tër`kehs dl iknbkokdnd dl ohs
vhths y phdràn nyudnr n rlstnurnr eulstrn dl`hcrnckn `ldknetl lo
ihrtnolck`kleth
ihrtnolck`kleth dl on cheiknezn ckudndnehs.
ck udndnehs.

Ch`h pnrtl dl `ks iueckhels le lo ahbklreh, nsà qul `l sletà qul lo pnplo dlo
ahbklreh lrn noletnr lo phtleckno dl bohcjcmnke prh`hvlr lo dlsnrrhooh dl ohs
ncthrls irneclsls y lurhplhs - pnrn dlsnrrhoonr eulstrns prhpkns ehr`ns le
lstl eulvh cn`ph le ouanr dl suirkr dlsdl lo lxtlrkhr, ske dlgnr dl vkakonr pnrn
anrnetkznr on slaurkdnd dl lstn tlcehohaàn n÷e `uy rlckletl.

4
Vhr oh tneth, lo Ahbklreh irnecës mn skdh pkhelrh le Lurhpn le lo
rlchehck`kleth olano dlo bohcjcmnke pnrn cklrths tkphs dl trnesncckhels. Ons
py`ls nmhrn puldle l`ktkr "`kekbhes", kestru`leths dl dludn trnesilrkbol
cuyh ketlrcn`bkh puldl bnsnrsl le bohcjcmnke. Ndl`îs, on oly sl ndnptnrî
durnetl 26>1 pnrn nuthrkznr on l`kskóe y trnes`kskóe dl vnohrls ikenecklrhs
eh chtkzndhs utkokznedh bohcjcmnke. Lo iuturh prharn`n dl kevlrskhels le su
slcckóe "Arnedls Dlsniàhs" (VKN3), qul prhphrckhen lo lstà`uoh pnrn ons
tlcehohaàns iuturns ch`h on ketlokaleckn nrtkikckno, tn`bkëe sl puldl `hvkokznr
pnrn ikenecknr prhylcths rlonckhendhs che bohcjcmnke.

Ske l`bnrah, thdnvàn lstn`hs le lo prhclsh dl chehclr lo phtleckno y ohs

phskbols rklsahs rlonckhendhs che on alelrnokznckóe dl on bohcjcmnke. Vhr ue
ondh, on inotn dl lstructurn dl alstkóe cletrnokzndn, qul ls lo chrnzóe dlo vnohr
dl lstn tlcehohaàn prhphrckhen uen `lghr cnpnckdnd dl rlcuplrnckóe le cnsh
dl inooh dl uen rld y lok`ken ons cnrans y ohs chstls dlbkdh n on cletrnokznckóe.
Vhr htrn pnrtl, lstns `ks`ns cnrnctlràstkcns sl alelrne eulvhs dlsniàhs dl
slaurkdnd, eh prlvksths phr ohs dkslþndhrls hrkakenols dl on bohcjcmnke phr oh
tneth, n plsnr dl on vletngn dl bohcjcmnke ls prlcksn`letl on nuth`ntkznckóe dl
prhclshs y on inotn dl slsah mu`nen cunoquklr ketlrvleckóe
rltrhsplctkvn`letl, phr lgl`poh, pnrn rlshovlr ue lrrhr dl códkah dl
hrdlendhr phdràn dlbkoktnr h kevnokdnr thdn uen cndlen dl dlckskhels y le
pnrtkcuonr phelr le plokarh on ikohshiàn kekckno dl bohcjcmnke, cuyh ketlrës ls slr
uen tlcehohaàn elutrno bnsndn le on nuth`ntkznckóe dl prhclshs.

Vhr ÷otk`h, `kletrns qul lo bohcjcmnke nbrl plrsplctkvns ketlrlsnetls pnrn lo

nmhrrh dl lelraàn, lo phdlr dl on ch`putnckóe le on nctunokdnd cheskdlrnbol
elclsnrkh pnrn nocneznr on bohcjcmnke tklel ue k`pncth n`bkletno skaul skledh
dl`nskndh lolvndh.

Lstns prlauetns eh dlblràne dltlelrehs, skeh noletnrehs n rlsphedlr che

keehvnckóe. Ch`bkenedh
Ch`bkenedh on vkakoneckn y on cheiknezn le lo iuturh7 lstl ls thdh lo
prhbol`n dlo prharlsks`h, lstl hptk`ks`h dl chrnzóe y rnzóe.

Nxlool Ol`nkrl,
lx slcrltnrkh dl lstndh pnrn dkaktno l keehvnckóe.

<
VRÓOHAH

Rlarlsh no iuturh phst-bohcjcmnke

1 n`7 `k rlohg dl nonr`n sulen, sl ch`uekcn n trnvës dl Ketlrelt che on `îquken

dl cnië chelctndn qul sl kekckn. On cnetkdnd dl cnië le on rlslrvn dks`keuyl
plokarhsn`letl, phr oh qul lo chetrho dl on `îquken dl ihr`n nuth`îtkcn
HpleBnznnr *>, lo N`nzhens dl bohcjcmnke, eulvhs pnqultls dl thstndh
nrîbkcn (ue skstl`n sk`konr iul dlsnrrhoondh phr KB@ pnrn uen onvndhrn
Sn`suea, cnpncls hrdlenr su rhpn) \tkokzn ue "chetrnth ketlokaletl" nohgndh le
lo bohcjcmnke Ltmlrlu`7 ue prharn`n qul anrnetkzn qul lo pldkdh skl`prl sl
mnrî le ons `ks`ns chedkckhels, ikgndns phr lo chetrnth. Nrrnstrh ue phch y oolah
tnrdl, nsà qul pkdh ue tnxk le `k tloëiheh ketlokaletl, che on npokcnckóe Nrcndl
Ckty, lo shitwnrl bohcjcmnke dl uen chhplrntkvn dl cheducthrls. Lxclpth qul
eh mny cheducthr7 shoh vlmàcuohs nutóeh`hs cuyhs prhpkltnrkhs ch`pnrtlech`pnrtle lo
ush. Letrh le lstl vlmàcuoh dl arne ough (¸phr quë rlcmnznr lstl plqulþh ponclr
k`nakenrkh8), ^ul hbvkn`letl ls >66% loëctrkch. Oolandh no sl`îihrh, lo
vlmàcuoh, cunedh sl dltklel, sl rlcnran no ketlrnctunr che ue tlr`keno chohcndh
dlbngh dlo nsinoth (skstl`n ponelndh phr Sohcj.kt). Chetke÷n su cn`keh, plrh
on`letnbol`letl cruzn ue nuth`óvko cheduckdh phr ue mu`neh che uen
cheducckóe k`prldlckbol7 ¡ls lo ncckdletl! Endn slrkh, plrh on cnrrhclràn lstî
dnþndn. @k nuth`óvko trnes`ktl dkrlctn`letl thdn on keihr`nckóe
k eihr`nckóe elclsnrkn n
`k slaurh nuth`îtkch, qul ke`ldkntn`letl `l dn on ch`plesnckóe qul sl `l
dlbl, dl nculrdh che ons chedkckhels lscrktns le lo chetrnth ketlokaletl qul ehs
vkecuon (tnols skstl`ns lstîe ponelndhs le Nxn, KB@ y Nooknez) . Ikeno`letl
oolah no trnbngh `îs tnrdl dl oh lsplrndh7 eh k`phrtn phrqul tleah `îs oàdlr.
Rlslrvë ue ouanr le ue lspnckh dl chwhrjkea pnrn lo dàn. Le ue sktkh dldkcndh,
chesuoth uen okstn dl `kskhels qul puldh rlnokznr mhy7 dlscubrh ue ketlrlsnetl
prhylcth dl trnbngh cholctkvh dl bohcjcmnke - ls lscrkbkr uen chetrkbuckóe dl
uens phcns pîakens shbrl on mksthrkn dl lstl bohcjcmnke tlcehohaàn qul cn`bkó
lo `uedh. @l austn, tleah ons mnbkokdndls elclsnrkns. @l rlakstrh y ikr`h ue
chetrnth lolctróekch,
lolctróekch, rlslrvh no ikeno dlo dàn lo tlxth shokcktndh y `l pnane uen
vlz qul lo dhcu`leth iul nclptndh no dàn skaukletl. @l ueà nsà, phr ue dàn, n uen
ldkthrkno lià`lrn bnsndn ÷ekcn`letl le on rlnokznckóe dl lstl prhylcth,
oolvnedh `ks mnbkokdndls n on tnrln dhedl `k vnohr narlandh ls lo `îs arnedl
(skaukledh lo `hdloh dlsnrrhoondh mhy le dàn phr HpleHra.ch). Cn`keh n cnsn,
pnrn okblrnr`l ue phch dl tlcehohaàn, plrh ls ue lrrhr7 rlsiràh. Vrharn`h uen
cktn che lo `ëdkch, qul tklel thdhs `ks dnths `ëdkchs le oàeln7 che`kah, ëo ls
lo ÷ekch qul tklel ncclsh n ëo. Sl `l keihr`n dl cunoquklr ketruskóe le `ks
dnths, cuyh NDE dkaktno lstî rlakstrndh le lo bohcjcmnke (ch`h yn sl mkzh le
Lsthekn). Lo rll`bhosh dl on chesuotn ls kestnetîelh y nuth`îtkch. Le on
inr`nckn, pnah le Bktchkes lscnelnedh lo "códkah ^R" (lo lqukvnoletl n ue
9
códkah dl bnrrns) dl on incturn (che uen npokcnckóe ch`h Vny`ku`'s)7 ls
ke`ldknth, ske cnrah, y dl eulvh, lo pnah skaul che cno`n. Lo skstl`n iueckhen
`uy bkle, lsthy `uy chetleth che on ihr`n le qul sl lglcutn lo lstndh. Lsth ls
buleh phrqul ons lolcckhels sl oolvne n cnbh mhy. \en vlz le cnsn, leckledh `k
ch`putndhrn, vhy no sktkh dl vhtnckóe le oàeln, keslrth `k tnrgltn dl kdletkdnd
lolctróekcn (ch`h lxkstl le Lsthekn) y vhth shbrl on bohcjcmnke dlo prlskdletl
snokletl (lo skstl`n ls neóek`h y slaurh, ch`h lo dlsnrrhoondh phr Blol`). @k
nbulon, qul skl`prl pklesn le lo iuturh dl sus eklths, `l levkó on `ktnd dl su
bholtàe7 loon vhtn dl su ondh che `ldkh vhth y `l dlolan on htrn `ktnd, qul tleah
okbrl`letl (dl nculrdh che ohs prkeckpkhs dl on "dl`hcrnckn oàqukdn"
rlspnodndn phr on Dl`hcrncy Lnrtm Ihuedntkhe). No ikeno dl lstl onrah dàn,dà n, `l
vhy n on cn`n. Npnah ons oucls. Mhy eh lstuvl nquà, nsà qul usë phcn lolctrkckdnd7
on lelraàn lxcldletl prhduckdn phr ohs pnelols shonrls ikgndhs le lo tlcmh dl
`k cnsn sl vledl nuth`îtkcn`letl n ons cnsns vlckens, le eulstrn `kcrhrlgkoon
ketlokaletl (dlsdl tnols rldls ketlokaletls lxkstle le ohs norldldhrls dl
Brhhjoye le Eulvn [hrj, h le on dl Cheioulecl le Oyhe).

* >. Thdns ons npokcnckhels cktndns le lstl próohah k`nakenrkh she, `uy rlnols,
yn le iueckhen`kleth h le dlsnrrhooh.

1
KETRHD\CCKÓE

On slauedn rlvhouckóe dlo Ketlrelt

"¡Euecn iueckhenrî! No mnclr tnols nikr`nckhels, che on nuthdltlr`kenckóe

càekcn dl nquloohs qul mne vksth n htrhs, in`hshs cnpktnels dl on kedustrkn mne
plrdkdh `nrnvkoohsn`letl on mksthrkn. Lo prhducthr Vnscno Eíarl, netkauh glil
irnecës dl \ekvlrsno @uskc, dlconró durnetl uen chevleckóe, le 266>7
"Ketlrelt,
"Ketlrelt, eh ehs k`phrtn, ¡euecn iueckhenrî! Htrh dlsnihrtuendh vkskhenrkh, lo
lx CLH dl @kcrhshit Stlvl Bnoo`lr, sl rkó cunedh ue plrkhdkstn dlo dknrkh
lstndhuekdlesl \SN Thdny
Thdny oh ketlrrhaó le 2661 shbrl lo ketlrës dlo p÷bokch le
lo prk`lr kVmhel dl Nppol. "Eh mnbàn ihr`n dl qul lo kVmhel pudklrn tlelr uen
pnrtkckpnckóe skaekikcntkvn le lo `lrcndh, ekeauen phskbkokdnd", dkgh che
cheiknezn. Eulvl nþhs dlspuës, le lo vlrneh dl 26>9, mnbàne pnsndh `îs dl
`ko `koohels dl dóonrls, chevkrtkledh no kVmhel le ueh dl ohs prhducths dl
chesu`h `îs vledkdhs dl thdhs ohs tkl`phs. Le rltrhsplctkvn, lsths lrrhrls
pnrlcle bruths. Vnscno Elarh ch`h Stlvl Bnoo`lr tleàn bulens rnzhels pnrn
shsplcmnr. Su lrrhr ch`÷e mn skdh rnzhenr le lo prlsletl, ch`h sk ohs oà`ktls
tëcekchs, ohs `nrchs olanols, ohs mîbkths dl chesu`h y ohs slrvkckhs hirlckdhs
skauklrne skledh ohs `ks`hs. Vlrh thdh mn cn`bkndh. [ on rlvhouckóe mn tlekdh
ouanr.

Nsà ch`h lo nual dl Ketlrelt, dlsdl lo ch`klezh dl on dëcndn dl >;;6, mn

trnesihr`ndh rndkcno`letl eulstrn vkdn chtkdknen, uen eulvn tlcehohaàn
prh`ltl mhy le dàn trnsthrenr n on shckldnd, on lcheh`àn, on phoàtkcn, che tneth
nocnecl, y dl pnrn mnclrehs cn`bknr ohs tkl`phs htrn vlz Su eh`brl8 Lo
bohcjcmnke. Ch`h mncl vlketl nþhs on pnonbrn "Ketlrelt", lstl tër`keh tëcekch
le keaoës ehs pnrlcl hscurh mhy, plrh ehs vlrl`hs enturnols `nþnen. ¸^uë ls
lxnctn`letl8 Le prk`lr ouanr, tlcehohaàn qul plr`ktl trnesncckhels le oàeln
ske ketlr`ldknrkhs. Dl `nelrn `îs lxmnustkvn, sl puldl dlikekr ch`h ue
rlakstrh dl trnesncckhels dkaktnols, dlscletrnokzndh le thdns ons ch`putndhrns
dl ohs `kl`brhs dl on rld, qul cndn ueh dl loohs puldl chesuotnr, vnokdnr y
ch`pol`letnr
ch`pol`letnr che sus prhpkns trnesncckhels,
trnesncckhels, skaukledh rlaons crkptharîikcns.
qul anrnetkzne qul shoh sl narlaul keihr`nc
k eihr`nckóe
kóe nutëetkcn.

No kauno qul Ketlrelt, su iueckhen`kleth tëcekch ls ue phch ch`polgh dl

letledlr. ¸Vlrh qukëe, npnrtl dl ohs ckletàikchs keihr`îtkchs, snbl có`h ohs
prhthchohs TCV / KV, n trnvës dl ohs cunols
c unols trnesilrk`hs dnths le on rld, h mttp,
n trnvës dl ohs cunols envlan`hs le oàeln8 Endkl, ske l`bnrah, puldl kaehrnr
sus npulstns, phrqul ohs ushs dl lstn eulvn tlcehohaàn ehs nilctnrîe n thdhs.
On Qlb y lo chrrlh lolctróekch mne plr`ktkdh n ons plrshens ketlrcn`bknr
keihr`nckóe dkrlctn`letl, le cunoquklr pnrtl dlo `uedh y dl ihr`n arntuktn.
=
Tml bohcjcmnke ehs hirlcl on hphrtuekdnd, phr prk`lrn vlz, dl usnr on rld pnrn
trnesilrkr dkelrh dl ihr`n slaurn, pllr-th-pllr, ls dlckr, pnrn ch`lrcknr le
oàeln ske ue tlrclrh dl cheiknezn. Cunedh ch`prn`hs ue nrtàcuoh le uen tkledn
dl ch`lrckh lolctróekch, lo dkelrh pnsn phr lo sktkh, phr Yksn, @nstlrcnrd h
Vnypno, y ikeno`letl phr su bnech, pnrn tlr`kenr le on culetn dlo vledldhr.
Che lo bohcjcmnke, on su`n sl dlsokzn dkrlctn`letl
dk rlctn`letl dlo ch`prndhr no vledldhr,
ch`h lilctkvh, ske qul endkl le lo `ldkh skrvn ch`h anrnetl h ch`kskóe dl
cnpturn. Eh mny elclskdnd dl ue bnech, uen ch`pnþàn dl tnrgltns dl crëdkth h
ue sktkh dl ch`lrckh lolctróekch pnrn clrtkikcnr ue ketlrcn`bkh7 lo bohcjcmnke
lstî dkslþndh pnrn anrnetkznr su bule iueckhen`kleth, ske qul sl pnaul ekea÷e
ketlr`ldknrkh pnrn nutletkcnr on trnesncckóe. Ndl`îs dl lstn phdlrhsn
cnrnctlràstkcn, bohcjcmnke hirlcl htrhs dhs ushs prkeckpnols. Ol plr`ktl
rlakstrnr keihr`nckóe dl `nelrn ke`utnbol7 ncths nd`kekstrntkvhs, tàtuohs dl
prhpkldnd h dkpoh`ns puldle rlakstrnrsl ske phdlr `hdkikcnrsl
phstlrkhr`letl,
phstlrkhr`letl, oh qul hirlcl uen anrnetàn dl nutletkckdnd qul sl brkedn mnstn
nmhrn ohs ehtnrkhs. Ikeno`letl, lo bohcjcmnke hirlcl on phskbkokdnd dl nohgnr
prharn`ns qul nuth`ntkznrîe ons ch`uekcnckhels y trnesncckhels letrl `kols
dl `koohels dl hbglths chelctndhs le thdh lo `uedh (chetrnths ketlokaletls).
ketlokaletls).

\EN RLYHO\CKÓE LCHEÓ@KCN

No kauno qul Ketlrelt, lo bohcjcmnke, bnsndh le lstns trls arnedls prhpkldndls,

prh`ltl slr uen rlvhouckóe lcheó`kcn prhiuedn, no slrvkckh dlo chesu`kdhr.
Vhdl`hs blelikcknrehs
blelikcknrehs dl prhducths y slrvkckhs `îs bnrnths, prhphrckhendhs
dkrlctn`letl phr sus prhducthrls, che tnetn iknbkokdnd ch`h netls, plrh `îs
trnespnrleckn7
trnespnrleckn7 noqukonr ue dlpnrtn`leth n su prhpkltnrkh ske pnanr ch`kskóe n
Nkrbeb, pldkr ue vlmàcuoh che cheducthr ske lerkqulclroh \blr, trnesiklrn
dkelrh no ike dlo `uedh phr ue chsth rkdàcuoh, rlch`plesl dkrlctn`letl n
eulstrhs nrtkstns invhrkths le ouanr dl pnsnr phr on Npp Sthrl, ch`prl
lolctrkckdnd le lo pnelo shonr dl eulstrh vlckeh ... Ons npokcnckhels she keikektns.
Dlsdl ons ikenezns mnstn ohs slaurhs, dlsdl lo ch`lrckh lolctróekch mnstn on
cuoturn, dlsdl on lelraàn mnstn ohs hbglths chelctndhs y on snoud, thdhs ohs
slcthrls lstîe prlhcupndhs. Su ke`lesh phtleckno ls lo cheslesh7 le ue
nrtàcuoh pubokcndh le On Trkbuel, Akools Bnbkelt, rlprlsletnetl dkaktno pnrn
Irneckn le on Ch`kskóe Lurhpln, crll qul "mnbonr dl rlvhouckóe eh pnrlcl
lxnalrndh" 3. Vnrn lo ckletàikch Ghlo dl Rhseny, "ehs plr`ktkrî phelr le
chrthckrcukth n ohs ketlr`ldknrkhs le slrvkckhs, bnechs y slaurhs h bklels
ke`ulbols, y rlcuplrnr lo phdlr". Le ohs LL.\\., @nrc Nedrllssle, lo crlndhr
dlo prk`lr envlandhr @hsnkc, iuedndhr dl Eltscnpl l kevlrshrls nmhrn
rlchehckdh le Skokche Ynooly, iul le lelrh dl 26>4 y su skstl`n Bktchke
bohcjcmnke rlvhouckóe dl on ch`putndhrn kauno n dhs arnedls netlrkhr, qul sl
mnbàn nskstkdh7 "on ch`putndhrn plrsheno le >;1<, Ketlrelt le >;;3<". Lo lohakh
;
dl on bohcjcmnke prhvklel tn`bkëe dl ohs càrcuohs ikenecklrhs. Lo dh`keah 2 dl
hctubrl, Glne-Conudl Trkcmlt, lx prlskdletl dlo Bnech Cletrno Lurhplh (BCL),
kevktndh dlo prharn`n Culstkhels Vhoàtkcns le Irnecl Ketlr, dkgh7 "Lo bohcjcmnke
ls uen Z...P kevleckóe brkoonetl, phrqul sl bnsn le uen dlscletrnokznckóe
ch`poltn dlo rlakstrh dl trnesncckhels. Le ouanr dl tlelr ue skstl`n cletrno
qul rlakstrn y chetrhon thdh, lstn`hs le prlsleckn dl uen tlcehohaàn `uy
k`prlskhenetl, qul ls ue phch dkiàcko dl pleltrnr. Z...P Vlrh iueckhen9. Lo glil
dlo `lrcndh bursîtko lstndhuekdlesl Ensdnq, Bhb Arlkilod, dl ohs Lstndhs
\ekdhs oh vl ch`h sk`pol`letl "on `nyhr hphrtuekdnd k`nakenbol le on
próxk`n dëcndn".

Ons stnrtups bnsndns le Bohcjcmnke le ohs Lstndhs \ekdhs, lo Rlkeh \ekdh,

Sukzn, Nol`nekn, Ksrnlo, Cmken y Irneckn lsplrne letrnr le `lrcndhs dh`kendhs
phr guandhrls iulrtls. kestnondh y ch`pktl che slrvkckhs `îs bnrnths (ch`h oh
mncl Nbrn che Qlstlre \ekhe, le lo cn`ph dlo pnah trnesirhetlrkzh).
trnesirhetlrkzh). @kols dl
npokcnckhels lstîe le dlsnrrhooh, nuequl phcns sl skaule ch`lrcknokzn
c h`lrcknokznedh.
edh. Vnrn
aruphs arnedls, ls uen n`lenzn. Ndvlrtkdh dl ohs lstrnahs qul mnbànm nbàn cnusndh
Ketlrelt n ons l`prlsns qul eh sl mnbàne ndnptndh (ndkós n Jhdnj), bnechs
(Ahod`ne Sncms, Snetnedlr, Crldkt Narkchol ...), ohs akanetls dl on keihr`îtkcn
(@kcrhshit, KB@), nquloohs lelraàn h bklels rnàcls (RQL, Leakl, Bhuyauls
K``hbkoklr) lstîe trnbngnedh le lo tl`n. Tn`bkëe ls uen hphrtuekdnd pnrn
nquloohs qul sl blelikcknrîe dl on rlducckóe dl sus chsths pnrn hbtlelr
rletnbkokdnd y ch`pltktkvkdnd. Cnsk thdhs oh pklesne, cnpncktne n sus
l`polndhs, nskstle n cheilrleckns y trntne dl netkckpnr có`h ols nilctnrî on
bohcjcmnke. Kevktndh n on Lsculon dl Ylrneh dl @ldli n ikels dl nahsth dl 26>9,
Akools Bnbkelt dkgh7 "N thdhs ols ketlrlsn @ldli, plrh ons plrshens eh letkledle
endn. Skletle qul tlel`hs qul dlsnrrhoonr bohcjcmnkes. Vlrh ons bohcjcmnkes
tklele ue `hdloh lcheó`kch qul pnrlcl dl códkah nbklrth Zshitwnrl cuyh
códkah ls p÷bokchP. On aletl dkcl7 "Yhy n anenr dkelrh che códkah nbklrth", plrh
ls ch`pokcndh. Cunedh lrls ue crlndhr dl Elsqukj, mnclr bohcjcmnke eh ls
iîcko. "Ons kedustrkns `îs dkaktnokzndns y ons qul utkokzne on `nyhr cnetkdnd dl
ketlr`ldknrkhs le on alstkóe dl su iough ikenecklrh she ons `îs ke`ldkntns7
ikenezns, slaurhs, lelraàn, plrh tn`bkëe `÷skcn, phr lgl`poh. Ohs kedustrknols
k edustrknols
tn`bkëe puldle lechetrnr ue arne ketlrës le nuth`ntkznr su prhducckóe y
alstkhenr sus ioughs ohaàstkchs.

Ohs `îs ntrlvkdhs, h `îs dkrlctn`letl n`lenzndhs, yn mne th`ndh on

kekckntkvn. Lstl ls lo cnsh dl `ucmhs bnechs7 ue cheshrckh ketlrenckheno, R3, y
rl÷el n `îs dl <6 arnedls kestktuckhels ikenecklrns, kecouyledh Bnrconys,
Crldkt Sukssl, Shckëtë Aëeërnol y BEV Vnrkbns pnrn dlsnrrhoonr ue bohcjcmnke
ch`÷e, oh qul slràn prkvndn, n dkilrleckn dl bohcjcmnkes Bktchke h Ltmlrlu`.
Ons nslaurndhrns tn`bkëe lstîe n on vneaunrdkn, ch`h Nxn, qul kevkrtkó n
prkeckpkhs dl 26>9 le on stnrt-up cnendklesl Bohcjstrln`, cunedh rlcnudó $
>6
<< `koohels (4= `koohels dl lurhs). Ikeno`letl, ohs akanetls dl TK, ch`h
@kcrhshit l KB@, eh tklele on ketleckóe dl quldnrsl ntrîs y dlsnrrhoonr
prhylcths, lsplckno`letl le lo cn`ph dl ohs hbglths chelctndhs. @kcrhshit
kecoush sl nclrcó n Ltmlrlu`, n trnvës dl su iuednckóe qul prh`ulvl lstl
bohcjcmnke che arne phtleckno. "@kcrhshit mn skdh lo prkeckpno pntrhckendhr dl
eulstrn cheilrleckn neuno dl dlsnrrhoondhrls, DlvChe2, le Smneamnk", dkgh
@kea Cmne, dkrlcthr dl on Iuednckóe Ltmlrlu`. "Tn`bkëe ehs mne chetnctndh
`ucmhs CLHs y dkrlcthrls
dk rlcthrls tëcekchs le ohs slcthrls dl trnesphrtl nërlh, lelraàn,
ohaàstkcn l kedustrkn", narlan. Thdhs lstîe `hekthrlnedh dl clrcn ohs prhylcths
okdlrndhs phr ohs dlsnrrhoondhrls qul chdkikcne le Ltmlrlu` y prhbnbol`letl
prhbnbol`letl
eh dudnrîe le ch`prnr on prk`lrn l`prlsn l`lraletl qul ohs n`lenznrî
irhetno`letl.

\EN RLYHO\CKÓE SHCKNO [ VHOÀTKCN

No kauno qul Ketlrelt, lo bohcjcmnke tn`bkëe prh`ltl uen prhiuedn chevuoskóe

shckno y phoàtkcn. Rlvhouckóe shckno, plr`ktkrî lo surak`kleth dl eulvns
hranekznckhels, dlscletrnokzndns y lià`lrns7 chhplrntkvns ske oàdlr, ihr`ndns
phr trnbngndhrls kedlpledkletls qul lokale uen tnrln pnrn on qul lstîe
cnokikcndhs, rluekdhs tl`phrno`letl pnrn rlnokznr ue prhylcth ch`÷e, dl
nculrdh che ons chedkckhels chetrnctunols nuth`ntkzndns. Ons arnedls
l`prlsns che nd`kekstrnckóe vlrtkcno tledrîe qul rlkevletnrsl n sà `ks`ns.
Rlvhouckóe phoàtkcn, lo bohcjcmnke anrnetkznrî ue vhth lolctróekch cheiknbol, ske
trn`pns phskbols. Mhy, on vhtnckóe lolctróekcn, cletrnokzndn le slrvkdhrls, ls
vuoelrnbol no ntnqul dl pkrntns keihr`îtkchs h on inoskikcnckóe dl qukle chetrhon
lo cletrh dl dnths. Arnckns n on dlscletrnokznckóe dl on keihr`nckóe y ons
tëcekcns crkptharîikcns dl on bohcjcmnke, lsth yn eh slrî lo cnsh. Nslaurnr
chesuotns le oàeln hirlclrî eulvns ihr`ns dl kevktnr n ohs ckudndnehs n dnr su
hpkekóe shbrl ons dlckskhels dl on ckudnd, che lo ike dl chestrukr dl`hcrnckns
`îs iklols n sus nspkrnckhels. Lo lstndh, ikeno`letl, phdrî rleuecknr n on
dhcu`letnckóe y lglcutnr su nd`kekstrnckóe ch`poltn`letl le oàeln, che
likckleckn y trnespnrleckn, nslaurnedh on slaurkdnd dl ohs dnths dl ohs
ckudndnehs, ch`h oh qul sl mncl eh le lo iuturh, skeh 2.966 j` dl eulstrn cnsn
le Lsthekn.

Cndn vlz `îs phoàtkchs she chesckletls dl lsth. Le su kekckntkvn dl tlcehohaàn l

keehvnckóe, on lx cnedkdntn prlskdleckno dl`ócrntn Mkoonry Cokethe cktó n
bohcjcmnke ch`h "on próxk`n alelrnckóe dl rlvhouckhels tlcehoóakcns" ; le on
qul ohs keehvndhrls lstndhuekdlesls dlblràne phskckhenrsl
phskckhenrsl ch`h oàdlrls. , che
vlmàcuohs nutóeh`hs y nprledkzngl nuth`îtkch dl `îqukens (nprledkzngl
nuth`îtkch). Le Irneckn, lo 24 dl `nrzh dl 26>9 sl hranekzó le on Nsn`boln
Enckheno uen prk`lrn cheilrleckn, qul rluekó n ohs dkputndhs y ncthrls dlo
>>
slcthr (Bohcjcmnke, ketlrrupckóe y hphrtuekdndls). Iul slaukdh lo 4 dl hctubrl
dl 26>9 phr lo prk`lr "Ihrh Vnron`letnrkh Bohcjcmnke"7 `ldkn dhclen dl
pnron`letnrkhs dl kzquklrdn y dlrlcmn ketlrcn`bkndhs che l`prlsnrkhs y
lxplrths dlo cn`ph, irletl n ue neiktlntrh dl <66 plrshens `îs ^uë nobhrhth,
le on Cml`kstry Mhusl, le Vnràs. "¸Ls lo bohcjcmnke tne rlvhouckhenrkh ch`h
Ketlrelt8 Sà, tleah on ketukckóe", dkgh Glne Onueny, dkputndh dlo VS dl Oht.
Tn`bkëe prlsletl, on shcknokstn Chrkeel Lrmlo, `kl`brh dl Côtls-d'Nr`hr,
ch`pnrtl on `ks`n chevkcckóe7 "Cheskdlrh qul ls uen dl ons keehvnckhels h
rlvhouckhels `îs k`phrtnetls le on nctunokdnd>>. Vnrn Onurl dl On Rnudkírl,
`kl`brh dl ohs rlpubokcnehs dl Lurl-lt-Ohkr, "trls tlcehohaàns oolane no `ks`h
tkl`ph y she `uy plrgudkcknols pnrn eulstrns hplrnckhels. Lo prk`lrh ls
Ketlrelt Z...P. Lo slauedh ls noahrkt`hs dl Bka Dntn l Ketlokaleckn Nrtkikckno Z...P.
Lo tlrclrh ls lo bohcjcmnke qul nutletkcn ons trnesncckhels, pnrn crlnr
cheiknezn. Ons cheslculeckns dl lstns trls tlcehohaàns le eulstrn shckldnd she
chohsnols>2. "

\EN RLYHO\CKÓE DL ON DLSCLETRNOKWNCKÓE

[n sln le sus npokcnckhels lcheó`kcns, shcknols h phoàtkcns, bohcjcmnke ls on

mlrrn`kletn
mlrrn`kletn dl uen arne rlvhouckóe dl d l on dlscletrnokznckóe. Vrh`ltl quktnrol
lo phdlr n ohs ketlr`ldknrkhs (yn slne bnechs, ch`pnþàns dl lelraàn, akanetls
dl on rld h lo lstndh) y rldkstrkbukroh letrl ohs kedkvkduhs7 lo chesu`kdhr, lo
trnbngndhr h lo ckudndneh. "Sl trntn dl on dlscletrnokznckóe", >3 dkcl Bkoo
Bnrmydt, lo CLH dl Nbrn, uen npokcnckóe dl trnesilrleckn dl dkelrh le lo
lxtrneglrh le lo bohcjcmnke. "On cnpnckdnd dl mnclr chetrnths nuth`îtkchs le
Ketlrelt ls `uy phdlrhsn y dnrî ouanr n thdh tkph dl eulvns npokcnckhels
ikenecklrns, le nctkvkdndls le ons qul ohs bnechs she `uy oleths y anene `ucmh
dkelrh. On dlscletrnokznckóe tn`bkëe
tn`bkëe sl puldl npokcnr n ohs rlakstrhs dl tklrrns
pnrn lo rlakstrh dl tàtuohs dl prhpkldnd. [ ikeno`letl, n Ketlrelt dl ons chsns.
¸^uë rlakstrh phdràn `nelgnr ons ch`uekcnckhels dl `kols dl `koohels dl
hbglths chelctndhs8 Lo bohcjcmnke, qul lok`ken on elclskdnd dl uen nuthrkdnd
cletrno pnrn chhrdkenr thdh lsth ", dkcl. Ch`h lscrkble ohs nuthrls dl ue
keihr`l pubokcndh phr on ikr`n chesuothrn Cnpal`kek, "rîpkdn`letl quldó
conrh qul on tlcehohaàn qul plr`ktl trnesncckhels ehtnbol`letl slaurns y
lcheó`kcns le on rld Bktchke phdràn cn`bknr ch`poltn`letl lo gulah pnrn
thdhs ohs slrvkckhs ikenecklrhs. - ch`h le `ucmns htrns kedustrkns>4. Vhr su
trnespnrleckn (ls buscnbol y vlrkikcnbol phr thdhs), phr su ke`utnbkokdnd l
krrliutnbkokdnd
krrliutnbkokdnd (oh qul lstî lscrkth mny ue cheslesh letrl ohs `kl`brhs y eh sl
puldl cn`bknr), "on nrquktlcturn dlo bohcjcmnke mncl dlsnpnrlclr
dlsnpnrlclr on elclskdnd
dl "\e ketlr`ldknrkh cletrno pnrn anrnetkznr on cheiknezn, ketlrru`pkr ohs
`hdlohs nctunols dl cletrnokznckóe dl dnths y rlduckr drîstkcn`let
d rîstkcn`letll lo `hdloh
dl pnah y chsths", rlsu`l lo keihr`l.
>2
Thdnvàn lstn`hs le lo ch`klezh dl on nvleturn. Le lstl pueth, lo bohcjcmnke ls
uen prh`lsn akanetlscn7 thdh skaul skledh phskbol. Endkl mn cnpturndh lstn
kevleckóe, cunoquklrn puldl th`nron y trnesihr`nr lo `uedh dl nculrdh che
sus chevkcckhels. N on ouz dl lstn tlcehohaàn, sl puldle k`nakenr iuturhs
rndkcno`letl
rndkcno`letl dkilrletls. Le ue ondh dlo lsplctrh, uen uthpàn okblrtnrkn * >. Ons
plrshens mne th`ndh lo phdlr7 ch`lrckne letrl sà ske suplrvkskóe, sus
keihr`ls lstîe rlauondhs phr chetrnths rlakstrndhs le lo bohcjcmnke, trnbngne
le su eh`brl, ons l`prlsns mne dlsnpnrlckdh
dlsnpnrlckdh n invhr dl aruphs dl prhylcths
dl pnsnglrhs, lo lstndh sl rlducl Ch`h `àek`h, on l-dl`hcrnckn (dkrlctn h
dlolandn sla÷e ohs tl`ns dl cndn ckudndneh) anrnetkzn qul sl tleane le
culetn ons nspkrnckhels dl thdhs. Vhr lo chetrnrkh, ue `uedh dl chetrho
rlihrzndh, le lo qul lo lspàrktu okblrtnrkh dl on bohcjcmnke sl mn subvlrtkdh7
thdhs ohs prkeckpnols ketlr`ldknrkhs (bnechs, rldls shcknols y akanetls dl on
eubl, lstndhs) mne crlndh sus prhpkhs bohqulndhrls, inosn`letl
dlscletrnokzndhs y le lo qul rlno`letl `netklele lo chetrho, ch`h netls,
lxclpth qul lo skstl`n ols plr`ktl nmhrrnr dkelrh y, sk ls elclsnrkh, rnstrlnr
ons trnesncckhels pnsndns dl cndn ueh, on trnespnrleckn dn pnsh n on vkakoneckn.
vkak oneckn.
Letrl lstns dhs vkskhels lxtrl`ns, qul eh she dlslnbols pnrn quklels nprlckne
tneth on okblrtnd ch`h on plrtleleckn n uen ch`uekdnd cnpnz dl shokdnrkdnd,
lxkstl thdn uen an`n dl phskbkokdndls, kecoukdn on dl uen ue `uedh le lo qul
on chhplrnckóe sl vl invhrlckdn phr ons npokcnckhels bohcjcmnke, dhedl lo
lstndh hplrn dl `nelrn trnespnrletl y lilctkvn, dhedl on dl`hcrnckn ls
pnrtkckpntkvn y dhedl ons l`prlsns, ch`pktkledh letrl sà, eh cnpturne `îs
vnohr qul e '`lrlcle sus slrvkckhs.

* >. \en ikohshiàn phoàtkcn y lcheó`kcn, bnstnetl lxtledkdn le ohs Lstndhs

\ekdhs, qul mncl dl on okblrtnd kedkvkduno ue ike y ue `ldkh. Invhrnbol n on
okblrtnd `îxk`n dlo `lrcndh y no pnplo `àek`h dlo Lstndh, sl dkstkeaul dl on
ikohshiàn okblrtnrkn phr su nplah n on prhtlcckóe dl on prhpkldnd prkvndn (qul
ohs okblrtnrkhs quksklrne nbhokr).

>3
VRLÎ@B\OH

\en brlvl mksthrkn dlo bohcjcmnke

On mksthrkn dl on bohcjcmnke ls kecrlàbol, phr dlckr oh `lehs. ¸Dl quë `nelrn

Bktchke, on prk`lrn `heldn vkrtuno dl kauno n kauno, uen kevleckóe dl
ch`putndhrn dl códkah nbklrth che lo lspàrktu okblrtnrkh nikr`ndh pnrn
chrthckrcuktnr ohs bnechs, dn ouanr no kecrlàbol ileó`leh bohcjcmnke qul lstî
naktnedh thdhs ohs càrcuohs8 dlo `uedh8

[ SNTHSMK CRLN ON BOHCJCMNKE

On nvleturn ch`klezn lo > dl ehvkl`brl dl 266=. Bngh lo sludóek`h dl Snthsmk

Enjn`hth dl uen plrshen qul eh mn skdh kdletkikcndh pubokcn mhy ue `lesngl
n uen okstn dl chrrlh dl ohs lxplrths le crkptharniàn ( "On Okstn dl chrrlh
Crkptharniàn ", Che lo tl`n" Bktchke V2V l-cnsm pnplr> ". Le tër`kehs `uy
checrlths, loon rlsu`l su prhylcth7 "Trnbngë le ue eulvh skstl`n lolctróekch
dl cngn pllr-th-pllr, ske ekea÷e tlrclrh dl cheiknezn. Snthsmk leu`lrn sus
prkeckpnols cnrnctlràstkcns. Vrk`lrh, "lo dhbol ansth sl mncl k`phskbol dletrh
dl uen rld pueth n pueth". Ske l`kshr dl dkelrh u htrn tlrclrn pnrtl dl
cheiknezn. Ls uen mnznþn ske prlcldletls. Mnstn lethecls, ohs lxplrths
cheskdlrnbne qul lrn k`phskbol crlnr ue skstl`n dl pnah pueth n pueth (VC n
ch`putndhrn) ske uen tlrclrn pnrtl dl cheiknezn (phr lgl`poh, ske ue bnech)
dlbkdh no oon`ndh prhbol`n dl "dhbol ansth". Le Ketlrelt, on keihr`nckóe sl
chpkn cunedh sl trnesiklrl (phr lsh aunrdn`hs uen vlrskóe dl eulstrhs
chrrlhs lolctróekchs levkndhs, phr lgl`poh). Che dkelrh, eh puldl slr oh
`ks`h7 uen cnetkdnd levkndn phr uen rld lolctróekcn eh sl puldl `netlelr,
shoh sl puldl anstnr uen vlz. Dl oh chetrnrkh, lo dkelrh, chpknbol
ketlr`kenbol`letl, yn eh tledràn vnohr ... Ls phr lsh qul ohs tlrclrhs dl
cheiknezn lrne tne elclsnrkhs. Slauedn cnrnctlràstkcn7 "Ohs pnrtkckpnetls
puldle slr neóek`hs. Le rlnokdnd, hplrne bngh ue sludóek`h, qul
chrrlsphedl n uen slculeckn dl e÷`lrhs y oltrns. Ikeno`letl, ÷otk`n arne
prhpkldnd7 "Ons eulvns pklzns she l`ktkdns phr ue skstl`n dl prulbn dl lstkoh
mnsmcnsm. Lstl pueth noah tëcekch, no qul vhovlrl`hs le `îs dltnool le on
próxk`n slcckóe, skaekikcn qul ohs eulvhs Bktchke she l`ktkdhs arnduno`letl
eh phr ue bnech cletrno, ch`h le lo skstl`n ikenecklrh trndkckheno,
trndkckheno, skeh phr on
vnokdnckóe suclskvn dl ons trnesncckhels dl nculrdh che ue `ëthdh
crkptharîikch, "prulbn dl trnbngh", qul `hvkokzn ohs rlcurshs dl ons
ch`putndhrns dl on rld pnrn nslaurnr ons trnesncckhels. Snthsmk tn`bkëe
prhphrckhen ue leoncl n su okbrh bonech, qul dltnoon lo skstl`n Bktchke2.

>4
On kevleckóe ls arnedl. "Snthsmk Enjn`hth mn prhpulsth phr prk`lrn vlz uen
nrquktlcturn pnrn mnclr phskbol lstn trnesilrleckn dl vnohr. Vnsn`hs dl on
chpkn dl keihr`nckóe n on trnesilrleckn dl vnohr, lvktnedh lo prhbol`n dlo dhbol
ansth3 ", cheikr`n Vmkokppl Dlwhst, subdkrlcthr dl on Cnkssl dls Dëpôts lt
Cheskaentkhes (CDC) n cnrah dl on lcheh`àn dkaktno. Le Ketlrelt,
trndkckheno`letl, lo bnech hplrn y anrnetkzn on trnesncckóe. Vlrh arnckns no
skstl`n prhpulsth phr lo `kstlrkhsh Snthsmk Enjn`hth, on trnesilrleckn dl
dkelrh le ihr`n lolctróekcn letrl ohs `kl`brhs dl uen rld puldl tlelr ouanr
che on clrtlzn dl qul lo dkelrh sl anstn shoh uen vlz, ske ekea÷e tlrclrh. Su
shouckóe ls sk`pol7 thdhs ohs pnrtkckpnetls dlble chehclr y nprhbnr lo mksthrkno
mk sthrkno
dl thdhs ohs pnahs rlnokzndhs phr cndn `kl`brh dl on rld. Vhr oh tneth,
phdl`hs lstnr slaurhs dl qul qukle levàn ue Bktchke n htrh oh tklel bkle
cunedh oh levàn y yn eh oh tklel. Vnrn qul lsth sln phskbol, suaklrl leu`lrnr
thdns ons trnesncckhels tno ch`h hcurrle le uen bohcjcmnke. Cndn bohqul ls
vnokdndh, ch`h y cunedh, phr ue skstl`n crkptharîikch ch`polgh (prulbn dl
trnbngh)7 lstl ÷otk`h nslaurn qul cndn `kl`brh tlean on hphrtuekdnd dl
vnokdnr lo bohqul, ls chsthsh y dkiàcko dl anenr vnrkns vlcls slaukdns lo dlrlcmh
n rlnokznr lstn vnokdnckóe, y qul thdhs ohs `kl`brhs dl on rld puldne vlrkikcnr
on nutletkckdnd dl on keihr`nckóe chetlekdn le cndn bohqul netls dl vnokdnr lo
skaukletl. Lo chegueth ls ue p÷bokch dl bohcjcmnke cheskdlrndh keinoskikcnbol,
qul sl oon`nrî, uehs nþhs `îs tnrdl, lo bohcjcmnke. Le uen slrkl dl `lesngls,
Snthsmk Enjn`hth rlsphedl n thdns ons hbglckhels ihr`uondns phr sus pnrls
crkptharîikchs.
crkptharîikchs. Su skstl`n eh pnrlcl tlelr inoons (lxclpth le lo cnsh k`prhbnbol
k`prhbnbol
dl qul on `nyhr pnrtl dl on phtleckn dl on rld sln prhpkldnd dl ue `kl`brh
`nokckhsh). Lo ; dl lelrh dl 266;, pubokcó ue eulvh `lesngl le on `ks`n okstn
dl chrrlh7 "Neueckh dlo prk`lr e÷`lrh dl Bktchke, ue eulvh skstl`n dl
lilctkvh lolctróekch qul utkokzn uen rld dl kauno n kauno pnrn lvktnr lo dhbol
ansth. Lstî ch`poltn`letl dlscletrnokzndh, ske slrvkdhr ek nuthrkdnd cletrno4.
On pnonbrn ls slaukdn phr ue leoncl dl dlscnran. Vrk`lr dkelrh lolctróekch
pueth n pueth le on mksthrkn y on prk`lr bohcjcmnke dlo `uedh, enckó Bktchke.
Snthsmk Enjn`hth pnrlcl `uy slaurh dlo ëxkth dl su kevleth7 "@l
shrprledlràn
shrprledlràn qul, le dklz nþhs, eh utkokcl`hs dkelrh lolctróekch dl uen ihr`n
u htrn Z...P. Ons npokcnckhels she keeu`lrnbols, yn qul ls phskbol pnanr uehs
cletnvhs n ue sktkh wlb tne iîcko`letl ch`h ketrhduckr uen `heldn le uen
`îquken lxpledldhrn<. Sl lstî dnedh culetn dlo vklgh sulþh dlo dkelrh dl
Ketlrelt, qul plrskaukó n ohs ckletàikchs keihr`îtkchs y lcheh`kstns phr kauno
durnetl `ucmh tkl`ph. [n le >;;;, lo Vrl`kh Ehblo dl lcheh`àn @kothe
Irkld`ne mnbàn prldkcmh lo kelvktnbol ndvlek`kleth dl Bktchke7 "Oh qul inotn
Zle KetlreltP, plrh qul prheth sl dlsnrrhoonrî, ls ue lilctkvh lolctróekch
cheiknbol. \e `ëthdh qul ol plr`ktl, cunedh ch`prn le Ketlrelt, trnesilrkr
ihedhs dl N n B, ske qul N slpn qul B h B chehcle N9. @kothe Irkld`ne `urkó
lo >9 dl ehvkl`brl dl 2669, dhs netls dl qul sl mkcklrn su prldkcckóe.
><
\E OKBLRTNRKH DL LSVÀRKT\ HRKAKENO

Le ohs phchs `lesngls qul dlgó Snthsmk Enjn`hth, eh lrn `uy mnbondhr. Sus
rlspulstns she cnsk thdhs ohs nsplcths tëcekchs, che on lxclpckóe dl noauehs
ch`letnrkhs lsphrîdkchs qul cheikr`ne lo lspàrktu okblrtnrkh dlo prhylcth, ls
dlckr, che anens dl dlschelctnr on nok`letnckóe loëctrkcn n ons cnpnckdndls
kestnondns - le pnrtkcuonr ohs bnechs y dl ohs Lstndhs - pnrn dlvhovlr n ons
plrshens. @lehs dl uen sl`nen dlspuës dl on pubokcnckóe dl su okbrh bonech lo
1 dl ehvkl`brl dl 266=, ueh dl sus ketlrohcuthrls rlncckheó dl on skaukletl
`nelrn7 "Eh lechetrnrî uen shouckóe n ohs prhbol`ns phoàtkchs dl on
crkptharniàn. @ntkz dl Snthsmk7 "Sà, plrh phdl`hs anenr uen arne bntnoon Z...P y
chequkstnr ue eulvh tlrrkthrkh dl okblrtnd durnetl `ucmhs nþhs. Ohs ahbklrehs
snble có`h chrtnr cnblzns dl rld cletrnokzndns ch`h Enpstlr * >, plrh
nutëetkcn`letl
nutëetkcn`letl ons rldls pllr-th-pllr ch`h Aeutloon y Thr * 2 pnrlcle rlskstkr
bkle1. Le Bktchke, dl mlcmh, eh mny slrvkdhr pnrn chrtnr, oh qul clrrnràn lstl
skstl`n dksplrsh letrl sus usunrkhs. N÷e `îs conrh, Snthsmk cheikr`n sus
ketleckhels phoàtkcns le ue `lesngl pubokcndh lo >4 dl ehvkl`brl dl 266=7 "Ls
`uy ntrnctkvh dlsdl lo pueth dl vkstn okblrtnrkh sk phdl`hs lxpokcnroh
chrrlctn`letl.
chrrlctn`letl. Ske l`bnrah, lsthy `lghr che lo códkah qul che ons pnonbrns=.
Cunedh onezó on rld n prkeckpkhs dl lelrh dl 266;, sl plr`ktl uen plqulþn
inetnsàn qul dn chohr no prhylcth. Lurhpn lstî le `ldkh dl uen crksks ikenecklrn.
Le lo prk`lr bohqul crlndh (bohqul aëelsks), Snthsmk rlakstrndh uen slrkl dl
e÷`lrhs y oltrns qul chrrlsphedle n on trnducckóe crkptharîikcn dl uen brlvl
irnsl7 "Ohs tkl`phs 63 / Lel / 266; Cneckoolr ehs bhrdl dl slauedh pone dl
rlscntl pnrn ohs bnechs. Lstl ls ueh dl ohs dknrkhs brktîekchs Tml Tk`ls dlo 3
dl lelrh, qul dkcl7 "Lo @kekstrh dl Ikenezns brktîekch lstî no bhrdl dl ue
slauedh rlscntl pnrn ohs bnechs. Vnrn Vklrrl Ehkznt, ueh dl ohs `lghrls
lxplrths irneclsls le lo tl`n, iuedndhr dl on stnrt-up dl Vny`ku` qul nct÷n
ch`h bnech dl Bktchkes, "phelr ue tàtuoh dl plrkódkch le ue bohqul dl aëelsks,
plr`ktl ilcmnr che prlckskóe lo onezn`kleth. Vlrh lstl tàtuoh dlo Tk`ls puldl
eh mnblr skdh lolakdh no nznr dl mlcmh. Lxkstl lstl dlslh dl slr
s lr ue chetrnphdlr
vks-æ-vks dl ohs bnechs. Dhs nþhs dlspuës, >2 dl dkckl`brl dl 26>6, Snthsmk
pubokcn ue `lesngl ikeno le lo ihrh Bktchketnoj, oulah dlsnpnrlcl. Dlsdl
lethecls, sl shsplcmn qul uen dhclen dl dlsnrrhoondhrls sl lschedle bngh
lstl sludóek`h, ske qul sl mnyne prlsletndh prulbns sntksincthrkns. Lo crlndhr
dl Bktchke sl mn lvnphrndh, phr su prhpkn slaurkdnd, ske dudn. "On mksthrkn dl
ons crkpth`heldns ls `hrtno. Nrtmur Budhvsjy, lo crlndhr dl Okblrty Rlslrvl
Zue dkelrh lolctróekch cletrnokzndh, crlndh le 2669P, dulr`l le prkskóe; ",
rlculrdn Ndrkne Snuzndl, iuedndhr dl on stnrt-up kesurnecl bohcjcmnke Czn`.
Mno Ikeely, crkptóarnih lstndhuekdlesl chehckdh phr mnblr rlckbkdh on prk`lrn
trnesncckóe dl Bktchke Snthsmk `ks`h iul nchsndh le lo ÷otk`h nþh dl su vkdn
>9
phr ue mncjlr qul qulràne lxthrskhenr >666 bktchkes (lo lqukvnoletl n 466 $
666 le lsl `h`leth) >6. Eh ls dl lxtrnþnr qul Snthsmk Enjn`hth, cuyh ru`hr
dkcl qul tklel > `kooóe dl Bktchkes (vnohrndh le =2= `koohels dl dóonrls lo >4
dl lelrh dl 26>1, h 111 `koohels dl lurhs), dlslnrn plr`nelclr dkscrlth.

\E AKRH RÎVKDH [ S\OI\RNETL

On lvnphrnckóe dl su crlndhr eh lvktó lo rîpkdh ëxkth dl Bktchke. "Lo ch`lrckh

ch`lezó le 266;, n uen tnsn dl 6,6661 dóonrls phr ue Bktchke. Le ilbrlrh dl
26>>, Bktchke nocnezó on pnrkdnd che lo dóonr. Le ehvkl`brl dl 26>3, su vnohr
nocnezó su pueth `îxk`h le >242 dhoonrs>> "kedkcn dhs lxplrths dlo Ihedh
@heltnrkh Ketlrenckheno (I@K), Muetlr @herhl y Nedrlns Ndrkneh, le ue
nrtàcuoh pubokcndh le guekh dl 26>9 le lo dknrkh trk`lstrno dlo ihedh, Ikenezns
y Dlsnrrhooh. Oulah bngó, netls dl nu`letnr arnduno`letl durnetl 26>9, oulah
sl dkspnró n prkeckpkhs dl 26>1, nocneznedh ue eulvh `îxk`h le $ >,>=4 lo <
dl lelrh, slaukdh dl uen rlcnàdn y lstnbkokznckóe rlpletken lo >4 dl lelrh dl
26>1, norldldhr dl =2= dóonrls (norldldhr dl 111 lurhs). Bktchke ls uen
`heldn `uy vhoîtko ... Vlrh ohs prk`lrhs kevlrshrls mne mlcmh ue lxcloletl
trnbngh. Durnetl lo >4 dl lelrh dl 26>1, on cnpktnokznckóe dl Bktchke, ls dlckr,
lo vnohr dl thdns ons Bktchkes le ckrcuonckóe, nocnezó ohs >3.366 `koohels dl
dóonrls (>2.<66 `koohels dl lurhs). Lo ush dl on `heldn vkrtuno (h
crkpth`heldns) ls, phr tneth, yn eh le nbshouth `nrakeno, lsplckno`letl le
Bktchke pnrnoloh, sl mne crlndh uen `uotktud dl htrns `heldns dkaktnols,
bnsndh le tneths eulvhs bohcjcmnkes. @îs dl 166 sl leu`lrne le lo sktkh
Chke@nrjltCnp (lstnckóe pnrn nquloohs qul eh lstîe nooà, n `leudh she
lstnins). Bktchke skaul skledh mhy phr olghs lo prk`lrh dl loohs. On cnpktnokznckóe
dl on slauedn, Ltmlrlu`, nocnezó on `ks`n ilcmn, shoh =4; `koohels dl dóonrls,
h 1;1 `koohels dl lurhs.

Le ohs prk`lrhs nþhs, Bktchke eh sldugh shoh n plrshens bkle ketleckhendns,

ketleckhendns, oh
qul ol dkh uen rlputnckóe dl `heldn lsplcuontkvn y suoiurhsn, dl on qul n÷e
oucmn pnrn dlsmnclrsl mhy. "Sk bkle lo nu`leth dlo tkph dl cn`bkh prhvhcó uen
lsplckl dl iklbrl dlo hrh, lo rlontkvh nehek`nth dl Bktchke y on inckokdnd che on
qul ch`lrcknbn ntrnglrhe n trnikcnetls dl drhans y htrhs crk`kenols. uen iulrtl
rlprlskóe le 26>3 y 26>4, qul oolvó n noauehs l`prlsnrkhs pkhelrhs le
prkskóe>2 ", nenokzne Nedrlns Ndrkneh y Muetlr @herhl. Lo Bktchke sl `netklel
`uy nshckndhs che lo cnsh dlo cn`keh dl sldn7 ue `lrcndh elarh dl bklels
kolanols (drhans y nr`ns, le pnrtkcuonr), Hscurh wlb, on wlb hcuotn, qul ons
trnesncckhels iulrhe lilctundns le lstn crkpth`heldn. Dlsdl lo cklrrl dl on
rutn dl on sldn phr lo IBK le hctubrl dl 26>3, on nctkvkdnd le Bktchke mn
rlauonrkzndh le arne `ldkdn, oh qul cheikr`n ue nrtàcuoh le lo plrkódkch Ols
Lcmhs, qul rltrnes`ktl ons lstk`nckhels dl on pulstn le `nrcmn dl LL.\\.
>1
Cmnkenoysks, lsplcknokzndn le lo neîoksks on bohcjcmnke7 "on lcheh`àn keihr`no l
kolano, norldldhr dlo 9% dlo vhou`le dl mhy ls n`pokn`letl netkckpndn phr on
nctkvkdnd ikenecklrn y lsplcuontkvn le ohs `lrcndhs bursîtkols dl Bktchke, oh qul
rlprlsletn
rlprlsletn trls cunrtns pnrtls dl on nctkvkdnd `hedknol>3. On sktunckóe eh tklel
endn qul vlr che on dl prkeckpkhs dl 26>3, cunedh "on `ktnd dl ons
trnesncckhels
trnesncckhels rlnokzndns che Bktchke sl usnrhe pnrn nctkvkdndls kolanols". Lstl
cn`bkh sl dlbl n on dl`hcrntkznckóe prharlskvn dl Bktchke, plrh tn`bkëe n on
vkakoneckn n on qul puldl lstnr sugltn on rld phr pnrtl dl on phokcàn. Dl mlcmh, eh
ls rlno`letl neóek`h, skeh `îs bkle "sludóek`h"7 thdhs hplrne n ohs hghs dl
thdhs bngh ue eh`brl supulsth (`îs lxnctn`letl uen slrkl dl e÷`lrhs y
oltrns oon`ndns convl p÷bokcn), qul sl puldl rnstrlnr mksthrkn. Lstn ls on rnzóe
phr @nrc Nedrllssle lxcon`ó le lo Elw [hrj Tk`ls7 "@l austnràn rlsphedlr
n ons cràtkcns dl ohs qul Bktchke ls ue
u e pnrnàsh dl `non cheductn, ohs crk`kenols
y tlrrhrkstns, qul sl puldl trnesilrkr dkelrh k`puel`letl bngh chedkckóe dl
nehek`nth Ls ue `kth Z...P. No kauno qul lo chrrlh lolctróekch, qul ls iîcko`letl
rnstrlnbol, Bktchke iueckhen bngh sludóek`h, eh ls neóek`h. Ndl`îs, cndn
trnesncckóe le on rld sl rnstrln y lscrkbl pnrn skl`prl le on bohcjcmnke dl
Bktchke, ue rlakstrh plr`neletl, vkskbol pnrn thdhs. Ikeno`letl, Bktchke ls
`ucmh `îs iîcko dl slaukr pnrn on npokcnckóe dl on oly qul lo lilctkvh, lo hrh h
ohs dkn`netls>4. "

RLCHEHCK@KLETH TNRDÀH BNGH \E E\LYH EH@BRL7 BOHCJCMNKE

Vhch n phch, sl prhducl ue cn`bkh sl`îetkch7 ohs dkslþndhrls dl pulstn le

`nrcmn, ons l`prlsns ikenecklrns y arnedls sl dne culetn dlo vlrdndlrh
phtleckno dl Bktchke y sus nvntnrls eh sl leculetrn le ons crkpth`heldns - ue
tër`keh qul nsustn no p÷bokch le alelrno - plrh le sus rldls dlscletrnokzndns7
dlscletrnokzndns7
bohcjcmnkes. Lo nþh 26>< `nrcn ue pueth dl keiolxkóe. Le `nrzh, uen lstrloon
dl Qnoo Strllt, Boytml @nstlrs, netlrkhr`letl `kl`brh dlo bnech GV @hrane,
in`hsh phr kevletnr lo CDS (ketlrcn`bkh crldktkckh prldltlr`kendh,
kestru`leths ikenecklrhs chetrhvlrtkdhs nshckndhs che on crksks bnecnrkn dl
266=), ls eh`brndh CLH dl ue ch`klezh. -up bohcjcmnke, Dkaktno Nsslt
Mhodkeas. Keiouyletl che on ch`uekdnd ikenecklrn, nonbn ohs `ërkths dl lstn
tlcehohaàn le ohs `ldkhs y cheilrleckns7 "Lo `lrcndh pnrn ons npokcnckhels
ikenecklrns dl bohcjcmnke sl `ldkrî ikeno`letl le trkoohels dl dóonrls><",
onezó le guekh dl 26><, pnrn on cheilrleckn dl Ikenezns Lxphelecknols le
Eulvn [hrj. Suikckletl pnrn dlsplrtnr on curkhskdnd dl on nsn`boln. Lo 36 dl
guokh dl 26><, sl onezn uen eulvn bohcjcmnke `uy prh`ltldhrn7 Ltmlrlu`.
Dkslþndh phr ue ghvle alekh dl on cnendklesl dl hrkale rush lqukph Butlrke
Yktnokj, dl >; nþhs dl ldnd le lo `h`leth, qul kechrphrn ohs prkeckpkhs dl
bohcjcmnke Bktchke (trnesncckhels dlscletrnokzndn dl bohquls dl on rld
p÷bokcn), nþndkledh on phskbkokdnd pnrn rlakstrnr prharn`ns le lo bohcjcmnke,
>=
oon`ndhs chetrnths ketlokaletls.
ketlokaletls. Dlsphgndh dl on kdlhohaàn okblrtnrkn dl Bktchke,
prh`ltl keeu`lrnbols
keeu`lrnbols npokcnckhels (le slaurhs, lelraàn y hbglths chelctndhs
le pnrtkcuonr) y pnrlcl `ucmh `îs n`kanbol pnrn lo `uedh dl ohs elahckhs.
Trls `lsls dlspuës, lo 3> dl hctubrl dl 26><, on tlcehohaàn bohcjcmnke oolaó n
on phrtndn dlo sl`nenrkh brktîekch Tml Lcheh`kst. On Bkbokn dl ohs càrcuohs
lcheó`kchs, on rlvkstn sucldl n on mnznþn pnrn rlsu`kr le trls pnonbrns le su
phrtndn thdh lo ketlrës dl on bohcjcmnke7 "On `îquken dl on cheiknezn" ("On
`îquken pnrn inbrkcnr on cheiknezn"). Ls ue cokc. Nd`ktkdh phr Tml Lcheh`kst,
sl mnbon dl bohcjcmnke le ohs chrrldhrls dl ons arnedls ch`pnþàns, qul tl`le
plrdlrsl lo eulvh Ketlrelt. Lo ileó`leh sl lstî lxtledkledh le ons ilrkns y
plrkódkchs, hirlckledh uen olaktk`kdnd tnrdàn plrh bklevlekdn n ons eulvns
l`prlsns pkhelrns qul ch`leznrhe le on bohcjcmnke dl Bktchke. "Netls dlo
ch`klezh dl 26><, lstîbn`hs rndkhnctkis>9" dkcl @neulo Ynoletl, dkrlcthr dl
on Cî`nrn dl Bktchke, ue crkpth`heldn chetrn on ch`prn, gueth che ue kestktuth
dl ihr`nckóe, qul sl leculetrn le lo Sletklr le Vnràs. "Dlspuës, ch`lezn`hs
n slr ketlrlsnetls pnrn ons l`prlsns, kecoukdhs ohs bnechs, dlsdl dhedl nmhrn
rlnokzn`hs cnpncktnckóe.
cnpncktnckóe. Eh mnbon`hs Bktchke, mnbon`hs dl bohcjcmnke. Bktchke
ls `noh, lo bohcjcmnke ls buleh ", dkcl che uen sherksn. "Netls, ol dlcàns Bktchke
n ue bnequlrh, eh puldls nbrkr uen culetn", rlculrdn Ndrkne Snuzndl, qukle
tuvh ue plrcnecl che su stnrt-up Czn`. "Mhy dkcls bohcjcmnke, lo bnech tl dkcl
qul sà. Ohs kevlrshrls dl thdh lo `uedh skaule lstn `ks`n oóakcn. Le lo prk`lr
trk`lstrl dl 26>9, lo =4% dl ohs ihedhs dl cnpktno dl rklsah qul sl hbtuvklrhe
le lo slcthr sl dlbklrhe n l`prlsns dl eulvn crlnckóe qul hirlcàne slrvkckhs
bnsndhs le bohcjcmnke, le ch`pnrnckóe che lo >9% pnrn quklels trnbngnbne le
crkpth`heldns,
crkpth`heldns, sla÷e ue lstudkh dl On naleckn dl cnokikcnckóe dl @hhdy's7 "Sl
mne onezndh `îs eulvns ch`pnþàns dl bohcjcmnke purh y nquloons bnsndns le
crkpth`heldns sl mne dlsponzndh n shouckhels bohcjcmnke `îs arnedls",
ch`letnrhe ohs nuthrls. Le thtno, dl nculrdh che lo `ks`h keihr`l, letrl 26>2
y `ldkndhs dl guokh dl 26>9, >4; stnrt-ups dl Bktchke y Bohcjcmnke rlcnudnrhe
eh `lehs dl $ >.2 `ko `koohels le cnpktno dl rklsah. On rlvhouckóe lstî le
cn`keh.

* >. Lo prk`lr arne sktkh dl

d l dlscnran dl `÷skcn kolano.
* 2. Rlsplctkvn`letl, ue skstl`n dl trnesilrleckn dl nrcmkvhs pueth n pueth y
shitwnrl qul plr`ktl lo ush dl Ketlrelt dl ihr`n neóek`n.

>;
Vnrtl >

¸CÓ@H I\ECKHEN LO BOHCJCMNKE8

26
CNVÀT\OH >

¸^uë ls bohcjcmnke8

Trnequkoàclsl7 nsà ch`h on `nyhràn dl ehshtrhs `nelgn`hs ue nuth`óvko ske

chehclr ohs slcrlths dlo `hthr dl lecledkdh phr cmkspn, chelctn`hs ohs
dksphsktkvhs n ons th`ns, ehs hovkdn`hs dl thdh oh rlonckhendh che ohs ckrcukths
qul sl leslþne le on uekvlrskdnd y rlvksn`hs sus chrrlhs lolctróekchs dklz
vlcls. phr dàn ske skquklrn
skquk lrn snblr on lxkstleckn dl prhthchohs dl `lesnglràn, slrî
bnstnetl phskbol utkokznr slrvkckhs le on bohcjcmnke kaehrnedh thdh oh
rlonckhendh che su iueckhen`kleth. Ske l`bnrah, ls `lghr letledlr ohs
prhbol`ns nmhrn. Ons vletngns (`lehrls chsths dl trnesncckóe, `nyhr
prnctkckdnd y vlohckdnd dl lglcuckóe, slaurkdnd dl ohs dnths y `nyhr
trnespnrleckn)
trnespnrleckn) slrîe suikckletls pnrn chevleclr
ch evleclr n ohs `lehs curkhshs. Kecoush
ls prhbnbol qul on `nyhràn dl ons npokcnckhels dl bohcjcmnke qul utkokznrl`hs
eh leintkcle lstn tlcehohaàn ch`polgn,
ch`polgn, shoh oh qul trnl. Lstl ls lo cnsh dlo sktkh
dl trnesilrleckn trnesirhetlrkzn dl dkelrh dl Nbrn, phr lgl`poh, qul eh
prh`ulvl le nbshouth su ush dl on rld dl Bktchke, skeh shoh on phskbkokdnd dl
qul hirlzcn levknr ihedhs kestnetîeln`letl, dl uen `nelrn slaurn y phch
ansth, le lo htrh ondh dlo `uedh. "Sk qulrl`hs qul on bohcjcmnke sln lxkthsn,
tlel`hs qul dkslþnr prhducths qul tleane blelikckhs dkrlcths pnrn ohs
usunrkhs, qul ek skquklrn snbrîe qul lstîe usnedh on bohcjcmnke. @kletrns
iueckhen, eh ehs prlauetn`hs có`h ", crll Stlpmne Tuno, lo iuedndhr dl
Sohcj.kt, lo `îs in`hsh dl on kedustrkn dl on pulstn le `nrcmn, on ch`bkenckóe
dl bohcjcmnke y hbglths rlonckhendhs. "@k hbgltkvh ikeno ls qul noa÷e dàn `k
`ndrl vnyn n cnranr su nuth`óvko nutóeh`h le noauen pnrtl, y ol dkrë nooà, ustld
usn ueh dl `ks prhducths. [ ikeno`letl letledlrî oh qul lsthy mnckledh ", dkcl.
Eh mny elclskdnd dl lsplrnr, loon puldl mnclroh mhy. Vhrqul le rlnokdnd, eh ls
tne ch`pokcndh.

DLIKEKCKÓE

Mny dhs ihr`ns dl dlikekr on bohcjcmnke. On `nelrn sk`pol ls dlscrkbkroh phr

sus ushs7 bohcjcmnke ls uen ihr`n slaurn dl rlnokznr y rlakstrnr trnesncckhels
dkaktnols ske ketlr`ldknrkhs. "Cunedh ol lxpokquë lo bohcjcmnke n `k mlr`nen,
ol dkgl qul lrn bîskcn`letl ue skstl`n pnrn ehtnrkznr * > trnesncckhels, arnckns
n ue noahrkt`h qul nsu`l lo pnplo qul ehr`no`letl dlsl`plþn ue tlrclrh
cheiknbol. (ch`h ue ehtnrkh che ue rlakstrh dl on prhpkldnd h ue bnequlrh che
ue okbrh dl chetnbkokdnd) > ", dkcl L``neulo @ëtmkvklr, glil dl CN Sthrl, on
eulvn l`prlsn n cnrah dl on keehvnckóe le Crëdkt Narkchol. Vlrh lo vlrdndlrh
dlsniàh ls dlscrkbkr lo bohcjcmnke eh phr oh qul mncl, skeh phr oh qul ls. "Sk
2>
tuvklrn qul lxpokcnr on bohcjcmnke n `k nbulon," ketletn Dhroënes Irneáhks,
Dkrlcthr dl Hplrnckhels Strntu`e,
Strntu`e, "yh dkràn qul lstl ls ue arne okbrh,
o kbrh, ue arne
okbrh, qul sl dkstrkbuyl7 ls dlckr, pnrn dlckr qul thdhs tklele lo `ks`h rlakstrh.
Cndn vlz qul noaukle lscrkbl noah no rlsplcth, on keihr`nckóe sl rlpokcn le thdns
ons chpkns dl rlakstrh dl htrns plrshens. Ch`h qulrl`hs anrnetkznr on
nutletkckdnd dl oh qul thdhs lscrkble, ue `lcneks`h dl cheslesh letrl ohs
usunrkhs anrnetkzn qul thdhs lstëe dl nculrdh che ohs dnths kearlsndhs, y qul
sk noaukle `nrcn noah kechrrlcth, eh sl lscrkbkrî shoh le su okbrh y eh le thdhs
ohs okbrhs ". Arnckns n lstl `lcneks`h, qul ol dn n cndn `kl`brh dl on rld on
phskbkokdnd dl vlrkikcnr thdn on mksthrkn dl thdns ons trnesncckhels, ls phskbol
lstnr slaurh dl qul qukle levàn cklrtn su`n oh tklel bkle (lstî rlakstrndh le on
bohcjcmnke) y qul lstl dkelrh sl levàn shoh uen vlz (y, phr oh tneth, eh lstî
dupokcndh). Lsth sl lxpokcn le tër`kehs `îs tëcekchs, plrh `îs lsplcàikchs, ue
keihr`l dl on ikr`n dl nudkthràn Dlohkttl, qul dn on skaukletl dlikekckóe dl
bohcjcmnke p÷bokcns (`îs utkokzndh, noauehs dkcle prkvndh che hplrnckóe
dkilrletl, sl clrró che n vlcls uen nuthrkdnd cletrno)7 "\e bohcjcmnke p÷bokch
ls ue rlakstrh dkaktno dl trnesncckhels, dkstrkbukdh le thdn on rld y cuyns chpkns
she kdëetkcns le on ch`putndhrn dl cndn `kl`brh dl on rld. Ekeauen nuthrkdnd
cletrno ahbklren lstn rld. Cunoquklr ncthr le on rld puldl vlr ons letrndns dl
rlakstrh y rlakstrnr eulvns trnesncckhels. Ohs dlsnculrdhs sl rlsulovle phr
cheslesh dl on `nyhràn dl ohs `kl`brhs dl on rld. Ons trnesncckhels sl
narupne le bohquls qul oulah sl vkecuone letrl sà, ihr`nedh uen bohcjcmnke,
dl nmà lo eh`brl bohcjcmnke. Ohs dnths le ohs bohquls lstîe lecrkptndhs y eh
puldle slr "dlsckirndhs" le tlhràn. Vhr oh tneth, uen vlz aunrdndh le lo
bohcjcmnke, on keihr`nckóe yn eh sl puldl bhrrnr. Le lsleckn, on bohcjcmnke
chetklel ue rlakstrh prlcksh, che `nrcn dl tkl`ph y vlrkikcnbol dl cndn
trnesncckóe2. "

Sk vkecuon`hs ons dhs dlikekckhels dl bohcjcmnke phr ush y phr hplrnckóe,

phdl`hs cheskdlrnr qul ls ue rlakstrh dhedl ons trnesncckhels dkaktnols
oolvndns n cnbh phr ohs `kl`brhs dl uen rld sl arnbne uen dlspuës dl on htrn,
qul thdhs ohs usunrkhs tklele uen chpkn che chetlekdh kdëetkch, qul ls ue
cheslesh letrl loohs y eh sl puldl cn`bknr. Lstl `hdh dl hplrnckóe ols dn on
cheiknezn elclsnrkn pnrn oolvnr n cnbh eulvns trnesncckhels, ske on elclskdnd
dl qul ue tlrclrh ons suplrvksl.

LO BOHCJCMNKE VNSH N VNSH

Vnrn letledlr rlno`letl có`h iueckhen uen bohcjcmnke, on ihr`n `îs iîcko ls
slaukr lo ktkelrnrkh dl uen trnesncckóe (kecoush sk on arne `nyhràn dl ohs qul
usnrîe ue slrvkckh le on bohcjcmnke pnsnrî phr ketlr`ldknrkhs qul
sk`pokikcnrîe su tnrln y sl lecnranrîe dl arnbnedh on hplrnckóe le on rld).
22
Th`l`hs lo cnsh dl uen hplrnckóe rlnokzndn le on bohcjcmnke `îs netkauns y
`îs ch`uels, Bktchke, qul skrvkó ch`h `hdloh pnrn thdhs ohs qul skauklrhe.

>) Stëpmnel quklrl levknr > Bktchke n Shpmkl (ls dlckr, 111 lurhs durnetl lo >4
dl lelrh dl 26>1). Le on rld dl Bktchke, cndn ueh tklel uen dkrlcckóe p÷bokcn,
oon`ndn "convl p÷bokcn" (lo lqukvnoletl dl uen RKB)7 uen slculeckn dl
nprhxk`ndn`letl
nprhxk`ndn`letl 34 cnrnctlrls qul chetklel e÷`lrhs y oltrns le `ny÷scuon
h `ke÷scuon (phr lgl`poh7 >3h1TChEQbnq[p;a=;w>aMrW1AvvJita^` pnrn
ueh y >9]askk>9x4kcE1yg^a]]94=Oi
>9]askk>9x4kcE1yg^a]]94=Oi4OxvDy1g
4OxvDy1g pnrn lo htrh).
h trh).

2) Stlpmnel ikr`n on trnesncckóe che su convl prkvndn7 htrn slrkl dl e÷`lrhs y

oltrns, lstn vlz cheikdleckno (ls lo lqukvnoletl dkaktno dl on convl dl su cngn

23
iulrtl, qul eh tklel ekea÷e ketlrës dnr h plrdlr), qul nuthrkzn lo pnah dl dkelrh
(pueths > y 2 chrrlsphedkletls n on ltnpn > dlo lsqul`n).

3) On trnesncckóe sl lscrkbl le bohcjcmnke. Mn kearlsndh, ch`h rlsuotndh dl

htrns trnesncckhels, le oh qul sl dleh`ken ue bohqul (ue co÷stlr dl vnrkhs
ckleths h kecoush `kols dl trnesncckhels).
trnesncckhels).

Vnrn cndn trnesncckóe,

trnesncckóe, npnrlcl keihr`nckóe dkilrletl y lstnrî dksphekbol pnrn
thdhs ohs `kl`brhs dl on rld7

- Ons convls p÷bokcns dl Stëpmnel y Shpmkl7 ons trnesncckhels eh she neóek`ns,

skeh oolvndns n cnbh bngh ohs sludóek`hs qul chestktuyle lstns convls p÷bokcns:
- on cnetkdnd dl Bktchkes trnesilrkdhs dl Stëpmnel n Shpmkl7 >:
- on mhrn lxnctn, lo slauedh `îs clrcneh y on ilcmn le qul sl rlnokzó on
trnesncckóe (26>1-6>-23 6;7 4>7 2>).

4) Cndn bohqul, ndl`îs dl thdns lstns trnesncckhels, chetklel ue rlsu`le

crkptharîikch dlo bohqul netlrkhr7 ue e÷`lrh, qul chrrlsphedl no ÷ekch
rlsuotndh phskbol hbtlekdh no kearlsnr keihr`nckóe dlo bohqul netlrkhr le uen
iueckóe oon`ndn SMN2<9 (oon`ndh lo mnsm, lo rlsuotndh dl ue noahrkt`h
mnsmkea). Lsth plr`ktl hbslrvnr le cndn bohqul lo NDE crkptharîikch dlo bohqul
netlrkhr. Vhr oh tneth, sk ue mncjlr quklrl `hdkikcnr on keihr`nckóe dl ue
bohqul n phstlrkhrk, dlbl chrrlakr thdhs ohs bohquls qul skaule, y lsth le cndn
chpkn dl on bohcjcmnke hranekzndn phr cndn rld keihr`îtkcn (oh cuno ls cnsk
k`phskbol). @ldknetl lstl skstl`n, ohs bohquls lstîe lecndlendhs letrl sà (dl
nmà lo eh`brl "bohcjcmnke" - pueths 3 y 4 qul chrrlsphedle no pnsh 2 dlo
dknarn`n).

<) Ohs `kl`brhs dl on rld qul oh dlslle letrnrîe le ch`pltleckn pnrn vnokdnr
lo bohqul. Sl ols oon`n "`lehrls". Sl ols shokcktn uen rlch`plesn7 lo qul tledrî
lo prkvkolakh dl rlnokznr lstn vnokdnckóe nuth`îtkcn`letl anenrî >2.< eulvhs
Bktchkes (norldldhr dl ;.1>2 lurhs n pnrtkr dlo >4 dl lelrh dl 26>1), qul lo
skstl`n alelrnrî pnrn on hcnskóe. Vnrn hbtlelr lstl dlrlcmh, thdhs ohs
pnrtkckpnetls
pnrtkckpnetls vlrkikcnrîe on vlrnckdnd dl on keihr`nckóe chetlekdn le thdns ons
trnesncckhels le lo bohqul7 ¸Stlpmnel tklel > Bktchke le vkstn dl thdns ons
trnesncckhels
trnesncckhels qul yn rlnokzó8 ¸\tkokzn lstl Bktchke shoh uen vlz8 ¸She ons htrns
trnesncckhels kauno`letl chrrlctns8 Vlrh tn`bkëe tledrîe qul rlshovlr ue
prhbol`n `ntl`îtkch
`ntl`îtkch ch`polgh, utkokznedh ons cnpnckdndls keihr`îtkcns dl su
ch`putndhrn (lstl ls lo skstl`n dl "prulbn dl trnbngh" h prulbn dl trnbngh,
qul sl dltnoon n chetkeunckóe).
chetkeunckóe). Cndn ch`putndhrn prhbnrî ons shouckhels mnstn
qul leculetrle on chrrlctn. Lo prk`lrh le tlelr ëxkth phdrî vnokdnr lo bohqul y
anenr on rlch`plesn. Lo skstl`n sl dkslþó dl `hdh qul sl leculetrl uen

24
shouckóe dlspuës dl >6 `keuths le prh`ldkh (oh qul k`phel
k `phel ue okalrh rltrnsh
pnrn nslaurnr on trnesncckóe - pueth chrrlsphedkletl no pnsh 3 dlo dknarn`n).

9) Lo bohqul oulah sl vnokdn. Sl narlan n on bohcjcmnke qul sl nctunokzn le ons

ch`putndhrns dl cndn pnrtkckpnetl (pueth chrrlsphedkletl no pnsh 4 dlo
dknarn`n).

1) Ohs pnrtkckpnetls nclptne lstl eulvh bohqul shoh sk ons trnesncckhels qul
chetklel she vîokdns (sk lo dkelrh dl cndn hplrndhr dl trnesncckóe sl anstn
chrrlctn`letl shoh uen vlz). Sk lo bohqul ls vîokdh, lxprlsne su nculrdh no
trnbngnr le lo skaukletl bohqul dl nculrdh che lo `ks`h prhclsh y no kearlsnr
lo mnsm dlo bohqul vnokdndh. Ls phr lsh qul lstn`hs mnbonedh dl ue skstl`n dl
cheslesh.

=) Shpmkl nmhrn rlckbkó lo Bktchke levkndh phr Stëpmnel. Ch`h rlch`plesn phr
lo trnbngh prhphrckhendh, lo `lehr rlckbl uen cklrtn cnetkdnd dl crkpth`heldn
crlndn pnrn on hcnskóe (>2.< Bktchkes mnstn on ilcmn, plrh lstl rledk`kleth
dks`keuyl n oh onrah dlo tkl`ph - pueths 1 y = chrrlsphedkletls n ohs pnshs < y
9 dlo dknarn`n).

Lstl skstl`n tklel ons prhpkldndls prh`ltkdns7

- dlscletrnokznckóe7 ohs dnths eh lstîe thdhs rluekdhs le lo slrvkdhr dl ue

ketlr`ldknrkh cletrno, skeh qul, phr lo chetrnrkh, "dkstrkbukdhs", ls dlckr,
nohgndhs le cndn pnrtkckpnetl:

- trnespnrleckn7 thdns ons trnesncckhels she p÷bokcns y vlrkikcnbols phr thdhs,

oh qul plr`ktkrî n thdhs nslaurnr qul cndn pnrtkckpnetl tlean ohs Bktchkes qul
anstn y qul shoh ohs anstl uen vlz:

- lo cheslesh7 lo bohcjcmnke chrrlsphedl n ue mksthrkno dl trnesncckhels le lo

qul thdhs lstîe dl nculrdh. Sla÷e mn lxpokcndh lo iuedndhr dl Vny`ku` Vklrrl
Ehkznt, "qul lo cheslesh shbrl on slculeckn dl ons trnesncckhels rlsulovl lo
prhbol`n oon`ndh" dhbol ansth "7 ue Bktchke pnsó le uen trnesncckóe eh sl
puldl anstnr dl eulvh le uen trnesncckóe qul sl l`ktkràn `îs tnrdl le on rld.
On slauedn trnesncckóe slràn rlcmnzndn phr on rld3 ":

- slaurkdnd7 lo skstl`n dl vnokdnckóe crkptharîikcn anrnetkzn qul ls cnsk

k`phskbol rllscrkbkr uen trnesncckóe uen vlz qul su bohqul mn skdh vnokdndh
(endkl mn phdkdh mnclr lsth dlsdl on crlnckóe dlo Bktchke).

Lo bohcjcmnke (nquà lo dl Bktchke) cu`pol su prh`lsn dl nslaurnr ons

trnesncckhels dkaktnols dl kauno n kauno (ske ketlr`ldknrkhs). Le ue pueth, ske
2<
l`bnrah, lo ch`prh`ksh ls shoh n `ktnd dl cn`keh7 ohs pnrtkckpnetls eh hplrne
ske ekeauen kdletkikcnckóe, ch`h oh mnràn ue skstl`n vlrdndlrn`letl neóek`h
(cunedh pnan`hs che oàqukdh, phr lgl`poh), plrh bngh ue sludóek`h qul sl
nshckn oltrns y e÷`lrhs \e kevlstkandhr tlenz phdràn ikeno`letl vkecuonroh che
uen kdletkdnd rlno, le cuyh cnsh tledràn lo mksthrkno dl trnesncckhels ch`polth
ch`polth
dl on kdletkdnd.

* >. Clrtkikcnr.

29
CNVÀT\OH 2

@lcneks`hs dl cheslesh

On vnokdnckóe dl ons hplrnckhels ls lo pueth cràtkch dl ue bohcjcmnke7 vnokdndh

ch`h ue bohqul eh puldl slr rllscrktn, dlbl lstnr slaurh dl qul on
keihr`nckóe rlakstrndn
rlakstrndn le on bohcjcmnke she nutëetkchs, y phr oh tneth ueh qul
ls trnbngh mhelsth vîokdn. Vnrn lsth, lxkstle dkilrletls `lcneks`hs dl
cheslesh (ch`h on prulbn dl trnbngh), qul npuetne n anrnetkznr on iknbkokdnd dl
on bohcjcmnke, kecoush sk noauehs `kl`brhs dl on rld she `noketleckhendhs.
Lsths `lcneks`hs she shouckhels n uen vklgn prlauetn keihr`îtkcn, oon`ndn "lo
prhbol`n dl ohs alelrnols bkznetkehs", y prk`lrh iulrhe prlsletndhs le >;=2
phr trls kevlstkandhrls lstndhuekdlesls, Olsokl On`phrt, Rhblrt Smhstnj y
@nrsmnoo Vlnsl. Oh rlsu`le dl on skaukletl `nelrn7 "Ohs skstl`ns keihr`îtkchs
cheiknbols dlble slr cnpncls dl `nelgnr ch`pheletls qul iueckhene `no y dnr
keihr`nckóe chetrndkcthrkn n dkilrletls pnrtls dlo skstl`n. Lstn sktunckóe
puldl slr rlprlsletndn dl `nelrn nbstrnctn phr ue aruph dl alelrnols dlo
lgërckth bkznetkeh qul ncn`pn che sus trhpns norldldhr dl uen ckudnd lel`kan.
No ch`uekcnrsl shoh n trnvës dl `lesnglrhs, dlble nchrdnr ue pone dl bntnoon
ch`÷e. Ske l`bnrah, ueh h `îs dl loohs phdràne slr trnkdhrls qul trntnrîe dl
cheiuedkr n htrhs. Lo prhbol`n ls lechetrnr ue noahrkt`h qul anrnetkcl qul ohs
alelrnols olnols leculetrle ue nculrdh>. Ch`h oh lxprlsnrhe ohs nuthrls dl
ue keihr`l dl JV@A, "lxkstl uen nenohaàn dkrlctn che ons `heldns dkaktnols, on
prhpkldnd dl ohs bklels y on trnesilrleckn dl vnohr cunedh eh lxkstl uen
nuthrkdnd cletrno pnrn vlrkikcnrohs. bklels y lstns trnesncckhels. Le rlakstrhs
dkstrkbukdhs Zch`h bohcjcmnkesP, ohs dkilrletls ehdhs pnrtkckpnetls
Zch`putndhrnsP
Zch`putndhrnsP she ch`h alelrnols2 ", dkcle Skarkd Slkbhod y Alhral Sn``ne.
Le checouskóe, dlo Ihrh Vnron`letnrkh Bohcjcmnke, Nxlool Ol`nkrl, lethecls
Slcrltnrkn dl Lstndh pnrn Dkaktno l Keehvnckóe, rlsu`kó on shouckóe7 "On
rlspulstn ls dlsnrrhoonr uen tlcehohaàn qul nslaurl qul cunedh sl levàn ue
`lesngl `nokckhsh, uen rlaon dl cheslesh oh shihcn3. ^uldn phr lechetrnr on
rlaon dlo cheslesh. [ nmà ls dhedl sl ch`pokcn.
ch` pokcn.

Mny dhs `ëthdhs prkeckpnols7 ueh, cheiknbol, plrh oleth y cnrh le lelraàn, ls
uen prulbn dl trnbngh (n `leudh sl oh chehcl ch`h su vlrskóe le keaoës,
prulbn dl trnbngh): lo slauedh, `îs prîctkch, `lehs chesu`h dl lelraàn, plrh
`îs chetrhvlrtkdh, sl dleh`ken prulbn dl pnrtkckpnckóe (sl puldl trnduckr
ch`h "prulbn dl pnrtkckpnckóe", "phslskóe" h "dl ketlrës").

\EN VRK@LRN SHO\CKÓE7 CH@VRHBNETL DL TRNBNGH

21
Cyrko Aruespne, dkrlcthr dlo Dlpnrtn`leth dl Kealeklràn Ikenecklrn dl on
Lsculon dl Kealeklràn Olhenrdh dn Ykeck (Lskov), prlsletn lstl skstl`n7 "Lo
prkeckpno prhbol`n ls lvktnr ketleths dupokcndhs. Anstnr7 Tleah dkelrh,
ch`prh ue tloëiheh `óvko le oàeln, plrh le on pnrtl phstlrkhr dlo vledldhr,
rlnokzh htrn ndqukskckóe che lo `ks`h dkelrh (phr lgl`poh, bholths pnrn
lsplctîcuohs). Ls `ucmh `îs ch`pokcndh nd`kekstrnr le uen rld
dlscletrnokzndn qul sk mubklrn uen plrshen cletrno qul vnokdnrn ons
trnesncckhels. Sk puldh lscrkbkr lo in`hsh rlakstrh qul rlakstrn ons
trnesncckhels
trnesncckhels chrrlctns, puldh lstninr n on aletl. Dlbl slr lvktndh ¸Có`h8 On
shouckóe prhpulstn ls bnstnetl kealekhsn. Ls elclsnrkh noletnr n ons plrshens
mhelstns n pnrtkckpnr le lo `netlek`kleth dl on rld * > y dkikcuotnr lo trnbngh
dl phskbols lstnindhrls. ¸Có`h noletnr n ons plrshens mhelstns8 No pnanrohs.
^ukle aunrdn uen pîaken dl trnesncckhels y oh narlan no rlakstrh (qul sl oon`n
"`lehr") anenrî dkelrh (>2.< Bktchkes le on rld dlo `ks`h eh`brl). Lo skstl`n
lstî dkslþndh pnrn qul thdhs tleane uen hphrtuekdnd rlno dl anenr, dl `hdh
qul eh sl npokqul on oly dl on ch`putndhrn `îs phdlrhsn y phdlrhsn. Vnrn lsth,
sl ols pkdl qul rlnokcle uen "prulbn dl trnbngh"7 pnrn lscrkbkr ue eulvh bohqul,
eh shoh chpknrî le lo rlakstrh dl trnesncckhels rlnols, eulvns y olanols, skeh qul
tn`bkëe rlshovlrî ue plqulþh prhbol`n `ntl`îtkch prhpkh. n cndn `îquken
y dl dkikcuotnd lqukvnoletl, dkslþndn pnrn slr suplrndn le nprhxk`ndn`letl
>6 `keuths. Lstl ls ue prhbol`n oon`ndh kevlrskóe * 2, qul usn uen iueckóe
mnsm7 uen iueckóe le on qul sl puldl kearlsnr cunoquklr chsn (ue nrcmkvh, uen
oltrn, cunoquklr dhcu`leth dkaktno) y qul skl`prl prhducl uen slculeckn
noineu`ërkcn
noineu`ërkcn dl tn`nþh ikgh. Le lo cnsh dl Bktchke, on iueckóe utkokzndn sl oon`n
SMN2<9 (ls p÷bokcn, dl códkah nbklrth). Sk kearlsn ue dhcu`leth dkaktno, snol
uen suktl noineu`ërkcn qul pnrlcl ch`poltn`letl nolnthrkn, plrh ls ch`h lo
dhcu`leth ÷ekch dl mnsm dl NDE. Dhs dhcu`leths mnsm che lstn iueckóe
skl`prl hbtledrîe dhs rlsuotndhs dkilrletls4.
dkilrletls4. "Vnrn rlshovlr lstl prhbol`n,
cndn skstl`n pnrtkckpnetl phedrî n prulbn shouckhels pnrn lechetrnr on
chrrlctn7 eh ls, puls, ue lol`leth dl sulrtl (thdh lo `uedh tklel on
hphrtuekdnd dl lechetrnr on prk`lrn shouckóe) y uen cuhtn dl prhbnbkokdnd
(shbrl lo lqukph dl ue `lehr ls phdlrhsh y cnocuon rîpkdn`letl, ls `îs
prhbnbol qul sln lo prk`lrh le rlshovlr lo prhbol`n, vnokdnr lo bohqul y anenr
on rlch`plesn). Lo rlsuotndh ls dkiàcko dl lechetrnr, plrh ls iîcko dl vlrkikcnr.
"Ch`h ue sudhju<", dkvlrtkdh Nonke Brëay, chiuedndhr dl on eulvn l`prlsn
Nldlus. Le on bohcjcmnke dl Bktchke, "on dkikcuotnd dlo prhbol`n sl rlcnocuon
cndn 2.6>9 bohquls, che lo hbgltkvh dl `netlelr ue prh`ldkh dl >6 `keuths
pnrn dlscubrkr ue eulvh bohqul. N lstl rkt`h kdlno, sl dlscubrkrîe 2.6>9
bohquls cndn dhs sl`nens9 ", dkcle ohs kevlstkandhrls Jnro G. H'Dwylr y Dnvkd
@nohel dlo Kestktuth Mn`kothe dl on \ekvlrskdnd Enckheno dl Kronedn @nyehhtm.

Lstl `ëthdh mncl qul lo trnbngh dl ondrhels sln cnsk k`phskbol. "K`nakel qul
lo ondróe ch`prn lo tloëiheh `óvko", dkcl Cyrko Aruespne. "Lo vledldhr chesuotn
2=
lo bohcjcmnke y dlscubrl qul on trnesncckóe ihr`n pnrtl dl on bohcjcmnke y qul
sl mne narlandh vnrkhs bohquls (dkan`hs 9 h 1) no qul chetklel on trnesncckóe.
Sl dkcl qul on trnesncckóe ls bulen y, phr oh tneth, levàn lo tloëiheh. "Vnrn lo
ondróe, on ÷ekcn `nelrn dl leanþnr lethecls, dlspuës dl levknr lo tloëiheh, lo
ionsm dl on bohcjcmnke `ldknetl on lok`kenckóe dl on trnesncckóe `ldknetl on
cuno levàn su Bktchke chetrn ue tloëiheh, su sustktuckóe phr uen trnesncckóe le
on qul sl levàn lo `ks`h Bktchke chetrn bholths dlo lsplctîcuoh. Vlrh pnrn lsh,
dlblràn prhduckr uen bohcjcmnke `îs onran qul lo cneno hikckno, dhedl on ch`prn
c h`prn
dlo tloëiheh `óvko sl bhrrnrî n invhr dl on ch`prn dl ohs nskleths dl ohs
lsplctîcuohs.
lsplctîcuohs. "Vnrn cn`bknr ue bohqul pnsndh, Snthsmk Enjn`hth cheikr`n le
su okbrh bonech, lo ntncnetl phdràn rlmnclr lo bohqul dl trnbngh dl on prulbn y
thdhs ohs qul skaule n chetkeunckóe, nocneznr y ndlonetnr lo trnbngh rlnokzndh
phr thdhs ohs ehdhs * 3 mheeçtls1. Le lo cnsh dl eulstrh lstnindhr, "ch`h lo
vledldhr dl tloëihehs clouonrls mn lsplrndh 9 h 1 clrtkikcnckhels netls dl
levknrons, skaekikcn qul lo dlokeculetl tklel qul prhduckr, `îs rîpkdh qul lo
rlsth dl on ch`uekdnd, uen bohcjcmnke. `îs onrah qul lo cneno hikckno, che 9 h 1
bohquls dltrîs. Ls ch`h vleclr n ue cn`plóe `uedkno dl >66 `ltrhs che <6
`ltrhs dl rltrnsh. Lstî plrdkdh ", checouyl Cyrko Aruespne. Ske l`bnrah, che
uen lxclpckóe7 "Sk lo lstnindhr phsll `îs dl on `ktnd dlo phdlr dl on rld,
lethecls puldl lscrkbkr `îs rîpkdh qul thdhs ohs `kl`brhs, plrh ls k`phskbol
mhy Znsà qul on rld ls arnedlP. "

Lo ketlrës dl ue skstl`n tne plsndh dl vnokdnckóe ls phr oh tneth mnclr `uy

ch`pokcndh y `uy cnrh, kecoush cnskc nsk k`phskbol, on rllscrkturn dl on bohcjcmnke.
K`nakel qul ue pnrtkckpnetl tklel rlcurshs suikckletls pnrn phsllr `îs dl on
`ktnd dlo phdlr dl on rld. Ëo eh lstnràn rlno`letl
rlno`letl ketlrlsndh le mnclroh, phrqul
lethecls endkl cheiknràn le on bohcjcmnke7 ohs Bktchkes (h cunoquklr htrn
`heldn dkaktno le lstn sktunckóe) plrdlràne thdh su vnohr. "Sk ue `lehr h aruph
dl `lehrls eh kdletkikcndhs chetrhon on rld, quldn suglth n uen rllscrkturn dl
on mksthrkn y, dl mlcmh, pklrdl tneth su slaurkdnd ch`h su utkokdnd. Le lstl cnsh,
ohs `kelrhs dlckdle rlduckr su phdlr dl có`puth, h slpnrnrsl pnrn lvktnr lstn
plokarhsn cletrnokznckóe
cletrnokznckóe qul rlduckràn skaekikcntkvn`letl
skaekikcntkvn`letl lo vnohr dl Bktchkes ",
dkcl Vklrrl Ehkznt.

\EN SLA\EDN SHO\CKÓE7 ON VR\LBN DL G\LAH

G\L AH

On prulbn dl trnbngh tklel ue arne kechevlekletl7 `hvkokzn on phtleckn dl

cîocuoh dl thdns ons ch`putndhrns qul ch`pktle pnrn vnokdnr ue bohqul y
chesu`l `ucmn lelraàn. Htrh `ëthdh iul kdlndh le 26>2 pnrn loudkr lstn
dlsvletngn7 prulbn dl pnrtkckpnckóe, `îs chehckdn phr su eh`brl le keaoës,
prulbn dl pnrtkckpnckóe. Sla÷e Skarkd Slkbhod y Alhral Sn``ne dl JV@A,
cheskstl le "crlnr ue `lcneks`h qul cnstkan ohs ehdhs qul eh skaule lo
2;
prhthchoh dl cheslesh". Ohs pnrtkckpnetls dlble nphstnr uen cnetkdnd
prldlikekdn dl nctkvhs dkaktnols (Bktchkes) shbrl lo rlsuotndh dlo cheslesh. Sk
lstl rlsuotndh eh hcurrl, ohs ehdhs `nokckhshs Zohs qul mnbàne nphstndh chetrn
lo cheslesh dl on `nyhrànP pklrdle su npulstn;. Le rlsu`le, nquloohs qul
ketletne mnclr trn`pn vnokdnedh ue bohqul qul eh dlbl slr vnokdndh she
plenokzndhs ikenecklrn`letl. Le lstl tkph dl skstl`n, on prhbnbkokdnd dl slr
lolakdh pnrn shcnvnr ue bohqul (ls dlckr, vnokdnr uen slrkl dl trnesncckhels y
hbtlelr on chrrlsphedkletl crkpth`heldns rlch`plesn) dlpledl dl on
cnetkdnd dl crkpth`heldns prhpkldnd dl on `lehr. Sk tklel lo >6% dlo thtno,
tklel ue >6% dl phskbkokdndls dl slr slolcckhendh. "On vletngn dl on prulbn dl
pnrtkckpnckóe shbrl on prulbn dl trnbngh ls qul lstl `ëthdh rlquklrl cîocuohs
`lehs onbhrkhshs. Dndh qul lsths cîocuohs alelrno`letl she chsthshs,
rlduckrohs rlducl lo chsth dlo skstl`n ", dkcle ohs lxplrths dl JV@A.
Cheikaurndh phr prk`lrn vlz che Vllrchke, ue nvntnr dl Bktchke crlndh le
26>2, lstl `ëthdh ls utkokzndh phr vnrkns htrns crkpth`heldns, ch`h
SmndhwCnsm. On slauedn `nyhr bohcjcmnke dltrîs dl Bktchke, Ltmlrlu`,
nctuno`letl lstî trnbngnedh
trnbngnedh le on prulbn dl trnbngh, plrh su iuedndhr, Yktnokj
Butlrke, mn neueckndh su ketleckóe dl ch`poltnr uen prulbn dl skstl`n dl
vnokdnckóe dl lstncn. "Ohs dlsnrrhoondhrls dl Ltmlrlu` quklrle plr`ktkr qul
ons plrshens sl prlsletle ch`h vnokdndhrls dl cheiknezn", dkcl Sk`he Vhorht,
iuedndhr dl ue sktkh dl keihr`nckóe dldkcndh n lstl bohcjcmnke, Ltmlrlu`
Irnecl, y ue nbhandh lsplcknokzndh le lo dlrlcmh dl ons eulvns tlcehohaàns le
on ikr`n Iklodiksmlr. "Loohs ikr`nràne ons trnesncckhels y vnokdnràne su
nutletkckdnd. Vnrn anrnetkznr qul lsths vnokdndhrls slne cheiknbols, sl ols
rlqulrkrî qul dlphsktle sus Ltmlrs (on Crkpth`heldn Ltmlrlu`)
Ltmlrlu`) pnrn rlnokznr
lstl rho. Sk eh vnokdne chrrlctn`letl, pklrdle Ltmlrs. Lstn slrî on prk`lrn
n`poknckóe kedustrkno dl lstl prkeckpkh>6 ", dkcl.

Ske l`bnrah, lstl skstl`n tklel dlsvletngns, cheskdlrndns kenclptnbols phr

noauehs. Sus dltrncthrls, ch`h Vklrrl Ehkznt, oh cheskdlrne no prkeckpkh `lehs
slaurh. "Lo skstl`n sl prlstn n ue ntnqul bnstnetl sk`pol", lscrkbl. "\e
lstnindhr puldl ch`prnr convls dl ikr`n hbsholtns dl ihr`n lcheó`kcn n
pnrtkr dl ohs prk`lrhs bohquls dlo mksthrkno dl trnesncckhels. Nsà tledrî ohs
`ldkhs pnrn rllscrkbkr on mksthrkn n su invhr mnstn lo `h`leth prlsletl. Sk
vledklrhe su pnrtkckpnckóe, ohs netkauhs skaentnrkhs le rlnokdnd eh tklele ue
kecletkvh pnrn `netlelr sus oonvls le slcrlth y lstnrîe okstns pnrn dîrslons no
pkrntn n ue prlckh bnrnth. Le ue nrtàcuoh dl kevlstkanckóe pubokcndh le lelrh
dl 26>4, lo lcheh`kstn Ekchons Mhuy, dlo CERS, ehtó htrn inoon sk`konr7 "Sk lo
ntnqul ls dkrkakdh phr noaukle qul dlsln nekqukonr on crkpth`heldn, lo ohs
naletls Zhtrhs `kl`brhs dl on rldP dlble netkckpnr qul sus lsqukens
Zcrkpth`heldnsP eh tklele vnohr dlsdl lo prkeckpkh y dlble vledlrons no
ntncnetl phr cnsk endn>2. Lo slauedh tkph dl cràtkcn7 pnrn Vklrrl Ehkznt, lo ush
dl prulbns dl pnrtkckpnckóe slràn prkvntkznr lo bohcjcmnke, qul ehr`no`letl sl
36
suphel qul ls uen lstructurn dkstrkbukdn y dl códkah nbklrth. Dl mlcmh, "on
vnokdnckóe dl ons trnesncckhels sl bnsn le ohs qul tklele ons lsqukens, dl on
`ks`n `nelrn qul ohs dlrlcmhs dl vhth le lo cheslgh dl nd`kekstrnckóe dl uen
shckldnd neóek`n p÷bokcn she prhpkldnd dl ohs ncckhekstns. Dlsdl `k pueth dl
vkstn, le prulbn dl pnrtkckpnckóe, ls ue skstl`n prhpkltnrkh, prkvntkzndh dl
mlcmh phr ohs prhpkltnrkhs dl ons lsqukens. "Lethecls Ekchons Muy dkgh qul ls
ue skstl`n qul euecn mn skdh prhbndh n arne lscnon7 ons crkpth`heldns ch`h
pllrchke Smndhwcnsm h eh lxcldne dl >< `koohels dl cnpktnokznckóe (chetrn
=4; `koohels pnrn >3,3 Ltmlrlu` `kols dl `koohels dl dóonrls pnrn Bktchke, lo
>4 dl lelrh dl 26>1). Ikeno`letl, lo kevlstkandhr hbslrvn ue prhbol`n dlo
prhpkh dkslþh dlo skstl`n7 "Sk tleah `ucmns pklzns Zdl uen crkpth`heldn qul
iueckhen ch`h prulbn dl gulahP, phdrë shcnvnr y anenr eulvns pklzns. Lo vnohr
dl uen `heldn ls, phr oh tneth, nu`letnr ons `heldns qul phdràn alelrnr. Ls
uen dksthrskóe lcheó`kcn>3."

HTRHS @LCNEKS@HS DL CHESLESH

Che ohs nþhs, sl mne kdlndh htrhs skstl`ns dl cheslesh. Lo dl Rkppol

Bohcjcmnke, lo tlrclrh `îs usndh ($ 24= `koohels dl cnpktnokznckóe lo >4 dl
lelrh dl 26>1), sl bnsn le on lolcckóe dl ue e÷`lrh dl vnokdndhrls dl
cheiknezn qul eh sl chehcle letrl sà. Lo prhthchoh Rnit lokal oàdlrls dletrh dl
on rld, rlsphesnbols dl rlpokcnr on keihr`nckóe n quklels ohs skaule. Sl puldl
k`nakenr uen keikekdnd dl skstl`ns, plrh on `nyhràn dl loohs dlscnesne, le
÷otk`n kestneckn, le on lolcckóe dl ketlr`ldknrkhs dl cheiknezn dletrh dl on rld
(prlcksn`letl oh qul iul phskbol pnrn lvktnr lo `lcneks`h dl slolcckóe
nolnthrkn dlo vnokdndhr phr on prulbn onbhrno). On l`prlsn l`lraletl irneclsn
Nldlus kdló su prhpkh `ëthdh7 "dlscrkbh
"dlscrkbh eulstrh prhylcth ch`h ue pulboh dl
`îqukens shcknols. Le lstl pulboh, thdhs eh snble thdh shbrl thdh.
Sk`pol`letl
Sk`pol`letl prlauetl n < `îqukens quë snble shbrl on `îquken N y, sk lstîe
dl nculrdh y leculetrne oh `ks`h, lethecls cheskdlrn`hs qul on trnesncckóe
ls bulen. Sk eh lstîe dl nculrdh, ol prlauetnrl`hs no vlckeh. Ons `îqukens eh
lstîe hbokandns n aunrdnr thdn on keihr`nckóe. Vlrh dlbl slr phskbol le
cunoquklr `h`leth rluekr lstn keihr`nckóe dkstrkbukdn letrl thdns ons
`îqukens. Lsth mncl phskbol tlelr trnesncckhels kestnetîelns y chesu`kr
`lehs lelraàn>4 ", ch`letn lo chiuedndhr, Nonke Brlay. Ls prhbnbol qul
dletrh dl uehs nþhs, vnrkns bohcjcmnke che dkilrletls `lcneks`hs dl
cheslesh chlxkstne, sla÷e sln elclsnrkh, dkcle Skarkd Slkbhod y Alhral
Sn``ne dl JV@A7 "Crll`hs qul ohs `lcneks`hs dl cheslesh lvhouckhenrîe
pnrn cu`pokr elclskdndls lsplcàikcns, yn sln pnrn uen npokcnckóe pnrtkcuonr,
phskbkokdndls tëcekcns h ue lethreh rlauonthrkh><. "

* >. Cunoquklr usunrkh puldl ketletnr vnokdnr uen trnesncckóe.

3>
* 2. Dlo tkph i (x) ?y7 y ls dndh phr on rld, sl trntn dl lechetrnr x.
* 3. \sunrkhs.

32
CNVÀT\OH 3

Cnrnctlràstkcns dlo bohcjcmnke

¸^\Ë KEIHR@NCKÓE V\LDLS KESLRTNR LE BOHCJCMNKE8

\en vlz vnokdndhs phr lsths dkilrletls `lcneks`hs dl cheslesh, ons

trnesncckhels sl rlakstrne le lo bohcjcmnke. Lstns trnesncckhels puldle
chetlelr trls tkphs n`pokhs dl keihr`nckóe, oh qul noonenrî lo cn`keh pnrn lo
`nyhr e÷`lrh dl tkphs dl ush. Vrk`lrh, rlakstrne on trnesilrleckn dl uen
cnetkdnd le crkpth`heldn, ch`h vk`hs le lo cnsh dl Bktchke, y mncle phskbols
ons shokcktudls dl pnahs. Vlrh lsh eh ls thdh. Lo bohcjcmnke tn`bkëe plr`ktl
rlakstrnr lo mnsm, ls dlckr, lo NDE dl ue dhcu`leth, le lo `lesngl qul
nch`pnþn n uen trnesncckóe, sla÷e oh lxpokcn on Drn. Cëckol @hetlko, chesuothrn
dl on stnrt-up Strntu`e, le ue nrtàcuoh dl On Trkbuel7 "Tml Bohcjcmnke hirlcl
uen cnrnctlràstkcn cruckno7 ketlarnr ue" `lesngl "n cndn trnesncckóe, qul slrî
uen pnrtl ketlarno dl on `ks`n, blelikckîedhsl nsà dlo `ks`h ekvlo dl
slaurkdnd. ¡Vlrh lstl `lesngl shoh puldl chetlelr 46 cnrnctlrls y 46
cnrnctlrls kecoush `lehs qul ue twllt! Eh no`nclenrl`hs le on trnesncckóe
thdn on keihr`nckóe qul ehs ketlrlsn, y qul alelrno`letl ls `uy vhou`kehsn,
plrh shoh uen prulbn dl lstn keihr`nckóe. ¸Có`h8 Lokgn on keihr`nckóe qul
dlsln cheslrvnr ch`h ch`prhbnetl7 chetrnth, ihths, vkdlh, okbrh, ltc. Rlchrtl
lstn keihr`nckóe le ue "mlokcóptlrh" le Bohcjcmnke `ldknetl ue noahrkt`h
dldkcndh7 lo SMN2<9. [ hbtledrî ue códkah ÷ekch vkecuondh n on keihr`nckóe
kearlsndn7 ue mnsm, muloon dkaktno lecrkptndn dl su dhcu`leth y `lehs dl 46
cnrnctlrls, tne iîcko`letl ketlarndh le lstl in`hsh "`lesngl". Lethecls lstl
mnsm sl no`nclenrî le Bohcjcmnke, eh on keihr`nckóe kekckno.

Vhr ÷otk`h, noauehs bohcjcmnkes ch`h Ltmlrlu` puldle arnbnr ue tlrclr tkph
dl chetlekdh7 ue chetrnth ketlokaletl, ls dlckr, ue prharn`n dl hrdlendhr,
sk`konr n ue chetrnth qul tledrî qul pnanr uen su`n lsplckikcndn
crkpth`heldns sk uen h `îs chedkckhels prldlikekdns she cu`pokdh. Tk`
Swneshe, dkrlcthr dl kevlstkanckóe dl R3, ue cheshrckh dl `îs dl <6 arnedls
bnechs aohbnols leihcndhs le on keehvnckóe bohcjcmnke, ohs dlikel ch`h7 "Ohs
chetrnths ketlokaletls she prhthchohs keihr`îtkchs qul inckoktne, vlrkikcne,
lglcutne y mncle cu`pokr ohs tër`kehs dl ue nculrdh ch`lrckno2. "No nohgnr
lsths trls tkphs dl keihr`nckóe (pnah, mnsm dl ue dhcu`leth y chetrnth
ketlokaletl), lo bohcjcmnke hirlcl uen keikekdnd dl npokcnckhels vkrtunols, dlsdl
on trnesilrleckn ketlrenckheno dl dkelrh mnstn lo rlakstrh dl ue tàtuoh dl
prhpkldnd. n trnvës dlo rll`bhosh nuth`îtkch dl ue rlcon`h phr slaurh.

33
ONS CRKVTH@HELDNS

Lo sktkh Chke@nrjltCnp leu`lrn `îs dl 166 dkilrletls crkpth`heldns, qul

chrrlsphedle
chrrlsphedle n tnetns bohcjcmnke. Cndn bohcjcmnke lstî dl mlcmh nshckndh che
uen crkpth`heldn (Bktchke, Ltmlr, Oktlchke...) le on qul tklele ouanr ohs
ketlrcn`bkhs. ¸Vhr quë ons trnesncckhels eh sl rlnokzne dkrlctn`letl le
dóonrls h lurhs8 Ls qul crlnr ue bohcjcmnke ls ch`h dnr n ouz n noah qul eh
lxkstàn netls7 "lilctkvh lolctróekch pllr-th-pllr", ch`h oh oon`n Snthsmk
Enjn`hth le su okbrh bonech. Le htrns pnonbrns, uen uekdnd dl ketlrcn`bkh qul
phdrl`hs trnesilrkr
trnesilrkr ske ue tlrclrh dl cheiknezn dl uen ch`putndhrn n htrn. \e
lurh h ue dóonr, kecoush trnesilrkdh n trnvës dl Ketlrelt, tn`bkëe ls ue nctkvh
iàskch, no`nclendh le uen culetn le uen kestktuckóe ikenecklrn y crlndh phr lo
Bnech Cletrno (lstndhuekdlesl h lurhplh sk chrrlsphedl) h phr bnechs
ch`lrcknols (cunedh prlstnr `îs dkelrh dl oh qul tklele le dlpóskth y nsà
ckrcuonr dkelrh eulvh). Endkl `îs tklel dlrlcmh n prhduckr lurhs h dóonrls. Sk
sl dlsln lstnbolclr ue skstl`n lolctróekch dl trnesilrleckn dl vnohr
purn`letl dl kauno n kauno ske ue tlrclrh dl cheiknezn, uen nuthrkdnd cletrno
eh dlbl tlelr lo chetrho dl on `heldn utkokzndn. Elclsktn`hs ue nctkvh lsplckno,
kevletndh pnrn on hcnskóe, dhedl lo dkelrh ls ueh che on rld dlscletrnokzndn7
Bktchke, phr lgl`poh. Lstn crkpth`heldn sl alelrn, le lo cursh dl ons
trnesncckhels,
trnesncckhels, phr ons vnokdnckhels dl ohs bohquls (n cndn bohqul narlandh, ue
`lehr ls rlch`plesndh phr su trnbngh phr uen u en cnetkdnd dl crkpth`heldn qul
sl narlan n on qul ckrcuon). Thdhs ohs Bktchkes lxkstletls mne skdh alelrndhs
suclskvn`letl phr on `kelràn dl ohs bohquls dl on cndlen7 on vnokdnckóe dlo
prk`lr bohqul mn crlndh <6, mhy mny >9.> `koohels (>4 dl lelrh dl 26>1). Sk
thdns ons `heldns dl uen crkpth`heldn sl crlne `ldknetl on `kelràn dl
bohquls, ls phskbol ch`prnr (che lurhs, dóonrls u htrh) on crkpth`heldn qul
yn lxkstl pnrn noaukle qul on phsll. @÷otkpols ketlr`ldknrkhs (ch`h Vny`ku`
h Tml Mhusl hi Bktchke, phr lgl`poh) oh prhphele7 nct÷ne ch`h pontnihr`ns
pontnihr`ns dl
ketlrcn`bkh h bnechs, ch`prne h rlvledle on dkvksn vkrtuno le culstkóe le
htrns pontnihr`ns lsplcknokzndns. Lo gulah dl on hilrtn y on dl`nedn le lstns
pontnihr`ns ch`lrcknols plr`ktl dnr n ons crkpth`heldns ue vnohr,
alelrno`letl lxprlsndh le dóonrls, le lo skstl`n lcheó`kch trndkckheno.
Nquloohs che uen arne cnetkdnd dl usunrkhs y le ohs qul lo `lrcndh tklel
cheiknezn, vle có`h nu`letn su cnokikcnckóe7 nsà ls ch`h vnoàn ue Bktchke, lo >4
dl lelrh dl 26>1, =2= dóonrls y ue ëtlr, ;,16 dóonrls. Ons crkpth`heldns she,
ske l`bnrah, `uy vhoîtkols7 she notn`letl lsplcuontkvns y sus prlckhs iouct÷ne
`ucmh, dlpledkledh le pnrtkcuonr dl ohs ntnquls ckblreëtkchs dkrkakdhs n ons
pontnihr`ns
pontnihr`ns dl dkvksns.

34
¸C\ÎOLS SHE ONS LSVLCKIKCKDNDLS DL ONS DKILRLETLS BOH^\LS
L]KSTLETLS8

Thdhs ohs bohcjcmnke she nvntnrls dl

d l Bktchke. Th`ne ohs prkeckpkhs prkeckpnols,
prkeckpnols,
plrh cn`bkne lstl h nqulo nsplcth, pnrn ch`plesnr oh qul sus crlndhrls crlle
qul ls uen inoon dl sus netlpnsndhs. Vnrn nclolrnr lo rlakstrh dl trnesncckhels
y rlduckr lo chesu`h dl lelraàn dl on rld, noauehs `hdkikcne su `lcneks`h dl
cheslesh (Nldlus, phr lgl`poh). Vnrn n`poknr ohs phskbols ushs, htrhs, ch`h
Ltmlrlu`, ndnptne lo oleaungl keihr`îtkch pnrn phskbkoktnr lo rlakstrh dl
prharn`ns lonbhrndhs (chetrnths ketlokaletls). Vnrn anrnetkznr `îs
cheikdlecknokdnd n sus cokletls, noauehs (ch`h nquloohs le ohs qul ohs bnechs
trnbngne, phr lgl`poh) rleueckne no cnrîctlr p÷bokch dl bohcjcmnke y hptne phr
uen rld clrrndn7 n chetkeunckóe, sl ols oon`n bohcjcmnke prkvndhs (h
cheshrckhs). Ikeno`letl, pnrn alstkhenr ohs phskbols lrrhrls y lvktnr qul sl
nrrlaole pnrn skl`prl le on bohcjcmnke, on l`prlsn Nccleturl kecoush l`pugó
on kevletkvn mnstn checlbkr oh qul pnrn `ucmhs pnrlcl uen chetrndkcckóe le ohs
tër`kehs7 uen bohcjcmnke rlvksnbol, qul uen nuthrkdnd cletrno tklel on
phskbkokdnd dl `hdkikcnr dlspuës dlo mlcmh. Yln`hs ohs dltnools dl ons
bohcjcmnke p÷bokcns `îs arnedls (Bktchke y Ltmlrlu`), prkvndns (Myplroldalr
y Chrdn) y uen notlrentkvn dl `ktnd dl cn`keh (ons "cndlens ontlrnols").
ontlrnols").

Lo Bohcjcmnke dl Bktchke

@hdloh hrkakeno dl bohcjcmnke, lo dl Bktchke ls p÷bokch7 cunoquklrn puldl

dlscnranroh, lxn`kenr thdns ons trnesncckhels (n trnvës dlo sktkh
bohcjcmnke.keih phr lgl`poh,
lgl`poh, qul dlsponzn thdhs ohs bohquls vnokdndhs le vkvh),
chevlrtkrsl le ue ehdh, ls dlckr, ue `kl`brh dl on rld, y trntnr dl shcnvnr ue
bohqul utkokznedh on phtleckn keihr`îtkcn dl su ch`putndhrn. Iueckhen, ch`h
ml`hs vksth, `ldknetl ue `lcneks`h dl cheslesh ch`h prulbn dl trnbngh.
Lstl ÷otk`h anrnetkzn su slaurkdnd, qul euecn sl mn vksth ch`prh`ltkdn dlsdl
su crlnckóe * >. On pkrntlràn tklel ch`h hbgltkvh ons pontnihr`ns dl
ketlrcn`bkh, plrh on bohcjcmnke sl `netuvh ketnctn. Su ëxkth che `ucmhs
usunrkhs oh mncl pnrtkcuonr`letl iulrtl7 "Bktchke ls on bohcjcmnke qul tklel on
`nyhràn dl ohs ehdhs, ls dlckr, ons plrshens qul oh no`nclene. Vhr oh tneth, ls
`uy rlskstletl, phrqul cuneth `îs plqulþn ls uen rld, `îs iîcko ls ntncnr ",
dkcl Ohukshe Du`het, iuedndhr dl Bktprhhi.

Lo 26 dl hctubrl dl 26>9, lo sktkh dl Bktehdls chetó norldldhr dl < >96 ehdhs

le nctkvkdnd (mny `ucmhs `îs usunrkhs dl Bktchke, plrh eh cheslrvne uen
chpkn dl on bohcjcmnke y eh shcnvne ons trnesncckhels). On netkaÿldnd dl on rld,
qul ol plr`ktl tlelr uen cndlen `uy onran dl bohquls vkecuondhs letrl sà, ls
htrn anrnetàn dl slaurkdnd. N cn`bkh dl lstn slaurkdnd, lo `lcneks`h dl
3<
prulbn dl trnbngh ok`ktn on vlohckdnd dl lglcuckóe dl ons trnesncckhels (ue
bohqul sl vnokdn shoh cndn >6 `keuths) y rlquklrl, ch`h ml`hs vksth, ue ansth
cheskdlrnbol dl lelraàn. On rld dl Bktchke tklel htrns dhs lsplckikckdndls. Le
prk`lr ouanr, su hilrtn dl dkelrh, qul cheskstl le thdns ons Bktchkes crlndns phr
on vnokdnckóe dl ohs bohquls dlsdl on crlnckóe, lstî tlr`kendn, ch`h qulràn su
crlndhr7 "On ckrcuonckóe thtno slrî dl 2> `koohels dl Bktchkes. Sl dkstrkbukrîe n
ohs ehdhs dl on rld cunedh mnrîe bohquls, che uen cnetkdnd dkvkdkdn phr dhs
cndn 4 nþhs. Vrk`lrhs cuntrh nþhs7 >6,<66,666 Bktchkes. Cuntrh skaukletls7
<,2<6,666 lsqukens. Cuntrh skaukletls7 2,92<,666 lsqukens. Ohs cuntrh
skaukletls7 >,3>2,<66 lsqukens ", dkgh Snthsmk Enjn`hth le lo prk`lr dàn dlo
onezn`kleth
onezn`kleth dl on crkpth`heldn lo ; dl lelrh dl 266;. Lstn dkvkskóe phr dhs sl
oolvn n cnbh che `nyhr prlckskóe cndn 2>6,666 bohquls. Vhr oh tneth, ue `lehr
qul vnokdó ue bohqul hrkakeno`letl aneó <6 Bktchkes, oulah dlo 2= dl
ehvkl`brl dl 26>2, shoh 2< Bktchkes, y ikeno`letl, dlsdl lo ; dl guokh dl 26>9,
>2.< Bktchkes.

On rlch`plesn slaukrî rlduckëedhsl n on `ktnd che on `ks`n rlauonrkdnd. Vnrn

ohs letusknstns dl ons `ntl`îtkcns, on lvhouckóe dl on cnetkdnd dl Bktchkes le
ckrcuonckóe sl puldl rlprlsletnr `ldknetl uen curvn ohanràt`kcn qul tkledl n
2> `koohels. Lo >4 dl lelrh dl 26>1, mnbàn >9,>62,>2< Bktchkes le ckrcuonckóe
(n $ =2= phr uekdnd, on cnpktnokznckóe thtno iul dl $ >3.3 `ko `koohels). Bktchke
ls, mnstn cklrth pueth, ch`pnrnbol no hrh7 ls ue prhducth vnokhsh, qul lxkstl le
cnetkdndls ok`ktndns, noauens dl cuyns lxkstleckns eh mne skdh nctunokzndns y
dlble slr `kendns, oh qul rlquklrl noauen kevlrskóe le lelraàn y sulrtl. "On
nenohaàn ls ketlrlsnetl", dkcl lo lcheh`kstn CERS Ekchons Mhuy, plrh lstl
÷otk`h slþnon noauens plqulþns dkilrleckns7 "Vrk`lrh, lo hrh, n dkilrleckn dl
Bktchke, tklel uen" utkokdnd dl ush " eh shoh
sh oh vnohr dl cn`bkhP7 lo hrh ls elclsnrkh
pnrn ch`pheletls lolctróekchs
lolctróekchs y ghyns. Lethecls, no kauno qul Bktchke, lo hrh sl
prhducl le cnetkdndls ok`ktndns, plrh lo hrh dksphekbol sl lxtrnl
prhbnbkoàstkcn`letl7
prhbnbkoàstkcn`letl7 eh lstn`hs slaurhs dl on cnetkdnd qul snodrî. Lo k`plrkh
lspnþho mn suirkdh `ucmh phr on niouleckn `nskvn dl hrh dl N`ërkcn dlo Sur le
ohs skaohs ]Y y ]YK.

Che Bktchke, snbl`hs lxnctn`letl cuîedh y quë vn`hs n shcnvnr. Ikeno`letl,

Ikeno`letl,
on ÷otk`n dkilrleckn ls lehr`l7 lo Bktchke ls ue hrh qul sl trnesiklrl dl Vnràs n
Bneajhj le uens phcns dëck`ns dl slauedhs y cnsk arntks. Ohs bnechs encle
pnrn lvktnr lo trnesphrtl dl hrh h `ltnols prlckhshs n arnedls dkstneckns. Sk le
lo Rlenck`kleth mubklrn mnbkdh Bktchke, ¡eh mnbràn bnechs! Ëo checouyl "@îs
le slrkh, ls `îs slaurh qul lo hrh, phrqul eh sl puldl rhbnr iàskcn`letl noah",
dkcl lo lcheh`kstn. \eh phdràn k`nakenr qul Bktchke gulan ue pnplo le ohs
`lrcndhs ikenecklrhs,
ikenecklrhs, ue rliuakh slaurh durnetl ons crksks
crk sks `heltnrkns, ch`h lo
hrh dl mhy. Noauens plrshens yn oh lstîe usnedh, plrh dlbls tlelr bule
chrnzóe, dndh lo cursh bnstnetl lrrîtkch dlo cursh (pnsó dl $ >,>4; lo 36 dl
39
ehvkl`brl dl 26>3 n $ 26= le lelrh dl 26><,
2 6><, oulah nocnezó ohs $ >,>=4 le < dl
lelrh dl 26>1 netls dl vhovlr n $ =2= lo >4 dl lelrh dl 26>1).

On ÷otk`n cnrnctlràstkcn iuedn`letno dlo bohcjcmnke dl Bktchke rndkcn le on

sk`pokckdnd dl su códkah dl ch`putndhrn, cuyns phskbkokdndls she
dlokblrndn`letl ok`ktndns. "Lo oleaungl utkokzndh ls `uy rudk`letnrkh,
phdl`hs vlr oh qul lstî sucldkledh",
suc ldkledh", ch`letó Cyrko Aruespne, Lskov (skl`prl
qul tlean ons mnbkokdndls dl ue dlsnrrhoondhr dl ch`putndhrns7 on aletl
ch`÷e eh letkledl endn). Lstl oleaungl tklel ue oà`ktl iuedn`letno7 eh ls
ch`polth, ch`h dkcle ohs lsplcknokstns. Le htrns pnonbrns, "eh sl puldl mnclr
ue ckcoh ek iueckhels rlcurskvns", dkcl Cyrko Aruespne. Ohs bucols ol plr`ktle
rlpltkr ons kestrucckhels tnetns vlcls ch`h quklrn ske tlelr qul vhovlr n
kearlsnrohs cndn vlz. No eh phdlr mnclr ue ckcoh, "nyudn n chetrhonr oh qul
mncl`hs", keskstl Cyrko Aruespne.

Tn`bkëe lok`ken ue nr`n dl pkrntns keihr`îtkchs `noketleckhendhs qul

dlslle keslrtnr ue prharn`n `nokckhsh le on bohcjcmnke. "On sk`pokckdnd dl
Bktchke rlducl lo phtleckno dl onauens", cheikr`n lo ghvle dlsnrrhoondhr
Ohukshe Du`het, iuedndhr dl Bktprhhi. Vlrh tn`bkëe ok`ktn ohs ushs7 chetrnths
ketlokaletls, nquloohs prharn`ns qul nuth`ntkzne uen rlonckóe chetrnctuno y
qul plr`ktle lo pnah dl uen cnetkdnd le cklrtns chedkckhels, sl dlsnrrhoone
`ucmh `îs iîcko`letl le lo Ltmlrlu` bohcjcmnke qul on dl Bktchke, ch`h
vlrl`hs vlr.

Lo Bohcjcmnke dl Ltmlrlu`7 uen "ch`putndhrn aohbno"

Lo Cmnoolealr dl Bktchke, dlo qul lstî `uy kespkrndh, lo bohcjcmnke Ltmlrlu`

ls lo qul `îs ol ketlrlsn n on ch`uekdnd l`prlsnrkno, qul vl le ëo uen vlrskóe
"phoàtkcn`letl chrrlctn" dl Bktchke (ske lo trnsihedh kdlhoóakch nenrqukstn dl
on crkpth`heldn hrkakeno) y uen mlrrn`kletn che phskbkokdndls `îs n`pokns.
Enckó dl on k`nakenckóe dl Yktnokj Butlrke, ue ghvle y brkoonetl dlsnrrhoondhr
cnendklesl dl hrkale rush, enckdh lo 3> dl lelrh dl >;;4. Le 26>>, n on ldnd
dl >1 nþhs, sl npnskheó phr Bktchke y chiuedó, le slptkl`brl 26>>, Bktchke
@nanzkel, uen dl ons prk`lrns pubokcnckhels lsplcknokzndns le crkpth`heldns.
Dhs nþhs `îs tnrdl, pubokcó ue nrtàcuoh dl kevlstkanckóe tktuondh "\en eulvn
alelrnckóe dl pontnihr`n pnrn chetrnths ketlokaletls y npokcnckhels
dlscletrnokzndns<". Vrhphel on crlnckóe dl uen eulvn rld, Ltmlrlu`, qul
plr`ktn lxpohtnr polen`letl lo phtleckno dl bohcjcmnke arnckns n ue oleaungl
dl turkea ketlarno, dlstkendh n inckoktnr on prharn`nckóe dl chetrnths
ketlokaletls.
ketlokaletls. "Le dkckl`brl
dkc kl`brl dl 26>3, cunedh lscrkbkó lstl okbrh bonech che shoh
>; nþhs, eh snbàn rlno`letl quë slaukràn. Oh levkó n uens vlketl plrshens qul
rlsphedklrhe che letuskns`h y rlspnodnrhe su vkskóe ", dkgh @kea Cmne,
31
dkrlcthr dl on Iuednckóe Ltmlrlu`. Lo prhylcth sl rlnokzn rîpkdn`letl le
threh n ue plqulþh lqukph dl lxplrths, qul nch`pnþn n Yktnokj. Le guokh dl
26>4, sl hranekzó uen prlvletn dl 96 `koohels dl ëtlrls (on crkpth`heldn
Ltmlrlu`) y plr`ktkó n on iuednckóe rlcnudnr 3>.<;> bktchkes, lo lqukvnoletl
le on ëphcn dl >= `koohels dl dóonrls. \e nþh dlspuës, lo 3> dl guokh dl 26><,
rlno`letl sl onezó lo bohcjcmnke7 "Le lsl `h`leth, endkl snbàn sk slràn ue
ëxkth", dkcl @kea Cmne. Iul ueh. Ltmlr, qul thdnvàn vnol `lehs qul ue dóonr no
3> dl dkckl`brl dl 26><, vkh su cursh vhonr le 26>9 n `îs dl >6 dóonrls n
prkeckpkhs dl `nrzh. Lo `îxk`h dl $ >;.42 sl nocnezó kecoush le guokh dl 26>9,
plrh ue truch cnyó on `heldn, qul n÷e sl `netleàn le threh n $ = n ikenols dl
26>9. On keusuno plrshenokdnd dlo crlndhr, Yktnokj Butlrke, cuyhs rltrnths
ch`klezne n iohrlclr le on prlesn dh`kenetl
dh`kenetl (le 26>9, iul conskikcndn ch`h on
3>ª plrshen `îs keiouyletl dl `lehs dl 46 le lo `uedh, phr on rlvkstn
Ihrtuel), eh ls phr endn le lstl ëxkth. "Ëo ls brkoonetl y tklel uen arne
ketlarkdnd. Lstî mnckledh ue arne trnbngh no okdlrnr lstl prhylcth "1, cheikr`n
Ghslpm Oubke, chiuedndhr dl Ltmlrlu`, ue lx ikeneckstn dl Ahod`ne Sncms qul
nmhrn dkrkal Ltmlrlu`, on eulvn npokcnckóe Cheslesys.

¸Vhr quë lo prhylcth dl lstl plqulþh alekh dlo códkah prhvhcó tneth
letuskns`h8 Le sus nsplcths iuedn`letnols, Ltmlrlu` iueckhen ch`h Bktchke7
on rld ls p÷bokcn y ndhptn ue `lcneks`h dl cheslesh ch`h prulbn dl trnbngh
(nuequl sl poneln on trneskckóe n on prulbn dl pnrtkckpnckóe). Vlrh trnl vnrkns
`lghrns (le dltrk`leth dl on slaurkdnd, dkcle sus dltrncthrls). Vrk`lrh, on
cheikr`nckóe
cheikr`nckóe dl ons trnesncckhels ls `ucmh `îs rîpkdn. "Mhy, on vnokdnckóe dl
ue bohqul le Ltmlrlu` oolvn uehs >< slauedhs, chetrn >6 `keuths le
Bktchke=", dkgh Sk`he Vhorht, sktkh Ltmlrlu` Irnecl. No kauno qul le Bktchke, ohs
Ltmlr sl crlne dlspuës dlo rlakstrh dl
d l ue bohqul (ske l`bnrah, eh sl ikgn ekea÷e
oà`ktl n su cnetkdnd, n dkilrleckn dl on rld dl Snthsmk Enjn`hth). Vlrh on
dkilrleckn iuedn`letno letrl ons dhs arnedls cndlens lstî le lo oleaungl dl
prharn`nckóe7 n dkilrleckn dl Bktchke, lo dl Ltmlrlu` lstî ch`polth. "Dn on
phskbkokdnd dl mnclr bucols y iueckhels rlcurskvns", dkcl Cyrko Aruespne. @îs
checrltn`letl, "mncl phskbol lscrkbkr chetrnths (oon`ndhs, le lo lstkoh dl
`nrjltkea irlculetl le lo `uedh Ltmlrlu`, chetrnths ketlokaletls)
ketlokaletls) qul she on
dlscrkpckóe, le ue oleaungl dl prharn`nckóe, dl ons rlaons k`pulstns n ons
pnrtls chetrntnetls. \e prëstn`h dl dkelrh, phr lgl`poh, puldl prharn`nrsl
le ue chetrnth y lglcutnrsl nuth`îtkcn`letl,
nuth`îtkcn`letl, ske ketlrvleckóe mu`nen, y phr
oh tneth ske on phskbkokdnd dl mnclr trn`pn ", lscrkbkó lo bohaalr Stëpmnel
Bhrtz`lylr.
Bhrtz`lylr. "Mny crkpth`heldns
crkpth`heldns ch`h Bktchke. Vlrh k`nakel qul lstn `heldn
dkaktno eh shoh sl usn ch`h `heldn, skeh qul kechrphrn ue oleaungl dl
prharn`nckóe, y che lstl códkah, puldl crlnr prharn`ns dlsdl uen
plrsplctkvn l`prlsnrkno ", dkgh @kea Cmne. Lsths chetrnths ketlokaletls
plr`ktle dnr enck`kleth n npokcnckhels dlscletrnokzndns le on bohcjcmnke
3=
Ltmlrlu` (D-Npp), le cunoquklr cn`ph (lelraàn, snoud, ikenezns, slaurhs,
nd`kekstrnckóe, npulstns h vhths, ch`h vlrl`hs le on pnrtl skaukletl,
próxk`h). Sl dkcl qul lstns npokcnckhels lstîe "dlscletrnokzndns" phrqul
hplrne `ldknetl ue códkah rlakstrndh le lo bohcjcmnke, nohgndh le cndn ehdh
dl on rld. Ltmlrlu` sl trnesihr`n nsà le uen pontnihr`n aohbno
aohbno dl npokcnckhels
dlscletrnokzndns,
dlscletrnokzndns, oh qul n vlcls su iuedndhr oon`n uen "`îquken vkrtuno", uen
"ch`putndhrn
"ch`putndhrn aohbno" h kecoush uen "ch`putndhrn `îakcn". Nsà qul lscrkbkó le
su boha le nbrko dl 2>6<, uehs `lsls netls dlo onezn`kleth hikckno dl Ltmlrlu`7
"Tml bohcjcmnke ls uen ch`putndhrn `îakcn qul plr`ktl n cunoquklr plrshen
rlakstrnr ue prharn`n dletrh dl loon y dlgnr qul ohs prharn`ns chrrne nooà".
shoh p÷bokcn`letl, che on phskbkokdnd plr`neletl dl vlr lo lstndh prlsletl y
pnsndh dl cndn prharn`n, che uen anrnetàn Z...P `uy iulrtl dl qul lo prharn`n
chetkeunrî lglcutîedhsl lxnctn`letl ch`h oh lsplckikcn lo prhthchoh le
bohcjcmnke>6. "

Lstn pontnihr`n lstî dlstkendn n inckoktnr on vkdn dl ohs dlsnrrhoondhrls,

dlsnrrhoondhrls, oh qul
dnrî ouanr n ue `uedh ch`poltn`letl eulvh dl npokcnckhels dlscletrnokzndns.
dlscletrnokzndns.
"Lstn `îquken vkrtuno mncl phskbol qul cunoquklr dlsnrrhoondhr puldn
dlsnrrhoonr
dlsnrrhoonr shikstkcndns npokcnckhels dlscletrnokzndns tne iîcko`letl ch`h uen
npokcnckóe `óvko", letuskns`n Ghslpm Oubke. Oh qul lrn k`phskbol le Bktchke7
"Bktchke ls lxcloletl pnrn trnes`ktkr y no`nclenr vnohr, plrh ls mhrrkbol pnrn
lscrkbkr npokcnckhels",
npokcnckhels", dkgh lstl ÷otk`h. Vnrn su chonbhrndhr Ghme Okokc, hrndhr y
lxplrth le lo ush dl bohcjcmnke le lo slcthr dl on lelraàn le Cheslesys, "sl
puldl ch`pnrnr Bktchke che tloëihehs Boncjblrry netkauhs, `uy slaurhs pnrn
ons iueckhels dl `lesnglràn. Vlrh oulah vkeh lo kVmhel, qul lrn rlno`letl uen
pontnihr`n,
pontnihr`n, no kauno
k auno qul Ltmlrlu` pnrn npokcnckhels dlscletrnokzndns.
dlscletrnokzndns. Vnrn ohs
dltrncthrls dl Ltmlrlu`, ske l`bnrah, on slaurkdnd dl ons trnesncckhels ls
`lehr qul le Bktchke. "Mubh dlrkvns rlnols, lrrhrls dl prharn`nckóe qul
euecn sl mubklrne prhduckdh le Bktchke, phrqul Bktchke eh lstî ch`polth",
keskstl Cyrko Aruespne. Lo `nlstrh sl rliklrl n on pkrntlràn rhtuedh TmlDNH le
guekh dl 26>97 uen hranekznckóe dlscletrnokzndn Ltlrlu` qul olvnetó $ >9=
`koohels netls dl mnclr lo dlsvàh dl cnsk ue tlrckh phr lo rlakstrh dl ue
prharn`n `nokckhsh le lo bohcjcmnke. Lstl tkph dl pkrntlh euecn mnbàn sucldkdh
le Bktchke (ons pontnihr`ns dl elahcknckóe iulrhe pkrntlndns nooà, plrh euecn lo
bohcjcmnke le sà). Ch`h lstl cnsh mn dl`hstrndh, thdnvàn quldn cn`keh phr
rlchrrlr pnrn lo n`bkckhsh Ltmlrlu`, pnrtkcuonr`letl le tër`kehs dl
slaurkdnd.

Ons bohcjcmnke prkvndns

N plsnr dl oh arnedls qul she ons bohcjcmnke Bktchke y Ltmlrlu`, ske l`bnrah
prlsletne ue arne dlilcth n ohs hghs dl `ucmns l`prlsns7 she p÷bokcns. Ske
3;
l`bnrah, kecoush sk hplrne bngh sludóek`hs (cndn ueh hplrn bngh on `îscnrn ` îscnrn
dl uen slculeckn dl e÷`lrhs y oltrns, on convl p÷bokcn), skl`prl ls phskbol
rnstrlnr ohs `hvk`kleths ikenecklrhs dl cndn convl p÷bokcn. Lstn
cheikdlecknokdnd `uy rlontkvn ls thtno`letl kesuikckletl pnrn anrnetkznr lo
slcrlth ch`lrckno. Lxkstl uen shouckóe, bohcjcmnke prkvndhs (h "cheshrckh")7
rldls clrrndns, n ons qul shoh ohs `kl`brhs tklele ncclsh, y eh puldle uekrsl
ske nuthrkznckóe (dl ohs `kl`brhs h ue dkrlcthr dlskaendh phr loohs). "Ohs
kedustrknols y ohs bnequlrhs invhrlcklrhe lo lstnbolck`kleth dl bohcjcmnke
cheshrckh (ch`pnrtkdh letrl vnrkns l`prlsns)", dkgh Endkn Ikonok, bohcjcmnke
rlsphesnbol dl ons nctkvkdndls dletrh dl on Cngn dl Dlpóskths y lo chpkohth dl
on kekckntkvn onezndn phr lo Onbcmnke CDC pnrn chhrdkenr ons ncckhels dl uens
vlketl kestktuckhels ikenecklrns irneclsns. \e lstudkh rlckletl dl on rld
ketlrbnecnrkn Nshcknckóe Lurhpln dl Alstkóe Ikenecklrn (LI@N) y Dlohkttl
cheikr`n7 lo <3% dl ons kestktuckhels ikenecklrns leculstndns,
leculstndns, ls lo "bohcjcmnke
prhpkldnd prkvndn dl ue cheshrckh" qul plr`ktkrî on ndhpckóe n arne lscnon dl
lstn tlcehohaàn (shoh lo >>% npulstn le on bohcjcmnke p÷bokcn) >2. Lo Strntu`e
pulstn le `nrcmn, qul dlsnrrhoon npokcnckhels dl bohcjcmnke pnrn ons
l`prlsns,
l`prlsns, ch`pnrtl lo `ks`h sletk`kleth7 "Le lo cn`ph dl on npokcnckóe dl B
n B * 2, ohs cokletls eh utkokznrîe lo bohcjcmnke Bktchke, ehs ch`prne bohcjcmnke
prkvndhs, dhedl ohs dnths sl ketlrcn`bkne le lstns rldls letrl l`prlsns ",
cheikr`n lo chiuedndhr, Irneáhks Dhroënes. On `nyhràn dl lsths trnbngne che
ue nd`kekstrndhr cletrno, qul dkstrkbuyl ohs plr`kshs dl ncclsh (ls dlckr,
cunedh she dkstrkbukdhs phr vnrkhs `kl`brhs dl on rld, le ouanr dl shoh ueh,
mnbon`hs dl "cheshrckh dl bohcjcmnke" "). @ucmns arnedls chrphrnckhels l
kestktuckhels ikenecklrns oàdlrls dlpledle dl bohcjcmnke prkvndhs, h
cheshrckhs, le ohs cunols vle uen ihr`n dl rlduckr sus chsths hplrntkvhs y dl
trnesncckóe, `kletrns `netklele on cheikdlecknokdnd rlqulrkdn phr sus
elahckhs (y noauens vlcls kecoush rlauonedh su slcthr). Sl mne onezndh dhs
prhylcths prkeckpnols. On prk`lrn Myplroldalr, sl neueckó n ikenols dl
dkckl`brl 26>< on Iuednckóe Okeux, y sl rluekó che `îs dl =< `kl`brhs,
kecouyledh Nccleturl, Nkrbus, Iugktsu, GV @hrane, Ketlo h KB@, qul iul dl ohs
prk`lrhs dl loohs. "Lo hbgltkvh ls rluekr n thdhs ohs prkeckpnols lsiulrzhs dl
dlsnrrhooh dl guandhrls tlcehoóakchs l kedustrknols pnrn crlnr ue bohcjcmnke
che plr`ksh * 3, qul puldl slr utkokzndh le lethrehs rlauondhs le ohs qul
hpírlet>3 eulstrhs cokletls", dkgh Oucn Ch`pnrkek, lo lxplrth dl bohcjcmnke
KB@ Irneckn. "Lo arne dlsniàh ls prlslrvnr on cheikdlecknokdnd dl cklrtn
keihr`nckóe", keskstl. ¸^ukëe slrî lo anrnetl dlo skstl`n8 "Le uen rld che
plr`ksh, mny ue lol`leth dl ahbklreh cletrnokzndh pnrn hthranr dlrlcmhs dl
ncclsh n ohs ehdhs. Lstn plrshen sl dlskaenrî dl nculrdh che lo cnsh dl ush (eh
elclsnrkn`letl slrî KB@, eh lglcutnrl`hs Myplroldalr). K`nakel qul ohs
bnequlrhs
bnequlrhs irneclsls dlckdle usnr Myplroldalr. Loohs lolakrîe qukëe `nelgnrî
lstl tkph dl bohcjcmnke. Vhdràn slr ue rlauondhr h lo Bnech dl Irneckn, phr
lgl`poh ", dkcl Oucn Ch`pnrkek.
46
Lo htrh arne prhylcth lstî okdlrndh phr lo cheshrckh ketlrbnecnrkh R3 (h R3
CLY), qul cheikr`ó, le ehvkl`brl dl 26>9, su dksphskckóe n rlcnudnr $ ><6
`koohels pnrn dlsnrrhoonr Chrdn, qul on l`prlsn dlscrkbl ch`h "ue rlakstrh
dkstrkbukdh pnrn slrvkckhs ikenecklrhs "le ouanr dl bohcjcmnke. Sla÷e su
dkslþndhr, Rkcmnrd Brhwe, Chrdn ls "ue skstl`n le lo qul uen l`prlsn puldl
vlr thdhs sus nculrdhs che uen chetrnpnrtl" y snblr che clrtlzn qul "oh qul
vlh ls oh qul vls y n`bhs snbl`hs qul vl`hs oh `ks`h y lstn keihr`nckóe sl
trnes`ktl no rlauondhr ">4. Nsà, Chrdn phdràn slrvkr ch`h uen rld le on qul ohs
bnechs pnrtkckpnetls phdràne rlnokznr trnesncckhels ikenecklrns letrl loohs, che
on clrtlzn dl qul cndn ueh rlakstrn ohs `ks`hs `hvk`kleths dl ihedhs y qul
ons nuthrkdndls slcthrknols tklele ohs `ks`hs dnths irletl n loohs. On enturnolzn
clrrndn dl lstn rld, Chrdn narlan uen anrnetàn dl cheikdlecknokdnd. N
dkilrleckn dl ons bohcjcmnke chevleckhenols, eh thdns ons trnesncckhels sl
chpknràne le cndn chpkn dl on bohcjcmnke. "Rlcmnzn`hs lo prkeckpkh dl qul
thdhs ohs dnths sl chpknrîe n thdhs ohs pnrtkckpnetls, kecoush sk lstîe
lecrkptndhs", dkcl Rkcmnrd Brhwe. Vnrn Nonke Brlay, iuedndhr dl Nldlus,
"bîskcn`letl,
"bîskcn`letl, su prhylcth ls rll`ponznr Swkit", on rld ketlrbnecnrkn nctuno le
on qul sl rlakstrne ons trnesilrleckns dl ihedhs, hplrnckhels y htrns
rlcuplrnckhels, y qul sl bnsn le dnths cletrnokzndhs le Swkit, che sldl le
Bëoakcn. Dlsnihrtuendn`letl, dlsdl lo hthþh dl 26>9, R3 mn tlekdh slrkns
dkikcuotndls7 vnrkhs `kl`brhs prh`keletls, ch`h Ahod`ne Sncms, @hrane
Stneoly y Snetnedlr, mne dlckdkdh nbnedhenr
nbnedhenr on nvleturn dlbkdh n dlsnculrdhs
che lo lqukph dl Chrdn shbrl sus rlsplctkvns pnrtkckpnckhels le lo `lrcndh.
cnpktno dlo cheshrckh.

Noauehs, ske l`bnrah, she lscëptkchs shbrl bohcjcmnke prkvndhs h dl

cheshrckh7 "¸Cuîo ls lo ketlrës le ch`pnrnckóe che uen bnsl dl dnths prkvndn
ch`pnrtkdn8 Vrlauetn
Vrlauetn n Onurlet Blekcmhu, dkrlcthr dl keehvnckóe y prlvkskóe
le Nxn. On dlsketlr`ldknckóe y dlscletrnokznckóe prh`ltkdn
prh`ltkdn phr lo bohcjcmnke
lstîe dlsnpnrlckledh le tnols skstl`ns, dhedl ue nd`kekstrndhr h vnrkhs
`kl`brhs dlskaendhs tklele uen `nyhr keiouleckn qul htrhs le lo
iueckhen`kleth dl on rld. ^uletke dl Blnucmlsel, lo iuedndhr dl on stnrt-up
irneclsn Oldays, qul dkslþn npokcnckhels dlscletrnokzndns, tn`bkëe ls `uy
shsplcmhsh7 "Lo bohcjcmnke prkvndh eh ls uen bulen kdln. Ylh dhs arnedls
pueths elarhs7 prk`lrh, lo cheslesh tklel ouanr le uen rld clrrndn. Lethecls,
sk ue mncjlr lxtlreh sl keikotrn le ëo, puldl dlrrkbnroh. Vlhr n÷e, sk ue guandhr
ketlreh dlckdl cn`bknr on cheikaurnckóe, puldl slr k`phskbol dltlelron. Oulah,
le on bohcjcmnke p÷bokcns, lo códkah ls dl códkah nbklrth, vkskbol, `kletrns qul
ons bohcjcmnke prkvndns eh `ulstrne su códkah le p÷bokch, phr oh qul eh
phdl`hs lstnr slaurhs dl on slaurkdnd dl on rld, tlel`hs qul cheiknr. \en dl
ons prkeckpnols chetrkbuckhels dl on bohcjcmnke dlsnpnrlcl7 tklels qul cheiknr
le noaukle dl eulvh. "Crlh qul ons bohcjcmnke prkvndns rlno`letl eh tklele
4>
iuturh, pnrn `à lo iuturh plrtlelcl n pontnihr`ns prkvndns chestrukdns shbrl
bohcjcmnke p÷bokchs," hvlrony ", ch`h oh qul prhphel`hs le Oldays", dkgh
^uletke dl Blnucmlsel.

Ohs Skdlcmnke (cndlens ontlrnols)

Vnrn nclolrnr ons trnesncckhels h anrnetkznr on cheikdlecknokdnd `kletrns sl

blelikckne dl on iulrzn dl ons arnedls bohcjcmnke p÷bokcns, noauens l`prlsns
dl eulvn crlnckóe mne dlsnrrhoondh "cndlens ontlrnols"7 bohquls pnrnolohs n
uen bohcjcmnke prkeckpno (alelrno`letl
(alelrno`letl Bktchke). Lo keihr`l dl Dlohkttl kedkcn
có`h iueckhene7 "Lstl prhthchoh ol plr`ktl chealonr uen cnetkdnd dl Bktchkes
dl on bohcjcmnke dl Bktchke y `karnrohs n htrn bohcjcmnke. \en vlz le on eulvn
bohcjcmnke, lsths Bktchkes sl puldle trnesilrkr dl nculrdh che ons rlaons
vkaletls le lo eulvh lethreh, phr lgl`poh, ue tkl`ph dl vnokdnckóe dl bohqul
`îs chrth, ue `lcneks`h dl cheslesh dkilrletl, cnrnctlràstkcns dl
prharn`nckóe `îs nvnezndns, ltc. "Che lsth le `letl, ls phskbol ngustnr ons
rlaons pnrn lvktnr ohs kechevlekletls dl Bktchke - on oletktud y on inotn dl
cheikdlecknokdnd - `kletrns sl `netklel ue vàecuoh che Bktchke, anrnetàn dl
slaurkdnd y shokdlz. Sl puldl prhclsnr ue arne vhou`le dl keihr`nckóe
k eihr`nckóe dletrh
dl uen bohcjcmnke, `kletrns sl `netklel ue leoncl che on bohcjcmnke prkeckpno.
prkeckpno.
Lsth nclolrn lo rlakstrh dl uen trnesncckóe. On l`prlsn cnendklesl
Bohcjstrln` le lo qul N]N mn kevlrtkdh, ls ueh dl ohs prk`lrhs le nphstnr phr
lstl tkph dl rld, che sus "cndlens ontlrnols" qul on nslaurndhrn irneclsn dlikel
ch`h "ue prhthchoh bohcjcmnke cnpnz dl lstnbolclr rldls p÷bokcns y prkvndns
qul puldle ketlrnctunr letrl sà, nslaurnedh trnesncckhels îakols y slaurns ".
Vnrn Onurlet Blekcmhu, Nxn Irnecl, "on kdln ls dlsbohqulnr lo bohcjcmnke
Bktchke, chohcnedh trnesncckhels le bohcjcmnke sntëoktls, qul tklele ue pueth
dl chetncth che on bohcjcmnke prkeckpno Bktchke. K`nakel`hs qul vledh y
ch`prh ncckhels cndn slauedh, thdns npnrlclrîe le uen cndlen dl sntëoktls y
shoh rlakstrnrë no ikeno dlo dàn on cnetkdnd thtno dl ch`prns y vletns le lo
bohcjcmnke prkeckpno ". Yn `îs rîpkdh y thdhs eh vle ohs dltnools dl ohs
ketlrcn`bkhs.

¸C\ÎO SLRÎ LO BOHCJCMNKE ANENDHR8

Lstn`hs le uen ltnpn `uy tl`prnen dlo dlsnrrhooh dl on tlcehohaàn bohcjcmnke

y on ihr`n dl su dl`hcrntkznckóe ls ue dlbntl. Mny purkstns dl Bktchke, pnrn
quklels ls on ÷ekcn bohcjcmnke vlrdndlrn`letl slaurn, on ÷ekcn cnpnz dl oolvnr
n cnbh on rlvhouckóe prh`ltkdn dl on dlscletrnokznckóe. Htrhs gurne phr
Ltmlrlu`, qul `ulstrn su n`bkckóe dl chevlrtkrsl le on rlilrleckn `uedkno
bohcjcmnke. Sk`he Vhorht, lo neiktrkóe dlo sktkh dl Ltmlrlu` Irnecl, crll qul
42
Bktchke sl ok`ktnrî n on iueckóe dl no`nclen`kleth dl vnohr, `kletrns qul
Ltmlrlu` tledrî ue pnplo `ucmh `îs n`pokh7 "Bktchke eh lstî dlstkendh n slr
utkokzndh le on vkdn dl thdhs ohs dàns. Ltmlrlu`, phr su cnrîctlr `ucmh `îs
prharn`nbol,
prharn`nbol, phdràn chevlrtkrsl `îs iîcko`letl le oh qul noauehs qulràne qul
iulrn Bktchke, uen bohcjcmnke dl rlilrleckn `uy iolxkbol, qul sl ndnptn n thdh
tkph dl ush>9 ", npulstn. \en tlrclrn ihr`n ls phskbol7 on dl on chlxkstleckn dl
uen keikekdnd dl bohcjcmnke. Thdnvàn mnbràn arnedls bohcjcmnke p÷bokcns7
Bktchke sl usnràn pnrn pnahs dkaktnols y ehtnrkznckóe (ls dlckr, rlakstrh dl
dhcu`leths ilcmndhs) y Ltmlrlu` slrvkràn ch`h uen pontnihr`n pnrn
keeu`lrnbols npokcnckhels dlscletrnokzndns (lsplckno`letl pnrn
ch`uekcnckhels letrl hbglths chelctndhs). Vlrh tn`bkëe mnbràn `÷otkpols
bohcjcmnke prkvndhs (h skdlcmnkes), n ohs `hdhs dl hplrnckóe ndnptndhs n sus
ushs. "Ls `uy phskbol qul mnyn ueh, dhs h trls bohcjcmnke p÷bokchs dh`kenetls,
nch`pnþndhs phr ue `hetóe dl bohcjcmnke prkvndhs h skdlcmnke, qul
iueckhenràne `ucmh ch`h ketrnelts", dkcl Conkrl Bnovn, chiuedndhrn dl
Bohcjcmnke Irnecl. Akools Bnbkelt tn`bkëe invhrlcl lstl lsclenrkh y eh mn
crlàdh le lo `hehphokh dl on bohcjcmnke p÷bokcns "\stld eh mncl lo `ks`h
bohcjcmnke sk lo trntn`kleth dl ohs bhehs dlo Tlshrh le ohtls dl ue `kooóe h sk
lstî chelctndh hbglths, phrqul ons npulstns on slaurkdnd y lo tkl`ph rlno eh
she oh `ks`h ", dkcl. Irneáhks Dhroënes, dl Strntu`e, crll le on `uotkpokcnckóe
dl bohcjcmnke7 "Eulstrn vkskóe ls qul le >6 nþhs mnbrî ue `kooóe, yn qul mny
`koohels dl bnsls dl dnths mhy", dkcl >;. loon. Thdhs ch`pnrtle le cunoquklr
cnsh uen chevkcckóe7 lo ëxkth iuturh dl on tlcehohaàn bohcjcmnke, cunoquklrn sln
on ihr`n qul th`l.

* >. Sl dlscubrkó ue lrrhr y sl rlshovkó rîpkdn`letl le nahsth dl 26>6.

* 2. Dl ons l`prlsns n ons l`prlsns.
* 3. Lqukvnoletl dl ue cheshrckh bohcjcmnke.

43
Vnrtl 2

¸C\NOLS SHE ONS NVOKCNCKHELS I\T\RNS8

Lo bohcjcmnke hirlcl trls tkphs prkeckpnols dl iueckhenokdnd che ue phtleckno

kecnocuonbol7
kecnocuonbol7 pnah dkaktno (qul sl puldl mnclr phr pnrls, ske ketlr`ldknrkhs),
ketlr`ldknrkhs), on
lglcuckóe nuth`îtkcn dl chetrnths (arnckns n chetrnths ketlokaletls, lsths
prharn`ns qul nctkvne pnahs dl dkelrh). le chedkckhels prldlikekdns) y
ehtnrkznckóe (lo rlakstrh y vlrkikcnckóe dl keihr`nckóe ilcmndn y prhtlakdn,
ch`h sk mubklrn pnsndh n `nehs dl ue ehtnrkh). Lstns trls iueckhenokdndls, n
vlcls ch`bkendns, rlsuotne dl ons rlvhouckhels lcheó`kcns y ckudndnens
rlnols qul sl lstîe alstnedh. Lo prk`lrh, on phskbkokdnd dl rlnokznr
trnesncckhels le oàeln ske ketlr`ldknrkhs, tklel ue k`pncth le thdh lo slcthr
ikenecklrh7 bnechs ch`lrcknols y bnechs cletrnols, ch`pnþàns dl tnrgltns dl
crëdkth, ch`pnþàns dl trnesilrleckn dl dkelrh y akanetls dl slaurhs. slr
ihrzndh n ndnptnrsl pnrn shbrlvkvkr Tn`bkëe notlrn thdn on lcheh`àn dkaktno7
cunoquklr sktkh ch`lrckno qul usl`hs pnrn ch`prnr ue bkle h slrvkckh puldl
rlkevletnrsl ch`h uen vlrskóe dl kauno n kauno. Dlsdl ono n vletn dl `÷skcn mnstn
lo noqukolr dl nohgn`kleths, lo trnesphrtl n pldkdh h ohs conskikcndhs, thdh lstî
skledh rlcheikaurndh phr l`prlsns góvlels qul quklrle ch`pltkr che Nppol,
Nkrbeb, \blr h N`nzhe, che npokcnckhels bohcjcmnke qul phedrî le leoncl
prhducthr y chesu`kdhr, ske tlrckhs suplriouhs. On slauedn cnrnctlràstkcn, ohs
chetrnths ketlokaletls, slrvkrî ch`h ue trn`phoàe pnrn on nuth`ntkznckóe dlo
`uedh7 cndn vlz `îs hbglths chelctndhs (rlohgls, tloëihehs, dlsplrtndhrls,
rlirkalrndhrls, nuth`óvkols, ltc.) leculetrne le lo bohcjcmnke on pontnihr`n
ndlcundn. pnrn ch`uekcnrsl letrl loohs Ohs prhclshs, pnrn ohs cunols on
ketlrvleckóe mu`nen lrn elclsnrkn, phdrîe slr `hdlondhs, chdkikcndhs y
lglcutndhs skstl`îtkcn`letl
skstl`îtkcn`letl phr rhbhts y prharn`ns7 lo pnah dl uen prk`n dl
slaurh dlspuës dl ue ncckdletl h `no tkl`ph, on rlvletn dl lelraàn n trnvës dl
ue pnelo shonr, rlcnran dl ue nuth`óvko loëctrkch, l kecoush, phtleckno`letl,
thdh lo ckrcukth ohaàstkch dl prhduckr ue bkle, dlsdl lo chrtl dl ue îrbho le
Ikeonedkn mnstn su letrlan le ihr`n dl uen skoon n htrn ike dlo `uedh.
Ikeno`letl, on ÷otk`n cnrnctlràstkcn, on ehtnrkznckóe, eh ls on `lehs
prh`ltldhrn7 phr on phskbkokdnd dl qul hirlzcn prhtlalr on keihr`nckóe,
arnbnron le ue rlakstrh qul `netlean on vlrdnd dl ohs dnths, ls on mlrrn`kletn
mlrrn`kletn
dl uen rlkevleckóe ch`poltn dl on nd`kekstrnckóe p÷bokcn (qul puldl
iueckhenr dl ihr`n trnespnrletl y likckletl, ch`h le Lsthekn). @lghr n÷e,
plr`ktl uen rlvkskóe dkaktno dl on dl`hcrnckn7 no nslaurnr lo vhth lolctróekch,
on bohcjcmnke puldl plr`ktkrol no ckudndneh rlcuplrnr lo phdlr, pnrtkckpnr
dkrlctn`letl le ons dlckskhels phoàtkcns dl su lstndh h su ch`uekdnd, y slr
`lghr letledkdh, letledkdh y rlprlsletndh. \e rnyh dl lsplrnezn le eulstrh
tkl`ph dl crksks dl on dl`hcrnckn rlprlsletntkvn. Lstns rlvhouckhels
44
neueckndns eh she prh`lsns keiuedndns7 cndn uen dl loons lstî le prharlsh,
ch`h oh dl`ulstrne ons lxplrkleckns lxkthsns dl keeu`lrnbols l`prlsns
eulvns, chrphrnckhels
chrphrnckhels y lstndhs, y ls mhrn dl dlscubrkr.

4<
CNVÀT\OH 4

\en rlvhouckóe ikenecklrn

Le ons ikenezns, bohcjcmnke sl dlscrkbl phr uenek`kdnd ch`h uen arne

hphrtuekdnd, yn qul plr`ktl rlduckr drîstkcn`letl ohs chsths dl trnesncckóe y
hplrnedh le uen kedustrkn sl vulovn dl`nskndh arnedl le rlonckóe n su vnohr
nþndkdh le on lcheh`àn y hirlcl sus slrvkckhs n uen tnsn n `leudh dl`nskndh
notn. Dlsdl `ldkndhs dlo skaoh ]K], on k`phrtneckn dlo slcthr ikenecklrh mn
nu`letndh cheskdlrnbol`letl. Le ohs Lstndhs \ekdhs, sla÷e ohs cîocuohs dlo
lcheh`kstn irnecës Tmh`ns Vmkokpphe, prhilshr dl on \ekvlrskdnd dl Eulvn
[hrj Stlre, on kedustrkn ikenecklrn rlprlsletnbn shoh lo >,<% dlo VKB>. Mhy, su
plsh ls dl < n 9 vlcls `nyhr. Le Lurhpn, subkó dlo 2,3% no =,2% dlo VKB letrl
>;<> y 2661, sla÷e ohs cîocuohs dlo lcheh`kstn irnecës Aukoonu`l Bnzht, dlo
Kestktuth dl Vhoàtkcn V÷bokcn2. Le ohs Lstndhs \ekdhs, sla÷e ohs lcheh`kstns
Rhbke Arllewhhd y Dnvkd Scmnristlke dl on Lsculon
L sculon dl Elahckhs dl Mnrvnrd, on
prhphrckóe dl ons ikenezns le lo VKB dl Lstndhs \ekdhs cnsk sl dupokcó letrl
>;=6 y 2669, dlo 4,;% no =, 3% 3. Lstl crlck`kleth lstî pnrckno`letl
gustkikcndh. Lo plsh dl ohs bnechs crlckó sla÷e ons trls arnedls rlvhouckhels
kedustrknols qul nch`pnþnrhe. "Lo prk`lr arne nu`leth, letrl >==6 y >;66,
ls on ikenecknckóe dl ohs ilrrhcnrrkols y ons prk`lrns kedustrkns plsndns. Lo
slauedh, letrl >;>= y >;33, Z...P ikeneckn on rlvhouckóe dl ons ch`pnþàns
loëctrkcns, nuth`htrkcls y inr`ncëutkcns. Z...P Lo tlrclr nu`leth, dl >;=6 n
266>, Z...P no ikeneckn`kleth dl on rlvhouckóe dkaktno4 ", lscrkbl Tmh`ns
Vmkokpphe. Vlrh no crlclr, ohs guandhrls dlo slcthr ikenecklrh sl mne vuloth
`lehs ch`pltktkvhs. Durnetl
Durnetl ohs nþhs 2666 y 26>6, chbrnrhe phr slrvkckhs qul
lrne dl`nskndh chsthshs, ke÷tkols h che ue rklsah `no chetrhondh * >. "Sla÷e
ue keihr`l dl @cJkesly, ohs bnechs lstîe rlckbkledh nsh`brhsn`letl $ >.1
bkoohels no nþh, 46 phr ckleth dl su incturnckóe, dl ohs slrvkckhs dl pnahs
ketlrenckhenols. @îs shrprledletl`letl, n plsnr dl thdn on keehvnckóe
tlcehoóakcn, lo chsth dl on ketlr`ldknckóe le ohs Lstndhs \ekdhs eh mn
cn`bkndh skaekikcntkvn`letl dlsdl lo ch`klezh dlo skaoh ]] Z...P. Kecoush ue
e÷`lrh dl l`prlsns dl eulvn crlnckóe, lo ush dl Bktchke su `nyhràn ohs mncle
ohs slrvkckhs dl pnah oh `îs sk`pol y bnrnth ch`h lo levàh dl chrrlh `nko<, 'ohs
lxplrths dlo I@K Nedrlns Ndrkneh y Muetlr @herhl, le ue nrtàcuoh pubokcndh
le guekh dl 26>9.

Lsth nmhrn hirlcl uen hphrtuekdnd pnrn eulvhs pnrtkckpnetls qul, arnckns n on
bohcjcmnke, puldle ntncnr cn`khels vklghs che slrvkckhs `lehs chsthshs, ch`h
oh cheskdlrn lo kevlrskhekstn sukzh Ekchons Stlkelr. Che bnsl le Ohedrls, lstl
lxplrth dl "iketlcm" (stnrt-up ikenecklrh) nphstó qul on oolandn dlo bohcjcmnke
cnusnrî lstrnahs. "Ohs `hdlohs ch`lrcknols dl ons ikenezns lstîe tne
49
shbrlvnohrndhs
shbrlvnohrndhs qul mny noah qul ntncnr. Ohs bnechs suirkrîe phrqul sl ols pnan
le lxclsh phr lo slrvkckh qul prhducle, ch`h ons tlolch`uekcnckhels mnstn on
dëcndn dl >;;6, cunedh on vhz shbrl KV * 2 ohs ihrzó n culstkhenr. Eh
dlsnpnrlclrîe, plrh ls lo ikeno dl ons vncns ahrdns. Tledrîe qul hptk`kznr su
keirnlstructurn. Eh ls iîcko, phrqul she `uy vklghs, tklele tneths chsths, eh
snble có`h thcnroh ", dkcl. Che lo bohcjcmnke, ons kestktuckhels ikenecklrns
tklele on hphrtuekdnd dl mnclr nmhrrhs `nskvhs le hplrnckóe, oh qul
ikeno`letl blelikcknrî, no `lehs pnrckno`letl, n sus cokletls. "Lo bohcjcmnke
puldl prhphrckhenr uen slaurkdnd dl trnesncckóe ske prlcldletls n trnvës dl
on crkptharniàn, no tkl`ph qul lvktn lo ush dl chsthshs `nkeirn`ls y cletrhs dl
slrvkdhrls. Lsth cn`bkn phr ch`polth lo `hdloh dl chsths pnrn ons
trnesncckhels ikenecklrns "9, dkgh ue keihr`l dl chesuothràn dl Cnpal`kek le
`nyh dl 26><. Sla÷e ue lstudkh dl Snetnedlr KeehYleturls, on tlcehohaàn
phdràn rlduckr ohs chsths dl keirnlstructurn rlonckhendhs che ohs pnahs
ketlrenckhenols,
ketlrenckhenols, vnohrls y lo cu`pok`kleth dl ohs bnechs dl $ >< `ko `koohels n
$ 26 `ko `koohels no nþh, n pnrtkr dl 26221, pnrn lo slcthr le su chegueth. Sla÷e
htrh keihr`l, pubokcndh le hctubrl dl 26>9 phr Cnpal`kek, le lo `uedh dl on
bnecn `kehrkstn, "on kedustrkn mkphtlcnrkn sl blelikcknrî lehr`l`letl dl on
ndhpckóe dl chetrnths ketlokaletls. Ohs chesu`kdhrls phdràne lsplrnr nmhrrnr
letrl $ 4=6 y $ ;96 phr crëdkth y ohs bnechs puldle rlduckr sus chsths le $ 3 n
$ >> `ko `koohels no nþh le ohs `lrcndhs dl LL. \\. [ Lurhpn".= Le lo sla`leth
dl bnecn dl kevlrskóe, Cnpal`kek crll qul no rlduckr on trnesncckóe y lo tkl`ph
dl okqukdnckóe dl ohs prëstn`hs skedkcndhs * 3 n ons l`prlsns, on bohcjcmnke
plr`ktkrî ue "<-9% dl crlck`kleth le on dl`nedn le lo iuturh, oh qul trnlrî
letrl $ 2 `ko `koohels y $ 1 `ko `koohels le kearlshs ndkckhenols".

Bngh lstns chedkckhels, ekea÷e guandhr ikenecklrh puldl plr`ktkrsl kaehrnr

lstn rlvhouckóe, sh plen dl slr suplrndh phr ch`pltkdhrls h eulvhs
pnrtkckpnetls. "Le uehs phchs nþhs, uen arne cnetkdnd dl stnrt-ups dl
bohcjcmnke mnbrîe kearlsndh no cn`ph dl ohs slrvkckhs ikenecklrhs y ons
dkilrletls pontnihr`ns
pontnihr`ns bohcjcmnke yn hirlcle shouckhels ch`pltktkvns. No kauno
qul che thdns ons tlcehohaàns l`lraletls k`phrtnetls, cuneth netls ch`klecl
n ponekikcnr, `lghr ", ncheslgn n ohs chesuothrls dl Cnpal`kek n sus olcthrls dlo
`uedh ikenecklrh. Lstl sletk`kleth nmhrn
nmhrn ls cheslesh le lo slcthr. Dl nculrdh
che lo lstudkh rlnokzndh phr LI@N y Dlohkttl, lo <=% dl ons kestktuckhels
ikenecklrns pklesne
pklesne qul pnrtl dl su elahckh y cndlen dl vnohr slrîe cn`bkndns,
lo <3% crll qul lo ush dl bohcjcmnke slrî alelrnokzndh phr 2 n ohs < nþhs, 26%
le >= `lsls n dhs nþhs y >>% le >2 n >= `lsls;. Le thtno, lo =4% dl loohs
pklesne qul sl alelrnokznrî le < nþhs. Sl prhphele vnrkhs ushs ("cnsh dl ush"
le on glran)7 lo 96% dl ons kestktuckhels leculstndns pklesn qul on prk`lrn
slrîe ons trnesilrleckns ketlrenckhenols dl dkelrh, lo 23% ohs "skstl`ns dl
ch`plesnckóe
ch`plesnckóe y okqukdnckóe" (trnesncckhels
( trnesncckhels letrl bnechs dhedl pnane lo snodh
chrrlsphedkletl n oh qul dlble), 26% chetrn lo onvndh dl dkelrh y J[C
41
(Chehzcn n su cokletl, ls dlckr, ons gustkikcnckhels nd`kekstrntkvns qul lo cokletl
dlbl prhphrckhenr), >;% dl pnah phr `heldn y rlauonckhels, y ikeno`letl lo
>;% `lghró on trnespnrleckn. Vhr eh `leckhenr lo slaurh, iulrn dlo nocnecl dl
lstl lstudkh, plrh qul prh`ltl slr ueh dl ohs slcthrls `îs nilctndhs phr on
tlcehohaàn bohcjcmnke.

VNAH [ TRNESILRLECKN DL DKELRH7 ON RLYHO\CKÓE LSTÎ LE C\RSH

Mnstn on ilcmn, ons ÷ekcns npokcnckhels ikenecklrns dl bohcjcmnke qul rlno`letl

sl ch`lrcknokzne y iueckhene she ons rlonckhendns che lo pnah ketlrenckheno y
on trnesilrleckn dl dkelrh. \sne le su `nyhr pnrtl bohcjcmnke dl Bktchke, lo
`îs netkauh y slaurh.

Vnahs slaurhs

Vnanr phr uen ch`prn dl Bktchke tklel dhs vletngns prkeckpnols7 slaurkdnd dl
pnah, `îs notn qul on dl ons tnrgltns bnecnrkns, y lo bngh chsth dl on trnesncckóe
(pnrtkcuonr`letl ketlrlsnetl le plqulþns cnetkdndls y le lo lxtrneglrh).
Ch`lecl`hs che on prk`lrn vletngn7 che su rlputnckóe suoiurhsn, Bktchke
puldl nsustnr n ohs elóikths. Ske l`bnrah, lstn crkpth`heldn puldl slr on
ihr`n `îs slaurn dl pnanr le oàeln. "Bktchke lok`ken lo rklsah dl irnudl che
tnrgltns dl crëdkth", dkcl >6 @nrc Nedrllssle le ue nrtàcuoh dlo Elw [hrj
Tk`ls. "Che su e÷`lrh dl tnrgltn dl crëdkth, puldl mnclr thdh lo dkelrh qul
quklrn", rlculrdn @neulo Ynoletl, dl On @nkshe du Bktchke. Sk bkle che uen
dkrlcckóe p÷bokcn dl Bktchke, eh puldl ch`prnr endn. Keeu`lrnbols
Keeu`lrnbols l`prlsns
mne pkrntlndh ohs e÷`lrhs dl tnrgltns dl crëdkth dl sus cokletls (nsà ch`h lo
códkah dl trls dàakths y on ilcmn dl vnokdlz). N ikels dl 26><,
2 6><, ohs mhtlols Myntt,
@nrkhtt l Ketlrchetkeletno neuecknrhe qul mnbàne skdh rhbndhs dl dlclens dl
`kols dl e÷`lrhs. Le 26>3, lo akanetl lstndhuekdlesl dl ohs suplr`lrcndhs,
Tnralt, oh mkzh n÷e `lghr7 ¡sl rhbnrhe 46 `koohels dl tnrgltns bnecnrkns! Vlrh
"cunedh pnan che Bktchkes le ue sktkh, eh dlpledl dl ue slrvkdhr cletrno",
keskstl Vklrrl Ehkznt, dl Vny`ku`. Sk`pol`letl
Sk`pol`letl nbrn uen npokcnckóe dldkcndn
le su dksphsktkvh `óvko (phr lgl`poh, on dl Vny`ku` h on dl on Cnsn dl Bktchke),
lscrkbn on dkrlcckóe dl pnah dlo ch`lrcknetl (on convl p÷bokcn) h lo lscîelr
ch`h ue códkah ^R. y vnokdn on trnesncckóe. Lo sktkh (h ch`lrcknetl) no qul mncl
lstl pnah eh rlcuplrn ekea÷e dltnool bnecnrkh, shoh su convl p÷bokcn npnrlcl le
lo bohcjcmnke7 eh mny endn qul pkrntlnr. Sk phr cnsunokdnd su prhpkn
ch`putndhrn iul pkrntlndn y lo spywnrl rlcuplró sus kekckhs dl slskóe,
chetrnslþns h convls prkvndns, mny shouckhels tëcekcns pnrn prhtlalrsl chetrn
ue rhbh. Oldalr, on l`prlsn `ntrkz dl On @nkshe du Bktchke, hirlcl uen
bkooltlrn dl crkpth`heldn qul prhphrckhen lstn slaurkdnd ndkckheno7 uen oonvl
4=
\SB oon`ndn "Oldalr Qnoolt". Lstl andalt (qul culstn 9; lurhs), che uen
plqulþn pnetnoon y dhs bhthels, no`nclen convls prkvndns y rlnokzn pnahs ske
qul sl ch`uekqule n on ch`putndhrn le on qul sl rlnokzn on trnesncckóe. Vhr oh
tneth, kecoush sk lo shitwnrl lspàn on ch`putndhrn, on convl prkvndn eh snol dl on
"Cnrpltn dl okbrh `nyhr". Eh puldl slr rhbndh. "Eh chrrh ekea÷e rklsah sk on
ch`putndhrn lstî rhtn. Sk on npokcnckóe lstnbn chrruptn, on pnetnoon dl on convl
`l plr`ktl vlrkikcnr qul levàl lo dkelrh n on dkrlcckóe chrrlctn ", dkcl @neulo
Ynoletl.

\e chsth dl trnesncckóe `àek`h

On slauedn arne vletngn dl Bktchke ls lo chsth dl ons trnesncckhels, qul ls cnsk

clrh. "Le lo skstl`n dlo dkelrh chevleckheno, mny uen arne cnetkdnd dl
ketlr`ldknrkhs,
ketlr`ldknrkhs, qul chbrne tnrkins dl tnrgltn dl crëdkth y `netlek`kleth dl on
culetn", slþnon Ghne Ehaulrn, rlprlsletnetl
rlprlsle tnetl le Irneckn dl ons eulvns l`prlsns
cntnonens BTC iîcko, qul ch`lrcknokzn Dkstrkbukdhrls dl Bktchke. "Che Bktchke",
chetke÷n, "thdh lsth sl dlsvnelcl". Eh mny qul pnanr ch`kskhels, shoh uen
tnrkin phr ch`prnr h rlvledlr Bktchkes. Le 26>9, tlelr uen tnrgltn bnecnrkn
Yksn Consskc (on `îs ch`÷e) chstó le prh`ldkh le Irneckn 46,2= lurhs phr
nþh>>, sla÷e lo sktkh wlb Cbnequl. Vnaul phr lo dlrlcmh n pnanr, che Bktchke,
sl ncnbó. Le Vny`ku`, phr lgl`poh, trnesilrkr dkelrh dl uen culetn dl Bktchke
n htrn h pnanr n ue ch`lrcknetl lolctróekch dl Bktchke ls arntukth. Tlean
cukdndh7 lo ush dl Bktchkes thdnvàn tklel ue chsth. Ohs ketlr`ldknrkhs qul ol
plr`ktle ch`prnr Bktchkes sl pnane che on ch`prn h rlvletn dl lstn
crkpth`heldn (ch`h chetndhrls dl cn`bkh dl `heldn). Mny `ucmns ihr`ns
dl hbtlelr Bktchkes, plrh dlpledkledh dl on shouckóe qul lokgns, on ch`kskóe dlo
ketlr`ldknrkh vnràn `ucmh. Vuldl ch`prnrohs le oàeln dkrlctn`letl le uen
arne pontnihr`n dl ketlrcn`bkh, ch`h Jrnjle, qul chbrn lo 6,29% dl su
ch`prn dl Bktchkes. Vuldl kr n trnvës dl ue "Bktchke Bnej", ch`h Vny`ku`, qul
inckoktn lo prhclsh dl ndqukskckóe, plrh rlquklrl uen ch`kskóe `nyhr (6.<;%).
Tn`bkëe puldl kr n ue cnglrh nuth`îtkch (bktchkes ue "NT@"), tnols ch`h ohs
kestnondhs le @hetplooklr phr on l`prlsn incko BTC (qul
( qul tklel tnrkin dl 9% pnrn
on ch`prn, lo 4% pnrn on rlvletn), h Sukzn Bktchke phr nrrnequls Sukzn h
SwllVny (qul dn on phskbkokdnd, dlsdl hctubrl dl 26>9, on ch`prn dl bktchkes
bk tchkes
dkrlctn`letl
dkrlctn`letl n ons lstnckhels dl trle VOC sukzhs bkooltls dl trle, le nshcknckóe
che on ch`pnþàn enckheno dl ilrrhcnrrkols ilrrhcnrrkols SBB). Lo ush dl lsths
"Bktchke NT@" ls `uy sk`pol7 "\stld dn lo e÷`lrh dl su cnrtlrn h `hstrnr su
códkah ^R, sl keslrtn ue bkooltl le lurhs, y uen slauedn, qul ndqukrkó lo
Bktchkes>2", dkgh Ghne Ehaulrn. Lo dkstrkbukdhr tn`bkëe mncl qul sln iîcko
rltkrnr lurhs dl on culetn dl Bktchke. Ske l`bnrah, lsths cnglrhs nuth`îtkchs
n÷e she rnrhs y gulane lsplckno`letl ue pnplo dl ch`uekcnckóe pnrn
dl`hcrntkznr
dl`hcrntkznr Bktchke. Ikeno`letl, puldl hbtlelr Bktchkes `uy iîcko`letl che
4;
dkelrh le lilctkvh le ue `hstrndhr dl dkvksns (ch`h On @nkshe du Bktchke le
Vnràs, qul th`n norldldhr dlo >6% dl ch`kskóe). "Ch`h ons pontnihr`ns dl
ketlrcn`bkh le Ketlrelt she ue phch ch`polgns dl usnr, nbrk`hs lstl
`hstrndhr dhedl cn`bknr lilctkvh h tnrgltn dl crëdkth. Tnrdn trls `keuths7 ol
dn ue bholth y uen kdletkikcnckóe
kd letkikcnckóe vîokdn (dhcu`leth dl kdletkdnd, pnsnphrtl
pnsnphrtl h
plr`ksh dl rlskdleckn), y lsh ls thdh ", lxpokcn @neulo Ynoletl, dl On @nkshe
du Bktchke.

¸Cuîedh ls vletnghsh pnanr le Bktchkes8

Sk tlel`hs le culetn ons tnrkins chbrndns pnrn ndqukrkr Bktchkes, on vletngn dl

chsth dl Bktchke dlpledl dl ohs ushs. Vnrn ons ch`prns dknrkns, ls `îs iîcko y
`îs bnrnth qul lo cokletl pnaul le lurhs, yn sln le lilctkvh h che tnrgltn. Vlrh
ohs hplrndhrls tklele qul anenr. No pnanr che tnrgltn dl crëdkth, dlble pnanr
uen ch`kskóe dl su bnech, pnrtl dl on cuno ls ikgn, rnzóe phr on cuno `ucmhs
rlcmnzne on tnrgltn bnecnrkn le trnesncckhels plqulþns (`lehs dl >6 lurhs),
qul eh she rletnbol pnrn loohs. Cunedh nclptne Bktchke, eh pnane ekeauen
ch`kskóe, skeh uen suscrkpckóe rîpkdn`letl rletnbol (>;,;6 lurhs phr `ls le
Vny`ku`). "Cunedh elclsktn ketlrcn`bknr plqulþns cnetkdndls, ohs chsths dl
trnesncckóe alelrno`letl eh she rnzhenbols le rlonckóe che lo `heth. Vnsnr
phr ue bohcjcmnke Zch`h BktchkeP mncl qul sln phskbol rlduckr lo chsth dl
trnesncckóe, oh qul mncl qul lsths `kcrhpnahs slne ketlrlsnetls>3 ", cheikr`n
Lrkc Oëvy-Blecmlthe, ue lxplrth le bohcjcmnke dl on ikr`n dl chesuothràn
Jlyrus. Ikeno`letl, on vletngn dl chsth dl Bktchke ls pnrtkcuonr`letl iulrtl
pnrn ons trnesncckhels rlnokzndns le lo lxtrneglrh (y ons trnesilrleckns
ketlrenckhenols dl dkelrh, ch`h vlrl`hs leslaukdn). Dl nculrdh che ue
lstudkh ch`pnrntkvh dlo sktkh Cbnequl, le prh`ldkh, n ikels dl 26><, ue pnah
dl >66 lurhs phr tnrgltn le lo lxtlrkhr chstó 2,11 lurhs. Bktchke eh chehcl
irhetlrns. Eh sl npokcnrîe tnrkins ndkckhenols sk on trnesncckóe sl oolvn n cnbh le
lo lxtrneglrh. Sk ch`pró sus Bktchkes le oàeln le uen pontnihr`n dl dkvksns h le
ue bnech dl Bktchke, ons tnrkins dl ch`prn y rlvletn she `ucmh `lehrls qul
ons tnrkins bnecnrkns dl ue pnah le lo lxtrneglrh7 ls `lghr pnanr le Bktchkes qul
le tnrgltn dl crëdkth

Ske l`bnrah, mny ue ÷otk`h nsplcth n tlelr le culetn7 on lvhouckóe dlo tkph dl
cn`bkh dl Bktchke le rlonckóe che on `heldn utkokzndn pnrn ndqukrkroh. Sk lokal
pnanr le Bktchke `kletrns lo prlckh dl on prhpkldnd ndqukrkdn ls le lurhs (u
htrn `heldn trndkckheno), prhbnbol`letl anstnrî sus Bktchkes n ue prlckh
dkilrletl no qul ohs ch`pró7 lsth ls qul sl oon`n rklsah dl cn`bkh. Ls phskbol
mnclr ue `no elahckh sk lo prlckh dl Bktchke sl mn
m n dlspoh`ndh h sk ls lxcloletl
sk mn vhondh. Vuldl ok`ktnr lstl rklsah cn`bknedh sus Bktchkes le lo dàn dl on
ch`prn. Sk th`n`hs lo pueth dl vkstn dl ohs ch`lrcknetls, ohs skstl`ns ols
<6
plr`ktle slr pnandhs le Bktchkes y vlr lo dkelrh ketlrcn`bkndh
kestnetîeln`letl
kestnetîeln`letl le on `heldn nctuno, ske qul loohs tleane qul prlhcupnrsl,
prlhcupnrsl,
pnrn chealonr lo rklsah dl dkvksns.

Vnaul le Bktchkes, kestrucckhels dl ush

¸Vlrh có`h prhcldlr pnrn mnclr ue pnah le Bktchkes8 Bulens ehtkckns7 eh ls

`uy ch`pokcndh. Vhr `k pnrtl, prhbë le Vny`ku`, qul tklel on vletngn dl lstnr
nshckndh, pnrn on alstkóe dl sus culetns, on l`prlsn Nqhbn, nprhbndn phr on
Nuthrkdnd dl Suplrvkskóe Vrudleckno y on Rlshouckóe (NCVR). Lo prhcldk`kleth
dl nplrturn dl culetn ls ue phch oleth, plrh `uy sk`pol. Ch`lecë crlnedh
uen culetn le lo sktkh wlb dl Vny`ku` (crlnedh ue eh`brl dl usunrkh y uen
chetrnslþn), oulah rlckbà ue chrrlh lolctróekch dl cheikr`nckóe y nclptë ons
chedkckhels dl ush. Lsths lsplckikcne le pnrtkcuonr lo plokarh prkeckpno qul
chrrh7 `l mncle rhbnr `k eh`brl dl usunrkh y chetrnslþn. "Ohs cokletls eh
dlble trnes`ktkr sus chetrnslþns n tlrclrhs y dlble `netlelr su
cheikdlecknokdnd
cheikdlecknokdnd le thdns ons ckrcuestneckns. Tn`bkëe sl ols rlquklrl, cunedh
usle Ketlrelt h Ketlrelt `óvko, dnr ohs pnshs elclsnrkhs pnrn `netlelr ue noth
ekvlo dl slaurkdnd le sus lqukphs dl có`puth ", dkcl on ehtn. Oulah dlbl
ch`poltnr ue ihr`uonrkh lstîednr (eh`brl, enckhenokdnd, pnàs dl rlskdleckn,
dkrlcckóe, ilcmn dl enck`kleth, ckudnd dl enck`kleth). Hbtleah ue e÷`lrh dl
culetn. Oulah crlë uen culetn che dhs anvltns7 uen le lurhs y on htrn le
Bktchke. Vrk`lrh dlbl`hs nok`letnr lo cngóe le lurhs, netls dl rlnokznr lo
cn`bkh le Bktchke. Rlnokzh uen trnesilrleckn dl >66 lurhs dlsdl `k culetn
bnecnrkn mnbktuno n on culetn dl Vny`ku` (qul lstî dh`kckokndn le Bëoakcn,
prhbnbol`letl
prhbnbol`letl iul `îs iîcko qul crlnron le Irneckn), kedkcnedh `k e÷`lrh dl
culetn Vny`ku`. \ehs dàns `îs tnrdl, cunedh sl rlnokzó on trnesilrleckn
bnecnrkn, chevlrtà le Vny`ku` `ks lurhs le Bktchkes durnetl > Bktchke phr
<>9,63 lurhs (tkph dl cn`bkh dlo 6,<;% kecoukdh). Rlckbh kestnetîeln`letl
6.>;3= Bktchke. Lsh ls thdh, tleah uen culetn
c uletn dl Bktchkes.

Vlrh, ¸quë mnclr che lsh8 Vnan ! Vnrn lsh, dlscnrah on npokcnckóe Mht Qnoolt dl
Vny`ku`, qul ls lo lqukvnoletl n uen bkooltlrn le lo `óvko. Tlcolh `k eh`brl
dl usunrkh y chetrnslþn. Sl `l pkdl qul crll
c rll uen chetrnslþn ndkckheno y sl `l
prhphrckhen uen hrnckóe dl rlspnodh qul chrrlsphedl n uen suclskóe nolnthrkn
dl >2 pnonbrns. Oh vlh le noa÷e ouanr dl on cnsn, ¡y oh lschedh! @l plr`ktkrî
rlcuplrnr `k bkooltlrn sk noaukle rhbn h rh`pl `k tloëiheh. Lethecls ls
elclsnrkh trnesilrkr dkelrh dl `k culetn dl Vny`ku` n lstn bkooltlrn (yn qul
th`nràn`hs ons letrndns dl uen cngn iulrtl pnrn phelrons le uen bkooltlrn).
Levàh 6.6>; Bktchke, lo lqukvnoletl n >6 lurhs le lsl `h`leth, sk`pol`letl
yledh n `k culetn le oàeln Vny`ku` l kedkcnedh on dkrlcckóe p÷bokcn dl `k
bkooltlrn (qul sl cn`bkn rlauonr`letl phr rnzhels dl slaurkdnd) . Rlckbh ue
<>
chrrlh lolctróekch che ue leoncl pnrn mnclr cokc pnrn cheikr`nr on hplrnckóe.
Rlcuplrh dhs h trls mhrns dlspuës on su`n le `k bkooltlrn. Che lstn bkooltlrn,
puldh pnanr iîcko`letl phr `îs dl >66.666 sktkhs wlb>4, kecoukdhs
Smhwrhh`prkvë,
Smhwrhh`prkvë, Lxpldkn, Qkjkpldkn, Qhrdprlss h @kcrhshit. Tn`bkëe puldh
mnclroh le ohs ch`lrcknetls, `îs rnrhs, qul nclptne lstl tkph dl pnah. Sl
leu`lrne y alhohcnokzne
alhohcnokzne le lo sktkh wlb dl Chke@np.hra. Le Vnràs, le lo hthþh
dl 26>9 lo sktkh iulrhe 3> (kecouyledh pkzzlràns, npnrtn`leths le noqukolr,
tkledns dl rhpn y bnrls, ch`h dl Shi-bnr, Rul Snket Snuvlur, dhedl on
ch`uekdnd dl Vnràs Bktchke sl lechetrnrhe, h on clrvlclràn H'Cnkrl, rul du
Cnkrl le lo 2· nrrhedkssl`let).
nrrhedkssl`let). On ch`prn ls `uy sk`pol. Vlrsheno`letl,
Vlrsheno`letl, pldà
le Smhwrhh`prkvë ue suëtlr n rnyns arks y elarh pnrn `k nch`pnþnetl, n on
vletn, phr ue thtno dl >4.;; lurhs (ue lstucml), levàh kecoukdh (h 6.6>;4>1
bktchke). No pnanr, shoh slolcckhel Bktchke le ouanr dl Yksn, @nstlrcnrd h Vnypno.
Sl `ulstrn uen pîaken che on cnetkdnd le Bktchke, uen dkrlcckóe y ue códkah ^R
(on trnducckóe dl lstn dkrlcckóe le ue códkah pnrn lscnelnr). Che on npokcnckóe
Mht Qnoolt, lscnelh lo códkah ^R y levàh ohs ihedhs. @lehs dl ue `keuth
dlspuës, lstî nrrlaondh, y eh dlgë ekea÷e dltnool bnecnrkh le ekeauen pnrtl.
\ehs dàns `îs tnrdl, rlktlrë on hplrnckóe le ue cnië, lo H'Cnkrl. @l oolvó shoh
uehs slauedhs lscnelnr lo códkah ^R dlo lstnbolck`kleth le lo Kpnd dlo
cnetkelrh y levknr lo 6.66>42 Bktchke chrrlsphedkletl n >.26 lurhs phr ue
lsprlssh nprltndh le lo `hstrndhr. Vhr oh tneth, pnanr le Bktchkes lstî no
nocnecl dl thdhs, skl`prl qul tlean ue tloëiheh ketlokaletl.

Ls dkiàcko snblr on cnetkdnd dl usunrkhs dl Bktchke le Irneckn. Le lo vlrneh dl

26>9, Vny`ku`, uen dl ons ch`pnþàns oàdlrls le lo slcthr, tleàn norldldhr dl
>66.666 cokletls, dhs tlrckhs dl ohs irneclsls, kecouyledh ><,666 n 26,666
vlrdndlrn`letl nctkvhs. N onrah ponzh, noauehs k`nakene ue ush `îs
rlvhouckhenrkh
rlvhouckhenrkh dl on rld Bktchke pnrn lo pnah, bnsndh le on tëcekcn dl `heldns
dl chohrls. Lstl ls lo cnsh dl on stnrt-up Czn`, chiuedndn phr Ndrkne Snuzndl7
"On kdln ls th`nr uehs cletnvhs dl Bktchkes, trnesilrkrohs n on rld dl Bktchke y
dnrols htrh vnohr" ><, rlsu`l. Lsths cletnvhs h `koësk`ns dl Bktchkes yn eh sl
usne phr su prhpkh vnohr, skeh shoh ch`h ikcmns qul rlprlsletne,
rlprlsletne, phr lgl`poh,
ue pueth dl ikdlokdnd, ue bholth h kecoush uen ncckóe. Lsths nctkvhs,
rlprlsletndhs le on bohcjcmnke phr lstns lsqukens dl chohrls, sl vulovle
eu`ërkcn`letl trnesilrkbols, che thtno slaurkdnd. "Eulstrn vkskóe ls qul le
dklz nþhs, ustld puldn pnanr su cnië che uen pnrtl dl Inclbhhj, h uen pnrtl dl
Tlson, phr lo vnohr dlo dàn, qul slrî ch`h lo dkelrh", dkcl Ndrkne Snuzndl. "On
kdln ls mnclr `lrcndhs oàqukdhs", chetke÷n7 thdh phdràn chevlrtkrsl le uen
`heldn dl cn`bkh le on bohcjcmnke Bktchke.

Trnesilrkr dkelrh dl ue pnàs n htrh

<2
Nctuno`letl, levknr dkelrh no lxtlrkhr (iulrn dl Lurhpn) h rlckbkr dkelrh ls
chsthsh, yn sln qul ntrnvklsl su bnech h uen l`prlsn lsplcknokzndn (ch`h
Qlstlre \ekhe h @helyArn`). Shckltl Alelrnol, phr lgl`poh, k`phel ue
k`phrtl `àek`h dl >3,1< lurhs (ske kecoukr tnsns dl cn`bkh y phrtunrkns) pnrn
l`ktkr uen trnesilrleckn ketlrenckheno (iulrn dl Lurhpn) y >1,<6 lurhs pnrn
rlckbkr (phr ue k`phrtl suplrkhr n ><6 lurhs) * 4. Le MSBC, on ch`kskóe ls dl
>2.<6 lurhs pnrn on trnesilrleckn
trnesilrleckn ketlrenckheno y dl 2< lurhs pnrn on rlclpckóe.
Sk pnsns phr uen l`prlsn lsplcknokzndn, on ndkckóe ls ue phch `lehs plsndn,
plrh n÷e snondn7 sla÷e ue keihr`l pubokcndh le nbrko dl 26>4 phr lo aruph dl
lxplrths brktîekch Hvlrslns Dlvlohp`let
Dlvlohp`let Kestktutl (HDK), Qlstlre \ekhe tuvh
ue prh`ldkh dl ;.4 % dlo dkelrh levkndh n Îirkcn y su rkvno, @helyArn`,
@helyArn`, >6.4%
>9.

@ucmns npokcnckhels bnsndns le on tlcehohaàn bohcjcmnke puldle rlnokznr lo

`ks`h slrvkckh n ue chsth `ucmh `lehr. Ohs `îs dlsnrrhoondhs she Nokae
Ch``lrcl (qul sl dkrkal prkeckpno`letl n cokletls dl py`ls) y Nbrn (pnrn
pnrtkcuonrls). N`bhs she slrvkckhs dl trnesilrleckn dl dkelrh
uotrnch`pltktkvhs
uotrnch`pltktkvhs bnsndhs le on wlb, plrh eh leintkzne le nbshouth lo ush dl on
bohcjcmnke Bktchke. Vhrqul oh lsleckno pnrn lo chesu`kdhr ls lo prlckh. "Nbrn
le`nscnrn on ch`polgkdnd y on lxkstleckn dl Bktchke pnrn lo chesu`kdhr, eh
elclsktn prlhcupnrsl,
prlhcupnrsl, on su`n qul levàn lstî ch`poltn`letl prhtlakdn, yn sln
le lurhs, le dóonrls h le cunoquklr htrn `heldn. >1 ", dkcl Bkoo Bnrmydt, CLH dl
Nbrn. Che lstn npokcnckóe, on ch`kskóe nocnezn nprhxk`ndn`letl lo 2% le
prh`ldkh. "Eulstrn kdln lrn crlnr ue skstl`n dl pnah aohbno qul plr`ktklrn n
ons plrshens levknr dkelrh rlno (dóonr, lurh, ltc.) iîcko`letl letrl dhs e÷`lrhs
dl tloëiheh le dhs rkechels dlo `uedh. Lstîs le Vnràs, ¸tklels in`kokn le
Yklten`8 Vuldl usnr uen npokcnckóe sk`pol pnrn trnesilrkr
trnesilrkr dkelrh ", rlsu`l lo
iuedndhr. "Cunedh mncls lsh, eh mny bnechs le lo `ldkh dl on trnesncckóe, ek
no prkeckpkh, ek no ikeno. Lo skstl`n ls pllr-th-pllr. Nbrn lok`ken n ohs
ketlr`ldknrkhs
ketlr`ldknrkhs y rlducl lo chsth dl on trnesilrleckn ", dkcl. On hplrnckóe ls `uy
sk`pol7 pnrn levknr dkelrh, sk`pol`letl dlphsktl on cnetkdnd dlslndn le su
culetn dl Nbrn mnckledh uen trnesilrleckn bnecnrkn h oolvnedh on cnetkdnd le
lilctkvh n ue `kl`brh dl on rld dl Nbrn, alhohcnokzndh n su norldldhr phr lo
npokcnckóe (ch`h ue chetrhondhr dl \blr). Lsths chrrldhrls dl bhosn, ihr`ndhs
phr usunrkhs vhouetnrkhs dl on npokcnckóe, sl oon`ne cnglrhs. \en vlz qul lo
dkelrh le on culetn, sk`pol`letl
sk`pol`letl trnesikërnoh n on plrshen dl su lolcckóe (qul
dlbl mnblr dlscnrandh prlvkn`letl on npokcnckóe y mnblr crlndh uen culetn
le loon). On su`n sl rlckbl no kestnetl. Lo dlstkentnrkh puldl lethecls levknroh
n su culetn bnecnrkn (le `heldn ohcno), h lechetrnr ue cnglrh n su norldldhr
pnrn hbtlelr on cnetkdnd le lilctkvh, chetrn uen ch`kskóe (2% le prh`ldkh).
On npokcnckóe Nbrn rlckbl ue pnah phr on ch`kskóe rlcnudndn phr lstl `kl`brh
dl on rld (no kauno qul \blr che sus chetrhondhrls). Vrhbndh phr lo `h`leth
shoh letrl ohs Lstndhs \ekdhs y ons Ikokpkens, on npokcnckóe, qul sl oneznrî le ohs
<3
próxk`hs `lsls le Lurhpn, yn ls ue arne ëxkth. "Tlel`hs lxcloletls
ch`letnrkhs dl ohs chesu`kdhrls, qul sl shrprledl phr on inckokdnd dl ush",
dkgh Bkoo Bnrmydt. Lo phtleckno dl lstn ghvle l`prlsn cnokihreknen bnsndn le
@huetnke Yklw, Skokche Ynooly, eh lscnpó no akanetl N`lrkcne Lxprlss, qul
kevkrtkó le on ch`pnþàn le hctubrl dl 26><, durnetl uen rlcnudnckóe dl ihedhs
dl `îs dl $ >4 `koohels.

\e `lrcndh akanetlsch qul prhvhcn nvnrkckn

Sk Nbrn mn dlsplrtndh tnetn levkdkn letrl ohs kevlrshrls, ls qul lo `lrcndh

phtleckno pnrn lstl tkph dl slrvkckh ls ke`lesh. Le 26>9, sl lsplrn qul on
cnetkdnd thtno levkndn n ohs pnàsls dl kearlshs bnghs y `ldknehs nocnecl $ 442
`ko `koohels, sla÷e ons lstk`nckhels dlo Bnech @uedkno (dl ohs cunols
norldldhr dl $ 9< `ko `koohels pnrn Cmken, tneth pnrn Kedkn ch`h `îs dl d l $ 2;
`ko `koohels pnrn Ikokpkens) >=. Vnrn ohs ckleths dl `koohels dl trnbngndhrls
`karnetls qul levàne dkelrh n su pnàs dl hrkale y sus in`kokns qul oh rlckble,
Bktchke ls uen vlrdndlrn hphrtuekdnd, ch`h slþnon lo kevlrshr @nrc
Nedrllssle7 "N trnvës dl Bktchke che phch h ekea÷e chsth, lstns trnesilrleckns
trnesilrleckns
trnesirhetlrkzns nu`letnrîe skaekikcntkvn`letl on cnokdnd dl vkdn dl ohs
trnbngndhrls
trnbngndhrls ke`karnetls y sus in`kokns. Dl mlcmh, ls dkiàcko k`nakenr noah qul
tlean ue lilcth `îs rîpkdh y phsktkvh le tnetns plrshens le ohs pnàsls `îs
phbrls dlo `uedh ", lscrkbkó le Tml Elw [hrj Tk`ls. Lo prk`lr hbgltkvh dl
lsths slrvkckhs mn letledkdh y eh lsplró lo dlsnrrhooh dl lstns npokcnckhels
lsplcknokzndns pnrn usnr Bktchke. Le Bktchke Mhusl, le Vnràs, uen bulen pnrtl
dl on cokletlon dlo `hstrndhr dl ketlrcn`bkh lstî ihr`ndn phr trnbngndhrls
lxtrneglrhs qul levàne dkelrh n sus in`kokns. Le eulstrhs vlckehs sukzhs, sla÷e
Ekjons Ekjhongsle, iuedndhr dl Bktchke Swktzlroned, "clrcn dl on `ktnd dl ohs
cokletls dl eulstrhs cnglrhs nuth`îtkchs Bktchke le Sukzn ohs utkokzne pnrn
trnesilrkr dkelrh n su pnàs dl hrkale".

Ohs slrvkckhs dl trnesilrleckn dl dkelrh dl Bohcjcmnke tklele htrh lilcth

phsktkvh7 plr`ktle on kecouskóe dl uehs 2 `ko `koohels dl nduoths qul lstîe
lxcoukdhs dlo skstl`n ikenecklrh, sla÷e lo Bnech @uedkno2>. Che lo skstl`n dl
cnglrhs dl Nbrn, phr lgl`poh, yn eh ls elclsnrkh tlelr uen culetn
cu letn bnecnrkn pnrn
levknr y rlckbkr dkelrh7 ue tloëiheh ketlokaletl ls suikckletl. Oh `ks`h hcurrl
che @heltns, htrn stnrt-up, che sldl le Wua, Sukzn, qul tn`bkëe utkokzn uen
crkpth`heldn pnrn rlduckr
rlduckr ohs chsths dl trnesncckóe le su pontnihr`n
pontnihr`n dl pnah
`óvko. "Ehs lstn`hs leihcnedh le `lrcndhs le dlsnrrhooh7 lo =6% dl ohs
nirkcnehs eh tklele ncclsh n slrvkckhs bnecnrkhs, slrîe ohs prk`lrhs
blelikcknrkhs dl eulstrhs slrvkckhs" 22, dkcl Yktus N``ne, dkrlcthr dl
`nrjltkea dl @heltns. On stnrt-up rlnokzó su prk`lrn prulbn le T÷elz y quklrl
oneznr uen npokcnckóe pkohth lo próxk`h guekh.
<4
BNECHS, CHEDLENDHS N CN@BKNR VHR SHBRLYKYKR

Le lo `uedh ikenecklrh, ohs guandhrls le lo pnah ketlrenckheno y on

trnesilrleckn dl dkelrh she ohs prk`lrhs nilctndhs phr on bohcjcmnke. Vlrh
thdns ons dl`îs nctkvkdndls bnecnrkns lstîe phtleckno`letl prlhcupndns le lo
`ldkneh ponzh. Ohs prkeckpnols ncthrls dlo slcthr sl lstîe prlpnrnedh, n on vlz
qul sl `netklele trnequkohs, chevleckdhs dl qul lo bohcjcmnke ls pnrn loohs
uen shouckóe pnrn rlduckr sus chsths dl hplrnckóe y nu`letnr su `nrale qul
uen vlrdndlrn n`lenzn lxkstleckno. "Eulstrn kedustrkn ls le arne `ldkdn ue
cnedkdnth n slr trnesihr`ndh phr lo bohcjcmnke23", cheikr`ó Ekchons Rkvnrd,
glil dl keehvnckóe dl Lurhelxt Vnrks (lo hplrndhr ikenecklrh dl ons bhosns dl
vnohrls dl Vnràs, N`stlrdn` y Bruslons), durnetl lo ihrh pnron`letnrkh
bohcjcmnke. , lo 3 dl hctubrl pnsndh le on cnpktno irneclsn. "Le lo chrth ponzh, eh
lstn`hs le prhylcths dl trnesihr`nckóe dl on cndlen dl vnohr, skeh le
prhylcths dl `lghrn dl on likckleckn, che aneneckns phtlecknols dlo 36 no <6 phr
ckleth", dkgh. Tlean cukdndh che ohs qul oolaule tnrdl7 "Ohs ncthrls qul eh
ch`klecle dlsnpnrlclrîe", ndvkrtkó lo lxplrth. Vlrh nquloohs qul tklele on
ketlokaleckn pnrn ndnptnrsl prhbnbol`letl snodrîe ihrtnolckdhs dl lstn
trnesihr`nckóe. "Ohs bnechs dlble rlcheskdlrnr su `hdloh dl vnohr", nd`ktl
L``neulo @ëtmkvklr, prlskdletl dl CN Sthrl (Crëdkt Narkchol). No kauno qul
htrhs, eh lstî rlno`letl prlhcupndh phr lo iuturh dl ohs bnechs. "Vuldle
shbrlvkvkr lechetrnedh euaalts norldldhr dl on bohcjcmnke, phrqul skl`prl
mnbrî elclskdndls rlnols dl tlrclrhs cheiknbols Zkecoukdn on vlrkikcnckóe dl
kdletkdndP. Le lo Bktchke, phr lgl`poh, eh lrls t÷, skeh ue e÷`lrh, uen convl
prkvndn. Sk quklrh mnclr uen trnesilrleckn, noaukle puldl levknr`l uen convl
p÷bokcn inosn ", dkcl. Vhr oh tneth, on lcheh`àn slaukrî elclsktnedh n ohs
bnequlrhs.

Vrk`lrhs lxplrk`leths

Che curkhskdnd plrh ske `kldh, cnsk thdhs ohs bnechs, phr oh tneth, rlnokzne,
cndn ueh phr su culetn, kevlstkanckhels shbrl ons npokcnckhels dl on bohcjcmnke.
Lo dlpnrtn`leth dl keehvnckóe dl Crëdkt Narkchol, CN Sthrl, mn prhbndh uen
lxplrkleckn pkhelrn durnetl vnrkhs `lsls. "Ehs ketlrlsnbn on ehtnrkznckóe, ls
dlckr, lo rlakstrh dl keihr`nckóe shbrl on bohcjcmnke", dkcl L``neulo
@ëtmkvklr. "Trnbngn`hs
"Trnbngn`hs che dlsnrrhoond
d lsnrrhoondhrls
hrls dl npokcnckhels `óvkols, n quklels
sl ols pnan on cnetkdnd dl chelxkhels phr `ls le su npokcnckóe. Mnstn nmhrn,
euecn tuvk`hs ohs `ks`hs e÷`lrhs dl kekckh dl slskóe qul loohs. Nmhrn, ons
chelxkhels dl on npokcnckóe sl aunrdne le on bohcjcmnke dl Bktchke. Ohs
dlsnrrhoondhrls sl ols pnan dkrlctn`letl le Bktchkes ", dkcl. On lxplrkleckn
<<
rlsuotó bnstnetl checouyletl7 "Ons trnesncckhels sl rlakstrnrhe le prh`ldkh
le >6 `keuths, `kletrns lsplrîbn`hs qul durnsle `îs. Dklz `keuths dl
rltrnsh eh ls ue prhbol`n, snbkledh qul alelrno`letl ol pnan`hs n eulstrhs
dlsnrrhoondhrls
dlsnrrhoondhrls ue `ls ", dkcl.

Vnrnolon`letl n lsths lxplrk`leths nksondhs, `ucmhs ncthrls dlo slcthr

ikenecklrh sl mne uekdh le cheshrckhs pnrn uekr ohs chsths dl kevlstkanckóe,
nvneznr `îs rîpkdh y dlikekr lstîednrls y mlrrn`kletns ch`uels. Le ohs
Lstndhs \ekdhs, R3 lstî dlsnrrhoonedh su bohcjcmnke Chrdn prkvndh pnrn
trnesncckhels ketlrbnecnrkns. Le Irneckn, on kekckntkvn `îs k`phrtnetl ls
dkrkakdh phr lo CDC, qul rl÷el dlsdl prkeckpkhs dl 26><, 2< kestktuckhels
ikenecklrns le Onbcmnke ue bohcjcmnke ch`÷e Keehvntkhe Onb (kecouyledh
Crëdkt Narkchol, Nxn, BEV Vnrkbns, Bnech Vhst, BVCL ...). "Le Irneckn, lo
lchskstl`n ls plqulþh, phr oh qul iul ketlrlsnetl uekroh. Lsth tn`bkëe plr`ktl
narupnr ohs chsths dl hbslrvnckóe. Rîpkdn`letl prhpusk`hs n htrhs ncthrls
dlo ouanr qul sl uene n ehshtrhs y onezó Onbcmnke n prkeckpkhs dl 26><2< ",
dkcl Endkn Ikonok, qukle ch-alstkhen lo prhylcth le lo CDC. "Thdh lo `uedh
lstnbn l`plznedh n dnrsl culetn dl qul eh lrn k`phskbol qul iulrn uen
vlrdndlrn rlvhouckóe tlcehoóakcn, plrh pnrlcàn dkiàcko dl letledlr, thdhs
tleàn`hs ue bngh ekvlo dl chehck`kleth,
c hehck`kleth, phdràn slr rlolvnetl mnclr kevlstkanr
gueths29 ", rlculrdn Onurlet Blekcmhu dl Nxn Irnecl. Dlsdl ue lspnckh dl
ketlrcn`bkh y ch`pnrtkckóe le bohcjcmnke, Onbcmnke sl mn chevlrtkdh
arnduno`letl
arnduno`letl le ue onbhrnthrkh dl prhylcths checrlths. "Nenokzn`hs eulstrhs
lxplrk`leths, oh qul rlducl lo chsth dl ohs prhclshs le lglcuckóe, plrh
lsplckno`letl ons hphrtuekdndls dl eulvns hilrtns y slrvkckhs qul trnl on
bohcjcmnke", rlsu`l Endkn Ikonok. Ohs prhylcths `îs nvnezndhs mne oolandh n on
ltnpn dl prhthtkph (oon`ndn "phc" le lo `ldkh, ch`h prulbn dl checlpth, ls
dlckr, ue "skstl`n lxplrk`letno"). Mnstn nmhrn, Onbcmnke mn onezndh trls
"phcs"7 lo prk`lrh shbrl on sk`pokikcnckóe dl ohs prhcldk`kleths dl
kdletkikcnckóe dl cokletls, lo slauedh shbrl "anrnetàns" (anrnetàns dl
prëstn`hs)
prëstn`hs) y lo ÷otk`h shbrl slaurhs dl dliueckóe (pnrn nuth`ntkcl lo pnah y
sk`pokikqul ohs pnshs dl ohs in`koknrls).

Npokcnckhels bnecnrkns pnrn kedkvkduhs

kedkvkduhs

Le tër`kehs checrlths, ¸quë slrvkckhs bnecnrkhs rlno`letl lstîe skledh

trnesihr`ndhs phr on bohcjcmnke8 Ch`lecl`hs che ons npokcnckhels qul `îs
dkrlctn`letl checklrele n ons plrshens. Lo bohcjcmnke plr`ktkrî, le prk`lr
ouanr, lok`kenr, h cnsk, on ketlr`kenbol dhcu`letnckóe nd`kekstrntkvn qul sl
dlbl oolenr cndn vlz qul dlsll nbrkr uen culetn, uen póokzn dl slaurh dl vkdn
u hbtlelr ue prëstn`h dl ue bnech. Le on glran ketlr`ldkn, lstl chegueth dl
prhcldk`kleths pnrn hbtlelr keihr`nckóe dlo cokletl, olano`letl rlqulrkdh
<9
pnrn ohs rlqukskths netk onvndh dl dkelrh, sl oon`n J[C (Chehzcn n su cokletl).
Ndl`îs dlo CDC, qul iueckhen le su onbhrnthrkh Onbcmnke, `ucmns l`prlsns
dl eulvn crlnckóe y arnedls aruphs lstîe nbhrdnedh lstl tl`n. Lstl ls lo cnsh
dl on plpktn irneclsn Strntu`e. "Mhy, nbrkr uen culetn ls ue prhclsh `uy
plsndh. \eh phdràn k`nakenr uen shouckóe le on qul tledràn noa÷e tkph dl
tnrgltn dl kdletkdnd no`nclendn le lo bohcjcmnke. Cunedh nbrl phr prk`lrn vlz
uen culetn bnecnrkn, sl ol letrlan ue thjle lolctróekch qul prulbn qul su
kdletkdnd yn mn skdh vlrkikcndn. N chetkeunckóe, puldl utkokznr lstl thjle pnrn
nbrkr htrn culetn ", 21 suaklrl Irneáhks Dhroënes. [ lsth, kecoush le uen `nrcn
ch`pltkdhrn. "Kdlno`letl, dlblràn mnblr shoh ue `lrcndh J[C, ch`h
prhphel`hs", narlan. Le rlsu`le, sk noauen vlz nbrl uen culetn le lo Bnech
dl on hikcken phstno, qul rlnokzn ohs chetrhols elclsnrkhs, yn eh elclsktn
rlprhduckr lo `ks`h chegueth dl dhcu`leths cunedh shokcktn ue VLN le OCO h
ue slaurh dl vkdn le BEV Vnrkbns. KB@ Irnecl tn`bkëe onezó lo `ks`h leihqul,
che Crëdkt @utulo Nrjën, y dkh n chehclr ue prk`lr prhthtkph. "Lo bohcjcmnke
sl usnrî pnrn rnstrlnr thdhs ohs ch`prhbnetls qul ue cokletl mn levkndh n
cunoquklr letkdnd le lo aruph. Lsth sk`pokikcn ohs prhclshs nd`kekstrntkvhs
ketlrehs2= ", dkcl Oucn Ch`pnrkek dl KB@ Irnecl. Le ue slauedh pnsh, lo
prhylcth phdràn kr `îs nooî7 "Tlel`hs on kdln dl lxtledlr lstn rld n shckhs
lxtlrehs, phr lgl`poh, uen rld dl tkledns `kehrkstns, ue prhvlldhr dl
slrvkckhs dl Ketlrelt h on Hikcken Vhstno". ëo sl k`naken.

Vrëstn`h l kevlrskóe le bohcjcmnke

Lo bohcjcmnke tn`bkëe leculetrn ons prk`lrns npokcnckhels le ons dhs

nctkvkdndls trndkckhenols dl ohs bnechs, n ons qul kevktn n ons plrshens n
`lzconrsl7
`lzconrsl7 lo prëstn`h y on kevlrskóe.
k evlrskóe. On l`prlsn lstndhuekdlesl Cheslesys
mn dlsnrrhoondh ue prk`lr prhthtkph dl prëstn`h pnrtkckpntkvh le Ltmlrlu`7
LtmlrOhne. Su iuedndhr, Ghslpm Oubke, rlsu`l lo checlpth7 "K`naken qul
quklrh ch`prnr noah, ¸puldh hbtlelr ue `kcrhcrëdkth `kletrns lstîs le lo htrh
ondh dlo poneltn8 Cheslesys tn`bkëe lstî trnbngnedh le lo dlsnrrhooh dl uen
pontnihr`n dl crhwdiuedkea ske ketlr`ldknrkhs le Ltmlrlu`7 Qlkiued. Le lstn
zhen, ue prk`lr lxplrk`leth shedlh sl oolvó n cnbh le on prk`nvlrn dl 26>9.
Oon`ndh TmlDNH, uen "hranekznckóe nutóeh`n dlscletrnokzndn" (DNH) sl
push le `nrcmn 36 dl dl nbrko dl, 26>9, phr kekckntkvn dl dhs dl pulstn le
`nrcmn, lo Sohcj nol`îe. y Sukzn Bkty SN. Dkslþndh ch`h ue shitwnrl qul
cheskstl le ue chegueth dl chetrnths ketlokaletls (prharn`ns dl ch`putndhrn
qul nuth`ntkzne on lglcuckóe dl chetrnths) letrl ohs kevlrshrls, rlakstrndhs le
on bohcjcmnke Ltmlrlu`, TmlDNH qulràn ue ihedh dl kevlrskóe ske
nd`kekstrnckóe,
nd`kekstrnckóe, ahblrendh phr códkah nbklrth. iuletl, y sl suphel qul nphstnr
le prhylcths lolakdhs phr ohs ncckhekstns. On kekckntkvn iul rlckbkdn
rlck bkdn che ue phch
dl letuskns`h7 >>,666 ncckhekstns sl nprlsurnrhe n on rlcnudnckóe dl ihedhs
<1
le `nyh, trnyledh n Ltmlrs lo lqukvnoletl n uehs $ >9= `koohels. Le guekh,
mncjlrs eh kdletkikcndhs oharnrhe dlsvknr `îs dl $ <6 `koohels lscrkbkledh ue
códkah le lo bohcjcmnke dl Ltmlrlu`. Lo chetrntkl`ph mn cnusndh `ucmn tketn,
eh shoh phrqul lstn pkrntlràn mn pulsth le plokarh on slaurkdnd dl on bohcjcmnke
Ltmlrlu`, skeh tn`bkëe phrqul on shouckóe pnrn prhtlalr n ons vàctk`ns dl
irnudl mn skdh dlbntkdn7 on `nyhràn dl ohs usunrkhs dl Ltmlrlu` vhtó phr
rlarlsnr, cneclonr thdns ons trnesncckhels
trnesncckhels qul skauklrhe no mncj y rllscrkbkr lo
mksthrkno dl ons hplrnckhels dlsdl lo ÷otk`h bohqul qul prlcldkó n on
pubokcnckóe dlo códkah `nokckhsh. Che tno `nekhbrn, oon`ndn "tleldhr", lo
bohcjcmnke dl Ltmlrlu` plrdkó su cnrîctlr dl krrlvlrskbkokdnd, ue ntrkbuth
iuedn`letno
iuedn`letno dl ons bohcjcmnkes.

Stlpmne Tuno, ueh dl ohs chiuedndhrls dl Sohcj.kt qul lstuvh le lo hrkale dl

lstn dlsnihrtuendn lxplrkleckn, on`letn mnblr kdh dl`nskndh rîpkdh, ske
mnblr ponelndh ekeauen snovnaunrdn7 "Ch`h lo códkah, uen vlz rlakstrndh, ls
ke`utnbol, tledràn ue códkah dlo >66% ske lrrhr, plrh dlsnihrtuendn`letl
dlsnihrtuendn`letl eh
lxkstl. Vhdl`hs nclrcnrehs n ëo (ohs chmltls Nrknel h on ENSN tklele tnsns dl
lrrhr `uy bngns), plrh eh phdl`hs nocneznroh. Oh qul mnbràn snovndh lo CND,
ls prhphrckhenr ue skstl`n qul plr`ktn dlckr dltlelrsl sk mny ue prhbol`n,
cn`bknr lo códkah y rlkekcknr. Ls ch`h ons bkckcoltns dl ohs ekþhs. Le tnols
prhylcths dlscletrnokzndhs, prk`lrh dlbl`hs chohcnr plqulþns ruldns y
oulah lok`kenrons arnduno`letl.
arnduno`letl. Eh iul mlcmh phrqul eh lsplrîbn`hs tno ëxkth
le nbshouth36. "Le ÷otk`n kestneckn, Stlpmne Tuno eh nbnedhen on kdln dl
vhovlr n ketletnr on lxplrkleckn, che `îs cukdndh7" Ehs rlcuplrnrl`hs n
`ldkndhs dl 26>1, eh netls. Ylrl`hs le pnrtkcuonr cnshs "ske ikels dl oucrh".
Le ons hranekznckhels cnrktntkvns, lo DNH sl nslaurnràn dl qul ohs ihedhs lstëe
bkle vlrsndhs dhedl ustld dlsll. Lstn ls on vletngn dlo DNH7 thdhs puldle
vhtnr shbrl on nskaenckóe dl ihedhs, n on noturn dl oh qul kevklrtl. Ls dl`hcrnckn
dkrlctn. "

Le Irneckn, lo crhwdiuedkea le lo bohcjcmnke tn`bkëe sl lstî dlsnrrhoonedh,

plrh dl uen `nelrn `ucmh `îs le`nrcndn
le`nrcndn y slaurn. N ikels dl `nrzh dl 26>9,
durnetl on tlrclrn rluekóe dl ikenecknckóe pnrtkckpntkvn, lo @kekstrh dl
Lcheh`àn dl on ëphcn, L``neulo @ncrhe, nuthrkzó lo lxplrk`leth pkhelrh dl
ons `kekbhes7 noauehs tkphs dl bhehs l`ktkdhs phr py`ls pnrn ikenecknrsl y
qul phdràne slroh. ketlrcn`bkndh le ue bohcjcmnke. Lo hbgltkvh ls dlsnrrhoonr
lo crhwdiuedkea dl py`ls che htrns l`prlsns h kedkvkduhs. Slks `lsls
dlspuës, n `ldkndhs dl slptkl`brl, lo bnech BEV Vnrkbns neueckó lo dlsnrrhooh
dl uen prk`lrn bohcjcmnke dldkcndn n ohs `kekbhhes, le nshcknckóe che ons
stnrt-ups irneclsns Lelrikp, Oledhspmlrl y Ou`h.

Rlonckhels `îs likckletls letrl bnechs h letrl bnechs y l`prlsns

<=
Iulrn dl J[C, ohs prëstn`hs y on kevlrskóe pnrtkckpntkvn, mny `ucmns htrns
npokcnckhels bohcjcmnke le ons ikenezns qul sl cletrne le ons rlonckhels letrl
bnechs, letrl bnechs y letrl bnechs. . Lo kevlrshr sukzh Ekchons Stlkelr,
chiuedndhr dlo nclolrndhr dl pulstn le `nrcmn ikenecklrn Olvlo 3; le Ohedrls,
culetn no `lehs che slks îrlns (ske chetnr lo pnah) le ons qul lo bohcjcmnke
plr`ktkrî n ohs ncthrls ikenecklrhs rlduckr ohs chsths y `lghrnr lo likckleckn.
"Vrk`lrh, on sk`pokikcnckóe dl ons hplrnckhels7 lo bohcjcmnke lok`ken ohs
lsiulrzhs pnrn rlnokznr checkoknckhels (ls dlckr, nslaurnr qul sl rlakstrle ohs
`ks`hs `heths le on chetnbkokdnd dl on l`prlsn y on culetn le lo bnech).
Oulah, on `lghrn dl on rlauonckóe7 dn on phskbkokdnd n ons nuthrkdndls dl
suplrvkskóe dl `hekthrlnr le tkl`ph rlno ons hplrnckhels nooà rlakstrndns.
Tn`bkëe lxkstl ue ketlrës le on rlducckóe dlo rklsah dl chetrnpnrtl7 che lo
bohcjcmnke, on trnesncckóe ls slaurn, eh mny elclskdnd dl cheiknr le lo htrh.
Oulah, le tër`kehs dl okqukdnckóe dl okqukdnckóe7 eh `îs elclskdnd dl
ketlr`ldknrkhs
ketlr`ldknrkhs qul vlrkikqule on vnokdnckóe dl ons trnesncckhels (phr lgl`poh,
Swkit lstî le arne plokarh). ^uketh nsplcth7 on alstkóe dlo cnpktno y on okqukdlz,
qul lo bohcjcmnke dnrî `ucmn `îs trnespnrleckn (iul ueh dl ohs arnedls
prhbol`ns dl on crksks dl 266=, eh mn `lghrndh `ucmh mnstn lo `h`leth).
Ikeno`letl,
Ikeno`letl, on `kek`kznckóe dlo irnudl, phrqul lo bohcjcmnke plr`ktl hbslrvnr
thdn on mksthrkn dl ons hplrnckhels, su hrkale y su dlstkeh3>.
d lstkeh3>. "

[n sl mne onezndh prhylcths checrlths, phr lgl`poh le lo ekcmh dl okqukdnckóe

dl trnesncckhels ketlrenckhenols letrl bnechs h letrl l`prlsns, le lo qul sl
mn phskckhendh on eulvn l`prlsn Rkppol (qul onezó on tlrclrn `nyhr
bohcjcmnke le tër`kehs dl cnpktnokznckóe le on nctunokdnd). . Sla÷e ue keihr`l
dl on naleckn cnokikcndhrn @hhdy's, "Rkppol mn crlndh ue prhthchoh dl pnah y
uen rld dl ketlrcn`bkh che ue skstl`n dl cheslesh `ucmh `îs rîpkdh qul
Bktchke l ketrhdugh su prhpkn crkpth`heldn,
crkpth`heldn, ]RV. Z...P @ucmhs bnechs `uedknols
k`phrtnetls sl mne nshckndh che Rkppol pnrn `lghrnr sus slrvkckhs dl pnahs
ketlrenckhenols
ketlrenckhenols Z`îs dl >< mnstn lo `h`leth, kecoukdhs Snetnedlr, \ekCrldkt,
Bnej hi N`lrkcn y \BSP 32 ". Lo slrvkckh yn sl mn utkokzndh che ëxkth. Le guekh
dl 26>9, skltl bnechs prkeckpnols rlnokznrhe ohs prk`lrhs pnahs
trnesirhetlrkzhs che `heldn dkaktno ]RV, oh qul plr`ktkó on okqukdnckóe cnsk
kestnetîeln
kestnetîeln dl trnesncckhels qul mnbàne tnrdndh vnrkhs dàns le ikenokznr33.

Le lo îrln dl ohs `lrcndhs dl cnpktnols, lo hplrndhr dl on Bhosn dl Ynohrls dl

Eulvn [hrj, lo Ensdnq, tn`bkëe mn ch`lezndh n utkokznr lo bohcjcmnke pnrn on
vletn dl vnohrls eh chtkzndhs. On prk`lrn trnesncckóe sl oolvó n cnbh le
dkckl`brl dl 26><, lxpokcn lo keihr`l dl @hhdy's7 "Ensdnq mn dlsnrrhoondh, le
chonbhrnckóe che on cndlen dl onezn`kleth, uen bohcjcmnke, Ensdnq Okeq, pnrn
ketlrcn`bknr ncckhels dl ch`pnþàns eh chtkzndns. Le dkckl`brl dl 26><, ue
l`kshr, le lstl cnsh Cmnke, rlnokzó uen prk`lrn trnesncckóe dl slaurkdnd
<;
lxkthsn che ue kevlrshr le on bohcjcmnke Ensdnq Okeq. Lo tàtuoh dl prhpkldnd sl
dkaktnokzó, lo tkl`ph dl okqukdnckóe dl on trnesncckóe sl rldugh
skaekikcntkvn`letl y sl lok`keó lo rlqukskth dl clrtkikcndh le pnplo pnrn ons
ncckhels34. \en mksthrkn dl ëxkth qul mn skdh bkle rlckbkdn phr on ch`pnþàn7
"Bohcjcmnke tklel lo phtleckno dl rlduckr lo tkl`ph dl okqukdnckóe dl
trnesncckhels y on lxphskckóe no rklsah le ohs `lrcndhs dl cnpktno mnstn le ue
;; phr ckleth", ch`letó lo ch`uekcndh dl prlesn dl Ensdnq. neuecknedh on
hplrnckóe.

Le uen nctkvkdnd ch`pnrnbol, on elahcknckóe (lo ketlrcn`bkh dl vnohrls

chtkzndhs), Bohcjcmnke ls utkokzndn phr Bnrconys Bnej pnrn nclolrnr y
nuth`ntkznr on burhcrnckn, rlduckr lo chsth y lo rklsah dl lrrhr h irnudl. On
kestktuckóe brktîekcn mn chonbhrndh che on eulvn l`prlsn Qnvl, qul mn
dlsnrrhoondh ue skstl`n pnrn dls`ntlrknokznr thdn on dhcu`letnckóe qul
nch`pnþn n ons hplrnckhels ikenecklrns. N prkeckpkhs dl slptkl`brl dl 26>9,
Bnrconys y Stnrt-up Qnvl rlakstrnrhe on prk`lrn trnesncckóe dl ch`lrckh
ikenecklrh ketlrenckheno le on mksthrkn le uen bohcjcmnke. Thdn on
dhcu`letnckóe qul nch`pnþn n on trnesncckóe, letrl Hreun y Slycmlools
Trndkea Ch`pney, sl nd`kekstró le on pontnihr`n Qnvl. "Nctuno`letl, ons
trnesncckhels dl lstl tkph n `leudh kevhoucrne n ue arne e÷`lrh dl
pnrtkckpnetls
pnrtkckpnetls le dkilrletls gurksdkcckhels le thdh lo `uedh, oh qul sl trnducl
le `ucmhs dhcu`leths pnrn oolenr, ikr`nr y levknr. Lo eulvh skstl`n Qnvl
bnsndh le bohcjcmnke utkokzn tlcehohaàn dl rlakstrh dlscletrnokzndh pnrn
anrnetkznr qul thdns ons pnrtls dlo chetrnth puldne vlr, trnesilrkr y trnes`ktkr
dhcu`leths n trnvës dl uen rld slaurn y dlscletrnokzndn, oh qul mncl qul lo
ch`lrckh ketlrenckheno sln `îs likckletl. Lstl eulvh skstl`n phdràn nclolrnr
ons trnesncckhels, rlduckr ohs chsths pnrn ons l`prlsns dl thdh lo `uedh y
rlduckr lo rklsah dl irnudl nd`kekstrntkvh ", dkgh ue ch`uekcndh
c h`uekcndh dl Bnrconys.

Vhr ÷otk`h, on ch`pnþàn Ensdnq oolvó n cnbh ue lxplrk`leth iructàilrh pnrn

chesuotnr `lghr n ohs ncckhekstns7 n prkeckpkhs dl ilbrlrh dl 26>9, neueckó qul
mnbàn dlsnrrhoondh ue skstl`n dl vhtnckóe lolctróekch slaurh bnsndh le
bohcjcmnke pnrn ohs tktuonrls dl ncckhels dl ch`pnþàns qul chtkzne le on Bhosn
dl Tnooke, le Lsthekn. On nutletkcnckóe dl vhtnetls lstî anrnetkzndn phr lo
skstl`n dl tnrgltn dl kdletkdnd dkaktno qul lxkstl le lstl pnàs bîotkch le lo
lxtrl`h ehrlstl dl Lurhpn. Lo bohcjcmnke, phr su cnrîctlr dlscletrnokzndh,
plr`ktl anrnetkznr on iknbkokdnd dl ue vhth lolctróekch7 le uen leculstn
lolctróekcn chevleckheno, thdhs ohs vhths sl rlchale le ue slrvkdhr cletrno,
dhedl lstîe n `lrcld dl qukle tklel lo slrvkdhr h lo slrvkdhr. dl ue pkrntn
keihr`îtkch. Che lo bohcjcmnke, sl rlakstrne le on rld, sl rlakstrne le cndn ehdh
y eh sl puldle notlrnr (no kauno qul uen trnesncckóe vnokdndn le lo bohcjcmnke
yn eh sl puldl lok`kenr). Vnrn Ensdnq, hirlclr ue vhth lolctróekch slaurh n ohs
ncckhekstns plr`ktkrî ketlrcn`bkhs `ucmh `îs ioukdhs letrl quklels she
96
dulþhs dl on l`prlsn y quklels on nd`kekstrne. "No mnclr qul on vhtnckóe
lolctróekcn sln `îs likckletl y slaurn, lstl skstl`n bnsndh le bohcjcmnke
puldl dnr n ohs ncckhekstns `îs phdlr y ch`prh`ltlrohs `lghr", ch`letó ue
ch`uekcndh dl on ch`pnþàn.
c h`pnþàn.

NTN^\L DL CHETNDHRLS DL BNECHS CLETRNOLS

Hrkakeno`letl, ons crkpth`heldns ch`h Bktchke sl dkslþnrhe ch`h `heldns

dkaktnols ske bnechs cletrnols, l`ktkdns phr on vnokdnckóe dl trnesncckhels le on
rld. Vhr pnrndógkch qul puldn pnrlclr, noauehs bnechs cletrnols (ch`h ohs dl
Keaontlrrn,
Keaontlrrn, Sulckn, Cnendî, Cmken h Skeanpur) lstîe `uy ketlrlsndhs le lsths y
sus skstl`ns dl bohcjcmnke. (qul tn`bkëe oon`ne "rlakstrhs dkstrkbukdhs"),
trntnedh dl ndnptnroh pnrn prlslrvnr su pnplo. "Ohs nsplcths `heltnrkhs dl ons
`heldns lolctróekcns
lolctróekcns prkvndns Zch`h Bktchke h LtmlrP eh she dlslnbols dlsdl
lo pueth dl vkstn dl ohs ihr`uondhrls dl phoàtkcns, plrh on keehvnckóe
rlprlsletndn phr tnols skstl`ns dl pnah ls ketlrlsnetl. Ls k`phrtnetl
leintkznr qul lsths dhs nsplcths dl ons `heldns lolctróekcns prkvndns she
dkstkeths7 slràn tëcekcn`letl inctkbol k`pol`letnr ue skstl`n dl pnah
dkstrkbukdh no lstkoh dl Bktchke, qul, ske l`bnrah, usnràn uen `heldn
trndkckheno3= ", nrau`letn Ghme Bnrrdlnr. @kcmnlo Ju`mhi, dhs lcheh`kstns
dlo Bnech dl Keaontlrrn, le ue nrtàcuoh dl kevlstkanckóe pubokcndh le guokh dl
26>9. Mne k`nakendh nsà ue skstl`n enckheno dl dkelrh lolctróekch, crlndh phr
ue bnech cletrno plrh qul hplrn le ue skstl`n dl rlakstrh dkstrkbukdh. Lstl
dkelrh lolctróekch slrvkràn ch`h ue ch`pol`leth y notlrentkvn n ohs dlpóskths
bnecnrkhs trndkckhenols
trndkckhenols (lo dóonr, lo lurh h lo l-bhhj irhtnràne sus lqukvnoletls
iàskchs). Sla÷e ohs cîocuohs dl ohs dhs lxplrths, sk lo sthcj dl dkelrh lolctróekch
rlprlsletn lo 36% dlo VKB (l`ktkdh n cn`bkh dl uen cnetkdnd lqukvnoletl dl
bhehs dlo ahbklreh), tno skstl`n plr`ktkràn ue crlck`kleth dlo 3% dlo VKB,
arnckns n " on rlducckóe dl ohs tkphs dl ketlrës rlnols, ons dksthrskhels dl ohs
ekvlols k`phsktkvhs y ohs chsths dl trnesncckóe `heltnrkn ". @lghr n÷e7
chetrkbukràn n on lstnbkokznckóe dl on lcheh`àn, "hthranedh n ohs ahblrendhrls
uen slauedn mlrrn`kletn pnrn oolvnr n cnbh sus phoàtkcns no chetrhonr lo prlckh
h on cnetkdnd dl dkelrh lolctróekch l`ktkdh", lscrkble ohs nuthrls. Ske l`bnrah,
mnbràn uen dlsvletngn7 "Lxkstle vlrdndlrns prlhcupnckhels shbrl có`h
nd`kekstrnr ndlcundn`letl ohs rklsahs nshckndhs che on trneskckóe n ue
rëak`le `heltnrkh y ikenecklrh dkilrletl", dkglrhe Ghme Bnrrdlnr y @kcmnlo
Ju`mhi.

Le lo htrh ondh dlo poneltn, ohs kevlstkandhrls dlo bnech cletrno dl Cmken
(tn`bkëe chehckdh ch`h lo Bnech Vhpuonr dl Cmken) lstîe trnbngnedh le lo
`ks`h tl`n. Le Cmken, Bktchke ls ue ëxkth lxpheleckno7 letrl lo > dl `nyh y lo
> dl hctubrl dl 26>9, lo pnàs mn checletrndh cnsk lo ;<% dlo ch`lrckh `uedkno
9>
dl Bktchke (le sus trls pontnihr`ns dh`kenetls,
dh`kenetls, HJChke, Muhbk y Btccmken3;).
Le 26>3, su ush phr ons kestktuckhels ikenecklrns mnbàn skdh prhmkbkdh phr lo
bnech cletrno, plrh le vkstn dlo crlckletl ëxkth dl Bktchke, lo Bnech Vhpuonr dl
Cmken onezó no nþh skaukletl ue aruph dl lxplrths pnrn lxpohrnr ohs blelikckhs
dl ons `heldns. y dkslþnr su crkpth`heldn shblrnen (ls dlckr, l`ktkdn y
chetrhondn phr lo bnech cletrno). "Lo dlsnrrhooh dl ue prhthtkph lstî le
prharlsh", cheikr`ó [nh ^kne, lo dkrlcthr dl lstl lqukph dl kevlstkanckóe, n
`ldkndhs dl ehvkl`brl dl 26>9 le uen letrlvkstn che Smneamnk Slcurktkls
Elws.

Noauehs bnechs cletrnols yn mne ch`lezndh n lxplrk`letnr che tnols skstl`ns.

N `ldkndhs dl ehvkl`brl dl 26>9, lo dl Skeanpur sl chevkrtkó le lo prk`lrh
le neuecknr hikckno`letl on crlnckóe dl su prhpkn `heldn dkaktno. Lsth sl
prhbnrî le ue skstl`n dl pnah ketlrbnecnrkh
k etlrbnecnrkh bohcjcmnke (le nshcknckóe che on
bhosn dl vnohrls ohcno y htrhs hcmh bnechs). "Lo hbgltkvh ls sk`pokikcnr lo
prhclsh dl pnah y rlduckr ohs chsths dl trnesncckóe", neueckó 4> lo dkrlcthr dl
on kestktuckóe, Rnvk @lehe, sla÷e Bohh`blra. N `ldkndhs dl guekh, lo Bnech
Cletrno dl Cnendî yn mnbàn onezndh, dl `nelrn `îs dkscrltn, uen kekckntkvn
sk`konr, rlvloó ue nrtàcuoh dl on rlvkstn lstndhuekdlesl Ihrbls42. Lo Bnech dl
Cnendî mn oolvndh n cnbh uen kevlstkanckóe shbrl on crlnckóe dl uen vlrskóe
lolctróekcn dlo dóonr cnendklesl le lo bohcjcmnke (lo "Cnd-Chke"), qul sl
utkokznràn le trnesncckhels letrl kestktuckhels ikenecklrns (le chonbhrnckóe che
lo cheshrckh). R3). Le Sulckn, on vkclahblrendhrn dlo Bnech dl Sulckn, Clckokn
Sjkeasoly, mnboó dl ue prhylcth `îs n`bkckhsh7 on crlnckóe dl "l-chrhens"
(vlrskóe lolctróekcn dl on `heldn sulcn), utkokznbol phr lo p÷bokch le alelrno
le lstl pnàs. dhedl cnsk thdns ons trnesncckhels yn lstîe okqukdndns
lolctróekcn`letl, `ldknetl tnrgltn bnecnrkn (lo oàqukdh sl mn vuloth cnsk
hbsholth). "¸Vrheth tledrl`hs chrhens lolctróekcns le eulstrn bkooltlrn
lolctróekcn, che tnetn enturnokdnd ch`h nmhrn tlel`hs oàqukdh le eulstrn
bkooltlrn8 @kletrns `lehs sulchs usle bkooltls y `heldns, `îs pnrlcl conrh
qul lo bnech cletrno dl Sulckn tklel qul prlauetnrsl sk tklel qul l`ktkr ue
dkelrh lolctróekch ndl`îs dl on `heldn qul usn`hs mhy le dàn ", dkgh Clckokn
Sjkeasoly 43 le lsl `h`leth. uen cheilrleckn iketlcm clolbrndn le Lsthcho`h
lo `kërchols >9 dl ehvkl`brl.

Lstl letuskns`h kekckno lstî olghs dl slr ch`pnrtkdh le on sldl dlo Bnech
Cletrno Lurhplh (BCL), dhedl on dlscheiknezn n÷e dh`ken bohcjcmnkes y
crkpth`heldns.
crkpth`heldns. On ehtn l`ktkdn lo >2 dl hctubrl dl 26>9 phr lo prlskdletl dlo
BCL, @nrkh Drnamk, prulbn qul7 "Lo BCL rlchehcl qul ohs nvnecls tlcehoóakchs
phskbols arnckns n ohs rlakstrhs dkstrkbukdhs qul subyncle n `ldkhs dl pnah
notlrentkvhs, ch`h ons `heldns vkrtunols, tklele lo cnpnckdnd pnrn nu`letnr on
likckleckn, lo nocnecl y on dkvlrskdnd dl ohs `ëthdhs dl pnah y trnesilrleckn.
Vlrh ohs olaksondhrls lurhplhs dlble tlelr cukdndh dl eh prh`hvlr lo ush dl
92
`heldns dkaktnols prkvndns ch`h ue `ldkh dl pnah notlrentkvh, yn qul eh she
`heldns olano`letl hikcknols h `ldkhs dl pnah l`ktkdhs phr ohs bnechs
cletrnols u htrns nuthrkdndls p÷bokcns44 . Lo prlskdletl dlo BCL oulah leu`lrn
uen slrkl dl prhbol`ns ponetlndhs phr ons `heldns vkrtunols7 prk`lrh, "on
vhontkokdnd nshckndn n ons `heldns vkrtunols, qul ls `îs notn qul ons dl ons
`heldns l`ktkdns phr ohs bnechs cletrnols", oulah "ohs prhpkltnrkhs dl on
`heldn vkrtuno eh anrnetkzn qul puldne cn`bknron le lo iuturh phr bklels,
slrvkckhs h uen `heldn olano ", ikeno`letl"
ikeno`letl" sk ohs ncthrls lcheó`kchs tuvklrne
`îs prhbnbkokdndls dl cheiknr le ons `heldns vkrtunols, lsth phdràn le
prkeckpkh culstkhene lo chetrho dl ohs bnechs cletrnols shbrl on cnetkdnd dl
dkelrh dksphekbol, che rklsahs pnrn on lstnbkokdnd dl prlckhs. Le rlsu`le, lo
BCL eh quklrl plrdlr lo chetrho dl on `heldn lurhpln.

Ons `heldns vkrtunols phdràne dl mlcmh shcnvnr lo `hehphokh dl on kestktuckóe

shbrl on `heldn dl on zhen dlo lurh y plr`ktkr qul noauehs pnàsls `kl`brhs
sl okblrle pnrckno`letl dl ons ehr`ns y rlstrkcckhels lstnbolckdns phr lo BCL
(lsplckno`letl prlsupulstnrkh). Lrn on kdln dl ue hphskthr ilrhz dlo BCL, lo
thr`lethsh lcheh`kstn arklah [neks Ynrhuinjks. Le ilbrlrh dl 26>4, ue nþh
netls dl chevlrtkrsl le `kekstrh dl Ikenezns dl Arlckn, le on kzquklrdn rndkcno
dl Syrkzn, [neks Ynrhuinjks `leckheó le su boha on phskbkokdnd, pnrn ohs pnàsls
dlo sur dl on zhen lurh, dl "crlnr su prhpkh skstl`n dl pnah, anrnetkzndh phr
k`pulsths iuturhs y dleh`kendh le lurhs. Z...P Vhdràne usnr ue noahrkt`h dl
Bktchke pnrn crlnr ue skstl`n trnespnrletl y likckletl ske chsth dl trnesncckóe.
Lo lcheh`kstn mnbàn oon`ndh n lstn eulvn `heldn IT-Chke (phr "k`pulsths
iuturhs"). Checouyó sus rliolxkhels7 "Lo dkslþh dl Bktchke sl puldl utkokznr dl
ihr`n rletnbol pnrn nyudnr n ohs pnàsls dl on zhen dlo lurh n crlnr ue skstl`n
dl pnah lolctróekch le lurhs, qul ols nyudl, no `lehs le lo `ldkneh ponzh, n
suplrnr on nsikxkn dl ons prlskhels dlionckhekstns "k`pulstns phr ons rlaons dl
on zhen dlo lurh". On IT-Chke euecn oolaó n lxkstkr. Vlrh lstn kdln
k dln ls uen prulbn
dl qul on bohcjcmnke ls uen mlrrn`kletn qul puldl slrvkr pnrn vkskhels
phoàtkcns rndkcno`letl hpulstns n slr utkokzndns phr ohs bnechs cletrnols, nsà
ch`h phr nquloohs qul quklrle l`neckpnrsl dl su tutlon.

@\T\NOLS DLSCLETRNOKWNDHS [ SLA\RH N\TH@ÎTKCH

On kedustrkn dl slaurhs ls uen dl ons `îs ketlrlsndns le on tlcehohaàn

bohcjcmnke. Vnrn ons nslaurndhrns y sus cokletls, tklel vnrkns vletngns. Lo
prk`lrh ls on trnespnrleckn7 plr`ktl on crlnckóe dl rlakstrhs dl dnths qul
puldle slr chesuotndhs phr ons dkstketns pnrtls y eh puldle slr `hdkikcndhs,
dhedl sl puldle rlakstrnr ons chedkckhels chetrnctunols y lo mksthrkno dl
dlconrnckhels dl rlcon`nckhels y rlcon`nckhels. Lo slauedh ls on
nuth`ntkznckóe dl ohs rll`bhoshs, arnckns n ohs chetrnths ketlokaletls
93
kearlsndhs le ue bohcjcmnke, qul anrnetkzne lo pnah ke`ldknth dl uen cklrtn
su`n sk hcurrl ue ncckdletl y ls dltlctndh phr ue sleshr chelctndh qul nctkvn
on hplrnckóe. Ikeno`letl, le tlhràn, on bohcjcmnke phdràn kecoush plr`ktkr on
dlsketlr`ldknckóe
dlsketlr`ldknckóe dlo slaurh `ldknetl on chestktuckóe dl nutëetkcns `utulools
chalstkhendns phr ohs `kl`brhs (h dl ue slaurh dl kauno n kauno), dl nculrdh
che ons rlaons rlakstrndns le ohs chetrnths ketlokaletls. [n eh ls elclsnrkh qul
ue aruph `utunokstn anrnetkcl on rlcnudnckóe dl ons chetrkbuckhels y lo pnah
dl ohs rll`bhoshs le ons chedkckhels lstnbolckdns7 thdh sl alstkhenràn dl ihr`n
trnespnrletl
trnespnrletl y nuth`îtkcn le lo bohcjcmnke. Eh pklesl qul sl trntn dl inetnsàns7
thdhs lsths cnshs dl ush she hbglth dl kevlstkanckhels y lxplrkleckns, `uy
checrltns, dl ohs dlpnrtn`leths dl pulstn le `nrcmn l keehvnckóe dl ons
prkeckpnols nslaurndhrns, thdhs chevleckdhs dl qul lo bohcjcmnke nbrkrî uen
eulvn pîaken le lo slcthr.

Ch`pnrtkr dl ihr`n slaurn ohs dnths nslaurndhs

Le tër`kehs dl trnespnrleckn dl dnths, Bol`, qul sl lsplcknokzn le skstl`ns

keihr`îtkchs pnrn rlnslaurndhrns, onezó ue prhducth qul utkokzn bohcjcmnke
pnrn rlnokznr ue slauk`kleth dl thdns ons rlcon`nckhels
rlcon`nckhels dl ohs cokletls. Tklel
uen vletngn pnrn ons nslaurndhrns, n quklels hirlcl ue skstl`n sk`pol qul
anrnetkzn on trnznbkokdnd dl thdhs ohs lvleths rlonckhendhs che dlsnstrls qul
tklele qul leirletnr. No ch`pnrtkr lstl rlakstrh ch`÷e, ons nslaurndhrns y
rlnslaurndhrns puldle dkvkdkr ohs chsths letrl loons 49, slþnon ue nrtàcuoh le
lo Ikeneckno Tk`ls. Vlrh lo slrvkckh tn`bkëe ls ketlrlsnetl pnrn lo nslaurndh,
phr oh qul noauehs nslaurne qul on nslaurndhrn eh puldl cn`bknr ohs dnths
qul mne kearlsndh le sus rlcon`hs. On alstkóe dl dnths, nslaurndn le
bohcjcmnke, phdràn dnr hrkale n eulvhs `hdlohs ch`lrcknols. "On kedustrkn dl
slaurhs sl vlrî skaekikcntkvn`letl nilctndn phr on niouleckn dl dnths alelrndhs
phr ohs hbglths chelctndhs. Ons ch`pnþàns dl slaurhs phdràne hirlclr n ohs
chesu`kdhrls `lghrls prlckhs sk ols plr`ktle utkokznr ohs dnths ", suaklrl lo
lxplrth ikeonedës le tlcehohaàn ikenecklrn, Ekchons Stlkelr. "K`nakel`hs qul
vkvh le Ohedrls y lsthy le Irneckn. Noqukoh ue nuth y th`h ue slaurh. Le lo
bohcjcmnke, on nslaurndhrn phdràn tlelr ncclsh n `k keihr`nckóe dl `nelgh le
Ohedrls. Lo bohcjcmnke hirlclràn lethecls uen ihr`n dl trnesilrkr `ks dnths
plrshenols le tkl`ph rlno dl ihr`n slaurn, rlspltnedh on prkvnckdnd dl ohs
usunrkhs41 ", slþnon.

Vrheth slaurh nuth`îtkch

Vlrh ls shbrl thdh le lo checlpth dl nuth`ntkznckóe dl on póokzn dl slaurh y lo

rll`bhosh qul sl mne oolvndh n cnbh keeu`lrnbols prhylcths. "Nmhrn mny
94
vnrkhs cnshs dl ush dl on nuth`ntkznckóe, dhedl lo slaurh sl rlauon dl nculrdh
che uen cklrtn cnetkdnd dl keihr`nckóe qul rlckbl", slþnon lo chesuothr Ërkc
Oëvy-Blecmlthe, lsplcknokstn dl on bohcjcmnke le Jlyrus. "Th`l`hs ch`h
lgl`poh lo slaurh dl vkngl", chetke÷n. "Mny chetrnths qul eh cubrle cklrtns
ckudndls h îrlns Zcheskdlrndns plokarhsns, phr lgl`pohP. Che ohs tloëihehs
ketlokaletls,
ketlokaletls, phdl`hs snblr n dóedl vne thdhs. Vhr oh tneth, phdràn`hs tlelr
ue slaurh dkrlctn`letl lvnoundh dl nculrdh che lo rklsah dlo ouanr n dhedl
vnyn`hs. "On suscrkpckóe sl nclolrnrî y inckoktnrî, narlan Ekchons Stlkelr7" Che
`k tloëiheh, puldh mnclr cokc pnrn nslaurnr`l dl qul pnsnrîe trls dàns, cnsk le
tkl`ph rlno, sk vkngh n noa÷e ouanr ", suaklrl. Htrh lgl`poh7 alstkóe dl rlcon`hs.
"Le rlcon`hs sk`pols, phdl`hs cnpturnr keihr`nckóe iîcko`letl y pnanr no
nslaurndh oh nchrdndh le lo chetrnth. Vhr lgl`poh, le lo cnsh dl ue narkcuothr
qul nslaurl chetrn lo sho dl`nskndh iulrtl h phr lo chetrnrkh eh sln oh
suikckletl`letl k`phrtnetl, phdràn`hs tlelr ue chetrnth ketlokaletl
nuth`îtkch qul vlrkikqul che ue tlrclrh dl cheiknezn, oon`ndh "hrîcuoh" ", Ons
chedkckhels cok`îtkcns (@ëtëh Irnecl le lstl cnsh)", k`naken Ërkc Oëvy-
Blecmlthe.

Arnedls aruphs ch`h Nxn, Nooknez l KB@ mne lstndh trnbngnedh le ohs ÷otk`hs
`lsls le lstns phskbkokdndls dl nuth`ntkznckóe. "Ehs ketlrlsn", cheikr`n
Onurlet Blekcmhu, Dkrlcthr dl Keehvnckóe y Vrhsplctkvn dl Nxn. "\eh phdràn
vlr ohs cnshs le qul on suscrkpckóe phdràn slr sk`pol y dhedl on vlrkikcnckóe dl
on rlcon`nckóe phdràn mnclrsl nuth`îtkcn`letl, ske qul on plrshen qul mnyn
sncndh lo chetrnth tlean qul dnr lo pnsh. Lo chesu`kdhr
c hesu`kdhr slràn rll`bhosndh ske
skquklrn mnclr ue rlcon`h ", dkcl. Vnrn ueh dl sus cokletls, ohs lqukphs
lquk phs dl KB@
Irnecl mne dlsnrrhoondh ue prhthtkph dldkcndh n ohs narkcuothrls7
"K`naken`hs ue slaurh qul ohs ch`plesnràn le cnsh dl ue dlsnstrl
enturno<6", dkcl Oucn Ch`pnrkek, lo alrletl dl bohcjcmnke dl KB@ Irnecl. "\e
chetrnth ketlokaletl lglcutnràn on ch`plesnckóe, y sl nctkvnràn shbrl on bnsl dl
on keihr`nckóe prhvkstn phr sleshrls le lo suloh h phr ue hrîcuoh. Le lo
lxplrk`leth
lxplrk`leth dl KB@, lo Hrncol lolakdh iul Qlntmlr Cmneelo, on keirnlstructurn
dl dnths `ltlhrhoóakchs `îs arnedl dlo `uedh (ndqukrkdn phr KB@ le hctubrl
dl 26><). "Vhr oh tneth, phdl`hs rlcuplrnr keihr`nckóe shbrl ons
prlckpktnckhels ubkcndns le ue tlrrkthrkh, le lo lspnckh y lo tkl`ph, y oulah
prhphrckhenr uen rlspulstn bkenrkn Zsà h ehP qul dlslecndlen lo chetrnth
ketlokaletl", dkcl Oucn Ch`pnrkek. Lo akanetl dl slaurhs nol`îe, Nooknez,
tn`bkëe sl cletró le ohs dlsnstrls enturnols y onezó le guekh dl 26>9 "Nooknez
Rksj Trnesilr", le nshcknckóe che Elpmkon7 ue prhducth bohcjcmnke dldkcndh n
ohs kevlrshrls lxpulsths n ohs rklsahs dl ohs dlsnstrls enturnols.

Lstl tkph dl slaurh nuth`îtkch, oon`ndh slaurh pnrn`ëtrkch, lxkstàn netls dl

on bohcjcmnke, slþnon Onurlet Blekcmhu, Nxn, qukle hptó phr eh leihcnrsl le on
narkcuoturn, dl`nskndh ch`polgh pnrn alstkhenr7 "`hvkokzn uen arne cnetkdnd
9<
dl dnths, y eh ls iîcko tlelr keihr`nckóe prhvkstn phr ue hrîcuoh, oh
suikckletl`letl prlcksn y cheiknbol pnrn nctkvnr ue pnah ", dkcl. Vhr oh tneth,
Nxn lstnbn `îs ketlrlsndh le htrhs ushs dlo slaurh pnrn`ëtrkch, `îs sk`pol.
"Vhr lgl`poh, on dl`hrn dlo slaurh dlo nvkóe", lxpokcn Onurlet Blekcmhu, qul
cktn lo prhthtkph Kesurltm, bnsndh le lo bohcjcmnke Ltmlrlu`. "Lstl slrvkckh sl
chelctn n uen bnsl dl dnths dl ohs tkl`phs rlnols dl nrrkbh dl on nlrhenvl.
Oulah, ch`pnrn`hs che lo tkl`ph tlórkch dl oolandn, dlduck`hs lo ekvlo dl
dl`hrn y `îs nooî dl 4 h < mhrns, phr lgl`poh, nctkvn`hs on ch`plesnckóe ",
dkcl. @ucmns htrns npokcnckhels lstîe skledh cheskdlrndns phr Nxn, ch`h lo
chetrho dl on chetn`kenckóe. "Mny uen stnrt-up ksrnloà, Brllzh@ltlr, qul kedkcn
on cnokdnd dlo nkrl le vnrkhs pnàsls dlo `uedh. Sk ehs chelctn`hs
c helctn`hs n su skstl`n,
phdràn`hs nctkvnr ue pnah nuth`îtkch cunedh lo ekvlo dl chetn`kenckóe
nocnecl ue cklrth ekvlo. Sk tklels ns`n, phdràns slr ch`plesndh cunedh eh
puldns kr n trnbngnr, tklels qul th`nr ue tnxk h ch`prnr uen `îscnrn
netkchetn`kenckóe
netkchetn`kenckóe ", lxpokcn Onurlet Blekcmhu.

Lo slaurh dl vkdn tn`bkëe lstî le on `krn dl ons nslaurndhrns. Ls ueh dl ohs

phchs prhthtkphs dlsnrrhoondhs le chonbhrnckóe phr on kekckntkvn slcthrkno
Onbcmnke, dkrkakdn phr lo CDC (lsplckno`letl
(lsplckno`letl che Nxn). "Tlelr prhcldk`kleths
sk`pokikcndhs le lstl tkph dl sktunckhels ls vnokhsh", ch`letó Onurlet
Blekcmhu. Le lo prhthtkph checlbkdh phr Onbcmnke, lo blelikcknrkh slràn
ch`plesndh nuth`îtkcn`letl che lo rlakstrh dl on `ulrtl.
"Dlsnihrtuendn`letl, eh sl puldl ch`lrcknokznr ch`h ls, phrqul lo rlakstrh
lstntno eh pnrlcl nctunokzndh che on suikckletl rlauonrkdnd phr ohs
nyuetn`kleths
nyuetn`kleths pnrn qul on shokcktud sln vknbol mhy", on`letn Onurlet Blekcmhu.
"Ehs phel`hs le lo hrdle dl bntnoon pnrn lstnr oksths cunedh lo nrcmkvh sl
nctunokznrî, n notn irlculeckn y dl `nelrn slaurn", narlan. Lo slaurh dlo
nuth`óvko tn`bkëe phdràn vlrsl nilctndh. Sla÷e ue keihr`l dl Cnpal`kek, "lo
ush dl chetrnths ketlokaletls le lo slcthr dl slaurhs dl nuth`óvkols plrshenols
plrshenols
phdràn nmhrrnr $ 2> `ko `koohels le chsths Zaohbno y neuno`letlP n trnvës dl on
nuth`ntkznckóe y ansths kecurrkdhs le on alstkóe dl dlvhouckhels<> ". \en
ikaurn akanetlscn, lxtrnphondn dl ue lstudkh dl on kedustrkn dl slaurhs dl
nuth`óvkols le lo Rlkeh \ekdh. "Arnckns n ohs nmhrrhs rlnokzndhs phr ons
nslaurndhrns,
nslaurndhrns, ohs chesu`kdhrls tledràne dlrlcmh n lsplrnr prk`ns dl slaurh
rlduckdns", narlanrhe ohs nuthrls. Le lilcth!

Lo vlrdndlrh pllr-th-pllr `utuh

Ikeno`letl, noauens l`prlsns eulvns lstîe l`plznedh n dlsnrrhoonr

prhylcths `îs rlvhouckhenrkhs, slaurhs letrl pnrls (h dlscletrnokzndhs)7
chhplrntkvns dl slaurhs qul sl cubrle letrl sà. Le htrns pnonbrns, `utuns
purns, dhedl ohs chetrnths ketlokaletls anrnetkzne on chblrturn y lo pnah dl ohs
99
rll`bhoshs, le ouanr dlo aruph `utuh. Iul on n`bkckóe dl Qljllp.kh, ue
prhylcth dl kevlstkanckóe dlsnrrhoondh phr lo irnecës Ndrkne Snuzndl (tn`bkëe
iuedndhr dl CWN@), anendhr dl ue mncjntmhe hranekzndn le guokh dl 26>< on
ch`pnþàn dl slaurhs @NKI, che su npokcnckóe y Sktkh wlb dl slaurh
dlscletrnokzndh.
dlscletrnokzndh. "On kdln lrn cheskdlrnr lo slaurh ch`h uen npulstn y hirlclr
n ons plrshens uen anrnetàn cholctkvn pnrn ue rklsah qul quklrh nslaurnr<2",
rlsu`l. "Ls" crhwdnssurnecl
crhwdnssurnecl ". Sk ohs qul lstîe dl nculrdh pnrn prhphrckhenr
suikckletl mne ch`pnrtkdh lo rklsah, no ikeno, qul lstîe anenedh Znslaurndh sk
mny suikckletl aletl pnrn on arne `nyhràn dl ohs nslaurndhs eh tleàn ekea÷e
prhbol`n y ekeauen shokcktud dl rll`bhoshP. Lstl ls lo prkeckpkh dl Oohyd dl
Ohedrls le lo skaoh ]YKK qul dkh n ouz n ue slaurh7 ons plrshens lstnbne
nphstnedh le ohs bnrchs qul oharnrhe oolanr n ohs Lstndhs \ekdhs h iouàne.
Noauens npulstns le chetrn dl su prhpkh bhtl, pnrn qul pudklrne rlcuplrnr
pnrtl dl su npulstn sk lo bnrch sl muedàn. Lo slaurh ls uen npulstn ", rlculrdn
Ndrkne Snuzndl. Lo checlpth dl Qljllp.kh prhvhcó letuskns`h le lo slcthr.
Vlrh, dl`nskndh ch`polgh, eh ls inctkbol le lo lstndh.

Ndrkne Snuzndl Nmhrn, puls, lo dlsnrrhooh dl ue `lcneks`h `îs sleckooh dl

pnrls `utun th pllr, qul iueckhenràn che ue rlclpthr dl bktchkes (uen lsplckl
dl ihedh ch`÷e), cuyns prk`ns sl rltkrnràn, prhvhcndn yn sln phr ue skstl`n
dl vhtnckóe h phr ue skstl`n dl iough (nuth`îtkcn`letl sla÷e chedkckhels
prllstnbolckdns l kearlsndns le lo códkah). Vlrh eh ls iîcko pnrn ue eulvh
pnrtkckpnetl nbrkrsl pnsh. "Mny trls prhbol`ns prkeckpnols.
prkeckpnols. Le prk`lr ouanr, on
ch`bkenckóe dl rklsahs, qul dlbl lstnr bnstnetl dksplrsn. Oulah, netk-
slolcckóe7 cunedh noaukle shokcktn ue chetrnth dl slaurh, qulrrî hcuotnr
keihr`nckóe qul nu`letnrî lo `heth dl su prk`n. Ikeno`letl, rklsah `hrno7
eh puldl prlstnrol ntleckóe n su elahckh phrqul lstî nslaurndh. Ls phr lsh
qul mny uen irnequkckn y skstl`ns dl plenokznckóe dl bhekikcnckóe. Thdh lsth
ls dkiàcko dl suplrnr, cunedh sl crln ue slaurh dlsdl clrh ", nd`ktl Ndrkne
Snuzndl. Vlrh on kdln ls dl ketlrës pnrn ons prkeckpnols nslaurndhrns,
nslaurndhrns, qul cnsk
ons mne kevktndh n lxpokcnr có`h iueckhen.

Htrn stnrt-up irneclsn, Strntu`e, tn`bkëe trnbngó le ue prhthtkph oon`ndh

OledlrBht y sl prlsletó n `ldkndhs dl guokh dl 26>9, le nshcknckóe che
Dlohkttl. Chelctndh n Inclbhhj @lsslealr, OledlrBht ls uen hilrtn dl slaurh
dl kauno n kauno pnrn hbglths vnokhshs qul ohs n`kahs sl prlstne letrl sà. Ohs
usunrkhs kedkcne uen cklrtn cnetkdnd dl keihr`nckóe le ue plqulþh shitwnrl
chelctndh n Inclbhhj (kdletkdnd dl ohs pnrtkckpnetls, vnohr dlo hbglth
prlstndh, durnckóe dlo prëstn`h, chsth dlo slaurh). Lstn keihr`nckóe sl
trnes`ktl n Strntu`e, qul letrn le loohs le ihr`n dl bohcjcmnke no`hmndkoon
(on muloon dkaktno ÷ekcn, noineu`ërkch), y crln uen iklo chetrnth ketlokaletl che
ons chedkckhels lsplckikcndns. "Lo prhthtkph iueckhen, oh lglcutn`hs le cnsn y
che eulstrh shckh Dlohkttl, qul oh usn pnrn dl`hstrnckhels che ons prkeckpnols
91
nslaurndhrns",
nslaurndhrns", dkgh Irneáhks Dhroënes. Eh tl quldls phrqul on ch`pltleckn ls
ilrhz. Le lo lxtrneglrh, vnrkhs nrrnequls tn`bkëe mne pulsth le `nrcmn le ohs
prhylcths dl kauno n kauno dl slaurh y pnrtkckpntkvh ch`h Irkledsurnecl
(Nol`nekn), ok`hendn (Lstndhs \ekdhs) h Aulvnrn (Rlkeh \ekdh), ske ush
bohcjcmnke.

* >. Ch`h noauehs dlrkvndhs qul cnusnrhe on crksks dl 266=,

26 6=, phr lgl`poh.
* 2. KV7 Vrhthchoh dl Ketlrelt.
* 3. Vrëstn`h hthrandh n uen ch`pnþàn phr vnrkhs bnechs.
* 4. Tnsns le lo hthþh dl 26>9.

9=
CNVÀT\OH <

\en vlrdndlrn lcheh`àn chonbhrntkvn

On crknturn mn lscnpndh dl su `nlstrh. No kauno qul lo `hestruh dlo Dr.

Irnejlestlke, le on ehvlon dl @nry Smlooly, on Qlb, kevletndn phr lo prhilshr
brktîekch Tk` Blrelrs-Oll le >;;6, ikeno`letl nsustó n on plrshen qul on dkh n
ouz. Hrkakeno`letl dkslþndn pnrn inckoktnr lo ketlrcn`bkh dl keihr`nckóe letrl
ckletàikchs dl thdh lo `uedh, on Qlb mn kdh `îs nooî dl sus n`bkckhels kekcknols,
ketlrru`pkledh pnrn skl`prl lo ncclsh no chehck`kleth, on ch`uekcnckóe y lo
ch`lrckh. Vlrh vlketksëks nþhs dlspuës, on rld tklel uen cnrn `uy dkilrletl n
on k`nakendn phr su kevlethr. "Mn skdh alekno, plrh lspknr, bohqulnr sktkhs,
rlihr`ntlnr lo chetlekdh alelrndh phr ohs usunrkhs, rldkrkakr n sktkhs wlb
`nohs ... thdh lsth shcnvn phr ch`polth lo lspàrktu hrkakeno dl nyudnr n ons
plrshens n crlnr". dkgh le on prk`lrn "Cu`brl dl on Qlb Dlscletrnokzndn" le
Sne Irnecksch le guekh dl 26>9, ch`h sl keihr`n le ue nrtàcuoh dlo Elw [hrj
Tk`ls. Che uehs phchs pkhelrhs htrh hrdlendhr (kecouyledh Ykcletl Clri, TCV
/ KV ch-kevlethr, prhthchohs dl trnesilrleckn dl dnths dl Ketlrelt), Tk`
Blrelrs-Oll
Blrelrs-Oll mn dlckdkdh `hvkokznr n k`nakenr uen eulvn insl dld l on Qlb, dhedl
d hedl
slràn `îs dlscletrnokzndh y `îs rlspltuhsh dl on prkvnckdnd dl sus usunrkhs.

LO AHOVL DL KETLRELT GNCHBKEH

On cletrnokznckóe cnsk `hehphoàstkcn sl mn chevlrtkdh le on rlaon le on lcheh`àn

dkaktno. Le thdhs ohs slrvkckhs qul vkecuone on hilrtn y on dl`nedn, mn surakdh
ue guandhr dh`kenetl h kecoush uotrn dh`kenetl7 `hthrls dl b÷squldn y
`lesnglràn (Ahhaol), ch`lrckh lolctróekch (N`nzhe), rldls shcknols
(Inclbhhj), wlb y dl on `÷skcn dl vletns `óvkols (Nppol), qul chelctn che ohs
cheducthrls (\blr), noqukolr dl vkvkledns (Nkrbeb) ... le on rld, lo `lrcndh
tkledl n slr ëo `ks`h lstns phskckhels dl iulrzn (qul
( qul dleh`kendh "`hehphokhs
"`hehphokhs
enturnols")
enturnols") phr ue `lcneks`h iîcko`letl ch`prleskbol7 ohs chesu`kdhrls sl
rl÷ele lsphetîeln`letl le on pontnihr`n dhedl on hilrtn (dl sktkhs
rlilrleckndhs,
rlilrleckndhs, n`kahs, `kl`brhs dl ohs chetrhondhrls dl rld h nrrledndhrls)
ls lo `îs arnedl , `kletrns qul on hilrtn (neuecknetls le Ahhaol h Inclbhhj,
chetrhondhrls le \blr, nrrledntnrkhs le Nkrbeb) tn`bkëe sl cletrn le on
pontnihr`n dhedl ohs cokletls she ohs `îs eu`lrhshs. Ch`h rlsuotndh, on
ch`pltleckn dlsnpnrlcl phch n phch, l`lral ue arne anendhr y puldl mnclr
on oly le su slcthr. Nsà, on Anin (Ahhaol, N`nzhe, Inclbhhj, Nppol) mne mlcmh
ke`lesn`letl rkchs7 thdh conskikcndh letrl ons dklz prkeckpnols ch`pnþàns,
tleàne `÷otkpols cnpktnokznckóe n loohs cuntrh, > 121 666 666 666 no 3> dl
`nrzh, lo nþh 26>9 (`îs qul lo VKB dl thdn on lcheh`àn brnskolþn, phr lgl`poh,
9;
h lo lqukvnoletl no 16% dlo VKB le on lcheh`àn irneclsn, dl nculrdh che ons
lstk`nckhels dl 26>9 dlo I@K). Tn`bkëe ls on plrsplctkvn dl ue ëxkth sk`konr
qul lxpokcn lo kecrlàbol vnohr dl \blr. On ch`pnþàn, qul nctuno`letl eh chtkzn
le on bhosn dl vnohrls, yn iul lstk`ndn phr sus kevlrskhekstns le `îs dl $ 92.<
`ko `koohels le guekh dl 26>9, n plsnr dl qul eh tuvh ekea÷e blelikckh. Lsths
she ohs qul \blr npulstn nponstnr n thdhs ohs rkvnols y chevlrtkrsl le lo rly
kedkscutkbol dl trnesphrtl n on dl`nedn le lo `uedh, nocneznedh uen phskckóe
cunsk-`hehphokh
cunsk-`hehphokh qul oulah plr`ktkr qul sl chevklrtn `uy rletnbol phr `ucmh
tkl`ph.

^ul thdns lstns ch`pnþàns sl lerkqulzcne eh ls prhbol`îtkch le sà `ks`h.

Vlrh le uen lcheh`àn dl `lrcndh, `hehphokhs tkledle n cheduckr n ue
dltlrkhrh dl on hilrtn, ohs prlckhs `îs noths h prîctkcns nbuskvns k`pulstns
shbrl lo chesu`kdhr (y cunedh Ahhaol dlckdl suprk`kr dl on okstn dl ue sktkh,
qul ikr`ó su gukckh `ulrtl, oh qul ol dn no aruph cnokihrekneh ue phdlr
dlsprhphrckhendh shbrl nquloohs che quklels elahckn). "Lo prhbol`n ls lo
dh`kekh dl ue ÷ekch `hthr dl b÷squldn, uen ÷ekcn rld shckno arnedl, ue shoh
Twkttlr pnrn lo `kcrhbohaakea", rlsu`kó Tk` Blrelrs-Oll le on cheilrleckn le
Sne Irnecksch.

Le on Qlb, lstn checletrnckóe, qul sl trnducl le uen cletrnokznckóe dl dnths

dl usunrkh le ohs slrvkdhrls dl Ahhaol, Inclbhhj, N`nzhe h \blr, tklel
dlilcths ndkckhenols7 inckoktn lo lspkhengl (ch`h sl koustrn phr lo lscîednoh dl
Sehwdle, qul ehs mn nprledkdh on vkakoneckn `nskvn dl on Rld phr pnrtl dl on
ESN), mncjlh (pkëeslsl le lo dl ohs <66 `koohels dl `lesnglrhs [nmhh,
prlsletndh le ehvkl`brl dl 26>9) h clesurn (le Cmken, phr lgl`poh).

DLSCLETRNOKWNR LO KETLRELT

Nihrtuendn`letl, lstn sktunckóe eh ls kelvktnbol y lxkstle shouckhels pnrn

dlscletrnokznr on lcheh`àn dkaktno. ¸Ndkvken cuîo surakó dl ons dkscuskhels
dlscletrnokzndns dl on Qlb Su``kt le Sne Irnecksch8 "Skstl`ns dl rlakstrh
ch`h ohs qul usne ons crkpth`heldns",
crkpth`heldns", keihr`n ^uletke Mnrdy, plrkhdkstn dlo
Elw [hrj Tk`ls. Le htrns pnonbrns, on bohcjcmnke. Le lo slcthr dl ons
crkpth`heldns, `ucmhs oh vle ch`h ue rl`ldkh kelsplrndh pnrn cn`bknr lo
lqukokbrkh dl phdlr le on Qlb, dlsniknr lsths "`hehphokhs enturnols" y phelr
lo phdlr le ons `nehs dl ohs usunrkhs dl Ketlrelt.

Vnrn Vklrrl Ehkznt, iuedndhr dl Vny`ku`, "on dlscletrnokznckóe dl slrvkdhrls

ls ue k`phrtnetl prhbol`n lcheó`kch y dl`hcrîtkch. Lcheó`kch prk`lrh,
phrqul mhy, ue slrvkdhr cletrno (skl`prl lstndhuekdlesl) cnpturn thdhs ohs
dnths dl cndn slcthr7 N`nzhe, Nppol, \blr, Ahhaol ... Lo vnohr narlandh ls
16
nbshrbkdh phr Skokche Ynooly. On phoàtkcn lethecls, phrqul lstl `lcneks`h
cheducl n ue l`phbrlck`kleth dl ons consls `ldkns. [n eh mny ekeauen
rldkstrkbuckóe n trnvës dl ohs k`pulsths, yn qul thdns lstns ch`pnþàns mncle
uen hptk`kznckóe k`phsktkvn2 ", keskstl. Vhr lstn rnzóe, lo bohcjcmnke y le
pnrtkcuonr, pnrn Vklrrl Ehkznt, Bktchke, she iuedn`letnols7 "Vlr`ktl
dlscletrnokznr lo ondrkooh dl pnah. N pnrtkr dl lsl `h`leth, puldl
dlscletrnokznr
dlscletrnokznr lo rlsth
r lsth dl on npokcnckóe ", lxpokcn. Thdhs ohs slrvkckhs dkaktnols,
dk aktnols,
dlsdl N`nzhe mnstn \blr, puldle rlkevletnrsl le uen vlrskóe
dlscletrnokzndn, utkokznedh bohcjcmnke, ch`h vlrl`hs le ons pîakens
skaukletls. Lstl ls lo vlrdndlrh dlsniàh dl Bktchke y htrns crkpth`heldns7 "Lo
dlsniàh dl Bktchke ls on dlscletrnokznckóe
dlscletrnokznckóe dl on lcheh`àn
lc heh`àn dkaktno. Vnrn noauehs,
Bktchke n`lenznràn on shblrneàn dl ohs lstndhs. Vlrh le rlnokdnd ls thdh oh
chetrnrkh. Ohs lstndhs she vnssnokzld phr ohs slrvkdhrls kestnondhs le Skokche
Ynooly. Bktchke, phr lo chetrnrkh, ls ue chetrnphdlr n trnvës dlo cuno phdl`hs
rlcuplrnr
rlcuplrnr on shblrneàn. Cnpnz dl cn`bknr lo lqukokbrkh tlcehoóakch dl d l phdlr y
rldkstrkbukr ons tnrgltns, lo bohcjcmnke hirlcl uen slauedn hphrtuekdnd pnrn
Ketlrelt.

Lstn rlkevleckóe dl uen rld dlscletrnokzndn ls on n`bkckóe dl Yktnokj Butlrke,

lo ghvle iuedndhr dl Ltlrlu` ue bohcjcmnke dkslþndh pnrn dnr n ouz n `koohels
"npokcnckhels dkstrkbukdns" (D-Npp), qul nbhrdnrî ohs arnedls `hehphokhs dl
on Rld no rlcrlnr thdhs ohs slrvkckhs le oàeln
oà eln le pueth n pueth Le 26>3,
26>3 , kecoush
netls dlo onezn`kleth dl su prhylcth, lo ghvle keihr`îtkch le Cnendî dlstncó
le su boha lo blelikckh qul nphrtnràn n on lcheh`àn ons "l`prlsns
dlscletrnokzndns" (hranekznckhels qul dlpledle dl on ncckóe dl ons
npokcnckhels dlscletrnokzndns). "¸Le quë kedustrkns dl l`prlsns
dlscletrnokzndns
dlscletrnokzndns phdràne Z...P nphrtnr ue vnohr narlandh rlno n on shckldnd8 Z...P
Vrk`lrh, mny `hehphokhs enturnols. Vnrn noauehs slrvkckhs, eh tklel sletkdh
ch`pltkr phr ckleths dl hilrtns no `ks`h tkl`ph. Z...P Vlrh, sk ohs prhvlldhrls
dl lsths slrvkckhs eh lstîe bngh on prlskóe dl ue `lrcndh ch`pltktkvh, ¸qukëe
ohs chetrhon8 ¸^ukëe sl nslaurn dl qul chbrle ue prlckh mhelsth phr sus
slrvkckhs y qul eh lstnbolzcne tnrkins `hehpóokcns
`hehpóokcns >,666 vlcls `îs notns dl oh
qul rlno`letl culstne8 Le tlhràn, sl puldl dkslþnr uen l`prlsn
dlscletrnokzndn
dlscletrnokzndn pnrn qul nquloohs qul ikgne ue prlckh eh sl skletne
s kletne tletndhs n
mnclroh3. Lstn prhilcàn lstî phr chevlrtkrsl le rlnokdnd. Le Ksrnlo, Lstndhs
\ekdhs, Irneckn y lo Rlkeh \ekdh, keeu`lrnbols l`prlsns dl eulvn crlnckóe
prltledle rlkevletnr thdn on lcheh`àn dkaktno che snosn bohcjcmnke. Ons
npulstns pnrn noauehs le Bktchke, pnrn htrhs le Ltmlrlu`, quklrle phelr n ohs
chesu`kdhrls
chesu`kdhrls y prhducthrls (bklels h slrvkckhs) le rlonckóe dkrlctn, arnckns n
ons npokcnckhels dlscletrnokzndns. Lstn rlvhouckóe le cklrels eh shoh phdràn
l`pugnr n ohs akanetls dl on Qlb le thdns ons îrlns dhedl mne lstnbolckdh su
dh`kekh, skeh tn`bkëe rlkevletnr thdn on cndlen dl vnohr le lo slcthr dl on
cuoturn pnrn l`phdlrnr n ohs nrtkstns. Ikeno`letl, prltledl cn`bknr pnrn
1>
skl`prl on ihr`n le qul nphstn`hs phr lo iuturh, notlrnedh lo skstl`n dl
npulstns, ohs gulahs l kecoush
k ecoush ons leculstns.

<.>- Hbgltkvh7 sncudkr n ohs akanetls dl on wlb

On lcheh`àn dkaktno mn tlekdh cuntrh arnedls hons, cndn uen dl ons cunols mn
mlcmh l`lralr n sus cn`plhels7 prk`lrh, ohs `hthrls dl b÷squldn, lo chrrlh
lolctróekch y lo ch`lrckh lolctróekch, lecnrendhs phr ohs akanetls Ahhaol
(iuedndh le >;;=) y N`nzhe (dlsdl >;;4) : le slauedh ouanr, lo dl ons rldls
shcknols y lo Ketlrelt "2.6" (pnrtkckpntkvh), sk`bhokzndh phr Inclbhhj h Twkttlr
(crlndhs rlsplctkvn`letl le 2664 y 2669): oulah, lo dl on lcheh`àn
chonbhrntkvn (h "ch`pnrtkr"), cuyns puetns dl onezn lrne Nkrbeb
Nk rbeb (266=) y \blr
(266;): ikeno`letl, on eubl h "cohud ch`putkea", ue `lrcndh oucrntkvh qul
ch`pnrtàn akanetls yn kestnondhs (N`nzhe, Ahhaol, @kcrhshit
@kcrhshit l KB@) y noauehs
eulvhs pnrtkckpnetls (Drhpbhx, crlndh le 266=). \e quketh qukzîs sl lstî
ihr`nedh che lo bohcjcmnke, qul rlkevletnrî thdhs ohs slrvkckhs enckdhs dl ons
prk`lrns cuntrh hedns le vlrskóe dlscletrnokzndn, ske ketlr`ldknrkhs.

CH@LRCKH LOLCTRÓEKCH LE @HDH DL N\DKH VNR

Lo akanetl dl Ketlrelt `îs netkauh, N`nzhe, tn`bkëe ls lo prk`lrh le ch`pltkr

che ue prhylcth bnsndh le bohcjcmnke7 HpleBnznnr, ue `lrcndh le oàeln dl
kauno n kauno onezndh le slptkl`brl dl 26>4 phr lo lstndhuekdlesl Brkne
Mhii`ne. "Ls uen rld dl plrshens dl thdh lo `uedh qul ch`lrckne
dkrlctn`letl le Bktchkes, utkokznedh ue prharn`n dl códkah nbklrth qul
puldle kestnonr dl ihr`n arntuktn le sus ch`putndhrns", lxpokcn lo iuedndhr.
"Ekeauen nuthrkdnd cletrno chetrhon on rld h th`n ue u e phrcletngl dl ons vletns.
HpleBnznnr eh tklel ch`kskóe ek cnpnckdnd pnrn prhmkbkr uen vletn. Lstl
skstl`n plr`ktl lo ketlrcn`bkh arntukth le Ketlrelt. @îs dl 366,666 plrshens
yn mne dlscnrandh on npokcnckóe y vnrkhs `kols on usne pnrn ch`prnr ohs
prhducths `îs dkvlrshs (mhelyphts, cholcckóe Olah, cn`ksltns, lqukphs dl
ch`putnckóe ...). "Ohs nrtàcuohs qul pnrlcle slr ohs `îs phpuonrls she ons snosns
pkcnetls y ohs okbrhs", dkcl Brkne Mhii`ne, nuequl eh tklel lstndàstkcns dl
vletns (yn qul eh chetrhon lo skstl`n).

\e prhylcth mncjlr, oulah dl vulotn le ons ikons

On mksthrkn dlo prhylcth ls kecrlàbol. Sus rnàcls sl rl`hetne n ohs prk`lrhs

sktkhs dl ch`lrckh lolctróekch kolano qul iulrhe pkhelrhs le ohs pnahs dl
Bktchke (dlbkdh no rlontkvh nehek`nth hirlckdh phr on `heldn). Nohgndh Qlb
12
hscurh, hcuoth Ketlrelt, on Vontnihr`n rutn dl on sldn (iuedndn le ilbrlrh dl
26>>) iul ue arne ëxkth ch`h ue crk`le `lrcndh elarh7 drhans, nr`ns y
dhcu`letnckóe inosn ketlrcn`bknrhe dkscrltn`letl, chetrn pnah le bktchkes ,
mnstn lo cklrrl dlo sktkh phr pnrtl dlo IBK le hctubrl dl 26>3. Lstn kekckntkvn
suoiurhsn mn dnþndh lehr`l`letl on rlputnckóe dl Bktchke, nshckndh dlsdl
mncl tkl`ph che lo crk`le le on `letl dlo p÷bokch le alelrno. Dlspuës dl
clrrnr on rutn dl on sldn, lo dlsnrrhoondhr neaoh-krneà N`kr Tnnjk, ue tnoleth
nenrqukstn pkrntn keihr`îtkch, crlndh, le lo mncjntmhe Bktchke Thrheth (uen
ch`pltleckn dl chdkikcnckóe), lo netlpnsndh dl HpleBnznnr7 Sktkh hscurh
@nrjlt, qul qulràn, ch`h Skoj Rhnd, plr`ktkr lo ketlrcn`bkh dl prhducths
koàckths. Vlrh pnrn lvktnr qul lo IBK cklrrl on npokcnckóe, N`kr Tnnjk oh mnbàn
dkslþndh dl ihr`n dlscletrnokzndn7 Dnrj @nrjlt lrn ue prharn`n kestnondh le
cndn ueh dl sus
su s usunrkhs, cnpnz dl rlnokznr sus ketlrcn`bkhs letrl loohs le vkvh,
ske ketlr`ldknrkhs. [n eh mnbàn ue slrvkdhr pnrn chrtnr, ek ue hranekzndhr pnrn
dltlelrsl. "Tnnjk dlckdkó eh chetkeunr lo prhylcth, `l kespkrë le ëo, plrh oh
cn`bkë y ol dk htrh eh`brl, HpleBnznnr
HpleBnznnr y htrn vkskóe", dkcl Mhii`ne. "Tml Dnrj
@nrjlt sl cletró le prhducths koàckths, plrh lrn uen plrsplctkvn dl`nskndh
lstrlcmn. Vllr-th-pllr puldl blelikcknr n thdhs y on vkskóe dl HpleBnznnr ls
mnclr qul lo okbrl ch`lrckh lstë dksphekbol
dk sphekbol pnrn thdhs ", narlan.

Bklels rlnols

On npokcnckóe tklel noauens vletngns rlnols shbrl ons pontnihr`ns trndkckhenols

dl ch`lrckh lolctróekch (N`nzhe,
(N`nzhe, lBny, Ol Bhe Chke, ltc.). Le prk`lr ouanr, on
nusleckn dl ch`kskóe, qul mncl qul lo slrvkckh sln ch`pltktkvh pnrn ohs
vledldhrls irletl n N`nzhe (qul arnvn dlo 1 no 26% dlo `heth dl on vletn
sla÷e ohs prhducths) h lBny (qul sl rltkrn ue 1,<%). Vuldle hirlclr sus
prhpkldndls `îs bnrntns, oh qul tn`bkëe blelikckn n ohs cokletls. Oulah, on
slaurkdnd dl `netlelr lo chetrho dl sus dnths plrshenols7 "\en ch`pnþàn
ch`h N`nzhe tklel uen cnetkdnd kecrlàbol dl keihr`nckóe shbrl ohs cokletls y
sus mîbkths dl ch`prn. Le HpleBnznnr, ohs dnths shbrl ch`prndhrls,
vledldhrls y vletns eh sl trnes`ktle n ekeauen l`prlsn u hranekznckóe, shoh
sl ch`pnrtle letrl ons dhs pnrtls dl on trnesncckóe ", dkgh Brkne Mhii`ne.
Tlrclrn vletngn7 lo ush dl Bktchke pnrn okqukdnr trnesncckhels,
trnesncckhels, oh qul anrnetkzn
ue `nyhr chetrho dl su keihr`nckóe plrsheno (eh ls elclsnrkh qul sl
kdletkikqul), uen `nyhr slaurkdnd (ske e÷`lrh dl tnrgltn dl crëdkth pnrn
mncjlnr) y lok`ken ch`kskhels phr trnesncckhels
trnesncckhels rlnokzndns phr ch`pnþàns dl
tnrgltns dl crëdkth h Vnypno. Ikeno`letl,
Ikeno`letl, HpleBnznnr hirlcl uen ÷otk`n vletngn,
dl dhbol ikoh, n sus slaukdhrls7 mny uen okblrtnd thtno dl ch`prn y vletn.
"HpleBnznnr
"HpleBnznnr eh k`phel ekeauen rlstrkcckóe. Sk ue vledldhr eh tkleltk lel dlrlcmh
n vledlr dkcmh bkle h slrvkckh le htrns pontnihr`ns, puldl usnr HpleBnznnr.
Ndl`îs, on npokcnckóe eh tklel oà`ktls alharîikchs y sl puldl utkokznr le
13
cunoquklr ouanr ", narlan lo iuedndhr. Lstl pueth dlschecklrtn on olanokdnd dlo
slrvkckh. Vlrh Brkne Mhii`ne dkiklrl on rlsphesnbkokdnd dl ohs usunrkhs7
"Vlrtlelcl n ohs vledldhrls nslaurnrsl dl qul hplrne rlspltnedh on
olaksonckóe dl su gurksdkcckóe. Ëo `ks`h eh tklel `nelrn dl vkakonr
vkak onr on npokcnckóe.
"Ls uen rld dl plrshens qul usne shitwnrl le su ch`putndhrn pnrn chelctnrsl
letrl sà. On ÷ekcn ihr`n dl lvktnr qul vledne chsns kolanols ls th`nr lo chetrho
dl su ch`putndhrn y clrrnr su tkledn ", dkcl. Brkne Mhii`ne eh lstî
prlhcupndh7 "Lsplrn`hs qul lo ush dl HpleBnznnr rliolgl on ihr`n le qul on
l`prlsn hplrn, cnsk le su thtnokdnd dl `nelrn olano y phsktkvn, che shoh uen
plqulþn phrckóe dl usunrkhs keirkeakledh on oly. "

Mnstn on ilcmn, thdnvàn HpleBnznnr

HpleBnznnr `kcrhscópkcn le ch`pnrnckóe che su rkvno
N`nzhe (qul skrvkó dl nprhxk`ndn`letl 364 `koohels dl cokletls n ikenols dl
26>< h >666 vlcls lo e÷`lrh dl plrshens qul mne dlscnrandh HpleBnznnr) h
le rlonckóe che sus ch`pltkdhrl
c h`pltkdhrls,s, lBny h Ol Bhe `heldn. Vlrh lo phtleckno dl
on npokcnckóe ol plr`ktkó n Brkne Mhii`ne rlcnudnr $ > `kooóe le guekh dl 26><
26 ><
pnrn crlclr che ohs ihedhs dl cnpktno dl rklsah rlchehckdhs phr Skokche Ynooly
(Nedrllssle Mhrhwktz, qul mnbàn kevlrtkdh le Twkttlr h OkejldKe, y \ekhe
Squnrl Yleturls, qul npulstne n Twkttlr y Tu`bor). Lstl dkelrh iul chohcndh
le on ch`pnþàn HB>, crlndh phr Brkne Mhii`ne che noauehs nshckndhs. Lstl
÷otk`h ls rlsphesnbol dlo dlsnrrhooh dl on npokcnckóe HpleBnznnr y poneln, n
onrah ponzh, vledlr slrvkckhs n ohs usunrkhs dl on rld (nsà ls ch`h pklesn Brkne
Mhii`ne anenr dkelrh). Lo iuedndhr vl olghs y vl su prhylcth ch`h on
vneaunrdkn dl ue vnsth `hvk`kleth dl dlscletrnokznckóe dlo ch`lrckh le
oàeln7 "N`nzhe, lBny y ohs htrhs akanetls dlo ch`lrckh lolctróekch tklele
`koohels dl usunrkhs y uen onran netkaÿldnd, qul ols plr`ktkó chestrukr
slrvkckhs ch`pltktkvhs pnrn sus cokletls. On npnrkckóe dlo ch`lrckh letrl pnrls
le HpleBnznnr lstî n shoh uehs `lsls dl dkstneckn. Vlrh on lok`kenckóe dlo
ketlr`ldknrkh,
ketlr`ldknrkh, y su ch`kskóe dlo >6 no ><%,
> <%, nsà ch`h on `lghrn dl on slaurkdnd
y lo rlsplth dl on vkdn prkvndn, she nctkvhs `uy ntrnctkvhs pnrn ohs
ch`prndhrls y ohs vledldhrls. Lsplrn`hs qul ohs blelikckhs dlo ch`lrckh
pllr-th-pllr
pllr-th-pllr slne oh suikckletl`letl k`phrtnetls ch`h pnrn qul, phch n phch,
on aletl nbnedhel lo skstl`n dl ch`lrckh lolctróekch cletrnokzndh y
chetrhondh pnrn lstl `hdloh nbklrth y dlscletrnokzndh. HpleBnznnr ls lo
shitwnrl qul okdlrnrî lstn trneskckóe. Eh dlgnrl`hs dl dlsnrrhoonroh mnstn qul
tlean `koohels dl usunrkhs le thdh lo `uedh", prh`ltl.

E\LYN HVHRT\EKDND VNRN RLDLS SHCKNOLS DLSCLETRNOKWNDNS

¸Lo bohcjcmnke tledrî ëxkth dhedl htrhs pkhelrhs dl on dlscletrnokznckóe mne

inoondh8 [n le 26>6, cunedh shoh ue puþndh dl crkptóarnihs mnbàn hàdh mnbonr
dl Bktchke y ch`prledkó lo vnohr dl su hplrnckóe dl bohcjcmnke, noauehs yn
14
lstnbne k`nakenedh rl`ldkhs pnrn plr`ktkrols n ohs usunrkhs rlcuplrnr lo
chetrho dl sus dnths plrshenols. K`prlskhendhs phr lo chetrho dl Inclbhhj dl
lstl tlshrh dkaktno, cuntrh lstudknetls dl Eulvn [hrj oneznrhe Dknsphrn *, on
prk`lrn rld shckno dlscletrnokzndn. Sk eh usó bohcjcmnke, lo lspàrktu dlo
prhylcth y sus prkeckpkhs hplrntkvhs iulrhe `uy clrcnehs. Lstn npokcnckóe,
cuyh códkah iuletl nbklrth iul onezndh le slptkl`brl dl 26>6, plr`ktkó n sus
`kl`brhs rlakstrnrsl le ueh dl ohs slrvkdhrls lxkstletls h crlnr su prhpkh
slrvkdhr pnrn `netlelr lo chetrho dl sus dnths h dlolanroh le ue slrvkdhr dl
cheiknezn. Lo chegueth chestktuàn uen rld dl `÷otkpols ehdhs * >, shbrl on cuno
endkl phdàn lglrclr lo chetrho thtno, oh qul prhphrckhenbn uen `lghr prhtlcckóe
chetrn on vkakoneckn qul ons rldls shcknols trndkckhenols n ohs slrvkdhrls
cletrnokzndhs. Nchakdh che arne letuskns`h, Dknsphrn * oharó ntrnlr, le guekh
dl 26>6, cnsk $ 266,666 dl kevlrskóe dl 9,41; chetrkbuyletls,
chetrkbuyletls, le on pontnihr`n
dl crhwdiuedkea Jkcjstnrtlr (ue rëchrd le lsl `h`leth). Vlrh on rld lechetró
dkikcuotndls tëcekcns y prhbol`ns plrshenols dl ohs iuedndhrls, qul
nbnedhenrhe lo bnrch le nahsth dl 26>2. Dlsdl lethecls, thdnvàn lxkstl
arnckns no lsiulrzh dl ohs usunrkhs vhouetnrkhs. N ikels dl ehvkl`brl dl 26>9,
tleàn 9<1,<3< kescrkpths, dl ohs cunols shoh 96,629 lstnbne nctkvhs le ohs
÷otk`hs slks `lsls<. Lstn`hs olghs dl ohs >.1; `ko `koohels dl `kl`brhs
nctkvhs le Inclbhhj (no 36 dl slptkl`brl dl 26>9) ... \thpàn suplrndn phr on
rlnokdnd, on dkîsphrn * euecn mn nocnezndh su hbgltkvh hrkakeno dl hirlclr no
p÷bokch le alelrno uen notlrentkvn dlscletrnokzndn cheiknbol n Inclbhhj . Lo
dlsniàh lrn dl`nskndh arnedl, ch`h oh lxpokcn lo plrkhdkstn dl Sontl.ch`, Qkoo
Hrl`us7 "Eh k`phrtn cuîetns plrshens sl ueklrhe n on npokcnckóe, thdnvàn lrn
ue pulboh inetns`n le ch`pnrnckóe che Inclbhhj. Z...P Ls tlrrkbol`letl
tlrrkbol`letl dkiàcko
chestrukr uen rld shckno che `lghrls iueckhels qul Inclbhhj, lsplckno`letl
cunedh oh prkeckpno qul ol k`phrtn n ons plrshens le uen rld shckno ls qul thdhs
sus n`kahs lstîe le loon. "

Mkghs dl on dkîsphrn*

Mhy, ske l`bnrah, vnrkns npokcnckhels bohcjcmnke th`ne on nethrcmn dl on

dkîsphrn * y prh`ltle n su vlz dkslþnr rldls shcknols dlscletrnokzndns,
ke`uels n on clesurn, dhedl ohs usunrkhs dl Ketlrelt slràne dulþhs dl sus
dnths y okbrls pnrn lxprlsnrsl. Iuedndn le 26>4, on stnrt-up lstndhuekdlesl
Syelrlh tklel on n`bkckóe dl crlnr uen rld shckno dlscletrnokzndn, prhpkldnd y
nd`kekstrndn phr sus usunrkhs, y dkslþndn pnrn plr`ktkrols dlstncnr lo
chetlekdh qul `lrlcle ntleckóe. Le `nrzh dl 26><, onezó uen prk`lrn
rlcnudnckóe dl ihedhs letrl ohs usunrkhs dl Ketlrelt, slaukdn dl uen slauedn
le slptkl`brl dl 26>9, qul rlcnudó cnsk $ 4.1 `koohels pnrn dlsnrrhoonr su
prhpkn bohcjcmnke *2. Arnckns n lstl, cndn usunrkh phdrî `netlelr ue chetrho

1<
thtno shbrl sus dnths l keihr`nckóe plrsheno, y dlckdkr dóedl sl dlble
ch`pnrtkr. Syelrlh
Syelrlh dlblràn phelr su slrvkckh le oàeln n ikels dl 26>1.

Sl oneznrhe vnrkhs htrhs prhylcths le 26>9, kecoukdh lo dl on stnrt-up

lstndhuekdlesl Stll`kt.
Stll`kt. Ketrhduckdh le `nrzh le ue okbrh bonech y onezndh
o nezndh le
guekh, Stll`kt sl prlsletn ch`h uen vlrskóe dlscletrnokzndn dl Rlddkt. Eh `uy
chehckdh le Irneckn, lstl sktkh pnrn leoncls dl usunrkhs phpuonrls mn skdh ue
arne ëxkth y skaul skledh lo 29· sktkh `îs usndh le lo `uedh (y lo =· le ohs
Lstndhs \ekdhs). Stll`kt narlan dhs cnrnctlràstkcns n ons dl su prlstkakhsh
netlpnsndh. Vrk`lrh, dlscletrnokznckóe7 lo chetlekdh dl tlxth sl no`nclen le
Stll` bohcjcmnke, cuyh códkah ls dl códkah nbklrth. Ons k`îalels h vkdlhs, phr
htrh ondh, dlble lstnr rlakstrndhs le htrhs sktkhs wlb (y npnrlcle `ldknetl ue
skstl`n dl leoncls). Vlrh on vlrdndlrn chetrkbuckóe dl Stll`kt eh lstî nooà7
cunedh ohs `kl`brhs dl on rld vhtne pnrn dkstkeaukr ue chetlekdh qul
cheskdlrne dl cnokdnd (ch`h che ue "`l austn" le Inclbhhj), su nuthr rlckbl
uen bhekikcnckóe le on rld dl crkpth`heldns ("Stll`"). Ohs usunrkhs tn`bkëe
she rlch`plesndhs cunedh ch`pnrtle h ch`letne chetlekdh. Lstl skstl`n ol
plr`ktkó n Stll`kt tlelr ue arne ëxkth7 n ikels dl hctubrl dl 26>9, che shoh <
`lsls dl lxkstleckn, on stnrt-up yn chetnbn che >66.666 usunrkhs, dl ohs cunols
mnbàn dkstrkbukdh lo lqukvnoletl n 4 `koohels dl dóonrls, dl nculrdh che on
rlvkstn lstndhuekdlesl Rhookea Sthel1. Le lo `ks`h prkeckpkh, htrn rld shckno,
[hurs (netlrkhr`letl oon`ndn Dntt), lstî le dlsnrrhooh y dlblràn oneznrsl no
p÷bokch le alelrno le 26>1. Le on suyn, ohs `kl`brhs puldle rlckbkr uen
lsplckl dl sualrleckn, Bktchkes, lo htrhs usunrkhs, sk mne prhduckdh h
ch`pnrtkdh chetlekdh dl cnokdnd. Lo 3 dl `nyh dl 26>9, Dàn @uedkno dl on
Okblrtnd dl Vrlesn, sl prlsletó ue tlrclr prhylcth dlo `ks`h tkph,
dlsnrrhoondh che lo bohcjcmnke Ltmlrlu`7 Njnsmn. Lstn "rld dl rldls shcknols
dl eulvn alelrnckóe", ch`h sl dlikel, iueckhenrî ch`h uen pontnihr`n dl boha
rlskstletl n cunoquklr ihr`n dl clesurn, su cnrîctlr dlscletrnokzndh oh mncl
kedlpledkletl
kedlpledkletl dl ohs slrvkdhrls.

Rlskstkr on clesurn

On rlskstleckn n on clesurn puldl slr lo incthr convl qul dlsplaul lo ush dl

lsths slrvkckhs. Le pnàsls che ue iulrtl chetrho shbrl ohs `ldkhs l Ketlrelt,
hirlclràne vnokhshs lspnckhs dl okblrtnd. \e lstndh nplens puldl nctunr le
tnols skstl`ns phrqul eh mny ue slrvkdhr pnrn clrrnr h lspknr. Ruskn, phr
lgl`poh, mn rlihrzndh su chetrho shbrl ons rldls shcknols dlsdl uen oly qul
letró le vkahr le slptkl`brl dl 26><, qul lxkal n ons l`prlsns lxtrneglrns
no`nclenr keihr`nckóe plrsheno rusn le tlrrkthrkh enckheno. Le lo hthþh dl
26>9, lo rlauondhr dl tlolch`uekcnckhels Rhsjh`endzhr bohquló lo ncclsh n
on rld shckno prhilskheno dl OkejldKe. Inclbhhj y Twkttlr tn`bkëe lstîe le lo
19
vkshr dl ons nuthrkdndls. Ls le lstl chetlxth qul tuvh ouanr, le ehvkl`brl dl
26>9, on cheilrleckn Bktchke Russkn le @hsc÷. Le lstl lvleth, ckblr.Iued, ue
aruph dl dlsnrrhoondhrls rushs qul ihr`nrhe uen pontnihr`n dl kevlrskóe
dlscletrnokzndn, neueckó lo onezn`kleth dl on prk`lrn rld shckno
dlscletrnokzndn rusn. Nphdndn Yhkcl y `hdlondn sla÷e Stll`kt, lstn rld
plr`ktkrî, sla÷e sus crlndhrls, "nuthrls (bohaalrs y plrkhdkstns) pubokcnr sus
prhducckhels ske tl`hr n on clesurn, no tkl`ph qul nccldle n ue p÷bokch `îs
n`pokh=.

Le lo cn`ph dl ohs slrvkckhs dl `kcrhbohaakea, ch`h Twkttlr, tn`bkëe sl mne

rlnokzndh vnrkhs ketleths. Lo prk`lrh, qul pnrlcl mnblr skdh nbnedhendh dlsdl
lethecls, ls Twkstlr7 ue lqukvnoletl dlscletrnokzndh
dlscletrnokzndh dl Twkttlr, kevletndh le
guekh dl 26>3 phr lo dlsnrrhoondhr brnskolþh @kaulo Irlktns, y bnsndh le lo
prhthchoh Bktchke. Twkstlr anrnetkzó n ohs usunrkhs lo ckirndh dl sus `lesngls
prkvndhs, prhtlcckóe chetrn on clesurn (endkl puldl bhrrnr ohs twllts h
lok`kenr culetns) y vlrdndlrh nehek`nth (on dkrlcckóe KV dl ons plrshens
chelctndns eh lstî rlakstrndn le ekeauen pnrtl). Dlsnihrtuendn`letl,
Dlsnihrtuendn`letl, `îs dl
trls nþhs dlspuës, lstn npokcnckóe thdnvàn eh tklel uen vlrskóe chevleckheno.
Vlrh on kdln lrn bulen y htrhs dlsnrrhoondhrls ch`leznrhe ue prhylcth
sk`konr7 Ltmlrtwllt, lglcutîedhoh le lo bohcjcmnke dl Ltmlrlu`. \e prk`lr
prhthtkph, qul puldl levknr y rlckbkr `lesngls dl mnstn >96 cnrnctlrls, sl
puldl dlscnranr, plrh lo slrvkckh eh pnrlcl `uy iîcko dl usnr.

Cunoquklrn qul sln su phtleckno y ekvlo dl `ndurlz, thdhs lsths eulvhs

slrvkckhs dl rldls shcknols
shc knols le lo bohcjcmnke ponetlne ue prhbol`n k`phrtnetl
k`phrtnetl
qul ohs dlsnrrhoondhrls dlblrîe tlelr le culetn7 on keihr`nckóe
k eihr`nckóe lscrktn le ue
bohcjcmnke sl suphel qul ls k`phskbol dl bhrrnr, oh qul skaekikcn qul ohs
`lesngls she plr`neletls. ¸^ukëe eh sl nrrlpkletl dl mnblr pubokcndh ue
phch dl`nskndh rîpkdh le uen rld shckno8 Vhr oh tneth, le Stll`kt, vnrkhs
usunrkhs sl prlhcupnrhe phr eh phdlr bhrrnr sus pubokcnckhels. Ch`h dkgh
Nedrlw, ue `kl`brh ktnokneh dl on rld, "Eh `l austn on kdln dl qul `ks
pubokcnckhels lstëe arnbndns le `îr`ho pnrn skl`prl;. Ske l`bnrah, le on
\ekóe Lurhpln, uen dlckskóe dlo Trkbueno dl Gustkckn dl ons Ch`uekdndls
Lurhplns lo >3 dl `nyh dl 26>4 anrnetkznbn n thdhs ohs dlrlcmhs no hovkdh.

\BLRKSLR \BLR, NKRBEB [ OHS HTRHS AKANETLS DL ON "LCHEH@ÀN

CH@VNRTKDN"

Le 266=-266;, cunedh on crksks ikenecklrn su`kó no `uedh le uen dlprlskóe

qul duró vnrkhs cnokihreknen dl pulstn le `nrcmn sl kekckó ue n`pokh
`hvk`kleth dl trnesihr`nckóe dl on lcheh`àn bnsndn le ue checlpth qul
mnstn lethecls mnbàn pnrlckdh dkiàcko`letl ch`pntkbol che cnpktnoks`h7
11
ch`pnrtkr. Le 266=, lo lstndhuekdlesl Brkne Cmlsjy (21 nþhs le lsl `h`leth)
onezó Nkrbeb, ue sktkh pnrn noqukonr cnsns prkvndns. \e nþh dlspuës, le 266;, su
ch`pntrkhtn Trnvks Jnonekcj crló \blr, uen npokcnckóe pnrn chelctnrsl che
cheducthrls kedlpledkletls. Le cunoquklrn dl ohs cnshs, lstns l`prlsns
góvlels, rîpkdn`letl sl chevkrtklrhe le lehr`ls (Nkrbeb iul vnohrndh $ 36
`ko `koohels le nahsth dl 26>9 \blr, $ 92,< `ko `koohels le guekh dl 26>9), sl
ch`prh`ltkó
ch`prh`ltkó n notlrnr lo hrdle lstnbolckdh dl slcthrls notn`letl rlauondhs, on
mhstlolràn h ohs tnxks, hirlckledh noaukle dl vlz le cunedh h akrnedh n bkle,
l`prlsnrkh kedkvkduno phekledh su prhpkldnd (npnrtn`leth h su chcml) y,
phskbol`letl, su iulrzn dl trnbngh n ohs cokletls tkl`ph dksphekbol dlo
blelikckh. Le on slculon, `ucmns htrns l`prlsns eulvns mne npokcndh lo
checlpth n htrns îrlns, tnols ch`h noqukolr dl chcmls letrl ohs kedkvkduhs
(Drkvy onezndh le 26>6, Hukcnr le 26>2) h crhwdiuedkea (pldno dl nrrnequl
le 266; Jkssjkssbnejbnej le 26>6). Nbhanedh phr lo `ks`h lspàrktu dl
chonbhrnckóe, lstn eulvn alelrnckóe dl pontnihr`ns le oàeln pnrn uekr letrl
cokletls y prhvlldhrls dl slrvkckhs prkvndhs iul `hetndh bngh on bnedlrn dl
"chesu`h chonbhrntkvh" (lcheh`àn dlo ch`pnrtkr), ue checlpth ntrkbukdh n
prhilshr dl Dlrlcmh Mnrvnrd Onwrlecl Olsska, qukle mnbràn utkokzndh phr
prk`lrn vlz le 2661, ohs prk`lrhs tl`bohrls
tl`bohrls dl lstn tledleckn. \ehs nþhs `îs
tnrdl, sl chevkrtkó le ue `hvk`kleth dl sustneckn. Vkhelrh dl on `ks`n, Brkne
Cmlsjy, iuedndhr dl Nkrbeb, crll qul slþnon lo ikeno dl on lrn dl on prhpkldnd7
"Yn`hs n pnsnr dl uen lcheh`àn iàskcn, dhedl lo ketlrcn`bkh dl bklels y
slrvkckhs, n uen lcheh`àn dhedl oh k`phrtnetl slrî lo ketlrcn`bkh dl
lxplrkleckns>6
lxplrkleckns>6 ", dlconró le lo ihrh dl Dnvhs, le lelrh dl 26>4. Eh ls elclsnrkh
phsllr, shoh vkvkr. [ pnrn pnanr.

Ons dlskouskhels dl on lcheh`àn chonbhrntkvn

chonbhr ntkvn

Vlrh n oh onrah dl ohs nþhs, ons prh`lsns inbuohsns dl ohs cnetnetls dl on

"lcheh`àn chonbhrntkvn" mne dlclpckhendh n `ucmhs. Sk bkle lsths slrvkckhs
notn`letl ch`pltktkvhs mne cnptndh n uen arne nudkleckn, lo tër`keh
"ch`pnrtkr" mn skdh leanþhsh. Ohs usunrkhs letledklrhe, phch n phch, qul le
on lcheh`àn dlo ketlrcn`bkh, uen pnrtl dl on lolcckóe skl`prl lstnbn rlslrvndn
pnrn on pontnihr`n dl pulstn le rlonckóe7 >2% dl on tnrkin le Nkrbeb (3%
pnandh phr lo mhst y 9 n >2) % phr lo vknglrh), y dl 26 n 2<% le \blr
(dlpledkledh dlo pnàs). Che ohs nþhs, ons chedkckhels
c hedkckhels sl mne dltlrkhrndh pnrn
ohs cheducthrls dl \blr (lo prlckh `àek`h dl on cnrrlrn mn dks`keukdh, on
ch`kskóe th`ndn phr \blr mn nu`letndh), phr oh qul lo aruph cnokihrekneh mn
rlckbkdh qulgns le thdh lo `uedh. , dl cheducthrls dlschetleths qul
rlcon`nrhe
rlcon`nrhe lo lstndh dl ohs l`polndhs (le ohs Lstndhs \ekdhs, lo Rlkeh \ekdh
y Irneckn le pnrtkcuonr). Che on kestnonckóe dl sus sldls lurhplns le Kronedn y
ohs Vnàsls Bnghs, rlsplctkvn`letl, le ohs pnàsls dl bnghs k`pulsths
1=
chrphrntkvhs, Nkrbeb y \blr tn`bkëe sl mne dkstkeaukdh phr su vkrtuhsks`h
trkbutnrkh, oh qul ols plr`ktkó pnanr ue k`pulsth `uy bngh shbrl ons aneneckns.
Irneckn * 3. Vnrn ch`pnrtkr, lo Tlshrh irnecës vhovlrî. Vhr oh tneth, on lcheh`àn
chonbhrntkvn mn plrdkdh su brkooh, mnstn lo pueth qul ohs prhilshrls dl
`nrjltkea Aknen @. Lcjmnrdt (\ekvlrskdnd Rlno Mhoohwny
M hoohwny dl Ohedrls) y Iolurn
Bnrdmk (Cnss Buskelss Scmhho, Ckty \ekvlrskty dl Ohedrls) prhpusklrhe, le ue
nrtàcuoh pubokcndh n prkeckpkhs dl 26>< le Mnrvnrd Buskelss Rlvklw,
rleh`brîedhon7 "Cunedh lo" ketlrcn`bkh "sl rlnokzn n trnvës dl ue tlrclrh,
cunedh uen l`prlsn nct÷n ch`h ketlr`ldknrkn letrl chesu`kdhrls qul eh sl
chehcle letrl sà, eh ls le nbshouth ch`pnrtkledh. @îs bkle, she chesu`kdhrls
qul pnane pnrn nccldlr n ohs bklels h slrvkckhs dl htrn plrshen durnetl ue
plràhdh dl tkl`ph. Z...P Ls uen lcheh`àn dl ncclsh `ucmh `îs qul uen
lcheh`àn dl ketlrcn`bkh>>", dlckdle. Lo tër`keh pnrlcl `îs gusth.

\blr dl kauno n kauno

Ske l`bnrah, ls phskbol uen vlrdndlrn lcheh`àn ch`pnrtkdn, prhvkstn pnrn

lok`kenr no ketlr`ldknrkh cletrno (\blr, Nkrbeb u htrh) y rll`ponznron
rll`ponznron phr ue
shitwnrl pllr-th-pllr, chelctndh n uen bohcjcmnke (no kauno qul HpleBnznnr
vks-æ-vks N`nzhe). Ynrkhs dlsnrrhoondhrls ksrnloàls trntnrhe dl prhbnr lsth
crlnedh OnWhhz le hctubrl dl 26>37 uen npokcnckóe dl trnesphrtl
dlscletrnokzndh dl nuth`óvkols y dl trnesphrtl bngh dl`nedn, ske
ketlr`ldknrkhs, ch`poltn`letl bngh lo chetrho dl on ch`uekdnd dl
pnrtkckpnetls. Su prkeckpkh ls sk`pol7 cheduckledh n htrhs usunrkhs, ue
`kl`brh anen pueths ("zhhz", on crkpth`heldn dl on bohcjcmnke OnWhhz), qul
puldl anstnr `îs tnrdl pnrn plr`ktkrsl ue vkngl le lo chcml cheduckdh phr htrh
`kl`brh. "Durnetl `k phst-dhcthrndh, tuvl on kdln dl crlnr uen npokcnckóe
pnrn ch`pnrtkr lo chcml le tkl`ph rlno, lo Whhz", dkcl ueh dl ohs chiuedndhrls,
@ntne Iklod, qul mhy mn dlgndh on nvleturn. "Lstîbn`hs plesnedh le uen
ihr`n dl mnclr qul lo prhylcth sln `îs chhplrntkvh, cunedh dlscubrk`hs on
bohcjcmnke y su kecrlàbol phtleckno. OnWhhz sl chevkrtkó rîpkdn`letl le ue
prhylcth dl bohcjcmnke ", chetke÷n. On`letnbol`letl,
On`letnbol`letl, trls nþhs dlspuës, lstn
kekckntkvn dl vneaunrdkn, dl on qul tneth sl mnboó le on prlesn, n÷e eh sl mn
`ntlrknokzndh7 on npokcnckóe lstî dksphekbol pnrn su dlscnran, plrh n÷e eh sl
lstî lglcutnedh ekea÷e nuth`óvko. bngh on pnecnrtn dl OnWhhz. "OnWhhz thdnvàn
lxkstl, plrh endkl lstî trnbngnedh nctkvn`letl le loon, qul yh slpn", dkcl @ntne
@ ntne
Iklod.

¸Vuldl \blr dlscnesnr trnequkoh8 Eh dlo thdh. Vhrqul le ohs Lstndhs \ekdhs
encl ue eulvh rkvno7 Nrcndl Ckty. Iuedndn le Vhrts`hutm, Elw Mn`psmkrl phr
ue netkauh cheducthr dl \blr, Cmrksthpmlr Dnvkd, lstn npokcnckóe dl trnesphrtl
trnesphrtl
bngh dl`nedn prh`ltl utkokznr lo bohcjcmnke dl Ltmlrlu` pnrn prhphrckhenr
1;
ue slrvkckh ch`pnrnbol n \blr, plrh `îs blelikckhsh pnrn ohs cokletls y
cheducthrls. . "Cunedh cheducàn pnrn \blr", dkgh Cmrksthpmlr Dnvkd n
Kevlrsl.ch`, "y crktkquë noauens dl ons rlaons dl on npokcnckóe Z...P, ch`lecë n
shþnr che uen vlrskóe dlscletrnokzndn dl \blr le uen bohcjcmnke. N prkeckpkhs
dl 26>9, lstn vkskóe sl `ntlrknokzn le on ihr`n dl on npokcnckóe Nrcndl Ckty. Le
ëo, le su ÷otk`n vlrskóe prlsletndn le slptkl`brl dl 26>9, ohs pnsnglrhs
puldle lstnbolclr lo prlckh dl on cnrrlrn. Vubokcne ue neueckh dl on rutn qul
dlslne vkngnr, gueth che uen prhpulstn dl tnrkin tnsndn phr NRC7 thjles dl
Nrcndl Ckty, qul sl puldle ch`prnr che Ltmlrs, lo ol`n dl Ltmlrlu`. . Lo
cheducthr tklel on okblrtnd dl nclptnr h eh lstl vkngl phr on su`n neueckndn
(`kletrns qul le \blr, vnrkns dlelanckhels cheslcutkvns puldle slr uen
suspleskóe tl`phrno dl on culetn). No nclptnr, ikr`n lo chetrnth ketlokaletl
prhpulsth phr lo cokletl le on bohcjcmnke dl Ltmlrlu`. \en vlz le lo dlstkeh, on
su`n (le NRC) sl pnan no cheducthr. Le on trnesncckóe, on npokcnckóe npokcn uen
ch`kskóe (lo skstl`n eh lstî ch`poltn`letl dlsketlr`ldkndh), plrh ls
skaekikcntkvn`letl
skaekikcntkvn`letl `îs bngh qul lo dl \blr y sus ch`pltkdhrls (>6% le ouanr
dl 26 n 2<). % le lo akanetl
ak anetl cnokihrekneh).
cnokihrekneh). Sla÷e ue ch`uekcndh dl Nrcndl Ckty,
on vlrskóe bltn dl on npokcnckóe, dksphekbol pnrn su dlscnran letrl `nrzh y
`ldkndhs dl nbrko dl 26>9, iul utkokzndn phr `îs dl 3.666 cheducthrls le 21
lstndhs dl LL. \\. [ Nustrnokn>2. Sl lok`keó dl on tkledn dl npokcnckhels n
`ldkndhs dl nbrko, le lsplrn dl uen vlrskóe ikeno. Nrcndl Ckty, nphdndh lo
"nslskeh dl \blr", mn skdh n`pokn`letl
n`pokn`letl mnbondh le on prlesn. Che su tletndhrn
prh`lsn dl "\blrkslr \blr", ls ueh dl ohs prhylcths bohcjcmnke `îs
pubokcktndhs. Vlrh su eulvn vlrskóe, prlsletndn
prlsletndn lo > dl slptkl`brl dl 26>9, mn
dlclpckhendh7 eh plr`ktl slr utkokzndn mnstn qul ue e÷`lrh dl cheducthrls y
cokletls eh lstëe rlakstrndhs le lo skstl`n (dl `hdh qul le ohs ÷otk`hs dàns dl
Dkckl`brl dl 26>9, endkl cheducàn che Nrcndl Ckty). Lstn dlskouskóe sl`bró
dudns shbrl on slrkldnd dl on ch`pnþàn. Nrcndl Ckty mn rlcnudndh ihedhs
`ldknetl on vletn dl sus thjles dl NRC (nprhxk`ndn`letl $ 966,666 no 2> dl
ehvkl`brl dl 26>9), plrh lsths eh sl puldle anstnr le lstl `h`leth. ¸Vuldle
slroh noauen vlz8 Noauehs oh dudne. Htrhs crktkcne on inosn dlscletrnokznckóe
prh`ltkdn phr Nrcndl Ckty7 on npokcnckóe, qul npokcn ue >6% shbrl ons
trnesncckhels,
trnesncckhels, skaul skledh ue ketlr`ldknrkh cletrno le lo ketlrcn`bkh,
ketlrcn`bkh, kecoush
sk sl lstnbolcl le crkpth`heldn. [ sk, le ÷otk`n kestneckn, prh`ltl slr
ch`poltn`letl
ch`poltn`letl prhpkldnd dl sus usunrkhs, uen vlz `îs, ls shoh uen prh`lsn.
Ikeno`letl,
Ikeno`letl, on plrshenokdnd y on alstkóe dlo iuedndhr iulrhe culstkhendns phr
netkauhs cholans n ohs qul sl mnbàn ledludndh y qul oh mnbàne dl`nedndh>3,
mnstn lo pueth dl qul Cmrksthpmlr Dnvkd (cuyh vlrdndlrh eh`brl ls
Cmrksthpmlr Vkool)
Vkool) tuvh qul gustkikcnrsl n sà `ks`h le on culetn dl Inclbhhj dl
Nrcndl Ckty7 "Ml rlnokzndh prhylcths dl pulstn le `nrcmn dl elahckhs qul mne
inoondh le lo pnsndh, tn`bkëe tleah `ucmh dkelrh le `k cnpnckdnd plrsheno.
Shy `uy `noh le on alstkóe dl `ks prhpkns ikenezns ">4, nd`ktkó, netls dl
nslaurnrsl dl qul lo cnsh dl Nrcndl Ckty sln ch`poltn`letl dkilrletl7" Ch`ltà
Ch`ltà
=6
`ucmhs lrrhrls y nprledà dl lsths Nsà ls on vkdn dl ue l`prledldhr7
l`prledldhr7 irncnsns,
irncnsns y irncnsns mnstn qul trkueins. Nrcndl Ckty ls ue ëxkth mnstn nmhrn y
chetkeunrî tlekledh ëxkth ", nslauró lethecls, lo 2 dl nbrko dl 26>9. \ehs
`lsls `îs tnrdl, le ehvkl`brl dl 26>9, pnrn phelr ike n ons lsplcuonckhels
shbrl su cnpnckdnd pnrn dkrkakr lo prhylcth, Cmrksthpmlr Dnvkd ikeno`letl mn
rleueckndh n su pulsth ch`h glil dl on ch`pnþàn (`îs lsplcàikcn`letl nocnodl
dlo cheslgh dl `kl`brhs, le on glran dl on eulvn l`prlsn).

¸^uë checouskóe sncnr dl lstn nvleturn kekckno`letl prh`ltldhrn y

prhbnbol`letl
prhbnbol`letl `non iklstn8 Vrk`lrh, qul \blr, Oyit, Bonboncnr, Mlltcm y htrhs
k`phrtnetls ketlr`ldknrkhs dlo trnesphrtl bngh dl`nedn puldle phr lo
`h`leth plr`nelclr slrlehs irletl n lsths ch`pltkdhrls qul nplens
n`lenzne. Ch`h le thdhs ohs slrvkckhs dl ncclsh, lo tn`nþh dl on rld
(cheducthrls, cokletls, ckudndls ntledkdns) ls uen vletngn dlckskvn, qul shihcn
on ch`pltleckn. "Vnrn ch`pltkr rlno`letl \blr, dlbl vhovlr n crlnr lo `ks`h
slrvkckh qul loohs le tër`kehs dl hilrtn y dl`nedn, y, ndl`îs, crlnr ondrkooh
tlcehoóakcn le bohcjcmnke><" ch`letndh che lsclptkcks`h, Irnechks Dhroënes
chiuedndhr Strntu`e hbslrvndhr ntleth prhylcths slcthrknols. Vlrh, dlspuës
dl thdh, \blr tuvh ëxkth le on chestrucckóe dl lstn hilrtn, le ue `lrcndh qul
pnrlcàn clrrndh. Sl elclsktn htrn checouskóe7 lo letuskns`h alelrndh phr
prhylcths qul eh mne tlekdh `ucmh ëxkth, ch`h Nrcndl Ckty h OnWhhz,
dl`ulstrn qul lxkstl uen arne lxplctntkvn letrl ohs chesu`kdhrls y ohs
cheducthrls dl ue slrvkckh `îs lquktntkvh. Htrhs l`prlsnrkhs puldle nsu`kr
lo dlsniàh che `nyhr dltlr`kenckóe, slrkldnd y, ikeno`letl, ëxkth.

\en clrrndurn dlsniàn n Nkrbeb

No kauno qul \blr, Nkrbeb tn`bkëe ls lo hbgltkvh dl noauens eulvns l`prlsns,

qul sulþne che rll`ponznr on pontnihr`n
pontnihr`n y su ch`kskóe dlo >2% phr skstl`ns
qul `lzcone hbglths chelctndhs y shitwnrl qul hplrne chetrnths ketlokaletls
le uen bohcjcmnke. ¸^uë pnsnràn sk ue bohqulh ketlokaletl iulrn suikckletl pnrn
ch`pltkr che lo akanetl cnokihrekneh8 Lstn ohcn kdln ls lo checlpth kekckno dl
Sohcj.kt, uen py`l dl ckech l`polndhs che sldl le Nol`nekn, iuedndn phr ohs
nol`nels Sk`he y Cmrksthpm Gletzscm y lo dlsnrrhoondhr
dlsnrrhoondhr irnecës Stlpmne Tuno *
4. "Le lo códkah dl on ch`putndhrn, ue bohqulh ls clrh h ueh, nbklrth h clrrndh.
Le nshcknckóe che ch`pnþàns dl clrrndurns chelctndns (ch`h Ohcj =),
ketlarn`hs le lsths clrrhghs eulstrn tlcehohaàn, qul plr`ktl n ons plrshens
noqukonr rl`htn`letl
rl`htn`letl su dlpnrtn`leth h su hikcken ", rlsu`l Stlpmne Tuno. \e
chetrnth ketlokaletl, rlakstrndh le lo bohcjcmnke dl Ltmlrlu`, anrnetkzn on
nplrturn dl on pulrtn no cokletl, su cklrrl n su snokdn y lo pnah dlo `heth
ndludndh no nrrledntnrkh. Eh ls elclsnrkh qul Nkrbeb nslaurl on trnesncckóe,
cuyh bule rledk`kleth lstî anrnetkzndh phr lo chetrnth ketlokaletl. "Che lstl
=>
cnedndh loëctrkch, eh elclskth lstnr prlsletl pnrn dnr ons oonvls, hbtleah lo
>66% dlo dkelrh dlo noqukolr y tleah lo chetrho thtno dl `k pontnihr`n",
prh`ltl Stlpmne Tuno. Vhr supulsth, uen clrrndurn loëctrkcn eh slrî suikckletl
pnrn dlrrkbnr no chohsh dl Sne Irnecksch. Lo cntîohah dl prhducths tn`bkëe sl
dlbl rlprhduckr le oàeln. Vnrn lsh, dhs shouckhels7 h bkle on ch`uekdnd dl
usunrkhs phdràn crlnr, nok`letnr y mnclr vkvkr lstl cntîohah, h uen l`prlsn
phdràn mnclroh, n cn`bkh dl uen plqulþn ch`kskóe dl noqukolr.

Sk encl lo prhylcth, slaurn`letl surakrîe prhbol`ns olanols, dkcl lo nbhandh

Sk`he Vhorht, le su boha Ltmlrlu` Irnecl7 "@îs nooî dl on vnokdlz y on lglcuckóe
dl ohs chetrnths, lo prhbol`n dl on rlsphesnbkokdnd tn`bkëe slrî dlckskvh.
K`nakel qul uen plrshen qul utkokzn ue dlpnrtn`leth noqukondh dl ihr`n
dlscletrnokzndn leckledl ue kecledkh le lstl dlpnrtn`leth, oh qul chevklrtl
n on vàctk`n le lo ldkikckh. ¸^ukëe ls rlsphesnbol8 ¸^ukëe pnan on ch`plesnckóe
y rll`bhosn lo dnþh8 Vrhpkltnrkh 8 Ëo eh tleàn lo chetrho dlo dlpnrtn`leth
cunedh hcurrkó lo kecledkh. Lo kequkokeh 8 Vlrh ëo eh ikr`ó ihr`no`letl ue
chetrnth dl nrrledn`kleth y sk`pol`letl tuvh ncclsh pnrn nbrkr on pulrtn. [
sk lo kequkokeh eh dkh su vlrdndlrn kdletkdnd8 ¸^ukëe chetrhon8 Eh mny dudn dl
qul lo slaurh qul sl oon`nrî ch`h anrnetàn le lsths rlcon`hs sl nslaurnrî dl
nahtnr thdhs ohs rlcurshs olanols dksphekbols pnrn lvktnr pnanr cunoquklr chsn
... Tn`bkëe surakrîe prhbol`ns n ekvlo rlauondhr (¸quë pnsn che ons
hbokanckhels olanols qul plsne shbrl ohs dhenetls, ons rlaons dl J[C, ltc.),
ikscnols (¸qukëe pnan ohs k`pulsths y có`h 8, ¸cuîo ls on enturnolzn dlo kearlsh
8, ¸quë lstndh puldl arnvnr8) h kecoush dlokctkvhs>9. Sk narlan`hs n lstns
prlhcupnckhels
prlhcupnckhels olanols ohs dlsniàhs tëcekchs (chestrukr ue skstl`n cheiknbol y
slaurh) y ch`lrckno (chestrukr uen rld dl usunrkhs oh suikckletl`letl arnedl
ch`h pnrn qul lo skstl`n dl noqukolr sln ketlrlsnetl), vl`hs qul lo cn`keh
thdnvàn ls onrah netls dl Sohcj.kt rlno`letl puldl ch`pltkr che Nkrbeb.
Nuequl lstl hbgltkvh ke`lesn`letl n`bkckhsh euecn sl oharl, lo checlpth dl
clrrndurns chelctndns no bohcjcmnke Sohcj.kt ske dudn
d udn lechetrnrî su nudkleckn
n chrth ponzh, letrl ohs prhilskhenols no prkeckpkh, ¸phr quë eh ons l`prlsns dl
noqukolr n dkstneckn8 uen hikcken, uen snon dl rluekhels h ue chblrtkzh8
"Lsplrn`hs phdlr phelr prhducths le ohs lstnetls n pnrtkr dl 26>1", dkcl
Stlpmne Tuno.

E\BL DKSTRKB\KDN7 ON E\BL VLRI\@NDN

No kauno qul lo ch`lrckh lolctróekch, ons rldls shcknols y on lcheh`àn

chonbhrntkvn, ohs slrvkckhs le on eubl * < tn`bkëe phdràne rlkevletnrsl
`ldknetl on tlcehohaàn bohcjcmnke. Lstl `lrcndh chohsno, le crlck`kleth, ls
chdkckhsh7 le slptkl`brl dl 26>9, on ikr`n lstndhuekdlesl dl kevlstkanckóe
Ihrrlstlr Rlslnrcm lstk`ó qul dlblràn nu`letnr le ue 22% phr nþh letrl
=2
26>< y 2626 pnrn nocneznr on irkholrn dl $ 239 `ko `koohels>1. Vlrh ohs akanetls
qul ch`pnrtle lstl arne pnstlo (@kcrhshit, N`nzhe, Ahhaol) hirlcle blelikckhs
qul, dl `ucmns `nelrns, she susclptkbols dl cràtkcn7 on cletrnokznckóe, le sus
slrvkdhrls, dl ckleths dl `koohels dl usunrkhs. oh mncl vuoelrnbol n on pkrntlràn
y on vkakoneckn dl ons naleckns dl ohs LL. \\., ch`h on ESN. Ndl`îs, lsths dnths
sl utkokzne pnrn vledlr pubokckdnd dkrkakdn n ohs neuecknetls, dl uen `nelrn
qul `holstn n `ucmhs usunrkhs.

Dlscletrnokznr on eubl

Vnrn lvktnr lsths kechevlekletls, vnrkns l`prlsns dl eulvn crlnckóe prhphele

shouckhels dl "eubl dkstrkbukdn"7 ohs dnths eh sl cletrnokzne lethecls le ohs
cn`nrlrhs dl on l`prlsn, skeh qul sl nohgne le ons `÷otkpols ch`putndhrns dl
ohs pnrtkckpnetls. Lstn ls on prl`ksn dl Sthrg, uen stnrt-up iuedndn le 26><, che
c he
sldl le Ntonetn, LL. \\., ^ul hirlcl n sus usunrkhs uen pontnihr`n le on eubl
qul eh puldl slr clesurndn, `hekthrlndn h clrrndn. Sthrg sl dlikel ch`h "on
prk`lrn shouckóe dlscletrnokzndn y thtno`letl lecrkptndn pnrn lo
no`nclen`kleth
no`nclen`kleth le on eubl, utkokznedh bohcjcmnke y crkptharniàn pnrn prhtlalr
ohs nrcmkvhs".

Lo checlpth ls kealekhsh7 ohs nrcmkvhs sl ckirne, oulah sl chrtne le vnrkns pnrtls

y sl no`nclene phr slpnrndh le uen rld dlscletrnokzndn dl ch`putndhrns dl
thdh lo `uedh, cuyhs `kl`brhs nculrdne noqukonr lspnckh okbrl le sus dkschs
durhs pnrn pnah le crkpthdkvksn Sthrg (SGC]). Arnckns n on irna`letnckóe dlo
nrcmkvh, endkl tklel uen chpkn ch`poltn, kecoush le ihr`n ckirndn. Shoh lo
prhpkltnrkh dlo nrcmkvh tklel on phskbkokdnd dl rlchestktukroh pnrn ollroh. Che
lstn shouckóe, Sthrg nikr`n slr `îs ch`pltktkvh qul ohs slrvkckhs le on eubl
trndkckhenols7 `îs rîpkdh (phrqul vnrkns `îqukens nohgne lo nrcmkvh), `îs
slaurh (phrqul ohs nrcmkvhs lstîe lecrkptndhs y chrtndhs) y phtleckno`letl
`îs bnrnth (phrqul mny eh ls elclsnrkh chestrukr cletrhs dl dnths pnrn thdhs
lsths dnths, qul sl blelikckn dlo phdlr dl on rld dl ch`putndhrns `kl`brh).
On tnrkin pubokcndn dl $ 6.6>< phr akanbytl (AB) phr `ls ls le rlnokdnd
ch`pnrnbol n Ahhaol Cohud Vontihr` (dl 6.661 n 6.629 phr AB phr `ls,
dlpledkledh dlo slrvkckh). On shouckóe yn mnbàn slduckdh, le lo vlrneh dl 26><,
n 3,=66 usunrkhs qul no`nclenbne `îs dl 2 TB (tlrnbytls), lo lqukvnoletl n 4,4
`koohels dl nrcmkvhs Qhrd ch`h lo shbrl lo qul sl lscrkbkó lstl brkoonetl
lesnyh.

Htrns eulvns l`prlsns, ch`h Skn, cuyh prhylcth alr`keó le ue mncjntmhe

hranekzndn le lo @KT (Kestktuth dl Tlcehohaàn dl @nssncmusltts) le 26>3,
`ulstrne lo `ks`h dlslh7 pnrn crlnr uen eubl dlscletrnokzndn le bohcjcmnke,
qul puldle utkokznr lo lspnckh dl no`nclen`kleth eh utkokzndh dl uen rld
=3
keihr`îtkcn dksplrsn phr thdh lo `uedh. Le Skn, ons trnesncckhels sl okqukdne
le on crkpth`heldn dlo bohcjcmnke dldkcndh n on alstkóe dl lstl mhstkea
dkstrkbukdh, lo Sknchke. Lo skstl`n iueckhen l kecoush ls `uy ch`pltktkvh7 le
lelrh dl 26>9, lo prlckh dl no`nclen`kleth pubokcndh iul dl
nprhxk`ndn`letl
nprhxk`ndn`letl 2.2< dóonrls phr TB y phr `ls, h 6.66>
6 .66> dóonrls phr AB y phr
`ls. N pnrtkr dlo 2> dl ehvkl`brl dl 26>9, clrcn dl 44<,666 nrcmkvhs iulrhe
nohgndhs nooà. Irletl n lsths rlckëe oolandhs, plqulþhs plrh phtleckno`letl
n`lenznetls, ohs akanetls dl on eubl eh quklrle vlrsl nbru`ndhs. @kcrhshit
sl mn nshckndh che on stnrtup Brhhjoye Cheslesys pnrn prhphrckhenr n sus
cokletls (l`prlsns y dlsnrrhoondhrls) le su eubl Nzurl, mlrrn`kletns
mlrrn`kletns pnrn lo
dlsnrrhooh dl npokcnckhels dlscletrnokzndns le Ltmlrlu` (LtmlrCn`p y
BohcjNpps). Vlrh skaul skledh ue slrvkckh le on eubl trndkckheno y cletrnokzndh
qul prhphrckhen ncclsh rl`hth n ue lethreh dl dlsnrrhoondhrls dl Ltmlrlu`,
eh n ue slrvkckh le on eubl dlscletrnokzndh.

Sktkhs wlb kecurnbols

Le ue aëelrh dkilrletl, WlrhElt, ue prhylcth checlbkdh n ikels dl 26>4 phr ue

dlsnrrhoondhr m÷eanrh, Tn`ns Jhcsks, dl 32 nþhs, ol plr`ktl nohgnr nrcmkvhs
dlscletrnokzndhs, eh nrcmkvhs h shitwnrl, skeh sktkhs wlb, le ouanr dl mnclroh
oon`nr n ue slrvkdhr WlrhElt utkokzn tneth on bohcjcmnke Bktchke ch`h
BktThrrlet, ue prhthchoh qul plr`ktl on trnesilrleckn dl nrcmkvhs pueth n
pueth, pnrn plr`ktkr qul ohs sktkhs qul sl rlakstrle sl vulovne keclesnbols * 9.
N prkeckpkhs dl slptkl`brl dl 26>9, WlrhElt tleàn shoh norldldhr dl `ko
usunrkhs, prhvlekletls dl Cmken, Lurhpn, N`ërkcn dlo Ehrtl, @nonskn, Kedhelskn
h kecoush Nustrnokn. On kekckntkvn skaul skledh `nrakeno mnstn lo `h`leth. Vlrh
su prh`lsn dl plr`ktkr on crlnckóe dl sktkhs keclesnbols prlsletn ue vnohr
narlandh rlno, pnrn `lghr, le pnàsls qul lglrcle uen iulrtl clesurn le on Qlb,
h pnrn `no (oh qul tn`bkëe plr`ktl on cnpnckdnd dl rlcuplrnckóe dl sktkhs
crk`kenols h tlrrhrkstns).

Sl ol prlauetó shbrl lo rklsah dl nbush dl WlrhElt, lo iuedndhr mn buscndh

chesuloh7 "Crlh qul WlrhElt puldl slr ketlrlsnetl pnrn cunoquklr plrshen qul
dlsll lglrclr su okblrtnd dl lxprlsskhe>=", dkgh lo plrkódkch Tn`ns Jhcsks
Brktksm Ketlrentkheno Buskelss Tk`ls. "Slràn phskbol crlnr sktkhs kolanols le
WlrhElt, plrh eh crlh qul sln on mlrrn`kletn kdlno pnrn lsth, phrqul le
WlrhElt, cndn vksktnetl tn`bkëe ls lo neiktrkóe dlo sktkh qul vksktn, y crlh qul lo
on `nyhràn dl on aletl eh quklrl nohgnr lstl tkph dl chetlekdh ", dkgh, nd`ktkledh
mnblr vksth shoh ue sktkh nohgndh le WlrhElt dhedl sl hirlcàne slrvkckhs dl
pkrntlràn. Ske l`bnrah, le on prk`nvlrn dl 26>9, WlrhElt sl dlstncó
d lstncó no lxmkbkr,
letrl sus prk`lrhs sktkhs nohgndhs, "Vony", ue slrvkckh kolano dl ketlrcn`bkh
k etlrcn`bkh dl
leoncls dl kauno n kauno, n prkhrk k`phskbol dl clrrnr, n dkilrleckn dl ohs arnedls
=4
netlrkhrls. pontnihr`ns dl dlscnran kolano ch`h Tml Vkrntl Bny, cuyhs sktkhs
iulrhe cheikscndhs phr on chrtl sulcn lo >; dl `nyh dl 26><. Vrulbn dl qul lo
lspàrktu crkpth nenrqukstn dl ohs hràalels dl Bktchke eh mn dlsnpnrlckdh phr
ch`polth.

<.2- @÷skcn, cuoturn y `ldkhs7 l`phdlrnr n quklels crlne

¸^uë mny le ch`÷e letrl ue `÷skch, ue ihtóarnih y ue plrkhdkstn8 Ohs trls

crlne chetlekdh hrkakeno (uen pklzn, uen ihth, ue nrtàcuoh), cldle n ue aruph
arnedl (`nyhrls dlo dksch h ohs `ldkhs, naleckn), lstîe plhr pnandhs phr su
trnbngh qul lo aruph arnedl le culstkóe cndn vlz ls `îs dkiàcko
dk iàcko vledlrols n ohs
cokletls qul eh quklrle pnanr phr lstl tkph dl prhducths, chevleckdhs dl qul
puldle lechetrnrohs dl ihr`n arntuktn. Vnrn qul thdhs, `÷skchs, ihtóarnihs y
plrkhdkstns, on`letle
on`letle on ldnd dl hrh dl netls dl Ketlrelt, cuyhs vklghs rlbhtne
sus hàdhs. Le lstn mksthrkn, on cnàdn eh ls dkvlrtkdn7 ske l`bnrah ls brutno, y
mnstn nmhrn krrlvlrskbol.

Sk bkle Ketlrelt mn `uotkpokcndh ch`h euecn on nudkleckn phtleckno dl nrtkstns,

plrkhdkstns y thdhs nquloohs qul puldle narupnrsl bngh on ltkqultn, eh `uy
phëtkcn plrh conrn, dl "prhducthrls dl chetlekdh", on dkaktno tn`bkëe sl mn
muedkdh sus rlsplctkvhs slcthrls le crksks prhiuedns, qul pnrlcle, dlsdl lo
pueth dl vkstn dl ohs prk`lrhs ketlrlsndhs, ketlr`kenbols. Cklrtn`letl, le on
`÷skcn, dlspuës dlo chonpsh thtno dl ons vletns dl dkschs, ikeno`letl sl
lechetrnrhe eulvhs `hdlohs dl elahckhs che trnes`kskóe, vletn kedkvkduno
(Ktuels) y lsplckno`letl lo rlarlsh no lsclenrkh, on prkeckpno iuletl dl kearlshs.
`÷skchs. Vlrh le lstl eulvh lqukokbrkh, ohs nrtkstns mne plrdkdh `ucmh n
cn`bkh7 le ohs sktkhs dl trnes`kskóe, "ohs tktuonrls dl dlrlcmhs rlckble le
prh`ldkh 6,666> lurhs phr lscucmn arntuktn (ikeneckndn phr pubokckdnd) y
letrl 6,662 y 6,664 lurhs le iough pnandh, ikeneckndh phr suscrkpckhels>; ",
lsplckikcó ue nrtàcuoh `uedkno pubokcndh le guekh dl 26><. N lstl rkt`h, sl
elclsktne ue `kooóe dl lscucmns pnrn anenr letrl >.666 y 4.666 lurhs. Bnstn
che dlckr qul dlbl slr `nodktn`letl buleh nslaurnr uen sîtkrn `lesuno
trnes`ktkledh
trnes`ktkledh su `÷skcn le Dllzlr, Sphtkiy h Nppol @uskc. "Mnztl rkch h `ulrl
ketletîedhoh" *1, "cnetó lo rnplrh <6 Clet. Cklrtn`letl eh sl mn chevlrtkdh
arnckns n on trnes`kskóe. On vletn dl uen cneckóe pnrn dlscnranr ls ue phch
`îs oucrntkvn, plrh lo nrtkstn n÷e plrdkó lo cn`bkh7 sla÷e ue lstudkh dl Ndn`k
dl 26>3, le ue îobu` dkaktno vledkdh, nilctn n <.>. % dlo prlckh le prh`ldkh,
le ch`pnrnckóe che lo 9,4% le on vlrskóe iàskcn (CD h vkekoh7 letrl > y <6 666
chpkns) 26. Le on prlesn, lo keihr`l ls nplens `lghr. Le Irneckn, cnsk thdhs ohs
aruphs dl prlesn, qul eh puldle `heltkznr chrrlctn`letl ohs nrtàcuohs le
Ketlrelt, pklrdle dkelrh. Ohs ponels dl snokdn vhouetnrkn lstîe nu`letnedh (le
26>9, le O'Hbs, O'Lxprlss, Okbërntkhe, GDD, Vnrks @ntcm, Lool ...). Lo e÷`lrh dl
=<
plrkhdkstns nctkvhs, qul cnyó ue 4% letrl 266; y 26><, slaukrî dks`keuyledh.
dks`keuyledh.
Le lo lxtrneglrh, ohs tktuonrls lstîe ue phch `lghr7 thdnvàn le 26>9, Tml
Aunrdkne, lo dknrkh dl rlilrleckn brktîekch, onezó ue pone dl lcheh`àn, lo Elw
[hrj Tk`ls mn nbklrth uen tnqukoon pnrn snokdns vhouetnrkns, kecoush lo Lo Qnoo
Strllt Ghureno, qul npuetn n ue hbgltkvh prlilrkdh, skaukó le ehvkl`brl su
slauedh pone dl dlspkdh. ¡Endn vn!

Nihrtuendn`letl, puldl brhtnr ue rnyh dl lsplrnezn le lstl pnksngl

dlvnstndh. Nsà ch`h on `÷skcn, netls dl on k`prletn, iul on prk`lrn kedustrkn
dkaktno le cn`bknr n ikels dl on dëcndn dl >;;6 (y tn`bkëe on prk`lrn le
lechetrnr on `nelrn dl ndnptnrsl),
ndnptnrsl), uen vlz `îs lstî le lo slcthr. qul puldle
surakr shouckhels qul phdràne, le ue slauedh pnsh, kespkrnr n on kedustrkn dl
ohs `ldkhs. Le Ksrnlo, ohs Lstndhs \ekdhs y lo Rlkeh \ekdh, vnrkns l`prlsns
eulvns lstîe kevletnedh eulvns ihr`ns dl nd`kekstrnr nuth`îtkcn`letl ohs
kearlshs dl ohs tktuonrls dl ohs dlrlcmhs (nuthrls, ch`phskthrls, nrtkstns
ketërprltls h lglcutnetls) h kecoush pnrn nslaurnr lo crhwdiuedkea dl sus
crlnckhels n trnvës dl chetrnths ketlokaletls rlakstrndhs le uen bohcjcmnke.
Che uen kdln le `letl7 phelr no nuthr le lo cletrh y dnrol uen phrckóe `îs
gustn dlo pnstlo.

@×SKCN N ON YNEA\NRDKN

Lo >6 dl dkckl`brl dl 26>4, on ghvle `÷skch l kevlrshr lstndhuekdlesl N. D.

Qnooncm, cnetnetl dlo aruph Cmlstlr Irlecm y ue arndundh dl Mnrvnrd,
pubokcndh le on pîaken wlb ue nrtàcuoh oon`ndh cneno dl rlthreh n on
sleskbkokdnd le on zhen dl bohcjcmnke y le on kedustrkn `uskcno. Le lstl onrah
neîoksks tktuondh "Bktchke ihr rhcjstnrs. Có`h on crkpth`heldn puldl
rlvhouckhenr on kedustrkn dl on `÷skcn "2>, suakrkó usnr uen tëcekcn bnstnetl
kelsplrndn pnrn `nelgnr on lspkehsn culstkóe dl ohs dlrlcmhs dl ohs nrtkstns.
"Bktchke hirlcl uen shouckóe phtleckno`letl insckenetl pnrn lo prhbol`n
kecrlàbol`letl `holsth qul leirletn on kedustrkn dl on `÷skcn", lscrkbkó. Lstl
prhbol`n ls sk`pol`letl qul eh mny uen bnsl dl dnths cletrnokzndn pnrn
no`nclenr keihr`nckóe `uskcno. @îs prlcksn`letl, che rlsplcth n uen pklzn,
dhs tkphs dl keihr`nckóe she pnrtkcuonr`letl k`phrtnetls7 ¸qukëe on crló y
qukëe tklel ohs dlrlcmhs8 Nctuno`letl, lstn keihr`nckóe ls lxclskvn`letl
dkiàcko dl lechetrnr, le dltrk`leth dl ohs nrtkstns, ohs slrvkckhs dl `÷skcn y ohs
chesu`kdhrls. ¸Có`h `lghrnr on sktunckóe8 "Ons crkpth`heldns
dlscletrnokzndns,
dlscletrnokzndns, dl códkah
códk ah nbklrth y aohbno ch`h Bktchke y Rkppol Z...P hirlcle
ue `hdloh pnrn tlr`kenr che lstl `nodkth stntus quh. \tkokznedh lo nvnecl
tlcehoóakch prhphrckhendh phr lstns rldls, phdl`hs, phr prk`lrn vlz le on
mksthrkn dl on mu`nekdnd, hranekznr ohs dnths `uskcnols dl `nelrn slesntn y,
oh qul ls `îs k`phrtnetl, rlkevletnr
rlkevletnr on ihr`n le qul ohs nrtkstns y ohs
o hs tktuonrls
=9
dl ohs dlrlcmhs she pnandhs ", prh`ltkó DN Qnooncm. Lo `÷skch ghvle
l`prlsnrkh oolaó n nikr`nr su kdln le ue bohcjcmnke dl ohs dlrlcmhs dl nuthr
dl on `÷skcn, cndn cneckóe, cndn blelikcknrkh (nuthr, ch`phskthr, ketërprltl,
mlrldlrh, slooh dkscharîikch, prhducthr, ltc.) y cndn plrshen qul dlsll ndqukrkr
h dkstrkbukr ue tàtuoh (sktkh dl trnes`kskóe, [huTubl, rndkh ...) slràn kdletkikcndh
phr uen dkrlcckóe p÷bokcn. dkstrkbuckóe kestnetîeln dl dkelrh pnrn pnanr cndn
ueh slràn prhphrckhendn phr chetrnths ketlokaletls lstîe rlsphedkledh lo ueh
no htrh, y qul anrnetkcl n cndn pnrtl dl su tkl`ph qul plr`ktl n thdhs hbslrvnr,
le lstl skstl`n trnespnrletl, nctkvkdnd dlbkdh, ke`ldkntn, lcheó`kcn rlno
alelrndh phr on crlnckóe.

On lxplrkleckn dl \gh chohcn no nrtkstn le lo cletrh

yn qul lstn vkskóe pkhelrn mn kespkrndh vnrkhs prhylcths, kecouyledh on prk`lrn

ls on lxplrkleckn "\gh", dkslþndn phr lo `÷skch brktîekch Vmko Bnrry y prhbndh
che lo cnetnetl Keaoës K`hale Mlnp. Cunedh npnrlcl lo nrtàcuoh dl D. N.
Qnooncm, Vmko Bnrry lstî plesnedh le có`h on kedustrkn dl on `÷skcn phdràn
rlkevletnrsl dl uen `nelrn `îs vletnghsn pnrn quklels crlne. "Ml skdh nrtkstn
durnetl cnsk dklz nþhs, bngh lo eh`brl dl @r Ihaa. Ml lstndh dl akrn, ml thcndh
le arnedls ilstkvnols, ml lstndh le on tlolvkskóe ... Tn`bkëe ml dkrkakdh ue slooh
kedlpledkletl
kedlpledkletl durnetl ckech nþhs. @l dk culetn dl qul lrn `uy dkiàcko dl mnclr
`÷skcn ue elahckh qul iueckhen, yh lstnbn `uy irustrndh phr eh oolanr n tlelr
ue k`pncth `àek`h shbrl on lstructurn dl on kedustrkn dl on `÷skcn. @l @ l sletàn
k`phtletl y yh sóoh tleàn uen vnan slesnckóe dl qulrlr `lghrnr lo lstndh dl on
kedustrkn dl on `÷skcn, qul mnbàn irncnsndh le lechetrnr eulvns hphrtuekdndls
dlsdl on kevleckóe dl `p322 ", dkcl. Lo ghvle tne ke`lrshs le ohs okbrhs, ohs
rledk`kleths
rledk`kleths dl on \ekvlrskdnd dl Bnechs dl @BN tkl`phtk l`ph le Hxihrd y ch`lezó
n dlsnrrhoonr kdlns shbrl on keehvnckóe dkaktno le ohs `hdlohs dl elahckh dl on
`÷skcn. Le 26>4, trnbngó ch`h chesuothr dl Tmh` [hrjl, cnetnetl dl
Rndkhmlnd, ue prhylcth bnstnetl rlvhouckhenrkn7 on okblrnckóe dlo slauedh
îobu` dl on cnetnetl, dl `nþnen `hdlrehs Cngns, dlscnraul le on pontnihr`n
pllr th pllr dl BktThrrlet (phr on `ódkcn su`n dl $ 9). Lo hbgltkvh dl lstl
prk`lr lxplrk`leth yn lrn, sla÷e lo prhpkh Tmh` [hrjl, "plr`ktkr qul
nquloohs qul crlne `÷skcn, vkdlhs h cunoquklr htrn ihr`n dl chetlekdh dkaktno
d kaktno
oh vledne loohs `ks`hs, no dlsmnclrsl dl ohs ketlr`ldknrkhs".
nuthprhcon`ës23".

Ls le lstl chetlxth nrtkstns rlvulotn le chetrn dl ons ehr`ns lstnbolckdns phr

on kedustrkn dl on `÷skcn qul Vmko Bnrry, le on b÷squldn dl eulvns kdlns pnrn
l`neckpnrsl dl on tutlon dl ons ch`pnþàns dkscharîikcns, pontnihr`ns dl
strln`kea y sktkhs dl dlscnrans olanols , dlscubrl lo nrtàcuoh dl DN Qnooncm.
"Olà lstl nrtàcuoh l ke`ldkntn`letl ch`prledà lo arne phtleckno dl on
=1
bohcjcmnke pnrn on alstkóe dl dlrlcmhs. Durnetl `ucmh tkl`ph, yh lstnbn
prlhcupndh phr on dkvkskóe dl ohs dlrlcmhs dl `÷skcn le dhs cntlahràns7
Dlrlcmh dl nuthr, Zdl nrtkstns, prhducthrls, cnenols dl tlolvkskóe y lstnckhels
dl rndkhP. Yk le lo bohcjcmnke uen ihr`n dl hcuotnr on ch`polgkdnd dl lsths
dkilrletls tkphs dl dlrlcmhs le uen bnsl dl dnths uekikcndn vkecuondn n uen
keirnlstructurn
keirnlstructurn dl chetrnth ketlokaletl ", dkcl. Nsà ls ch`h encl \gh. "Chetnctë
no nuthr, D. N. Qnooncm, plrh ëo eh qulràn l`bnrcnrsl le lstn nvleturn. Chehcà
n noauens plrshens, kecouyledh dlsnrrhoondhrls dl Ltlrlu`, qul sl mnbàn
ketlrlsndh le su nrtàcuoh, y l`plzn`hs n chestrukr le \gh dl `nyh dl 26>< ",
dkcl. "Th`n`hs uen cneckóe dlo nrtkstn brktîekch K`hale Mlnp, Tkey Mu`ne, l
ketletn`hs k`nakenr ue ush checrlth dl on bohcjcmnke pnrn on keirnlstructurn
dl rlanoàns. Lo hbgltkvh lrn dl`hstrnr qul lstl phdràn slr ue `lcneks`h likcnz
pnrn alstkhenr on keihr`nckóe dl dlrlcmhs, qul phdràn`hs usnr chetrnths
ketlokaletls pnrn inckoktnr on vletn dl uen okcleckn Zpnrn ush ch`lrckno, phr
lgl`poh, on cneckóe le ue neueckhP h dlscnranr dkrkakr n ohs hyletls, pueth n
pueth ske ketlr`ldknrkhs, y qul phdràn`hs rldkstrkbukr dl ke`ldknth ons
rlanoàns n ohs tktuonrls dl ohs dlrlcmhs (oh qul puldl oolvnr cuntrh nþhs) ", dkcl
Vmko Bnrry.

Lo sktkh pkhelrh, nopmn.ugh`uskc.ch`, sl onezó lo 2 dl hctubrl dl 26><.

Cunoquklrn, prhilskheno h prkvndh, puldl ch`prnr on cneckóe. Lstî dksphekbol
ch`h uen dlscnran sk`pol phr $ 6.9, ch`h ue nrcmkvh "stl` * =" pnrn ush
prhilskheno, rl`lzcon, phr lgl`poh, phr $ 4<, h trnes`kskóe phr $ 6.669 pnrn
lscucmnr, h pnrn ushs ch`lrcknols. , ch`h ue neueckh (lo prlckh ls pnrn
dkscutkr). Le cndn cnsh, sl lsplckikcn on dkstrkbuckóe dl ohs dlrlcmhs. Vhr
lgl`poh, le uen dlscnran dl 6.96 dóonrls, K`hale Mlnp rlckbl lo ;>.2<% dl ohs
dlrlcmhs, y sus 1 guandhrls, >.2<%. Cunedh on trnesncckóe tklel ouanr (le
Ltmlrs), sl rlakstrn le lo bohcjcmnke dl Ltmlrlu`, dhedl ohs chetrnths
ketlokaletls dkstrkbuyle on su`n dl nculrdh che ons chedkckhels kearlsndns le
lo códkah. Che tno skstl`n, lo nrtkstn - K`hale Mlnp le lstl cnsh - anen trls vlcls.
Le prk`lr ouanr, ls loon qukle vledl sus prhducckhels y yn eh ls uen ch`pnþàn
dkscharîikcn n on qul mn rleueckndh n sus dlrlcmhs. Mny `îs h `lehs
ketlr`ldknrkhs
ketlr`ldknrkhs y su phrckóe dlo pnstlo ls `îs arnedl. Lethecls lo nrtkstn rlckbl
lo pnah dl ke`ldknth. Ikeno`letl, sl blelikckn dl uen `nyhr trnespnrleckn7
rlckbl nuth`îtkcn`letl
nuth`îtkcn`letl oh qul sl dlbl d lbl dl nculrdh che ons chedkckhels lscrktns
le lo chetrnth ketlokaletl. "Le lo iuturh, cunedh noaukle ch`prl h dkstrkbuyn ue
tàtuoh `uskcno, yn eh mnbrî ue ketlr`ldknrkh cletrnokzndh. Ohs ineîtkchs puldle
pnanr ke`ldkntn`letl phr lo nrtkstn ", 24 K`hale Mlnp ol dkgh n on rlvkstn
^unrtz le ilbrlrh pnsndh. Kecoush pnrn ons arnedls l`prlsns dl on kedustrkn dl
on `÷skcn, lo skstl`n puldl slr vletnghsh, yn qul ls lilctkvn7 n trnvës dl ons
rlanoàns dl nuth`ntkznckóe "noauehs crlle qul bohcjcmnke puldl rlduckr lo
2<% dl ohs ansths dl plrsheno", slþnon Vmko Bnrry. On alstkóe trnespnrletl y
nuth`ntkzndn dl ohs dlrlcmhs shbrl bohcjcmnke tn`bkëe plr`ktl lvktnr
==
cheiokcths letrl ohs tktuonrls dl ohs dlrlcmhs7 shoh uen bnsl dl dnths,
ch`pnrtkdn letrl loohs, ls nutëetkcn.

@÷otkpols prhylcths pnrnolohs

Lstn lxplrkleckn lià`lrn mn dndh hrkale n vnrkhs prhylcths pnrnolohs. K`hale

Mlnp sl mn l`bnrcndh le @yclokn, uen iuednckóe qul tklel ch`h hbgltkvh
dlsnrrhoonr ue "ch`lrckh gusth dl `÷skcn" le blelikckh dl ohs nrtkstns,
bnsîedhsl le ohs rlakstrhs dl bohcjcmnke. Vhr lo `h`leth, @yclokn ls `îs ue
ouanr dl rliolxkóe qul ue slrvkckh. "@yclokn quklrl hbslrvnr on nrquktlcturn dl
oh qul yn lxkstl, lxpohrnr eulvns tlcehohaàns ch`h bohcjcmnke y dlsnrrhoonr
d lsnrrhoonr lo
`lghr aukóe pnrn `÷skchs", 2< rlsu`l lo nrtkstn le ue nrtàcuoh shbrl lo sktkh
brktîekch Tlcm Ckty Elws. Lo prhylcth kekckno, \gh (nmhrn
( nmhrn \gh @uskc), lstî skledh
dlsnrrhoondh phr Cheslesys, uen eulvn l`prlsn dl Eulvn [hrj, qul lstî
dlsnrrhoonedh uen pontnihr`n, le Ltmlrlu`, pnrn rlprhduckr che cunoquklr
tàtuoh lo `lcneks`h utkokzndh pnrn lo tàtuoh Tkey Mu`ne. "\gh @uskc plr`ktkrî
n nrtkstns h tktuonrls dl dlrlcmhs arnbnr chetlekdh le bohcjcmnke y dlikekr
phoàtkcns dl ush, pnrn qul lo chesu`kdhr puldn ndqukrkr uen okcleckn pnrn usnr
lstl chetlekdh le chedkckhels lstnbolckdns pnrn ush prkvndh, p÷bokch, h phelr
lo tàtuoh le on bnedn shehrn dl ue vkdlh, phr lgl`poh. On okcleckn sl puldl
ndqukrkr dl ke`ldknth y lo dkelrh sl pnanrî le tkl`ph rlno no nrtkstn29 ",
rlsu`l lo iuedndhr dl Cheslesys, Ghslpm Oubke. Sl neueckn uen vlrskóe bltn
dl on npokcnckóe le on prk`nvlrn dl 26>1.

Vhr su pnrtl, Vmko Bnrry dlgó \gh y nbrkó uen eulvn l`prlsn che lo `ks`h
checlpth7 Bohjur, qul tklel ch`h hbgltkvh n`poknr lo checlpth dl \gh, ok`ktndh
o k`ktndh
n uen cneckóe. Vnrn tlelr ëxkth, cheiàn le on chonbhrnckóe che ohs arnedls
guandhrls dlo slcthr le ouanr dl on cheirhetnckóe. Lo l`prledldhr lstî
prlpnrnedh prhylcths che dhs dl ohs trls slrvkckhs dl trnes`kskóe dl dnths
`îs arnedls dlo `uedh y uen k`phrtnetl ch`pnþàn dkscharîikcn. Su hbgltkvh,
dkcl, eh ls sustktukr n Sphtkiy h Ktuels, skeh rll`ponznr on keirnlstructurn
keirnlstructurn dltrîs
dl su slrvkckh. ¸^uë pnsn che on n`bkckóe kekckno dl lok`kenr ketlr`ldknrkhs
letrl nrtkstns y chesu`kdhrls8 "Lo e÷`lrh dl ketlr`ldknrkhs letrl ohs dhs
lxtrl`hs dl on cndlen ls `uy k`phrtnetl. Mny `ucmn kelikckleckn nooà. Sk
phdl`hs nuth`ntkznr
nuth`ntkznr ons chsns, lsth oolvnrî n uen cklrtn dlsketlr`l
d lsketlr`ldknckóe.
dknckóe. Eh
lok`kenrl`hs
lok`kenrl`hs n ohs prhducthrls y ldkthrls dl `÷skcn, plrh ohs nrtkstns dlblràne
tlelr on hpckóe dl trnbngnr che loohs h eh ", dkcl. Lo ghvle l`prledldhr snbl
qul tklel ue onrah cn`keh phr rlchrrlr7 "Tlel`hs phr oh `lehs htrh nþh `îs,
phrqul on tlcehohaàn bohcjcmnke tklel qul prharlsnr le `ucmhs nsplcths, ch`h
lo rlsplth phr on cheikdlecknokdnd y on" n`poknckóe". *;", nd`ktl.

=;
Sk`pokikcn on alstkóe dl dlrlcmhs

Vnrn kr `îs rîpkdh, Bohjur pnrtkckpó le on iuednckóe dl Hple @uskc Kektkntkvl

(K@H), ue prhylcth slcthrkno onezndh le guekh dl 26>9 phr Crlntkvl
Letrlprlelursmkp
Letrlprlelursmkp Kestktutl dl Blrjoll (on in`hsn lsculon dl `÷skcn dl Eulvn
[hrj). Le nshcknckóe che ohs arnedls eh`brls dl on kedustrkn
k edustrkn (Aruph \ekvlrsno
@uskc, Shey @uskc Letlrtnke`let, Qnrelr @uskc Arhup, B@A, Sphtkiy,
[huTubl, Vnedhrn, ShuedCohud, Eltiokx tn`bkëe SNCL@), H@K, uen
hranekznckóe ske îek`h dl oucrh, ketletn crlnr ue prhthchoh dl iuletl nbklrtn
pnrn lstnednrkznr on kdletkikcnckóe dl tktuonrls dl dlrlcmhs y crlndhrls dl
`÷skcn, y pnrn dlikekr lsplckikcnckhels tëcekcns qul plr`ktne on
ketlrhplrnbkokdnd
ketlrhplrnbkokdnd dl pontnihr`ns dl alstkóe dl dlrlcmhs dl dkilrletls ncthrls.
Le tër`kehs `lehs hscurhs, H@K quklrl anrnetkznr qul on rlvhouckóe dl on
bohcjcmnke anrnetkcl n ohs nrtkstns y tktuonrls dl dlrlcmhs lo pnah dl ohs
kearlshs qul sl ols dlbl y qul, durnetl dl`nskndh tkl`ph, sl plrdkó le on
enturnolzn. Ndl`îs dl Bohjur, vnrkns stnrt-ups dl bohcjcmnke she pnrtl dl on
nvleturn, kecoukdh lo Rlvlondhr dl S@L ksrnloà, iuedndh le on prk`nvlrn dl
26>< phr Brueh Aulz, ue prhducthr irnech-lstndhuekdlesl che sldl le Tlo
Nvkv. Rlvlonthr eh buscn lok`kenr n thdhs ohs ketlr`ldknrkhs pnrn phelr le
chetncth dkrlcth n nrtkstns y hyletls, skeh `îs bkle n sk`pokikcnr on alstkóe dl
dlrlcmhs pnrn ohs prhilskhenols dl on `÷skcn. Che lstl hbgltkvh `lehs
aon`hrhsh, plrh `îs rlnokstn y rletnbol, on ch`pnþàn oharó rlcnudnr eh `lehs
dl 2.< `koohels dl dóonrls le ihedhs n ikels dl nahsth dl 26>9. Sk lo slrvkckh
hirlckdh phr Rlvlonthr ls ketlrlsnetl, ls phrqul Le on lrn dkaktno, on
dkstrkbuckóe dl ohs dlrlcmhs sl mn chevlrtkdh le uen bhosn dl eudhs cnsk
keahblrenbol pnrn quklels tklele on hbokanckóe chetrnctuno dl mnclroh
(shckldndls dl dlrlcmh dl nuthr, dkstrkbukdhrls, `nyhrls dl `÷skcn, ltc.). "Lo
nþh pnsndh, lo lqukvnoletl brktîekch dl Sncl` (ch`pnþàn dl nd`kekstrnckóe dl
dlrlcmhs `uskcnols) tuvh qul `nelgnr 2.466 `koohels dl trnesncckhels. Ls
lxpheleckno Cndn nþh sl dupokcn h sl dupokcn. [ ckth shoh uen shckldnd dl
dlrlcmhs dl nuthr, `kletrns qul mny ckleths le lo `uedh. Che uehs ><6
`koohels dl cneckhels le ohs cntîohahs, tlel`hs qul nyudnrohs n alstkhenr lstn
lxpohskóe dl dnths dkaktnols ", dkcl Brueh Aulz. Che lo bohcjcmnke, on
nuth`ntkznckóe dl on nd`kekstrnckóe dl lsths `kols dl `koohels dl
trnesncckhels, n `leudh plqulþns, sl mncl phskbol7 "Vlr`ktl rlakstrnr ue
nctkvh y ohs dlrlcmhs nshckndhs che ëo, y nshcknrohs che ue chetrnth ketlokaletl,
qul sl lglcutn dl nculrdh n ons trnesncckhels. Lstl chetrnth ketlokaletl
nuth`ntkzn on dkstrkbuckóe dl dlrlcmhs y rlanoàns dl nculrdh che ons rlaons
lstnbolckdns le on prhpkldnd (qul puldl slr uen cneckóe u htrn chsn) ", dkcl lo
l`prlsnrkh. Rlvlonthr mn chestrukdh su prhpkh bohcjcmnke prkvndh (pnrn
prlslrvnr on cheikdlecknokdnd dl ons trnesncckhels) y hirlcl n sus cokletls ue
slrvkckh ncclskbol le su sktkh. Nrtkstns, alrletls y ltkqultns puldle cnranr uen
cneckóe, qul tklele dlrlcmhs, le on eubl dl Rlvlonthr y slolcckhene l`kshrns
;6
(Sphtkiy, Ktuels, ShuedCohud, Dllzlr, N`nzhe ...). Rlvlonthr oulah trnesiklrl
nuth`îtkcn`letl
nuth`îtkcn`letl ons su`ns dlbkdns n ons pnrtls ketlrlsndns, dl nculrdh che lo
e÷`lrh dl guandns y ons chedkckhels chetrnctunols, trnescrktns le chetrnths
ketlokaletls.
ketlokaletls. Lo slrvkckh tklel ue chsth dl $ >6 phr `ls pnrn ue nrtkstn, 96 pnrn
ue alrletl y >66 pnrn uen ltkqultn.

Crlnckóe dl ihedhs

Brueh Aulz vl `îs nooî. Voneln, phr slauedn vlz, lxtledlr su pontnihr`n no
ikeneckn`kleth dl on crlnckóe, ihedhs n ohs qul sl kevktnràn n ohs ineîtkchs n
pnrtkckpnr7 "On vktnokdnd y on vlohckdnd dl ons trnesncckhels le ue bohcjcmnke
puldle plr`ktkr vàecuohs `îs dkrlcths letrl chesu`kdhrls y nrtkstns, phr
lgl`poh, pnrn plr`ktkr qul ue ine tlean prk`lrh ncclsh n on `÷skcn dl su
cnetnetl invhrkth h kecoush ch`prnr ncckhels le uen pklzn ", nphstkoon. "Le
26>1, `l austnràn dlsnrrhoonr ue `lrcndh pnrn lo ketlrcn`bkh dl dlrlcmhs
ketlolctunols, lo CNC 46 h lo Jkcjstnrtlr * >6 dl `÷skcn. \stld tklel uen
npokcnckóe `óvko, ch`prn y vledl `÷skcn, pnrn nyudnr n ohs nrtkstns n rlcnudnr
dkelrh ", dkcl Brueh Aulz. Le Eulvn [hrj, lo cheshrckh dl eulvn crlnckóe
tn`bkëe lstî trnbngnedh pnrn ketlarnr n ohs ineîtkchs le lo ikeneckn`kleth dl on
crlnckóe. "Ml`hs dlsnrrhoondh uen mlrrn`kletn dl ahbklreh oon`ndn Bhnrd
Rhh`, qul puldl slr utkokzndn, phr lgl`poh, phr uen bnedn Zh cunoquklr htrh
tkph dl hranekznckóeP. K`naken qul tklels ue aruph, dlscrkbl Ghslpm Oubke.
Dlsln rlaons trnespnrletls qul lsplckikqule qukëe phsll quë le ons cneckhels
c neckhels
qul crln. Oulah puldl usnr on Snon dl guetns pnrn dlikekroh, l`ktkr ikcmns (qul
rlprlsletne lo cnpktno dlo aruph, dkstrkbukdh letrl ohs `kl`brhs) y
phskbol`letl vledlr noauens pnrn rlcnudnr ihedhs, le ue skstl`n dl
crhwdiuedkea. Vhr lgl`poh,
lgl`poh, ustld vledl lo 26% dl ohs kearlshs dl on próxk`n
akrn pnrn ketlarnr n ohs ineîtkchs le lo elahckh. N cn`bkh, ols plr`ktl lolakr quë
tàtuohs krîe le lo îobu`, l kecoush sualrkr cn`bkhs le ons cneckhels. Ghslpm
Oubke cheiàn le qul7 "\e skstl`n dl lstl tkph nbrl ue vnsth tlrrkthrkh eulvh
pnrn ohs nrtkstns. Mnbon`hs che `ucmhs dl loohs, thdhs neskhshs phr prhbnr on
pontnihr`n."

\E @HDLOH VNRN HTRHS SLCTHRLS C\OT\RNOLS [ VNRN

V NRN OHS @LDKHS

Sk lo bohcjcmnke oharn `nelgnr prhclshs tne ch`pokcndhs ch`h on trnes`kskóe

dl su`ns n vlcls plqulþns n `koohels dl tktuonrls dl dlrlcmhs le on `÷skcn,
¸phr quë eh sl puldl usnr le htrns îrlns dl on crlnckóe8 Ckel, prlesn,
tlolvkskóe, pubokcnckhels,
pubokcnckhels, nrtls vksunols ... Thdh oh rlonckhendh che on prhpkldnd
ketlolctuno phdràn ketlrlsnrol le on nuth`ntkznckóe dl on alstkóe dl dlrlcmhs
qul plr`ktle ohs chetrnths ketlokaletls le bohcjcmnke. Mnstn nmhrn sl mne
;>
neueckndh `uy phchs prhylcths le lsths slcthrls. Vlrh phdràne th`nr
rîpkdn`letl lo `ks`h cn`keh qul on `÷skcn. Brueh Aulz tklel on ikr`l
ketleckóe7 "@l k`nakeh qul le ohs próxk`hs `lsls nbhrdnrl`hs lo vkdlh y
oulah thdh oh qul sl trnes`ktl Zon rndkh h on trnes`kskóe dl tlolvkskóeP",
cheiklsn. Le Cheslesys, on n`bkckóe ls on `ks`n7 "@uy prheth ch`leznrl`hs
on ploàcuon \gh pnrn lo ckel y \gh pnrn on kedustrkn dlo nrtl", prh`ltkó Ghslpm
Oubke le lo vlrneh dl 26>9.

Le Irneckn, lo ketlrës dl lstn tlcehohaàn eh mn lscnpndh no @kekstlrkh dl

Cuoturn. Lo Cheslgh Suplrkhr dl Vrhpkldnd Oktlrnrkn y Nrtàstkcn (CSVON), lo
óraneh rlsphesnbol dl nslshrnr no @kekstrh dl Cuoturn shbrl culstkhels
guràdkcns, mn lecnrandh ue keihr`l dl lstudkh, qul sl lsplrn qul sl pubokqul
le on prk`nvlrn dl 26>1, shbrl lo phskbol k`pncth dl ons npokcnckhels shbrl on
bohcjcmnke pnrn lo `uedh dl ohs bklels cuoturnols7 "Lsth kecoukrî lvnounr sus
chetrkbuckhels n on alstkóe dl dlrlcmhs, lo ncclsh n ons hbrns h on hptk`kznckóe
dl vnrkhs `hdhs dl lxpohtnckóe2=", lscrkbkó lo prlskdletl dlo CSVON, Vklrrl-
Irneáhks Rnckel, le on cnrtn dl on `kskóe, pubokcndn lo = dl guokh, subrnynedh no
pnsnr su prhpkh letuskns`h7 "Lstns npokcnckhels pnrlcle prh`ltldhrns
prh`ltldhrns dlbkdh
n ons sk`pokikcnckhels, on slaurkdnd y on dks`keuckóe le lo chsth dl ons
trnesncckhels,
trnesncckhels, kecoukdhs ohs chetrnths qul loohs phdràne trnlr".

\en hphrtuekdnd dl nprhvlcmnr on prlesn

Dl thdhs ohs slcthrls cuoturnols, lo qul `lehs rlskstl n ohs trnsthrehs dkaktnols
ls on prlesn. Nmhrn, on tlcehohaàn bohcjcmnke, le pnrtkcuonr lo Bktchke phdràn
rlshovlr lo prkeckpno prhbol`n qul leculetrne ohs aruphs dl `ldkhs dlsdl on
oolandn dl Ketlrelt7 su kecnpnckdnd pnrn vledlr nrtàcuohs le oàeln dl uen
`nelrn suikckletl`letl `nskvn y rletnbol pnrn ch`plesnr on dlsnpnrkckóe
ch`prndhrls prharlskvhs dl plrkódkchs k`prlshs. Dlspuës dl chetkeunr n oh
onrah dl on dëcndn dl 2666 che uen dlsnstrhsn lstrntlakn dl pubokcnckóe
arntuktn le oàeln dl sus nrtàcuohs, no cletrnrsl le ohs kearlshs pubokcktnrkhs qul
mne dl`hstrndh slr krrkshrkhs, ohs prkeckpnols aruphs dl `ldkhs mne oolandh n
ch`prledlr
ch`prledlr qul su ÷ekcn phskbkokdnd dl shbrlvkvkr lrn cnranr n sus olcthrls le
Ketlrelt. Vlrh, `kletrns tneth, `ucmhs usunrkhs dl Ketlrelt mne plrdkdh lo
mîbkth dl pnanr phr keihr`nckóe. On tnrln ls dkiàcko. Le ohs ÷otk`hs nþhs,
ikeno`letl suraklrhe ons hilrtns dl pnywnoo (suscrkpckhels hbokanthrkns
dlspuës dl noauehs nrtàcuohs chesuotndhs). Vhch n phch, lstns suscrkpckhels
nocnezne ue ëxkth crlckletl, plrh qul skaul skledh `uy kesuikckletl pnrn mnclr
ldkthrknols le vkvh. Dl mlcmh, n on hilrtn dl plrkódkch ol inotn uen dk`leskóe
k`phrtnetl7 pnrn ollr ue tàtuoh dl cnokdnd le oàeln, dlbl suscrkbkrsl. On
hphrtuekdnd dl ch`prnr lo plrkódkch hcnskheno`letl, ch`h sl puldl mnclr le
lo qukhsch, cnsk mn dlsnpnrlckdh phrqul ohs aruphs dl `ldkhs eh mne oharndh,
;2
mnstn nmhrn, dlsnrrhoonr on vletn dl nrtàcuohs n on uekdnd. Noauehs hirlcle
(ch`h Ol@hedl.ir), plrh n prlckhs rkdàcuon`letl noths7 2 lurhs lo nrtàcuoh, lo
prlckh dl thdh lo plrkódkch k`prlsh ... ^ukle eh tledràn on k`prlskóe dl tlelr
le lstns chedkckhels, lethecls kecoush sk lo chsth dl on pubokcnckóe le oàeln,
pnrn lo plrkódkch, ls cnsk euoh le ch`pnrnckóe che on k`prlskóe trndkckheno8
Lstl prlckh lxhrbktnetl tklel uen lxpokcnckóe7 ls dlbkdh n ohs chsths kauno`letl
dksunshrkh dl plqulþns cnetkdndls dl rlauonckóe (`kcrhpnahs), ncusndh phr
ohs ketlr`ldknrkhs dlo pnah (ons ch`pnþàns dl tnrgltns dl crëdkth, VnyVno, ltc.).
Vlrh Bktchke y htrns crkpth`heldns plr`ktle prlcksn`letl dlsmnclrsl dl
lsths ncthrls, y nsà mnclr phskbol on ch`prn dl ue nrtàcuoh, lcheó`kcn l
kestnetîeln,
kestnetîeln, le ueh h dhs cokcs,
cok cs, phr uen plqulþn tnrkin.

Lstn kdln iul ihr`uondn le lelrh dl 26>4 phr lo kevlrshr @nrc Nedrllssle, le
uen chou`en pubokcndn le lo Elw [hrj Tk`ls7 "Ohs `kcrhpnahs euecn mne skdh
phskbols, n plsnr dl vlketl nþhs dl ketleths inookdhs, phrqul eh ls rletnbol pnrn
pnsnr plqulþns cnetkdndls dl dkelrh (ue dóonr h `lehs, kecoush uehs phchs
cletnvhs h irncckhels dl cletnvhs) n trnvës dlo skstl`n nctuno dl bnechs y
tnrgltns bnecnrkns. Z...P Dl rlpletl, che Bktchke, sl vulovl trkvkno`letl sk`pol.
Ohs bktchkes tklele on arne prhpkldnd dl slr dkvkskbols kedlikekdn`letl7
nctuno`letl, mnstn = dlck`nols dlspuës dl on ch`n, y n÷e `îs le lo iuturh. Dl
`hdh qul puldl phelr uen plqulþn cnetkdnd dl dkelrh, ch`h ue `koonr dl ue
cletnvh, y levknroh n cunoquklr plrshen le cunoquklr pnrtl dlo `uedh dl ihr`n
arntuktn h cnsk. Nsà qul pklesl le on `heltkznckóe dlo chetlekdh, phr lgl`poh.
\en dl ons rnzhels phr ons qul ohs aruphs dl `ldkhs y ohs plrkódkchs tklele
prhbol`ns pnrn chbrnr phr su chetlekdh ls phrqul chbrne thdh, yn sln uen
suscrkpckóe aohbno n thdh lo chetlekdh h endn, oh qul sl trnducl le lsths
mhrrkbols neueckhs pubokcktnrkhs
pubokcktnrkhs ue phch. le thdns pnrtls le on wlb. Dl rlpletl,
che lo Bktchke, npnrlcl uen ihr`n lcheó`kcn`letl vknbol dl chbrnr plqulþns
cnetkdndls dl dkelrh phr nrtàcuoh, h phr lecnblzndh, h phr tkl`ph, h phr vkdlh,
h phr ncclsh n ohs nrcmkvhs, h phr keihr`nckóe dl nolrtn2;. Dhs nþhs dlspuës,
endkl mn nprhvlcmndh on hphrtuekdnd thdnvàn. Ske l`bnrah, htrhs lxplrths
cheikr`ne lo dknaeóstkch dl @nrc Nedrllssle, ch`h on naleckn dl nenokstns
@hhdy's, qul le ue keihr`l dl guokh dl 26>9, mncl lo pnrnoloh letrl
letrl on `÷skcn y
ohs `ldkhs7 "\en bohcjcmnke dl dlrlcmhs dkaktnols pnrn prhducths dl chesu`h,
tnols ch`h `÷skcn y nrtàcuohs plrkhdàstkchs, letrl htrhs, plr`ktkràne, n trnvës
dl chetrnths ketlokaletls, anrnetkznr qul ohs nrtkstns h nuthrls slne pnandhs
tne prheth ch`h ue chesu`kdhr mnyn olàdh ue nrtàcuoh h lscucmndh uen
cneckóe, le prhphrckóe n ons chedkckhels lsplckikcndns le lo chetrnth. Dndh ohs
bnghs chsths dl trnesncckóe le uen bohcjcmnke, ohs `kcrhpnahs sl vhovlràne
lcheó`kcn`letl vknbols, mnckledh phskbol lo pnah phr ush cndn vlz qul sl
rlprhducl ue nrtàcuoh h sl lscucmn uen cneckóe. K`nakel`hs, phr lgl`poh, qul
Ol@hedl.ir incturn on olcturn dl ue nrtàcuoh >6 cletnvhs le ouanr dl 2 lurhs,
che ue skstl`n dl pnah lxtrl`ndn`letl sk`pol, slaurh y rîpkdh (le uehs
;3
phchs cokcs). Lo sktkh rlckbl norldldhr dl ;6 `koohels dl vksktns phr `ls (wlb y
`óvko) 3>. Sk, le prh`ldkh, ue olcthr ch`pró ue shoh nrtàcuoh durnetl uen vksktn
n < le lo sktkh h on npokcnckóe `óvko, no prlckh dl >6 cletnvhs (oh qul pnrlcl uen
suphskckóe `uy cheslrvndhrn), Ol@hedl.ir alelrnràn > , = `koohels dl lurhs
dl incturnckóe `lesuno ndkckheno. Ls curkhsh qul endkl mn ketletndh on
nvleturn.

Chhplrntkvns dl plrkhdkstns kedlpledkletls

Ske l`bnrah, mny uen stnrt-up dl bohcjcmnke qul sl mn ketlrlsndh phr on prlesn,
plrh che uen vkskóe thtno`letl dkilrletl, qul phdràn ntrnlr n plrkhdkstns,
olcthrls, y `ucmh `lehs n ohs aruphs dl `ldkhs7 Bncjilld, uen ch`pnþàn
crlndn phr Lo iàskch ksrnloà @ntne Iklod (chiuedndhr dl OnWhhz), Tno Slrpmhs, ue
lx ch`lrcknetl ksrnloà, y lo kevlstkandhr ktnokneh Vrk`nvlrn Dl Ikokppk. On V[@L
sl lsplcknokzn le lo dkslþh dl ahblrenezn
ahblrenezn k`puosndn phr bohcjcmnke y `hdlohs
dl elahckh pnrn hranekznckhels dlscletrnokzndns pnrn ih`letnr on
chonbhrnckóe `nskvn dl kedkvkduhs, y phr quë eh plrkhdkstns, suaklrl @ntne
Iklod7 "Letrl eulstrhs cnsh dl ush, plesn`hs le ohs `ldkhs dlscletrnokzndhs32
dlscletrnokzndhs32
", cheikr`n. "Mhy, thdh lo `uedh ls plrkhdkstn * >>, dkcl lo l`prlsnrkh. @ucmn
aletl lscrkbl chetlekdh, n vlcls dl `non cnokdnd plrh n vlcls `uy buleh. Vhr
oh tneth, sural ue trkpol prhbol`n7 prk`lrh, lo dl on cnokdnd y on kevlstkanckóe.
Mny dl`nskndh chetlekdh, y phr lstn rnzóe, lo chetlekdh eh vnol `ucmh. Eh
phdl`hs vkvkr dl lsh. Lethecls mny ue prhbol`n pnrn lo olcthr qul, irletl n
lstl su`kekstrh lxclskvh, eh puldl lechetrnr oh qul rlno`letl quklrl. Ch`h
rlsuotndh, ëo eh lstî oksth pnrn pnanr. Ikeno`letl, mny uen inotn dl conskikcnckóe,
slolcckóe dl chetlekdh phr pnrtl dl ons plrshens. On slolcckóe (curnduràn) lstî
keirnvnohrndn.
keirnvnohrndn. Ons plrshens qul mncle cokc le on pnrtl keilrkhr dl ue nrtàcuoh le
uen rld shckno plr`nelcle iulrn dlo elahckh. Che uen pontnihr`n dl chetlekdh
dlscletrnokzndh, puldl rlshovlr thdhs lsths prhbol`ns7 alelrn vnohr phr lo
chetlekdh qul prhducl y phr su pnrtkckpnckóe le on slolcckóe y prh`hckóe Zdl
chetlekdh dl cnokdndP. Ohs prk`lrhs olcthrls y prhducthrls dl chetlekdh
rlckble ue pnah gusth. Ls uen sktunckóe dhedl thdhs puldle slr anendhrls ",
dkcl @ntne Iklod.

Thdhs... h cnsk. Le lstl pnksngl dhedl shoh ohs qul lscrkble ohs nrtàcuohs, quklels
ohs olle y quklels ohs prlsletne, ¸quë pnsnràn che ohs plrkódkchs8 \e rlculrdh
dl uen ëphcn pnsndn. "Eh mnbràn `îs plrkódkchs, nd`ktl @ntne Iklod, plrh
mnbràn `ucmhs plrkhdkstns, qul phdràne chhplrnr, le càrcuohs qul phdràne
oon`nrsl plrkódkchs, kecoush sk iulrne `îs bkle chhplrntkvns dl nuthrls,
trnbngnedh gueth che ketlrlsls y uen `letnokdnd ch`÷e. Oh qul phdràn
rlsu`krsl le lo checlpth dl plrkhdks`h dl crhwdshurckea*
c rhwdshurckea* >2".

;4
<.3- Gulan, npulstn y ndkvken lo iuturh

Slcthr keehvndhr, sk mny noaueh, skl`prl le buscn dl uen keehvnckóe

tlcehoóakcn h uen ihr`n dl lscnpnr dl ons rlauonckhels dlsinvhrnbols,
dlsinvhrnbols, lo gulah
le alelrno - vkdlhgulahs, cnskeh h Vnràs - mn oharndh nphdlrnrsl dl ëo tn`bkëe
eulvns phskbkokdndls nbklrtns phr bohcjcmnke. Kecoush nbrkledh plrsplctkvns
keshsplcmndns pnrn rlikenr eulstrn vkskóe dlo iuturh ...

YKDLHG\LAHS ^\L RLVHRTNE

Sl ols pnan phr guanr, ¸cuîeths letusknstns dl ohs vkdlhgulahs shþnràne8 Ynrkns
l`prlsns dl eulvn crlnckóe mne letledkdh lsth y mne prlsletndh, le on
slauedn `ktnd dl 26>9, npokcnckhels dl gulahs `óvkols qul rlch`plesne n ohs
guandhrls che crkpth`heldns. Dlsnrrhoondn phr ue lqukph irnech-sukzh che
sldl le Akelbrn, on npokcnckóe BktchkeBnedkt, ch`lrcknokzndn n ikels dl nahsth
dl 26>9 le dksphsktkvhs `óvkols che Nedrhkd l kHS, prh`ltl anenr n thdhs sus
usunrkhs. Dlspuës dl rlakstrnr le on npokcnckóe on dkrlcckóe p÷bokcn dl su
bkooltlrn Bktchke, lo guandhr lglcutn ue plqulþh chelgkth l ketletn rlcholctnr
`heldns dl hrh, `kletrns lvktn ohs hbstîcuohs. Cndn pklzn anen ue "Snthsmk"
(6.6666666> BTC) y ohs prk`lrhs >6 dlo threlh tn`bkëe hbtklele uen
rlch`plesn
rlch`plesn `îs sustneckno le Bktchkes (on cnetkdnd dlpledl dl on cnetkdnd dl
pnrtkckpnetls). "Sh`hs ohs prk`lrhs le kestnonr uen rl`uelrnckóe le ue gulah,
ls bnstnetl keehvndhr33", cheikó ueh dl ohs iuedndhrls, Aukoonu`l Vldrn, dlo
dknrkh On Dlplcml. Vnrn ikenecknr lstn dkstrkbuckóe dl dkelrh dkaktno, on
npokcnckóe pnan n ohs guandhrls on `ktnd dl sus kearlshs pubokcktnrkhs. Le lo
`uedh dl ohs gulahs qul ch`bken lstrntlakns y cnrtns (vkrtunols) pnrn
cholcckhenr, Sploos hi Alelsks, on crlnckóe dl on ldkthrkno Lvlrdrln`Shit
dksphekbol le on Qlb y le dksphsktkvhs `óvkols (Nedrhkd l kHS le bltn) dlsdl
`ldkndhs dl slptkl`brl dl 26>9, sl gnctn , tn`bkëe, pnrn slr lo prk`lr gulah
bnsndh le on bohcjcmnke. Sl bnsn le uen crkpth`heldn, BktCrystnos (qul culoan
le on bohcjcmnke dl Bktchke), qul sl utkokzne pnrn dnr ue vnohr n ons cnrtns qul
sl puldle ketlrcn`bknr guandhrls. Ikeno`letl, sl lsplrn qul Blyhed tml Yhkd,
ue gulah dl lstrntlakn `uotkguandhr, qul tn`bkëe sl lglcutn le cnrtns
cholcckhenbols, sl pubokqul le bltn le ilbrlrh dl 26>1 y ch`lrckno le guekh7
ohs usunrkhs guanrîe arntks, plrh phdrîe ch`prnr tnrgltns lsplcknols che
lilctkvh. cmkps, ndqukrkdhs le Ltmlrs (ons trnesncckhels sl rlakstrnrîe le
Ltmlrlu`).

THDHS @KS BKTCHKES LE RHGH

;<
Ndl`îs dl lstns npokcnckhels dkvlrtkdns, ohs gulahs dl nznr (cnskehs y
npulstns) mne vksth, durnetl noauehs nþhs, noauens npokcnckhels dl bohcjcmnke,
lsplckno`letl Bktchke. Rnrn`letl olanols, plr`ktle qul sus crlndhrls y
usunrkhs lscnple n ons rlauonckhels dl lsths slcthrls. Mny keeu`lrnbols
cnskehs le oàeln, kecoukdhs ohs gulahs dl Bktchke, Bkt111 h 111chke. On ikr`n
Cheslesys tn`bkëe tklel, letrl sus `ucmhs prhylcths, uen npokcnckóe dl
póqulr le Ltmlrlu`. Oon`ndh Ltmlrphjlr, plr`ktkràn n ohs guandhrls nphstnr
dl ihr`n sk`pol, olano y slaurn. "@ucmn aletl quklrl guanr no póqulr le oàeln,
plrh on oly dkikcuotn ons chsns. N `leudh, lo gulah eh lstî prhmkbkdh, plrh ohs
bnechs eh tklele dlrlcmh n nclptnr lo iough dl lilctkvh mnckn y dlsdl ohs sktkhs
dl póqulr * >3. Lsth mn rlsuotndh le on crlnckóe dl `lcneks`hs ch`pokcndhs
pnrn plr`ktkr n ohs guandhrls nphstnr dkelrh le oàeln. Noauens pontnihr`ns mne
clrrndh y rhbndh dkelrh dl ohs guandhrls. [ ls tne ch`pokcndh rltkrnr dkelrh
qul endkl oh mncl. Che eulstrh skstl`n, ustld `netklel lo chetrho dl sus ihedhs
dl Ltmlrs thdh lo tkl`ph, lxclpth cunedh npulstn. Tn`bkëe phdl`hs
prhphrckhenr mlrrn`kletns qul anrnetkcle qul lo trnth sln gusth (phrqul n
vlcls mny trn`pn le lstl tkph dl gulahs le oàeln), 34 ", dkcl Ghslpm Oubke. Ske
l`bnrah, Ltmlrphjlr,
Ltmlrphjlr, qul eh ls on prkhrkdnd dl Cheslesys, n÷e lstî olghs dl slr
ch`lrcknokzndh.

Lo cn`ph dl pnràs tn`bkëe sl trnesihr`n `ldknetl npokcnckhels bohcjcmnke.

BktBlt.us, crlndh le 26>3 y vledkdh le ilbrlrh dl 26>9 n uen plrshen qul
hplrn bngh lo sludóek`h dl Wehrt;=1, ls ue prlcurshr. Le BktBlt.us, ohs
usunrkhs nphstnrhe neóek`n`letl phr Bktchke le ohs tl`ns `îs dkvlrshs, n
`leudh rlonckhendhs che ehtkckns ikenecklrns h phoàtkcns, qul loohs `ks`hs
suakrklrhe7 ¸Lo vnohr dl Bktchke suplrnrî ohs $ >,666 le on prk`lrn Lelrh dl
26>18 ¸Olanokznrî Elvndn on `nrkmunen le 26>98 ¸Sl lolakrî n Mkoonry Cokethe
ch`h prlskdletn dl ohs Lstndhs \ekdhs8 ¸Loon slrî ncusndn netls dlo > dl lelrh
dl 26>18 Ltcëtlrn "Ons prkeckpnols vletngns dl eulstrh skstl`n Zle
ch`pnrnckóe che ue sktkh dl pnràs chevleckhenoP she on trnesilrleckn cnsk
kestnetîeln
kestnetîeln dl vnohr letrl ohs usunrkhs y lo sktkh, on anrnetàn prhphrckhendn phr
lo bohcjcmnke qul BktBlt hplrn che mhelstkdnd y ëtkcn (thdns ons trnesncckhels
letrnetls y snokletls she >66% vkskbols le thdh lo `uedh) y ikeno`letl lo
nehek`nth3< ", nchrdó rlsphedlr no lqukph dl BktBlt.us * >4. "Ehs vl`hs n
ehshtrhs `ks`hs ch`h uen mlrrn`kletn qul on aletl puldl usnr pnrn dkscutkr
sus dlsnculrdhs shbrl oh qul slrî lo iuturh dl uen `nelrn gustn l k`pnrckno...
y tn`bkëe ch`h uen ihr`n dl d l dkvlrtkrsl nphstnedh h crlnedh pnràs", narlane.

NDKYKENR LO I\T\RH

Dlrkvndhs dl lstns npokcnckhels dl npulstns, vnrkhs prhylcths sl mne

l`bnrcndh le lo eulvh y prh`ltldhr checlpth dl "`lrcndh prldkctkvh"7 uen
;9
ihr`n dl ndkvkenr dl `nelrn `îs cheiknbol lo iuturh `ldknetl on `hvkokznckóe
dl on ketlokaleckn dl ons `nsns, n trnvës dl npulstns dl `ucmhs usunrkhs, qul
tlr`kene ihr`nedh ue cheslesh shbrl ue tl`n dltlr`kendh. Lstn ls on
n`bkckóe dl Nuaur, uen stnrt-up lstndhuekdlesl qul sl leculetrn letrl ons
`îs dlstncndns dlo slcthr bohcjcmnke. Keiouleckndhs phr ons tlhràns lcheó`kcns
okblrnols, ohs crlndhrls dl Nuaur checkble lo iuturh ch`h ue `lrcndh y lo
prlckh ch`h ue lol`leth dlckskvh dl keihr`nckóe shbrl lo lstndh dl lstl
`lrcndh. "Nuaur sl kespkró le vnrkns kdlns aleknols, kecoukdn on dlo ikoóshih y
lcheh`kstn nustrànch Irkldrkcm vhe Mnylj * ><", lxpokcn Vlrhelt Dlsplkaels,
glil dl hplrnckhels lsplcknols le Nuaur. "Lscrkbkó ehtnbol`letl Lo ush dlo
chehck`kleth le on shckldnd (>;4<), dhedl keskstl le on k`phrtneckn dl ohs
prlckhs le on lcheh`àn, qul she pnrn ëo ons mlrrn`kletns dl ch`uekcnckóe
(pnrn kedkcnr lscnslz h lxcldletls, phr lgl`poh). ) y dlscrkbl ohs `lrcndhs
ch`h skstl`ns dl ch`uekcnckóe, dhedl ch`prndhrls y vledldhrls ch`pnrtle
keihr`nckóe ", narlan. Le lo checlpth dl prlckh ch`h kedkcndhr dl keihr`nckóe,
ohs iuedndhrls dl Nuaur narlanrhe on dl "snbkduràn dl on `uotktud", dlikekdn
phr lo plrkhdkstn elhyhrqukeh Gn`ls Surhwklcjk, le ue okbrh pubokcndh le
2664. "Vrhphrckhen ue arne e÷`lrh lgl`pohs le ohs qul ohs `lrcndhs mne
iueckhendh ch`h lxcloletls kedkcndhrls dlo iuturh ", slþnon Vlrhelt, pnrn
qukle" lo `lrcndh `htkvn n ons plrshens, che ikels dl oucrh, n rlvlonr oh qul
snble h crlle qul oh mnrîe ". phr vlekr ". Ikeno`letl, ndl`îs dl lstl chrpus
tlórkch, lo trnbngh dlo `ntl`îtkch y lcheh`kstn Ghme Ihrbls Ensm * >9 lstî le
lo pueth dl lqukokbrkh7 "Sk checldls cktns n plrshens le Eulvn [hrj, ske
lsplckikcnr lxnctn`letl dóedl, krîe lsphetîeln`letl". cletrnrsl le noauehs
ouanrls, ch`h on Lstntun dl on Okblrtnd h lo L`pkrl Stntl Bukodkea ", koustrn
Vlrhelt Dlsplkaels. Sktundn irletl n on `ks`n prlauetn, ¸dóedl mny `îs
phskbkokdndls dl qul ehs lechetrl`hs8 -, ohs pnrtkckpnetls mnrîe prldkcckhels
qul enturno`letl sl uekrîe pnrn ihr`nr uen nuthrrlnokznckóe dl cheslesh
(thdhs dlckdle kr n ohs phchs ouanrls dhedl thdhs lsplrnbne qul on `nyhràn dl
on aletl kràn). Dl`nskndh pnrn ons insckenetls tlhràns le qul sl bnsne ohs
prhylcths dl Nuaur.

Lsplcàikcn`letl, lo sktkh, n÷e le insl bltn le lo hthþh dl 26>9, th`n on ihr`n

dl uen pontnihr`n thtno`letl dlscletrnokzndn dhedl mny npulstns hirlckdns
phr ohs usunrkhs, le ons qul thdhs puldle nphstnr, y oulah ikr`nr ue chetrnth
ketlokaletl le on bohcjcmnke Ltmlrlu`. Vhr lgl`poh7 "¸Slrî Ehvnj Dghjhvkc lo
e÷`lrh > dlo tleks `uedkno n ikenols dl 26>98 On aletl ch`prn ncckhels "sà" h
ncckhels "eh", cuyh prlckh nu`letn letrl 6 (sk ohs nphstnetls pklesne qul on
prldkcckóe eh sucldlrî) y > (sk lstîe slaurhs dl qul oh mnrî) tledrî ouanr). N
ikenols dl 26>9, vnrkhs pnrtkckpnetls vhouetnrkhs (ue aruph dl 2.666 pheletls
qul kevkrtklrhe le on ch`prn dl Thjles Nuaur le hthþh dl 26><) keihr`nrhe
lo rlsuotndh7 lo lvleth tuvh ouanr, h eh mn hcurrkdh, h lo rlsuotndh eh puldl slr
dltlr`kendh * >1. Ohs anendhrls ch`pnrtle on npulstn, dl on qul sl dlducle
;1
dhs ch`kskhels7 uen pnrn ohs rlonthrls y htrn pnrn on plrshen qul crló on
npulstn (qul, ske l`bnrah, eh sl rlch`plesn sk su prlauetn iul `no ihr`uondn
no pueth qul eh phdràn tlelr uen rlspulstn conrn). On pontnihr`n eh chbrn
ekeauen ch`kskóe phr sà `ks`n. Sus iuedndhrls anene dkelrh rlakstrîedhsl
ch`h rlonthrls dl lvleths y eh tklele chetrho shbrl Nuaur, qul lstî
ch`poltn`letl
ch`poltn`letl dlscletrnokzndh. Mnstn on ilcmn, on pontnihr`n, n÷e le vlrskóe
bltn, eh lstî hplrntkvn7 mnstn qul sl mnyne ch`poltndh thdns ons rlvkskhels dl
slaurkdnd ponekikcndns phr Nuaur, ons npulstns sl slaukrîe rlnokznedh che
dkelrh ikctkckh. Lo prhbol`n dl on slaurkdnd ls dlckskvh, phrqul ons su`ns `uy
arnedls dlblràne ckrcuonr nooà `îs tnrdl. N onrah ponzh, ons n`bkckhels dl Nuaur
she ke`lesns7 "^ulrl`hs crlnr ue skstl`n dl nolrtn pnrn thdh, ue AVS pnrn
hrkletnrsl le on vkdn. Vhr lgl`poh, pnrn nclolrnr on dksl`kenckóe dl
keihr`nckóe le cnsh dl dlsnstrls enturnols. K`nakel qul ue nikckhendh
nustrnokneh ls mkplrbheh pnrn netkckpnrsl n ohs tlrrl`hths y ndkvken qul
dlblràn hcurrkr ueh le lo htrh lxtrl`h dlo `uedh, le Cmkol, le ons próxk`ns
dhs sl`nens. Nbrl ue `lrcndh prldkctkvh, dl `hdh qul sl ndvklrtl no p÷bokch.
Crln`hs uen pontnihr`n dhedl on dkiuskóe dlo chehck`kleth lstî nbklrtn n
thdhs, eh shoh n ohs lxplrths ", sl letuskns`n. Nuequl lo skstl`n sl leculetrn
thdnvàn le uen insl lxplrk`letno, yn sl mn lecnrandh dl prhphrckhenr noauehs
noauehs
lvleths kelsplrndhs, ch`h on vkcthrkn dl ohs pnrtkdnrkhs dl Brlxkt (dl Arne
Brltnþn le on \ekóe Lurhpln), `kletrns qul ons leculstns chevleckhenols
dklrhe `netlek`kleth
`netlek`kleth le on \ekóe anendhrn.

\e slrvkckh prh`ltldhr, ohs `lrcndhs prldkctkvhs tn`bkëe she dl ketlrës pnrn

Cheslesys, qul dlsnrrhooó on npokcnckóe Aehsys. Ghslpm Oubke oh dlikel ch`h
"uen pontnihr`n pnrn crlnr `lrcndhs prldkctkvhs y uen lxcloletl mlrrn`kletn
pnrn `hvkokznr on snbkduràn dl on `uotktud". ¸Vhr quë slràn `lghr prldlckr lo
iuturh che lstl tkph dl skstl`n8 "Sk ol prlauetn`hs su hpkekóe n <6 plrshens
shbrl ue lvleth iuturh, mny `ucmns phskbkokdndls dl qul leculetrle on
rlspulstn chrrlctn",
chrrlctn", dkcl Sk`he Vhorht, qul suplrvksn dl clrcn ohs prhylcths dl
Cheslesys le su sktkh Ltmlrlu` Irnecl. "Ls ch`h uen leculstn dl bohcjcmnke,
che ue nsplcth dl kevlrskóe `heltnrkn qul rlquklrl qul ohs leculstndhs
rlsphedne slrkn`letl", narlan. ¸Lstns npokcnckhels nocneznrîe lo ëxkth
lsplrndh8 ¡Ons npulstns lstîe nbklrtns!

* >. H slrvkdhrls.
* 2. Rcmnke, qul iueckhen che ue skstl`n dl vnokdnckóe dl prulbn dl lstncn.
* 3. Le 26><, Nkrbeb pnaó 9;.>2= lurhs le k`pulsths n ons nuthrkdndls ikscnols
irneclsns. Le 26>4, \blr mnbràn pnandh 466,666 lurhs.
* 4. On ch`pnþàn mnboó `ucmh no rlsplcth no lstnr dltrîs dl on dlsnihrtuendn
nvleturn dl TmlDNH.
* <. Ls dlckr, nohgn`kleth rl`hth dl nrcmkvhs h shitwnrl, qul yn eh elclsktne
no`nclenrsl le su ch`putndhrn.
;=
* 9. On dkrlcckóe KV dlo crlndhr tn`bkëe puldl slr k`phskbol dl rnstrlnr,
utkokznedh on rld Thr.
* 1. "Mnztl rkch h `ulrl ketletîedhoh".
ketletîedhoh". "
* =. Che ons pkstns dl ohs dkilrletls kestru`leths slpnrndhs.
slpnrndhs.
* ;. On cnpnckdnd dl shphrtnr uen arne dl`nedn.
* >6. \en pontnihr`n dl ikenecknckóe chonbhrntkvn.
* >>. H no `lehs pkëesnoh, ¡y lsl ls lo prhbol`n!
* >2. Vlrkhdks`h pnrtkckpntkvh.
* >3. Le ohs Lstndhs \ekdhs.
* >4. N chedkckóe dl nehek`nth, prlcksn`letl.
* ><. Vrl`kh Ehblo dl Lcheh`àn >;14 phr su trnbngh le on `heldn.
* >9. Vrl`kh Ehblo dl Lcheh`àn >;;4, mlcmh in`hsh phr on ploàcuon \e mh`brl
lxclpckheno, che Russloo Crhwl.
* >1. Le lstl cnsh, Ehvnj Dghjhvkc yn eh ls lo e÷`lrh > dlo `uedh, iul
suplrndh phr su rkvno lschcës Nedy @urrny.

;;
Cnpàtuoh 9

\e trn`phoàe mnckn ue `uedh nuth`ntkzndh

Mubh ch`putndhrns chelctndns n Ketlrelt, n `ldkndhs dl on dëcndn dl >;;6.

Oulah tloëihehs chelctndhs, dlsdl `ldkndhs dl on dëcndn dl 2666. Rlohgls
chelctndhs, qul tuvklrhe ohs prk`lrhs ëxkths ch`lrcknols dlsdl 26>3. [ oulah
puoslrns chelctndns, anins chelctndns, rlirkalrndhrls chelctndhs, nuth`óvkols
chelctndhs, cniltlrns chelctndns, znpnths chelctndhs, lsquàs chelctndhs,
drhels (chelctndhs, eh mncl inotn dlckroh), lqukphs dl snoud chelctndhs,
kehdhrhs chelctndhs l kecoush chedhels chelctndhs. Vhch n phch, thdh sl
chelctn. Sla÷e ue lstudkh dl Anrtelr, pubokcndh n ikenols dl 26><, 4.;66
`koohels dl hbglths chelctndhs yn lstnbne le ckrcuonckóe y 26.=66
2 6.=66 `koohels le
2626>. Lo Kestktuth Lurhplh Kdntl vn `îs nooî y crll qul lo `uedh tledrî, le
262<, ><< `ko `koohels2. Lsths keeu`lrnbols hbglths dl thdh tkph prhducle
dnths, qul phr lo `h`leth lstîe no`nclendhs le slrvkdhrls. N vlcls tn`bkëe
puldle ketlrcn`bknr keihr`nckóe letrl loohs (dlsdl su tloëiheh ketlokaletl n
su tlolvkshr, phr lgl`poh). Dl eulvh, lstns ch`uekcnckhels pnsne phr ohs
slrvkdhrls. Lo vhou`le dl dnths n prhclsnr lxpohtn, eh ls iîcko trntnr thdns lstns
ketlrncckhels. "Che on prhokilrnckóe dl hbglths chelctndhs, eh phdrl`hs
alstkhenr thdhs lsths ioughs dl keihr`nckóe", dkgh Lrkc Oëvy-Blecmlthe dl
Jlyrus. N `lehs qul dlscletrnokcl y nuth`ntkcl lsths ketlrcn`bkhs le
chetrnths ketlokaletls rlakstrndhs le uen bohcjcmnke. "Mhy le dàn, thdhs lsths
hbglths sl ch`uekcne che ue slrvkdhr cletrno, qul prhclsn on keihr`nckóe,
dlckdl ons rlncckhels y ons levàn n ons `îqukens. Rlno`letl eh puldle mnclr
trnesncckhels dkrlctn`letl letrl loohs. Che bohcjcmnke, hbglths chelctndhs
puldle ketlrnctunr dl kauno n kauno, ch`uekcnr y mnclr trnesnctkhes4 "keskstl
Vrk`nvlrn Dl Ikokppk, kevlstkandhr le lo CERS y lo Cletrh Blrj`ne pnrn
Ketlrelt y Shckldnd dl on \ekvlrskdnd dl Mnrvnrd - y `kletrns dksirutn dl ohs
blelikckhs dl lstl tkph dl skstl`n7 "Trnespnrleckn, ke`utnbkokdnd y anrnetàn dl
lglcuckhels", narlan.
narlan. "N `ldkdn qul lo e÷`lrh dl hbglths chelctndhs sl vulovn
`uy k`phrtnetl, slràn ketlrlsnetl plr`ktkrols chhrdkenrsl letrl loohs pnrn
th`nr dlckskhels, le ouanr dl dnrols órdlels vlrtkcno`letl. Lsth ls oh qul
oon`n`hs on dl`hcrnckn dl hbglths< ", nbuedn Oucn Ch`pnrkek, alrletl dl
bohcjcmnke le KB@ Irnecl.

Oóakcn`letl,
Oóakcn`letl, le ohs ÷otk`hs dhs nþhs, thdhs ohs slcthrls qul lstîe ketlrlsndhs
le on nuth`ntkznckóe mnbkoktndn phr on ketlrncckóe dl hbglths chelctndhs
(akanetls dl on lelraàn, nuth`htrkz l kedustrkno dl thdh tkph, ltc.), mne th`ndh
dl pnskóe phr lo bohcjcmnke. Ohs rlakstrhs dkstrkbukdhs, trnespnrletls y slaurhs
phdràne slr lo lol`leth qul inotn le on hranekznckóe dl uen vlrdndlrn
lcheh`àn nuth`ntkzndn
nuth`ntkzndn dl lxtrl`h n lxtrl`h7 dlsdl on prhducckóe dl ue bkle
>66
mnstn lo slrvkckh qul prlstn no cokletl ikeno, kecouyledh lerutn`kleth,
ch`lrcknokznckóe, dkstrkbuckóe (l kecoush phskbols rll`bhoshs le cnsh dl
dlsnstrl, ch`h sl vl le lo cnpàtuoh shbrl slaurhs). Lo bohcjcmnke slràn lethecls
lo trn`phoàe mnckn ue `uedh rhbótkch, dhedl lo mh`brl tledràn phch qul
mnclr, pnrn bkle h pnrn `no. Lstl arne trnsthreh yn mn ch`lezndh. Vóeansl
có`hdh le su skoon7 ls phskbol qul eh elclsktl `hvlrsl.

LO BNOOLT N\TÓEH@H DL HBGLTHS CHELCTNDHS

On onvndhrn okblró n mh`brls y `uglrls dlo kearnth trnbngh dl onvnr. Nmhrn loon
prh`ltl okblrnrohs
okblrnrohs kecoush dl on ch`prn dl dltlraletl. Le lelrh dl 26><, le lo
Chesu`lr Lolctrhekcs Smhw (CLS) le Ons Ylans, lo smhw dl lolctróekcn `îs
arnedl dlo `uedh, KB@ y Sn`suea prlsletnrhe ue prhthtkph shrprledletl
shrprledletl dl
uen onvndhrn coîskcn chelctndn, lo Sn`suea Q;666, rlcheikaurndh pnrn phdlr
chetrhonrsl on rhpn qul elclsktn, arnckns n ue prhthchoh dl bohcjcmnke dl KB@
oon`ndh Ndlpt. "Lstl ls lo prk`lr prhthtkph qul prlsletn`hs no p÷bokch le
alelrno, le nshcknckóe che Sn`suea. Lstn onvndhrn chelctndn phdràn hbtlelr
gnbóe cunedh lo tnequl lstnbn cnsk vncàh y nctkvnr on ketlrvleckóe dl ue tëcekch
nuthrkzndh le cnsh dl inoon. Tn`bkëe phdràn chelctnrsl che htrhs hbglths
chelctndhs le lo ldkikckh pnrn dltlr`kenr ons `lghrls mhrns dl ush, che lo ike
dl hptk`kznr lo chesu`h dl lelraàn le lo ldkikckh. Thdh lsth arnckns n chetrnths
ketlokaletls nohgndhs
nohgndhs y lglcutndhs le lo bohcjcmnke ", dkcl Oucn Ch`pnrkek, KB@
Irnecl. @îs nelcdótkcn`letl qul cunoquklr htrn chsn, lstn lxplrkleckn mn
tlekdh lo `ërkth dl koustrnr, dl `nelrn checrltn, ons phskbkokdndls dl
nuth`ntkznckóe qul hirlcl on noknezn dl hbglths chelctndhs y on c bohcjcmnke,
qul she tne eu`lrhsns ch`h phtletls.

Lo nuth`óvko le prk`lrn oàeln

Sl mne onezndh `ucmhs `îs prhylcths nvnezndhs le lo slcthr dl on nuth`hckóe,

qul sl lstî prlpnrnedh pnrn on oolandn `nskvn dl vlmàcuohs nutóeh`hs,
neueckndn pnrn 2626. Sl prlvëe vnrkhs ushs, le pnrtkcuonr on rlcnran
nuth`îtkcn dl lelraàn (ch`prn dl anshoken h lolctrkckdnd). Le Nol`nekn, on
stnrt-up Sohcj.kt lstî trnbngnedh che Keehay, uen ikokno dlo akanetl nol`îe RQL.
"Lstn`hs dlsnrrhoonedh
dlsnrrhoonedh ue skstl`n dhedl ohs vlmàcuohs sl rlcnrane shohs che
uen ouz rhgn, arnckns n uen poncn dl keducckóe chohcndn le lo nuth`óvko y htrn
dlbngh dl on cnrrltlrn", dkcl Stlpmne Tuno. "Ons dhs poncns iueckhene ch`h dhs
netlens7 uen cnran lo nuth`óvko, on htrn rlckbl on lelraàn. On bkooltlrn dlo
nuth`óvko pnan lo cn`keh phr lolctrkckdnd (noauens dëck`ns dl cletnvh phr ue
phch dl lelraàn). Ske bohcjcmnke, slràn elclsnrkh lstnbolclr uen chelxkóe che
ue slrvkdhr dl pnah cletrnokzndh, oh qul oolvnràn tkl`ph y dkelrh. Che lo
>6>
bohcjcmnke, ls arntks l ke`ldknth ", sl letuskns`n. Ons plrsplctkvns dl tnols
skstl`ns, sk she ch`uels, she vlrtkakehsns7 "Le tlhràn, plr`ktl tlelr vlmàcuohs
loëctrkchs qul euecn tledrîe qul dltlelrsl, lxclpth lo `netlek`kleth",
slþnon. Dl ketlrës pnrn ons plrshens, plrh tn`bkëe pnrn ons arnedls ch`pnþàns
dl ohaàstkcn, qul phdràne ok`ktnr ons ketlrrupckhels le ohs prhclshs dl letrlan
y nclolrnr lo trnesphrtl. Le lo cursh dl su kevlstkanckóe, ohs lqukphs Sohcj.kt y
RQL dlsnrrhoonrhe su kdln7 "Bîskcn`letl,
"Bîskcn`letl, sl lstnbne cheskdlrnedh tlr`kenols
dl cnran lstîtkchs, plrh nmhrn lstn`hs plesnedh le ue `hdloh dl kauno n kauno7
ons lstnckhels dl cnran lstnràne irletl n loohs. mhanrls prkvndhs, oh qul mnràn
qul su kevlrskóe iulrn rletnbol noqukonedh lo ncclsh n su tlr`keno n htrhs
usunrkhs ", dkgh Stlpmne Tuno. "Ohs crëdkths hbtlekdhs n cn`bkh dl lstn
dksphskckóe phdràne utkokznrsl pnrn pnanr htrh slrvkckh, ch`h tnxks nutóeh`hs",
suaklrl.

No kauno qul lo nuth`óvko nutóeh`h, phtleckno`letl thdhs ohs hbglths

chelctndhs phdràne chetrhonr su lelraàn pnsnedh trnesncckhels nuth`ntkzndns
le uen bohcjcmnke. "Tleah >6 rndkndhrls chelctndhs le cnsn, quklrh qul le
kevklreh slne >4 arndhs phr on ehcml y 26 arndhs phr dàn. Ohs rndkndhrls
puldle lscrkbkr ue chetrnth ketlokaletl, oneznr uen okcktnckóe le uen pontnihr`n
dl ch`pnþàns dl lelraàn, lsplckikcnedh qul elclsktne tneths jkohwntts dl lsl
`h`leth n on mhrn, y lolakr nuth`îtkcn`letl
nuth`îtkcn`letl oh `lghr dlo `lrcndh9 ", k`nakel
k `nakel
Nonke Brëay dl Irneckn, chiuedndhr dl Nldlus, uen V[@L lsplcknokzndn le lo
ush dl on bohcjcmnke pnrn nslaurnr ons ch`uekcnckhels letrl ohs hbglths
chelctndhs.

Lo bohcjcmnke pnrn nslaurnr ketlrcn`bkhs

Sk phel`hs eulstrh dlstkeh le `nehs dl hbglths chelctndhs, ls `lghr lstnr

slaurhs dl qul lo skstl`n ls slaurh, eh tklel inoons y eh puldl slr pkrntlndh.
Ohs nuths nutóeh`hs yn mne lstndh, oh qul ponetln slrkhs prhbol`ns dl
slaurkdnd. Nihrtuendn`letl, bohcjcmnke puldl slrvkr ch`h uen mlrrn`kletn
pnrn anrnetkznr on ketlarkdnd dl ons ch`uekcnckhels letrl ohs hbglths
chelctndhs, ch`h lxpokcn @nrtke Ruublo, qukle dkrkal ons nctkvkdndls dl
"ahbklreh dkaktno" le Aunrdtk`l * >. "Sk tklels ue nuth nutóeh`h, ls ch`h sk
lstuvklrns `nelgnedh ue nr`n `hrtno qul eh chetrhons", dkcl
prhvhcntkvn`letl.
prhvhcntkvn`letl. "Ls dl su`n k`phrtneckn qul thdhs ohs skstl`ns utkokzndhs
dletrh y iulrn dl lstl nuth`óvko eh lstëe dnþndhs h pkrntlndhs. Dlsln
nslaurnrsl dl qul lo vlmàcuoh nutóeh`h shoh lglcutl lo shitwnrl ponekikcndh,
yn qul lstnbn dlstkendh n iueckhenr. Lo bohcjcmnke ch`prulbn
ch`prulbn chetkeun`letl
qul lo skstl`n dletrh dl su nuth`óvko iueckhen chrrlctn`letl.
chrrlctn`letl. [ sk noah sucldl,
nyudn n ch`prledlr quë sucldkó, qukëe mkzh quë y cuîedh, ch`h uen cngn
elarn pnrn ue nvkóe ", keskstl lo lxplrth lsthekh, qul lsplckikcn dl pnsh qul
>62
Aunrdtk`l lstî trnbngnedh nctuno`letl che dhs inbrkcnetls dl nuth`óvkols y
ue subchetrntkstn lsplcknokzndh le ch`pheletls lolctróekchs. Nslaurnr ohs
ketlrcn`bkhs letrl hbglths chelctndhs ls ue arne prhbol`n ch`lrckno. KB@
onezó uen hilrtn pnrn no`nclenr dnths dl hbglths chelctndhs le ue bohcjcmnke
prkvndh (Myplroldalr) nshckndh n su pontnihr`n dldkcndn no Ketlrelt dl ons
chsns, Qntshe KhT. Lvkdleckn dl on k`phrtneckn lstrntëakcn dl lstl slrvkckh, on
ch`pnþàn neueckó uen kevlrskóe dl $ 266 `koohels pnrn dlsnrrhoonr Qntshe
KhT le su sktkh dl @uekcm n prkeckpkhs dl hctubrl dl 26>9. Lstn dlckskóe
tn`bkëe prlikauró nshcknckhels iuturns letrl bohcjcmnke y on ketlokaleckn
nrtkikckno (pnrn oh cuno ls in`hsh lo rhbht Qntshe dl KB@).

On oolandn dl hranekznckhels nutóeh`ns dlscletrnokzndns

¸Mnstn dóedl oolanrî on ketlrchelxkóe dl hbglths le lo bohcjcmnke8 Su oóakcn

oolvn n on crlnckóe dl hranekznckhels ch`poltn`letl nutóeh`ns y
dlscletrnokzndns, qul ohs lxplrths dl on kedustrkn dleh`kene hranekznckhels
nutóeh`ns dkstrkbukdns (DNH)7 letkdndls ch`poltn`letl dlscletrnokzndns,
ahblrendns phr ue prharn`n dl ch`putndhrn lscrkth le bohcjcmnke * 2, qul
lglcutn Rlaons dl ahblrenezn nuth`îtkcns, trnespnrletls l ke`utnbols
nclptndns phr ohs `kl`brhs. Lo prk`lr DNH iul crlndh phr Stlpmne Tuno y sus
nshckndhs Sohcj.kt, le on ihr`n dl ue ihedh dl kevlrskóe chonbhrntkvh.
"Trnsondndh
"Trnsondndh n hbglths chelctndhs, lo CND, letkdndls noahràt`kcns puldle crlnr
rhbhts nutóeh`hs, qul vklele che su prhpkn oóakcn alstkhendh phr lo
bohcjcmnke, y cnpnz dl anenr dkelrh y oulah ch`prnr su prhpkn rlshurcls=",
dkgh Dl Vrk`nvlrn Ikokppk, kevlstkandhr le lo CERS y Blrj`ne Cletlr ihr tml
Ketlrelt ned Shcklty, \ekvlrskdnd dl Mnrvnrd. Le lstl prkeckpkh, ons
npokcnckhels she keikektns. Lo kevlstkandhr, tn`bkëe nrtkstn, mn crlndh uen hbrn
qul ls "uen koustrnckóe nrtàstkcn dlo prkeckpkh dlo CND". Nphdndh Vonethèdl,
kestnonckóe dkslþndn che htrhs trls nrtkstns y lxplrths bohcjcmnke (Dnvkd Bhvkoo,
Ykeclet Rhudnut Snrn Rlenud), ls uen ponetn rhbht nuthsuikckletl, qul ikeneckn
su prhpkn rlprhducckóe `ldknetl lo ush dl dhenckhels p÷bokcns. Ohs
lsplctndhrls puldle "nok`letnron"
"nok`letnron" levkîedhol Bktchkes n loon le on bohcjcmnke.
"Cunedh sl rlcholctn suikckletl dkelrh, on ponetn onezn uen okcktnckóe. Ons
plrshens puldle levknr prhpulstns pnrn crlnr uen eulvn pontnihr`n y ohs
chetrkbuyletls puldle vhtnr. Cunedh sl leculetrn ue anendhr, lo dkelrh sl
trnesiklrl n ue nrtkstn qul slrî rlsphesnbol dl crlnr ue eulvh ponethkdl ", dkcl
Vrk`nvlrn Dl Ikokppk.

\en koustrnckóe kealekhsn dlo checlpth dl CND, qul bkle puldl usnrsl le lo
iuturh che ikels `lehs phëtkchs. Vhr lgl`poh, pnrn nuth`ntkznr, dl lxtrl`h n
lxtrl`h, thdh ue prhclsh ohaàstkch. "K`naàelesl qul elclskth >.666 pklzns
n`nrkoons dl poîstkch dl cklrth tn`nþh", nsu`l Nonke Brëay dl Nldlus. "Cunedh
>63
lo cn`kóe chelctndh vn n slr alhohcnokzndh le lo sktkh dl prhducckóe, ue sleshr
`l dkrî qul ls 266 ja `îs y qul nbnedhen lo ouanr. Vuldh cheskdlrnr qul on
`ntlrkn prk`n mn skdh cnrandn. Lo skstl`n pnan no kestnetl no prhducthr dl on
`ntlrkn prk`n, ske qul ketlrvlean endkl. Cunedh lo cn`kóe dlgn cnlr on
`lrcnecàn le on iîbrkcn dhedl lstî on `îquken mlrrn`kletn, tklel 266 jkohs
`lehs. Lo pnah dlo trnesphrtkstn sl oolvn n cnbh. Cunedh lo chetndhr dl on
`îquken nocnezn >,666 pklzns, tn`bkëe sl pnan on `îquken. Loon ol keihr`n no
skstl`n qul mn chesu`kdh tneths jkohvntkhs y qul on ch`pnþàn dl lelraàn lstî
lstnbolckdn. Lethecls lo trnesphrtkstn rlarlsn. Ëo cnran
c nran ons `heldns, ons letrlan
le lo ouanr dlslndh y sl ol pnan phr tureh. Ikeno`letl, cheikaurë uen l`prlsn
tl`phrno, ske ue e÷`lrh dl Skrlt h l`polndh, qul durn shoh lo tkl`ph dlo
chegueth dl trnesncckhels qul dlbl rlshovlr."

Netls dl oolanr n lstl pueth, ons l`prlsns trndkckhenols netkcundns

netkcundns yn culetne
che lo nprhvlcmn`kleth dl on bohcjcmnke pnrn nuth`ntkznr n÷e `îs sus
prhclshs ohaàstkchs. KB@ lstî trnbngnedh le lsth pnrn sus cokletls y dkh n
chehclr ue prhylcth le on kedustrkn dl on `ndlrn le su Cheilrleckn neuno
Ketlrcheelct le Ons Ylans le ilbrlrh dl 26>9. "Ml`hs lstndh ketlrlsndhs le
uen ckudnd le Ikeonedkn, qul tklel ch`h hbgltkvh chevlrtkrsl le lo cletrh dl
trnesphrtl dl on kedustrkn dl on `ndlrn ", dkcl Oucn Ch`pnrkek. "Lstîe le uen
phskckóe lstrntëakcn, letrl Lurhpn y Nskn, y tklele ue arne pulrth y uen
lstnckóe `uy clrcnen", chetke÷n. "Vnrn loohs, on nshcknckóe dlo bohcjcmnke y ohs
hbglths chelctndhs puldl hirlclr uenu en `nyhr trnespnrleckn le on trnznbkokdnd
dl ohs chetleldhrls dl on `ndlrn, pnrn slr `îs likckletls le ohs mhrnrkhs y on
lglcuckóe dl ons tnrlns. Snblr lxnctn`letl cuîedh oolanrî ue chetleldhr
hptk`kzn thdn on cndlen dl vnohr qul skaul, dlsdl lo trnesphrtl mnstn on
prhducckóe. Che lo `ks`h prkeckpkh, tn`bkëe lxkstle htrns npokcnckhels
phskbols le on kedustrkn nok`letnrkn pnrn anrnetkznr on trnznbkokdnd dl ue
trnesphrtl le lo qul on cndlen dl iràh eh dlbl rh`plrsl, phr lgl`poh."

LELRAÀN7 THDH CHELCTNDH N S\ YLCKEDNRKH

Le lo slcthr dl on lelraàn, nctuno`letl sl lstîe prhbnedh trls cntlahràns dl

prhylcths keehvndhrls, bnsndhs le bohcjcmnkes. Le prk`lr ouanr, lxkstl on
ch`bkenckóe dl lstn tlcehohaàn che `ldkdhrls ketlokaletls, qul le ouanr dl
sk`pol`letl `ldkr su chesu`h, ch`prnr on lelraàn qul elclsktn h kecoush
vledlron sk tklel ue pnelo shonr le loon. lo tlcmh dl tu ldkikckh. Oulah, dkvlrsns
kekckntkvns ih`letne on prhducckóe y lo chesu`h dl lolctrkckdnd rlehvnbol,
`ldknetl on crlnckóe dl thjles (h thjles, dl mlcmh, uen su`n le
crkpth`heldn)
crkpth`heldn) qul plr`ktl lsplcàikcn`letl
lsplcàikcn`letl on ndqukskckóe dl lelraàn ok`pkn.
Ikeno`letl,
Ikeno`letl, on ch`bkenckóe dl lstns dhs keehvnckhels hirlcl on phskbkokdnd dl
dnr enck`kleth n rldls rlnols dl lelraàn dlscletrnokzndn (rldls ketlokaletls)7
>64
skstl`ns dhedl cndn vkvkledn, chesu`kdhr y phskbol`letl prhducthr dl
lolctrkckdnd arnckns n ue pnelo shonr h ue `kek skstl`n. turbken lóokcn, cnocuon
le tkl`ph rlno on lelraàn qul elclsktn, utkokznedh su `ldkdhr ketlokaletl, oulah
ch`prn h vledl lo snodh le cmkps dl crkpth`heldns n sus vlckehs. Thdh lsth dl
ihr`n nuth`îtkcn y ske prhbol`ns, n trnvës dl chetrnths ketlokaletls
rlakstrndhs le lo bohcjcmnke.

Crkpth Chetndhrls Ketlokaletls

Vrharlskvn`letl kestnondh le mhanrls irneclsls dlsdl lo > dl dkckl`brl dl

26><, lo `ldkdhr ketlokaletl Okejy, Leldks (netlrkhr`letl
(netlrkhr`letl ILDLR), in`koknrkzó
no p÷bokch le alelrno che lstn tlcehohaàn. Lo skaukletl pnsh ls chelctnr lstl tkph
dl learnengl n uen bohcjcmnke. On stnrt-up irneclsn Strntu`e lstî trnbngnedh
le looh. Hbgltkvh7 utkokznr lsths rlakstrhs dkstrkbukdhs pnrn plr`ktkr chetrhonr
le tkl`ph rlno lo chesu`h dl cndn ueh. Lo bohcjcmnke hirlcl dl mlcmh on
pontnihr`n nprhpkndn dhedl rlakstrnr, dl ihr`n trnespnrletl, krrlvhcnbol y
hphekbol, ohs vho÷`lels chesu`kdhs. Tno skstl`n lvktnràn, phr lgl`poh, lo
chesu`h lxclskvh le arnedls chedh`kekhs, dhedl sl ch`pnrtl on incturn
lelraëtkcn. On vksunokznckóe le tkl`ph rlno tn`bkëe ol dn no cokletl on
hphrtuekdnd dl lvnounr `lghr su chesu`h y rlauonroh (lvktnedh ons `nons
shrprlsns qul `ucmhs mne snbkdh cunedh oolan on incturn). Npokcndh phr
Strntu`e n on lolctrkckdnd, on noknezn dl bohcjcmnke y on `ldkckóe ketlokaletl
puldle lechetrnr utkokdnd pnrn cunoquklr htrh iough, phr lgl`poh, lo chesu`h
c hesu`h y
on dkstrkbuckóe dl naun. Lo akanetl irnecës Leakl rlnokzó ue prk`lr lxplrk`leth
lxplrk`leth
le [heel7 uen rld dl sleshrls chelctndhs, chelctndhs n ue bohcjcmnke
chestrukdh shbrl lo `hdloh dl Ltmlrlu`, oon`n nuth`îtkcn`letl n ue
shouckhendhr dl prhbol`ns le cnsh dl iuan. "Cunedh ue chetndhr dl naun
dltlctn ue prhbol`n dl iough dl naun, chetnctn y chetrntn ue slrvkckh dl
`netlek`kleth;",
`netlek`kleth;", dkcl Ëtkleel Almnke, alrletl dl K + D dlo prhylcth, sla÷e ue
nrtàcuoh le Lcmhls dl guekh dl 26>9. Thdhs sl oolvn n cnbh ske ketlrvleckóe
mu`nen, dl nculrdh che ons chedkckhels lstnbolckdns le ue chetrnth
ketlokaletl, rlakstrndh le lo bohcjcmnke. "Lo alrletl dl K + D phdràn mnblr
pnsndh phr uen shouckóe cletrnokzndn, n dkilrleckn dl uen bohcjcmnke. Vlrh ons
bohcjcmnke phdràne slr `ucmh `îs bnrntns qul on ch`putnckóe lstîednr le lo
iuturh ", dkcl lo nuthr dlo nrtàcuoh.

Le Sudîirkcn, htrn stnrt-up, Bnejy`hhe, lstnbolckó, le on prk`nvlrn dl 26>9,

uen kekckntkvn hrkakeno y shokdnrkn, oon`ndn \skzh, qul tn`bkëe usn `ldkdhrls
ketlokaletls y bohcjcmnke. \skzh ls uen pontnihr`n dl crhwdiuedkea, le on qul
cunoquklr plrshen puldl dhenr, le Bktchkes, pnrn pnrtkckpnr le lo pnah dl
incturns dl lolctrkckdnd dl vnrkns lsculons dlsinvhrlckdns le Sudîirkcn,
lsplckno`letl
lsplckno`letl le lo dkstrkth dl Shwlth le Ghmneelsburah. Lstns lsculons lstîe
>6<
lqukpndns che `ldkdhrls ketlokaletls, chelctndhs n ue bohcjcmnke, qul ols
plr`ktl rlckbkr ohs ihedhs pnrn hrdlenr y rlckbkr on lelraàn qul lo ldkikckh
elclsktn. Bnstnetl rlvhouckhenrkh, lstl checlpth plr`ktl ketlrru`pkr
ketlrru`pkr on ncckóe
mu`nektnrkn. Eh ls elclsnrkh pnrn ons HEA7 "Nmhrn puldl tlelr ue chetndhr
ketlokaletl, vkecuondh n on bohcjcmnke dl Bktchke, qul rlckbl dkelrh
dkrlctn`letl dl dhenetls lxtrneglrhs ske pnsnr phr uen hranekznckóe qul
phdràn th`nr h rldkstrkbukr lsths ihedhs", dkcl >6 lo CLH dl Bnejy`hhe. Ohrkle
An`nrhii,
An`nrhii, le ue nrtàcuoh shbrl lo sktkh lsplcknokzndh ChkeDlsj.
ChkeDlsj.

Thjles pnrn prh`hvlr ons lelraàns rlehvnbols

Dlsdl lo ch`klezh dl 26>4, cunedh cnsk endkl usó on pnonbrn "bohcjcmnke",

enckó on prk`lrn `heldn vkrtuno lchoóakcn7 ShonrChke, ue ol`n crlndh pnrn
rlch`plesnr on prhducckóe dl lelraàn ok`pkn. Su prkeckpkh ls sk`pol7 cndn
`lanvntkh mhrn dl lelraàn ihthvhotnkcn prhduckdn ol plr`ktl n su prhducthr
anenr ue ShonrChke (dlspuës dl on vnokdnckóe dlo skstl`n dl prhducckóe phr
`kl`brhs vhouetnrkhs dl on Iuednckóe ShonrChke, nutletkcnckóe dl alelrndhr
y vlrkikcnckóe dl `ldkdhr). ShonrChke ls lo lqukvnoletl dl ue clrtkikcndh dl
hrkale, plrh tklel ue vnohr dl `lrcndh, yn qul puldl trnesilrkrsl l
ketlrcn`bknrsl le dkilrletls pontnihr`ns irletl n htrns crkpth`heldns h
kecoush `heldns trndkckhenols. Lstl skstl`n crln ue `lrcndh dl lelraàn shonr
rlno, nbklrth n thdhs. Ohs prhducthrls tklele `ucmh qul anenr7 ShonrChke sl
su`n no dkelrh qul hbtklele dl on vletn dl lolctrkckdnd prhduckdn, y mncl qul
sln `îs rletnbol on ch`prn dl lqukphs dl pnelols shonrls. Dksphekëedhsl, ske
l`bnrah, qul on `heldn th`n ue phch dl vnohr le ons pontnihr`ns dl
ketlrcn`bkh, phrqul lo >4 dl lelrh dl 26>1, ue ShonrChke chtkznbn phr 6.69
dóonrls>>.

Ons trnesncckhels dl ShonrChkes sl oolvne n cnbh le uen bohcjcmnke dldkcndn7

LolctrkCCmnke, qul rlakstrn tneth ons trnesncckhels ch`h ohs dnths dl
prhducckóe dl lelraàn ok`pkn dl sus usunrkhs, qul puldle slr utkokzndhs phr
ckletàikchs h `ltlhróohahs. Le ohs próxk`hs qukecl n vlketkckech nþhs,
LolctrkCmnke prltledl nch`hdnr le su rld ohs nprhxk`ndn`letl 1 `koohels dl
kestnonckhels dl pnelols shonrls qul lxkstle le lo `uedh, y chelctnr eh `lehs
dl 266 `koohels dl mhanrls rlskdlecknols, qukëe phdrî ch`prnr h vledlr
ShonrChkes. Le nahsth dl 26>9, ShonrChkes yn mnbàn hthrandh `îs dl =<,666
@Qm dl lelraàn shonr le 2>
2 > pnàsls dkilrletls. Ynrkns kestktuckhels k`phrtnetls
yn sl mne uekdh no prhylcth, ch`h lo @KT y on ENSN. @îs rlckletl`letl, on
pontnihr`n irneclsn dl crhwdiuedkea Ou`h, qul sl lsplcknokzn le nphynr
prhylcths dl lelraàn rlehvnbol, tn`bkëe sl mn uekdh n LolctrkCCmnke, pnrn qul
sus kevlrshrls puldne rlckbkr ShonrChkes ch`h rlch`plesn phr su ncckóe. Le
hctubrl, Ou`h checldkó ue prk`lr prhylcth y dkstrkbuyó "ShonrChkes n <6
>69
kevlrshrls qul chikenecknrhe
chikenecknrhe le 26>3 uen ponetn ihthvhotnkcn dl 39 jQ le uen
lsculon prk`nrkn le Nytrë, clrcn dl On Rhcmlool" >2, sla÷e on rlvkstn
Levkrhe`let.

ShonrChkes, ske l`bnrah, eh lstî shoh le qulrlr slrvkr ch`h `heldn pnrn on
prhducckóe dl lelraàn. Htrhs prhylcths sl lstîe prlpnrnedh, ch`h LchChkes,
ue checlpth dl `heldn dkaktno pnrn usnr on bohcjcmnke Bktchke pnrn chestrukr
ue `lrcndh dhedl ons plrshens y ons l`prlsns puldne ch`prnr y vledlr
lelraàn ok`pkn. Dlsnrrhoondh phr ue lqukph alr`neh-n`lrkcneh, iul
anonrdhendh le hctubrl dl 26>9 phr lo prk`lr prl`kh dl ue mncjntmhe
(checursh dl dlsnrrhoondhrls) hranekzndh phr on ikokno mhonedlsn dl Leakl
(Mncj 4 Lelray).

\en hphrtuekdnd pnrn `kcrh`ntrkcls dl lelraàn ok`pkn

Th`l ohs `ldkdhrls ketlokaletls, uen bohcjcmnke y uen crkpth`heldn qul

rlprlsletl on lelraàn ok`pkn, dliken ue plrà`ltrh, chelctl thdh ... Lstn ls on
rlcltn dl on rld ketlokaletl dlo iuturh7 uen rld dlscletrnokzndn dl prhducckóe
y dkstrkbuckóe dl lelraàn rlehvnbol. Dl thdns ons plrsplctkvns nbklrtns phr lo
bohcjcmnke, lstn ls uen dl ons `îs l`hckhenetls. Ons rldls ketlokaletls,
skstl`ns dhedl lo pnelo shonr dl uen cnsn puldl su`kekstrnr lelraàn no vlckeh,
h vkclvlrsn, dlpledkledh dl on prhducckóe y lo chesu`h dl cndn ueh, lxkstàne
netls dl on bohcjcmnke. Vlrh lstn tlcehohaàn rlno`letl puldl dlscletrnokznr
lstns rldls, qul puldle l`neckpnrsl dl on suplrvkskóe dl uen arne ch`pnþàn
ch `pnþàn
dl lelraàn7 on kevlrskóe dl cndn ueh le ue pnelo shonr h uen `kek-turbken lóokcn
ls lethecls `îs rletnbol. Ndl`îs, bohcjcmnke prhphrckhen uen lstructurn
kdlno pnrn hranekznr trnesncckhels kestnetîelns, slaurns y trnespnrletls
dletrh dl uen ch`uekdnd. Tno vlz sln lo trn`phoàe qul inotn pnrn plr`ktkr lo
dlsnrrhooh dl lstns `kcrhrrldls dl lelraàn ok`pkn. Dhs prhylcths pkhelrhs,
oolvndhs n cnbh rlsplctkvn`letl le Brhhjoye y Oyhe, le lo dkstrkth dl
Cheioulecl,
Cheioulecl, le 26>9, dl`ulstrne lo ketlrës qul dlspklrtn lstl tkph dl ush.

\e pkhelrh dl on kedustrkn, Trnesnctkvl Arkd ls uen `kcrhrrld

`k crhrrld dl chesu`kdhrls
y prhducthrls dl lelraàn shonr, kenuaurndn le `nrzh dl 26>9 le dhs
vlckednrkhs dl Brhhjoye (Vnrj Sohpl y Ahwneus) le Eulvn [hrj, phr
Cheslesys y Oh3 Lelray. . Lsths dhs bnrrkhs eh iulrhe lolakdhs phr cnsunokdnd.
"On prhducckóe tklel ouanr le Vnrj Sohpl, ue îrln rlskdleckno, dhedl pnrlgns dl
mkpstlrs cràne n sus mkghs. @ucmns plrshens tklele pnelols shonrls. No ondh,
Ahwneus ls ue îrln kedustrkno, y slaukrî skëedhoh (phrqul lstî `uy
chetn`kendh dlsdl lo murncîe Snedy). Vhr oh tneth, lrn ue ouanr plrilcth pnrn
lo no`nclen`kleth dl lelraàn ", slþnon Ghme Okokc, n cnrah dlo prhylcth le
Cheslesys. Tno skstl`n tklel dhs vletngns prkeckpnols7 lo nsplcth lchoóakch, phr
>61
supulsth, plrh tn`bkëe on rlskokleckn. "Th`n ue mhspktno. Dlsln lstnr slaurh dl
qul, le cnsh dl uen inoon dl nok`letnckóe, slaukrî iueckhenedh. Vuldl
ihrtnolclr su nutheh`àn kescrkbkëedhon le uen rld dkstrkbukdn. Sk uen thr`letn,
ch`h lo murncîe Snedy qul dlvnstó Eulvn [hrj le 26>2, prhvhcn ue chrtl dl
lelraàn le on ckudnd, on `kcrhrld puldl chetkeunr k`puosnedh lo vlckednrkh. Le
Trnesnctkvl Arkd, ohs mnbktnetls `kl`brhs, tneth chesu`kdhrls ch`h
prhducthrls, tklele lo chetrho dl su prhpkh `lrcndh dl ketlrcn`bkh dl lelraàn,
le lo qul cndn ueh ch`prn h vledl su prhducckóe, ch`lrcknedh le on
bohcjcmnke dl Ltmlrlu`. "Sk prhducls `îs dl oh qul chesu`ls, lo lxcldletl sl
dkstrkbuyl le on rld y puldl slr chesu`kdh phr tus vlckehs", dkcl Ghme Okokc.
Netlrkhr`letl, ohs kedkvkduhs qul prhducàne lelraàn sl vlàne hbokandhs n
dîrslohs n uen arne l`prlsn. "Vlrh eh ol pnan lo vnohr thtno dl oh qul mn
prhduckdh". Le Eulvn [hrj hbtklels norldldhr dlo <6%. Eh mncls ue bule
trnth. Ls phr lsh qul qulràn`hs cn`bknr lstl `hdloh dl elahckhs ", keskstl.
"Che Trnesnctkvl Arkd, cndn `kl`brh lstî chelctndh n ue `ldkdhr ketlokaletl,
qul cnocuon su chesu`h y prhducckóe. Lo lxcldletl alelrn thjles dkaktnols, qul
puldl ketlrcn`bknr dletrh dl on rld Ltmlrlu`.
L tmlrlu`. Vuldls ch`prnr `ks cmkps qul
rlprlsletne `k cnpnckdnd dl alelrnckóe dl lelraàn ", dkcl lo lxplrth. Le
rlnokdnd, eh sl ch`prn on lelraàn dlo vlckeh dkrlctn`letl, skeh ue crëdkth qul
rlprlsletn on lelraàn dl su vlckeh. "Ls shoh ue prhthtkph", nd`ktl (qul ske
l`bnrah iueckhen), phrqul lo lxplrk`leth tklel ue oà`ktl7 sl elclsktn ue
prhvlldhr dl lelraàn pnrn dkstrkbukr on lolctrkckdnd prhduckdn le on rld. Vhr
lstn rnzóe, Cheslesys lstî trnbngnedh che lo aruph nol`îe RQL (qul tklel on
cnpnckdnd dl dkstrkbukr lelraàn) pnrn dlsnrrhoonr lsths skstl`ns n uen lscnon
`nyhr ch`h pnrtl dl uen kekckntkvn
k ekckntkvn oon`ndn Ch-trkckty. "Che Ch-trkckty, lstn`hs
crlnedh uen pontnihr`n dhedl ohs prhducthrls dl lelraàn y ohs chesu`kdhrls
puldle vledlr cmkps, chrrlsphedkletls n su prhducckóe, n ons py`ls ohcnols
(uen tkledn dl nbnrrhtls, phr lgl`poh). Lstns V[@LS puldle vledlr sus cmkps
n RQL, oh qul ols dn phdlr n cn`bkh. Ls uen ihr`n dl ch`prnr lelraàn shonr
alelrndn phr on ch`uekdnd ", lxpokcn. Lstl prhylcth, n÷e le insl dl dlsnrrhooh,
phdràn rlnokznrsl n pnrtkr dl prkeckpkhs dl 26>1.

Le Irneckn, sl onezó uen kekckntkvn `uy sk`konr le lo hthþh dl 26>9. Lo 2= dl

guokh dl 26>9, uen hrdle aublren`letno shbrl lo nuthchesu`h dl lelraàn
nbrkó lo cn`keh pnrn ons `kcrhrldls chetrhondns le lo bohcjcmnke. Shoh trls
`lsls dlspuës, lo prh`hthr Bhuyauls K``hbkoklr y on stnrt-up Strntu`e
neuecknrhe su prhylcth chegueth dl rld `kek-s`nrt dlscletrnokzndn le uen
bohcjcmnke prkvndn. \bkcndh le lo dkstrkth Cheioulecl dl Oyhe, plr`ktkrî n ohs
rlskdletls ketlrcn`bknr on lelraàn shonr qul mne prhduckdh y qul qulrrîe
chesu`kr, letrl pnrls. Lstl prhthtkph prltledl slr ue "dl`hstrndhr dl uen rld
ohcno dlscletrnokzndn pnrn on suplrvkskóe dl ohs ketlrcn`bkhs dl lelraàn" >3,
sla÷e Bhuyauls K``hbkoklr. "^ulrl`hs plr`ktkr n ohs mnbktnetls dl ue bnrrkh
lchoóakch pnrn blelikcknrsl dl hrkale clrtkikcndh dl lelraàn shonr n pnrtkr dl
>6=
pnelols ihthvhotnkchs le ons prhxk`kdndls dl chesh``ntlur>4", dkgh Hokvklr
Slools, rlsphesnbol dl on lelraàn y on keehvnckóe dl rldls ketlokaletls dl
Bhuyauls K``hbkoklr, lo sktkh O Iîbrkcn dkaktno. "Mhy, yn puldls ch`prnr uen
suscrkpckóe pnrn chesu`kr `îs lelraàn vlrdl, plrh le rlnokdnd, eh mny ihr`n
dl rnstrlnr lo hrkale dl on lolctrkckdnd. Lethecls phdl`hs ch`prnr eucolnr ske
snblroh. Che lo bohcjcmnke, trnl`hs uen prulbn dlo hrkale dl on lelraàn
ch`prndn>< ", keskstl Irneáhks Dhroënes, Strntu`e. \e prk`lr skstl`n pkohth
ch`leznrî le 26>1. "Le ÷otk`n kestneckn, phdràn mnclrsl n arne lscnon",
letuskns`n lo ghvle lxplrth.

VRHD\CKR LE THDN TRNESVNRLECKN

Buscnr phr thdhs sus `kl`brhs, cnsk k`phskbol dl cn`bknr, lo bohcjcmnke

tn`bkëe ue rlakstrh iknbol le thdns ons pnrtls dl ue prhclsh dl prhducckóe
puldle lscrkbkr keihr`nckóe le cndn uen dl sus ltnpns, pnrn anrnetkznr on polen
trnznbkokdnd mnstn lo prhducth ikeno. [n sl trntl dl lxtrncckóe dl dkn`netls,
prulbns dl drhans prlvkns no `lrcndh h lesn`bongl dl ue Nkrbus N3=6, thdns
ons kedustrkns dhedl sl hrkaken on `ntlrkn prk`n y lo prhclsh she culstkhels
convl, phr rnzhels dl slaurkdnd h ëtkcns, sl puldl lechetrnr le lo bohcjcmnke
uen mlrrn`kletn kdlno pnrn arnbnr on mksthrkn dl su prhducth le `îr`ho. Skrvl
ch`h uen bnsl dl dnths ch`pnrtkdn y dlscletrnokzndn, le on qul thdhs ohs
pnrtkckpnetls
pnrtkckpnetls (cokletls,
(c okletls, prhvlldhrls, prhducthrls, rlauondhrls) puldle tlelr
cheiknezn yn qul ekeaueh dl loohs tklel chetrho shbrl loon, ek ekeauen
phskbkokdnd dl chrrlakroh Sk hcurrl uen inoon tëcekcn, on keihr`nckóe
k eihr`nckóe rlakstrndn
puldl slr nudktndn pnrn lechetrnr on iuletl y prhphrckhenr ons lxpokcnckhels
elclsnrkns no rlauondhr, chesu`kdhr h cokletl qul oh rlquklrn. @ucmns V[@L
mne onezndh npokcnckhels dl "ehtnrkznckóe" (rlakstrh dl dnths hphekbols).
Strntu`e, phr lgl`poh, dlsnrrhooó Cmnkescrkpt, "uen pkstn dl nudkthràn
crkptharîikcn qul ol plr`ktl rnstrlnr thdhs ohs pueths dl ue prhclsh
l`prlsnrkno",
l`prlsnrkno", lxpokcn Irneáhks Dhroënes. Arnedls eh`brls dl ohs o hs slcthrls `îs
dkvlrshs mne `hstrndh ketlrës7 onbhrnthrkhs inr`ncëutkchs (pnrn lesnyhs
coàekchs), plrh tn`bkëe nlrheîutkcn h kedustrkn ilrrhvknrkn ... "Le lstl tkph dl
prhylcths `uy ch`polghs, che `koohels dl pklzns, `ucmhs dl dhcu`letnckóe
tëcekcn y vnrkns vlrkikcnckhels, ls elclsnrkh phdlr ch`pnrtkr ohs dnths dl ihr`n
ok`pkn che ons l`prlsns nshckndns * 3, pnrn phdlr rnstrlnr lo hrkale dlo `lehr
prhbol`n ", lxpokcn Irneáhks Dhroënes. "Le cnsh dl ue ncckdletl nërlh,
phdrl`hs snblr qukëe inbrkcó on pklzn dlilctuhsn y sk iul `hetndn sla÷e ons
rlaons dlo nrtl", dkcl lo chesuothr Lrkc Oëvy-Blecmlthe,
Oëvy-Blecmlthe, Jlyrus. "Mhy le dàn, yn
mny rlakstrhs dl inbrkcnckóe le on kedustrkn nuth`htrkz h nlrheîutkcn, narlan,
plrh lstîe le phdlr dl ohs prhpkhs inbrkcnetls. Lo bohcjcmnke ls uen shouckóe
`îs cheiknbol, phrqul lo inbrkcnetl eh puldl notlrnr on keihr`nckóe qul sl
okblrnrî dl su rlsphesnbkokdnd. Ndl`îs dl on kedustrkn plsndn, dhs slcthrls
>6;
mne skdh pnrtkcuonr`letl prh`keletls
prh`keletls le lo dlsnrrhooh dl lstl tkph dl shouckóe7
snoud y dkn`netls. Tne dkilrletls ch`h she, n`bhs ch`pnrtle lo `ks`h
prhbol`n7 on elclskdnd ëtkcn y olano dl phdlr rnstrlnr che `ucmn prlckskóe lo
hrkale y lo cursh dl su prhducth.

Lo bohcjcmnke no slrvkckh dl on kevlstkanckóe `ëdkcn

Le lelrh dl 26>9, ue pnckletl `urkó durnetl lo lesnyh coàekch dl uen eulvn

`hoëcuon nenoaëskcn (BKN >6-2414), rlnokzndn le Rleels phr lo cletrh dl
kevlstkanckóe Bkhtrkno le eh`brl dlo onbhrnthrkh phrtuauës Bkno. Htrhs cuntrh
pnrtkckpnetls le lstl prharn`n suirklrhe dnþh clrlbrno. Dlsdl lethecls, uen
leculstn dl on Kesplcckóe Alelrno dl Nsueths
N sueths Shcknols mn rlvlondh vnrkns inoons
k`phrtnetls
k`phrtnetls le on rlnokznckóe dl on prulbn phr pnrtl dlo cletrh dl kevlstkanckóe
y le su rlncckóe dlspuës dlo ncckdletl. Thdh sl rlonckhen che on inotn dl
keihr`nckóe h trnespnrleckn7 sl crktkcn n Bkhtrkno phr mnblrsl keihr`ndh
dl`nskndh tnrdl shbrl lo lstndh dl snoud dlo pnckletl mhspktnokzndh, eh mnblr
dltlekdh on nd`kekstrnckóe dlo prhducth n ohs dl`îs pnrtkckpnetls y eh mnblr
eh mnblrols keihr`ndh shbrl lo prhbol`n qul ol hcurrkó no prk`lr
pr k`lr vhouetnrkh:
ikeno`letl, eh mnblr keihr`ndh dl ke`ldknth n ons nuthrkdndls snektnrkns>9.
Che on bohcjcmnke, tno `no iueckhen`kleth
iueckhen`kleth phdràn mnblrsl lvktndh. Le tno cnsh,
dlscrkbn cndn ltnpn dlo lesnyh, cunedh hcurrn, le ue rlakstrh ch`÷e
hbslrvnbol phr thdhs ohs ncthrls (lo cletrh dl kevlstkanckóe qul rlnokzn ons
prulbns, lo onbhrnthrkh qul ohs hrdlen, ons nuthrkdndls snektnrkns). plr`ktkrols,
h kecoush n ohs pnckletls qul ohs pndlcle) ols mnbràn plr`ktkdh nolrtnr shbrl lo
prhbol`n dl ke`ldknth, th`nr on dlckskóe dl dltlelr lo lesnyh netls y
lstnbolclr ons rlsphesnbkokdndls
rlsphesnbkokdndls dl thdhs dl `nelrn `îs conrn y rîpkdn.

On pulstn le `nrcmn dl on snoud y ons prkeckpnols ch`pnþàns inr`ncëutkcns

lstîe nbhrdnedh slrkn`letl lstl prhbol`n. "[n mny no `lehs ue onbhrnthrkh
dl kevlstkanckóe `ëdkcn, cuyh eh`brl dlbl plr`nelclr cheikdleckno, qul
utkokzn uen bohcjcmnke pnrn clrtkikcnr sus prhclshs dl prulbn coàekcn le
mu`nehs", dkcl Lrkc Oëvy-Blecmlthe, Jlyrus. Le Irneckn skl`prl, Strntu`e
trnbngn che ue mhspktno le Vnràs le on insl dl rlakstrh dl bohcjcmnke dl lesnyhs
coàekchs dl eulvhs `ldkcn`leths7 "Thdhs ohs ketlrlsndhs puldle slaukr le
tkl`ph rlno cndn ncckóe y cndn lvleth `ëdkch qul nilctn n dlclens dl `kols dl
pnckletls. No `ks`h tkl`ph, arnckns no ckirndh, sl puldle prhtlalr ohs dnths
cheikdlecknols dl ohs pnckletls ", dkgh lo iuedndhr dl Strntu`e, Rkcmnrd
Cnltneh, no plrkhdkstn `uedkno [vls Ludls.

\ehs `lsls netls, le `nyh dl 26>9, dhs `ëdkchs brktîekchs, lo Dr. Arla Krvkea
dlo Kestktuth dl Snoud V÷bokcn dl on \ekvlrskdnd dl Cn`brkdal, y lo Dr. Ghme
Mhodle, `ëdkch alelrno, mnbàne pubokcndh ue nrtàcuoh ncndë`kch `uy
>>6
ncon`ndh le prhpusklrhe ue skstl`n dl `hekthrlh dl kevlstkanckóe `ëdkcn
bnsndh le bohcjcmnke pnrn `lghrnr su trnespnrleckn
trnespnrleckn y, le ÷otk`n kestneckn, su
crldkbkokdnd. "On cheiknezn le on kevlstkanckóe ckletàikcn sl vl dks`keukdn phr
on lvkdleckn dl qul ohs dnths mne skdh `nekpuondhs. Cn`bknr ohs rlsuotndhs,
slolcckhenr shoh dnths invhrnbols y pubokcnckhels slolctkvns she noauehs dl ohs
prhbol`ns qul shcnvne on ketlarkdnd dl on kevlstkanckóe pubokcndn ">=,
ch`letne le on ketrhducckóe. Vnrn rl`ldknr lsth, Arla Krvkea mn dlsnrrhoondh
ue prhthchoh rîpkdh, likckletl y lcheó`kch. On kdln, vlrkikcndn phr su cholan
Ghme Mhodle, ls utkokznr on bohcjcmnke dl Bktchke pnrn plr`ktkr lo `hekthrlh y
on nudkthràn dl cndn pnsh dl uen prulbn h lxplrk`leth `ëdkch. N `ldkdn qul
nvnezn lo prhclsh, on muloon dkaktno dl cndn dhcu`leth qul keihr`n ue
rlsuotndh (su mnsm) sl kearlsn y ilcmn le on bohcjcmnke, phr oh qul cunoquklr
cn`bkh phstlrkhr le lo dhcu`leth ls vkskbol, phrqul on muloon dkaktno ls
dkilrletl. "Lo `ëthdh qul ml`hs dlscrkth plr`ktl n cunoquklr plrshen vlrkikcnr
on rldncckóe lxnctn y on lxkstleckn dl ue prhthchoh le cunoquklr `h`leth.
Vuldl mnclr phskbol vlrkikcnr dl `nelrn cheiknbol y nuth`îtkcn qul ohs
rlsuotndhs neueckndhs lstîe le cheihr`kdnd che ohs lsplckikcndhs
netlrkhr`letl. Lstn lvkdleckn dlbl slr cnpnz dl nu`letnr on cheiknezn y
dks`keukr on shsplcmn qul rhdln n ohs dnths prhphrckhendhs y ons checouskhels
lxtrnàdns dl loon ", checouyle ohs nuthrls.

Lo ketlrës dl bohcjcmnke le on snoud eh sl ok`ktn n lesnyhs tlrnpëutkchs. Le ohs

Lstndhs \ekdhs, on stnrt-up Bohcjcmnke Mlnotm Ch, che sldl le Sne Irnecksch,
hirlcl ue skstl`n dhedl ohs pnckletls puldle hptnr phr phelr sus dnths dl
snoud n dksphskckóe dl ohs kevlstkandhrls. Ohs prk`lrhs she dulþhs dl su
keihr`nckóe plrsheno,
plrsheno, puldle chetrhonr lo ush qul sl mncl dl loon, `kletrns qul
ohs ÷otk`hs tklele le sus `nehs ue dlpóskth dl dnths vnokhshs y nutëetkchs,
pnrn dlsnrrhoonr eulvhs trntn`kleths, thdh le ue rlakstrh nudktnbol phr ons
nuthrkdndls dl suplrvkskóe. On alstkóe dl dnths `ëdkchs ls ue arne `lrcndh
le lo qul lo akanetl mhonedës Vmkokps sl mn phskckhendh no nshcknrsl
suclskvn`letl le 26>< y 26>9 che dhsd hs l`prlsns lsplcknokzndns,
lsplcknokzndns, Tklrkhe y Al`
(qul pnrn lstl ÷otk`h, mn dlsnrrhoondh uen bohcjcmnke dl snoud dlstkendn n
nohgnr, nslaurnr y mnclr qul ohs dnths dl snoud slne ÷tkols, lsplckno`letl phr
ohs kevlstkandhrls).

Crkptharniàn le aulrrn chetrn dkn`netls snearkleths

Le 2661, on ploàcuon dl Mhooywhhd Bohhd Dkn`heds, prhtnahekzndn phr

Olhenrdh DkCnprkh, oon`ó on ntleckóe dlo p÷bokch shbrl lo skeklstrh ch`lrckh
dl "dkn`netls dl snearl"7 lstns pkldrns prlckhsns vledkdns kolano`letl phr
aruphs nr`ndhs pnrn ikenecknr on aulrrn ckvko, le Sklrrn Olhen, qul nbnrcó
dlsdl >;;> mnstn 2662. Ohs prhducthrls dl dkn`netls y ohs ahbklrehs dl ohs
>>>
pnàsls prhducthrls y cokletls eh mnbàne lsplrndh on ketlrvleckóe dl lstl
lxkthsh onrah`ltrngl. Le `nyh dl 2666, sl ueklrhe pnrn oneznr lo Vrhclsh dl
Jk`blroly,
Jk`blroly, uen kekckntkvn cheguetn pnrn prlvlekr lo ch`lrckh dl dkn`netls le
snearl. Mn oolvndh n ue skstl`n ketlrenckheno dl clrtkikcnckóe dl dkn`netls, le
vkahr dlsdl 26637 on rutn dl cndn dkn`netl dlbl rnstrlnrsl, dlsdl su
lxtrncckóe le uen `ken mnstn su lxphrtnckóe, kolano ske lstl clrtkikcndh. Le
tlhràn. Lstl skstl`n mn skdh
sk dh iulrtl`letl crktkcndh dlsdl lethecls, kecoush phr
on HEA Aohbno Qktelss. Le ue keihr`l dl 26>6 tktuondh "Lo rlthreh dl ohs
dkn`netls snearkleths",
snearkleths", dlstncó on kelikcnckn dlo Vrhclsh dl Jk`blroly,
Jk`blroly, qul sl
elaó n lxcoukr n Wk`bnbul, n plsnr dl on vkholeckn y on chrrupckóe le sus `kens
le on rlakóe dl @nrneal. le lo lstl dlo pnàs>;. Trls nþhs `îs tnrdl lstnooó uen
vkholetn aulrrn ckvko le on Rlp÷bokcn Cletrhnirkcnen7
Cletrhnirkcnen7 uen vlz `îs, lo skstl`n eh
k`pkdkó on lxphrtnckóe dl dkn`netls phr pnrtl dl aruphs nr`ndhs, n plsnr dl
ue l`bnrah dl trls nþhs * 4. Ls le lstl chetlxth qul on brktîekcn Olneel Jl`p,
Jl`p,
che dklz nþhs dl lxplrkleckn le lo slcthr dl dkn`netls y slaurhs, tuvh on kdln
dl `hetnr Lvlroldalr7 uen bohcjcmnke dldkcndn n on trnznbkokdnd dl dkn`netls.
"On kedustrkn dlo dkn`netl ls `uy vuoelrnbol n on nctkvkdnd dlokctkvn" 26,
lscrkbkó le ue keihr`l pubokcndh le lelrh dl 26>9 phr on Hikcken dlo Ahbklreh
dlo Rlkeh \ekdh pnrn on Ckleckn. "Ons pkldrns she plqulþns y iîckols dl
trnesphrtnr y lschedlr, ons trnesncckhels n `leudh she cheikdlecknols y ohs
dkn`netls cheslrvne su vnohr phr `ucmhs nþhs. Ls phr lsh qul sl utkokzne le
lo chetlxth dlo onvndh dl dkelrh y lo ikeneckn`kleth dlo tlrrhrks`h n lscnon
`uedkno. Sl mne rlnokzndh lsiulrzhs pnrn hbstncuokznr lstn nctkvkdnd koàcktn, le
pnrtkcuonr rnstrlnedh lo hrkale dl ohs dkn`netls `ldknetl ue clrtkikcndh le
pnplo hbokanthrkh. Vlrh ons inoskikcnckhels she alelrnokzndns y Z...P `ucmhs
pnàsls, dhedl lo ch`lrckh dl dkn`netls ls uen nctkvkdnd k`phrtnetl, thdnvàn
tklele uen olaksonckóe `uy onxn chetrn lsths crà`lels. Lo bohcjcmnke
Lvlroldalr prhphrckhen uen shouckóe pnrn rnstrlnr dl ihr`n cheiknbol l
keche`lesurnbol on kdletkdnd y lo cursh dl cndn dkn`netl. Ls "uen vlrdnd
÷ekcn shbrl ohs dkn`netls, qul puldle slr buscndhs phr on kedustrkn, ohs
ahbklrehs, ohs chesu`kdhrls,
chesu`kdhrls, ons ndunens y on phokcàn", dkcl Olneel Jl`p le lo
keihr`l.

N cndn pkldrn sl ol nskaen prk`lrh ue tkph dl pnsnphrtl dkaktno, dhedl sl

rlakstrne uehs cunrletn pueths dl dnths qul slrvkrîe pnrn kdletkikcnroh7
"Rlakstrn`hs
"Rlakstrn`hs su e÷`lrh dl slrkl, oh qul sl oon`n su cuntrh C (chohr, tn`nþh). -
chrtl le keaoës -, purlzn - conrkdnd -, y plsh le qukontls), thdns sus dk`leskhels
dk `leskhels,,
sus phskbols dlilcths, sus kecouskhels2> ... ", leu`lrn Olneel Jl`p. On muloon
dkaktno dl lstn keihr`nckóe (lo mnsm) lstî lscrktn le bohcjcmnke. Cndn
trnesncckóe rlonckhendn
rlonckhendn che on pkldrn, dlsdl on `ken mnstn
m nstn su lxphrtnckóe y su
oolandn n on ghylràn, tn`bkëe sl keihr`n le Lvlroldalr y sl rlakstrn le lo
bohcjcmnke. Vhr lo `h`leth, lo slrvkckh dl Lvlroldalr lstî dkrkakdh
prkeckpno`letl n ons ch`pnþàns dl slaurhs7 "Dlble lstnr slaurhs dl qul ohs
>>2
dkn`netls qul nslaurne she dl hrkale olano y quklrle snblr su vnohr", dkcl lo
iuedndhr. Vlrh ohs cokletls ikenols, n`netls dl ons ghyns dl dkn`netls, tn`bkëe
sl blelikcknrîe, kedkrlctn`letl, dl ons `lghrns qul hirlcl lstl skstl`n.
Lvlroldalr chonbhrn che lo sktkh dl vletns le oàeln dl lBny pnrn nyudnr n
vlrkikcnr qul ohs dkn`netls subnstndhs le on pontnihr`n prhvklele dl uen
ihr`nckóe ëtkcn. On ch`pnþàn tn`bkëe nolrtn n Ketlrpho * < cunedh sl dltlctn
uen trnesncckóe shsplcmhsn. Onezndh le nbrko dl 26><, Lvlroldalr yn mnbàn
oharndh chestrukr uen bnsl dl dnths dl cnsk ue `kooóe dl dkn`netls puokdhs le
nahsth dl 26>9, rlcuplrnedh y lecrkptnedh on keihr`nckóe prhvkstn phr ons
cuntrh cnsns dl clrtkikcnckóe `îs arnedls dlo `uedh. \e arne lxkth Lo CLH dl
Lvlroldalr npuetn n rlakstrnr >< `koohels phr nþh. Le ue slauedh pnsh, on
ch`pnþàn tn`bkëe rlakstrnrî ohs dkn`netls le bruth.

Hbrns dl nrtl, vkehs ikehs y bhoshs dl `neh

Vlrh Olneel Jl`p tn`bkëe poneln dkvlrskikcnrsl le ue slcthr kelsplrndh, qul,

dl noauen `nelrn, sl pnrlcl `ucmh no dkn`netl7 lo nrtl. \en vlz `îs, ue
skstl`n pnrn `lghrnr on trnznbkokdnd dl ons hbrns slràn dl arne nyudn le on
oucmn chetrn ohs inoskikcndhrls, lo rhbh y lo onvndh dl dkelrh, y slduckr n ons
ch`pnþàns dl slaurhs. Le `nyh dl 26>9, Lvlroldalr dkh n chehclr uen
nshcknckóe che Ynstnrk, che sldl le Ohedrls, le on qul kevkrtkó. Lstn V[@L sl
lsplcknokzn le prhphrckhenr
prhphrckhenr cntîohahs prkvndhs dl hbrns dl nrtl (dlsdl `uslhs
h cholcckhekstns) mnstn kestktuckhels qul dlslne hranekznr lxphskckhels.
Hbgltkvh dl on noknezn7 utkokznr lo skstl`n Lvlroldalr pnrn ch`bntkr lo irnudl le
lo `lrcndh dlo nrtl. "Rlakstrnrl`hs ons cnrnctlràstkcns dl ons hbrns dl nrtl le
bohcjcmnke * 9, nsà ch`h tn`bkëe dkilrletls pueths dl kesplcckóe (pka`leths
dl pketurn, phr lgl`poh). Ls bnstnetl ch`pokcndh, th`nrî `ucmh tkl`ph ",
nd`ktl Olneel Jl`p. Vlrh lo slrvkckh nphrtnràn ue vnohr narlandh rlno no
slcthr7 "On trnespnrleckn y on prlsleckn dl uen mksthrkn bkle dhcu`letndn le
uen hbrn dl nrtl she incthrls crucknols pnrn prëstn`hs, vkngls dl lxmkbkckóe y
pnrn ch`pnþàns dl slaurhs. hbrns `hstrndns le `uslhs dl thdh lo `uedh. Le
Ynstnrk, ehtn`hs qul ons hbrns `îs shokcktndns phr ohs `uslhs pnrn ons
lxphskckhels tn`bkëe she nquloons cuyh hrkale l mksthrkn she ons `lghr
dhcu`letndns ", ch`letó lo CLH dl Ynstnrk, Blrendkel Brùcjlr Qkldlr, le lo
boha dl on lxphskckóe. ch`pnþàn no neuecknr on nshcknckóe.

Lo nrtl ls shoh ue pnsh le on lstrntlakn dl Lvlroladlr dl plesnr n oh arnedl y

plesnr le dkvlrskikcnrsl le bklels dl chesu`h dl ough, ch`h bhoshs y ghyns, y
le lo vkeh. Trls `lsls `îs tnrdl, n `ldkndhs dl ehvkl`brl dl 26>9, @nurlle
Dhwely, uen lxplrtn sh``loklr lstndhuekdlesl le on dltlcckóe dl
inoskikcnckóe dl Arned Cru, neueckó uen nshcknckóe che Lvlroldalr pnrn oneznr
lo "Cmnk Qkel Ynuot Systl`", ue skstl`n dl nutletkcnckóe dkaktno pnrn bhtloons
>>3
dl vkeh. cholcckóe, cuyn prhcldleckn, mksthrkn y cnrnctlràstkcns (no `lehs ;6
pklzns dl keihr`nckóe dkilrletls) sl rlakstrne dl ihr`n slaurn le on bohcjcmnke
Lvlroldalr. On kesplcckóe dlo lxplrth dl uen bhtloon, slaukdn dl ue keihr`l y
on letrndn dl dnths le lo bohcjcmnke, tklel ue chsth dl $ 166 y $ >,266. On su`n
puldl pnrlclr notn, plrh lo slrvkckh kedudnbol`letl slduckrî n ohs arnedls
cholcckhekstns lstndhuekdlesls, thdnvàn trnu`ntkzndhs phr lo cnsh Rudy
Jureknwne7
Jureknwne7 ue inoskikcndhr dl alekhs, qul mnbàn vledkdh le ohs Lstndhs \ekdhs,
durnetl `îs dl dklz nþhs, ckleths dl cnshs dl nþndns inosns, phr `ucmns
dlclens dl `koohels dl dóonrls * 1.

* >. Lstn l`prlsn lsthekn ls uen dl ons ch`pnþàns bohcjcmnke `îs netkauns y
`îs arnedls dlo `uedh, che >36 l`polndhs y `îs dl 23 `koohels dl lurhs dl
incturnckóe.
* 2. Ltmlrlu` le alelrno.
* 3. Vhr lgl`poh, on nlrhoàeln qul ch`prn ue nvkóe n Nkrbus.
* 4. Crkndh dlsdl guekh dl 26>9.
* <. On hranekznckóe ketlrenckheno
ketlrenckheno dl on phokcàn crk`keno.
* 9. Tàtuoh, prhcldleckn, mksthrkn dl sus lxphskckhels netlrkhrls, tn`nþh ...
* 1. Nrrlstndh le 26>2 phr lo IBK, iul sletleckndh no nþh skaukletl n dklz nþhs
dl prkskóe y pnrn pnanr n ohs cholcckhekstns dl $ 2=.< `koohels qul mnbàn
leanþndh.

>>4
CNVÀT\OH 1

Vkonr pnrn on dl`hcrnckn y on nd`kekstrnckóe dlo `nþnen

Lo 2> dl `nrzh dl >;;4,

> ;;4, le on kenuaurnckóe dl on prk`lrn Cheilrleckn @uedkno
dl Tlolch`uekcnckhels le Bulehs Nkrls, lo Ykclprlskdletl lstndhuekdlesl No
Ahrl sl `hstró letuskns`ndh che lo kecrlàbol phtleckno dl on "nuthpkstn dl on
keihr`nckóe".
keihr`nckóe". lstns rldls `uedknols dld l cnbols qul sl lstnbne prlpnrnedh
prlpnrnedh pnrn
chelctnr thdn on tklrrn che on enckletl Ketlrelt. Le su hpkekóe, lsths
"prh`hvlràne
"prh`hvlràne lo iueckhen`kleth dl on dl`hcrnckn no nu`letnr drîstkcn`letl
on pnrtkckpnckóe dl ohs ckudndnehs le lo prhclsh dl th`n dl dlckskhels" >.
Nudnz, kecoush narlaó7 "Ylh uen eulvn lrn dl dl`hcrnckn ntleklesl. Ylketkdós
nþhs dlspuës, lo skstl`n rlprlsletntkvh dl ons arnedls dl`hcrnckns
hcckdletnols sl mn `netlekdh lxnctn`letl kauno. Tn`bkëe sl supheàn qul
Ketlrelt rlvhouckhenràn
rlvhouckhenràn on nd`kekstrnckóe,
nd`kekstrnckóe, oon`ndn n rlkevletnrsl n sà `ks`n
`ks `n no
slrvkckh dlo usunrkh. Le >;;=, lo ahbklreh irnecës dl Okhelo Ghspke onezó su
Vrharn`n dl Ncckóe dlo Ahbklreh pnrn on Shckldnd dl on Keihr`nckóe (Vnask),
qul kecouàn ue lstndh "`îs trnespnrletl y likckletl", `hdlrekzndh phr on
alelrnokznckóe dlo ahbklreh lolctróekch. Dlsdl lethecls, sl mn nvnezndh7 sl
puldl th`nr uen arne cnetkdnd dl pnshs le oàeln (plrh eh thdhs). On
lilctkvkdnd prhbnbol`letl mnyn nu`letndh, plrh inotn trnespnrleckn7
¸cuîeths irneclsls snble, phr lgl`poh, qul lo lstndh vledl eulstrhs dnths
plrshenols8 Dlsdl on Oly dl Hrkletnckóe y Rledk`kleth dl on Slaurkdnd
Enckheno dl 26>> 2 (Ohppsk 2), lo @kekstlrkh dlo Ketlrkhr tklel dlrlcmh n chbrnr
on keihr`nckóe dlo nrcmkvh dl on tnrgltn arks (SKY). \en vlz `îs, Ketlrelt eh mn
cu`pokdh thdns sus prh`lsns.

Ls phskbol qul mnstn nmhrn inotnrn noah pnrn plr`ktkr qul on Qlb nocneznrn sus
inbuohshs hbgltkvhs hrkakenols7 on bohcjcmnke. Cnpnz dl prhphrckhenr on
trnespnrleckn
trnespnrleckn y slaurkdnd dlslndns n ohs slrvkckhs dl nd`kekstrnckóe, tn`bkëe
slràn lo shphrtl kdlno pnrn skstl`ns cheiknbols dl vhtnckóe lolctróekcn,
chedkckóe dlo ndvlek`kleth dl uen vlrdndlrn dl`hcrnckn pnrtkckpntkvn. Le
thdh lo `uedh, ohs góvlels crlndhrls dl eulvns l`prlsns lstîe chevleckdhs
dl lsth y quklrle rlihr`ntlnr, pnrn skl`prl, on rlprlsletnckóe y on
nd`kekstrnckóe p÷bokcns.

1.>- Rlkevletnedh on dl`hcrnckn

Le hctubrl dl 26>4, le lo lsclenrkh dl on Cheilrleckn Tld le Ràh dl Gnelkrh, on

nctkvkstn nraletken Vkn @neckek mkzh uen dlconrnckóe lohculetl7 "Sh`hs
ckudndnehs dlo skaoh ]]K, qul mncl`hs thdh oh phskbol pnrn alstkhenr che
>><
kestktuckhels dkslþndns pnrn Skaoh dklckeulvl, y bnsndh le tlcehohaàn dlo skaoh
]Y Zk`prlskóeP 2. "Cunedh on `nyhràn dl ons dl`hcrnckns `îs k`phrtnetls mne
lstnbolckdh sus bnsls, qul mne hptndh phr ue `hdloh rlprlsletntkvh,
rlprlsletntkvh, ndnptndn
n su ldnd7 thdhs ohs ckudndnehs eh puldle rluekr le thdh `h`leth pnrn mnbonr
shbrl cndn tl`n, ons vhcls iulrhe dlolandns n on mhrn ue `nednth pnrn ue
lolakdh, thtno`letl okbrl oulah dl vhtnr ons olyls ch`h ol pnrlckó, mnstn ons
próxk`ns lolcckhels. Vlrh lstl `hdloh, dhedl lo ckudndneh ls lscucmndh shoh
le cndn vhth, sl quldn ske nokleth. Le Irneckn, sla÷e uen leculstn dl Kpshs-
Shprn Stlrkn, pubokcndn le ehvkl`brl dl 26>93, lo 11% dl ohs irneclsls crll
qul on dl`hcrnckn iueckhen cndn vlz `lehs: Lo 9<% dl loohs skletl qul sus
prlhcupnckhels eh she tlekdns le culetn: 92%, qul lstîe phbrl`letl
rlprlsletndhs: 14%, qul ohs iueckhenrkhs lolcths she n `leudh chrrupths: y
eh `lehs dlo 1=% cheskdlrn qul ohs pnrtkdhs phoàtkchs she le on `nyhràn dl ohs
cnshs ue hbstîcuoh pnrn `lghrnr on sktunckóe le Irneckn. \en dls`letkdn
lsplctncuonr pnrn eulstrhs rlprlsletnetls. Le on `nyhràn dl ons prkeckpnols
dl`hcrnckns hcckdletnols, on sktunckóe eh ls `ucmh `lghr. Lo skstl`n
rlprlsletntkvh mhy dlspklrtn kedkilrleckn (qul sl `nekiklstn phr rlakstrhs dl
nbstleckóe) h lehgh (lecnrendh phr lo ëxkth lolcthrno dl ohs pnrtkdhs
phpuokstns).

\e nsh`brhsh lstudkh dl LL. \\. Vubokcndh le on rlvkstn Ghureno hi Dl`hcrncy

le lelrh dl 26>1 `ulstrn qul on kdln `ks`n dl dl`hcrnckn ls cndn vlz `îs
rlcmnzndn phr ons eulvns alelrnckhels dl vhtnetls47 `kletrns qul lo 1<% dl
ohs lstndhuekdlesls enckdhs le >;36 oh cheskdlrne lsleckno. vkvkledh le uen
dl`hcrnckn, `lehs dlo 36% dl ohs enckdhs le >;=6 ch`pnrtle on `ks`n
hpkekóe. Sl hbslrvne cnàdns sk`konrls le lsths phrcletngls le lo Rlkeh \ekdh,
Eulvn Wlonedn y Nustrnokn (she ue phch `lehs, plrh skaule skledh iulrtls le
Sulckn y ohs Vnàsls Bnghs). ¸Có`h lxpokcnr tno dlsnilcth8 Vrhbnbol`letl dlbkdh
n on kendlcunckóe dlo skstl`n rlprlsletntkvh nctuno. Mhy, Ketlrelt dlblràn
nyudnr n ohs ckudndnehs n rlcuplrnr su vhz. "Eulstrh skstl`n phoàtkch sl mn
`netlekdh kauno dlsdl mncl dhsckleths nþhs y lsplrh qul sóoh vn`hs n slr
hyletls pnskvhs `heóohah" sl hiledkó Vkn @neckek, le lo lsclenrkh dl on
cheilrleckn TLD. Ske l`bnrah, subrnyó, "nmhrn, uen eulvn tlcehohaàn
ZKetlreltP ehs dn on hphrtuekdnd dl pnrtkckpnr le cunoquklr chevlrsnckóe le
cunoquklr pnrtl dlo `uedh. Vhdl`hs `îs qul euecn lxprlsnr eulstrhs dlslhs
y prlhcupnckhels. Z...P ^ulrl`hs ue nskleth le on `lsn dhedl sl th`le ons
dlckskhels ". [n ls mhrn dl k`pol`letnr lo cn`bkh prh`ltkdh phr Ketlrelt7
"Eulstrh skstl`n phoàtkch puldl trnesihr`nrsl, eh phr subvlrskóe h
dlstrucckóe, skeh chelctîedhoh n ons mlrrn`kletns qul Ketlrelt ehs hirlcl. "

Kekckno`letl, Vkn @neckek onezó uen npokcnckóe dl códkah nbklrth, Dl`hcrncy

HS, dkslþndn pnrn vhtnr n ohs iueckhenrkhs lolcths dl nculrdh che ohs dlslhs
lxprlsndhs phr ohs ckudndnehs. Oulah iuedó, le Nraletken, lo Vnrtkdh dl on Rld,
>>9
ue `hvk`kleth phoàtkch qul prh`ltkó n sus lolcthrls qul lo rlprlsletnetl
lolcth vhtnràn chestnetl`letl dl nculrdh che ons kestrucckhels dndns phr loohs
n trnvës dl on npokcnckóe Dl`hcrnckn HS. Ncrldktndh shoh le lo >% dl ohs vhths
le on lolcckóe dlo pnron`leth ohcno dl Bulehs Nkrls, qul prlsletó le 26>3, lo
Vnrtkdh dl Rld on`letnbol`letl eh mn lolakdh. Vlrh lstl prk`lr pnsh
noletndhr mn `hstrndh lo cn`keh y mn `nrcndh n ohs lspàrktus, y ls che htrn
mlrrn`kletn qul Vkn @neckek nmhrn quklrl, gueth che sus cholans dl on
iuednckóe ske ikels dl oucrh Dl`hcrncy Lnrtm, chiuedndn che lo nraletkeh
Snetknah Skrk, rlkevletnedh lo trnsihedh on rlprlsletnckóe phoàtkcn y on th`n dl
dlckskhels le uen dl`hcrnckn7 lo bohcjcmnke.

NSLA\RNEDH ON IKNBKOKDND DL ON YHTNCKÓE LOLCTRÓEKCN

\eh dl ohs prkeckpnols hbgltkvhs dl on Dl`hcrncy Lnrtm Ihuedntkhe ls dkslþnr

ue skstl`n dl vhth lolctróekch bnsndh le wlb ch`poltn`letl cheiknbol. Vhr lo
`h`leth, vhtnr le Ketlrelt h le `îqukens dl vhtnckóe kestnondns le ons `lsns
dl vhtnckóe alelrn uen dlscheiknezn olaàtk`n, phr rnzhels dl slaurkdnd7 sk ohs
rlsuotndhs dl uen vhtnckóe sl rlakstrne le ue slrvkdhr, puldle slr pkrntlndhs
h `hdkikcndh phr qukle phsll lstl slrvkdhr, ske ekea÷e rnstrh dlo pnqultl.

Lo vhth lolctróekch cletrnokzndh ls keslaurh

Lo prhbol`n ls netkauh, plrh n÷e eh mn lechetrndh uen rlspulstn vîokdn. Le

hctubrl dl 2669, cunedh lo ;6% dl on phbonckóe dl ohs Vnàsls Bnghs vhtó le
urens lolctróekcns, dhs kevlstkandhrls mhonedlsls mnbàne dl`hstrndh qul lrn
iîcko th`nr lo chetrho dlo skstl`n y `nekpuonr kedltlctnbol`letl ohs
rlsuotndhs<. Dhs nþhs dlspuës, lo pnàs dlckdkó
d lckdkó rlarlsnr n ohs bholtkels le pnplo.
Le 26><, le ohs Lstndhs \ekdhs, ue keihr`l dlo Cletrh dl Gustkckn Brleene
slþnoó qul le 43 lstndhs dl <6, ons `îqukens utkokzndns tleàne `îs dl dklz nþhs
y, phr oh tneth, lrne `uy vuoelrnbols n inoons h ntnquls9. Lo 4 dl ehvkl`brl dl
26>9, le `ldkh dl ons lolcckhels prlskdlecknols, uen ch`pnþàn dl slaurkdnd
keihr`îtkcn, Cyonecl, prhphrckheó prulbns, th`nedh `keuths dl chetrho dl
uen `îquken "Slquhkn NYC Ldal @j>", utkokzndn le Cnokihrekn, Iohrkdn h le
Cnokihrekn. Eulvn Glrsly. Le Irneckn, sl mn plr`ktkdh lo vhth lolctróekch dlsdl
>;9;, plrh uen `hrnthrkn oh mn ok`ktndh dlsdl 2661 n =3 `uekckpnokdndls (>,<
`koohels dl vhtnetls phtlecknols). \e keihr`l pnron`letnrkh dl 26>4,
rldnctndh phr ohs slendhrls Nonke Nezknek (VS) y Nethkel Oliívrl (OR), slþnoó
on "kecnpnckdnd pnrn checkoknr plrilctn`letl on tëcekcn dl vhtnckóe lolctróekcn
che ohs prkeckpkhs iuedn`letnols dl on dl`hcrnckn lolcthrno7 on ketlarkdnd dl on
lolcckóe y slcrlth dlo suirnakh1 ". Ketrhduckdh le on oly irneclsn le 2663, on
chesuotn phr Ketlrelt shoh lstî plr`ktkdn pnrn ckudndnehs irneclsls dlo
>>1
lxtrneglrh. Tn`bkëe sl crktkcn7 "Ohs rlqukskths chestktuckhenols dl skeclrkdnd y
slcrlth dlo vhth eh puldle anrnetkznrsl tneth phr vhtnckóe le Ketlrelt ch`h
phr vhtnckóe le uen `lsn dl vhtnckóe", lscrkbklrhe ohs slendhrls. . N plsnr dl
sus mnoonzahs cràtkchs y onauens ch`prhbndns le lsths skstl`ns, ons `îqukens
dl vhtnckóe y on vhtnckóe phr Ketlrelt sl utkokznrîe bkle durnetl ons próxk`ns
lolcckhels prlskdlecknols irneclsns. Shrprledletl`letl okalrh ch`h ons
rlckletls lolcckhels le LL. \\. Dlblràne slrvkr dl ndvlrtleckn7 sk eh sl mne
prlsletndh prulbns
prulbns dl `nekpuonckóe dl on vhtnckóe lolctróekcn, lo dkrlcthr dl
ketlokaleckn enckheno, Gn`ls Conpplr, npuetó p÷bokcn`letl che lo dldh, le ue
ch`uekcndh pubokcndh lo 1 dl nahsth. Hctubrl dl 26>9, on ketlrilrleckn dlo
ahbklreh rush, prlsuetn`letl rlsphesnbol dl ohs prkeckpnols ntnquls
keihr`îtkchs dkrkakdhs phr mncjlrs dlsdl suloh rush le ohs slrvkdhrls dlo
Vnrtkdh Dl`ócrntn y on culetn dl chrrlh lolctróekch dlo alrletl dl cn`pnþn
dl Mkoonry Cokethe, Ghme Vhdlstn=. Le lstn dlconrnckóe, ske l`bnrah, trnequkokzó
n sus checkudndnehs shbrl on próxk`n vhtnckóe, prhtlakdn eh phr on iknbkokdnd
dl ons `îqukens lolctróekcns, skeh phr lo mlcmh dl qul eh lstnbne chelctndns
n Ketlrelt y ihr`nrhe nsà ue tldkhsh mncjlr dl `noon dlscletrnokzndh...

Dlscletrnokznr lo vhth pnrn mnclroh slaurh

¸Lo vhth lolctróekch, lsplckno`letl le Ketlrelt, lstî chedlendh n slaukr skledh

sk ledh
uen quk`lrn8 Ohs `kl`brhs dl Dl`hcrncy Lnrtm eh sl rlskaene, phrqul
tklele, che lo bohcjcmnke, ue eulvh nctkvh le on `nean. "Lstn`hs trntnedh dl
dnr n ouz n ue skstl`n dl vhtnckóe lolctróekcn, uen npokcnckóe iîcko dl usnr y
dlspolanr wlb qul plr`ktn n sus usunrkhs `hekthrlnr su vhth * >, `kletrns qul
on prlvleckóe dl ohs hranekzndhrls
hranekzndhrls dl ons lolcckhels pnrn cn`bknr rlsuotndhs y
pnrn tlelr ncclsh n on keihr`nckóe plrsheno dl ohs vhtnetls ", rlsu`l Ohuks
@nraht-Ducoht, phrtnvhz
phrtnvhz le Irneckn dl on iuednckóe. Vnrn lsth, on pontnihr`n
pontnihr`n sl
bnsnrî le on tlcehohaàn bohcjcmnke, qul anrnetkzn lo rlakstrh dlscletrnokzndh dl
cndn vhth le ons ch`putndhrns
c h`putndhrns dl on rld (ch`h uen trnesncckóe dl Bktchke). Ls
k`phskbol cn`bknr lo rlsuotndh dlspuës. On kdletkikcnckóe dl cndn vhtnetl, ue
lol`leth lsleckno pnrn on iknbkokdnd dlo vhth, tn`bkëe sl rlnokznrî le lo
bohcjcmnke (nuequl n÷e sl prhphrckhen phcn keihr`nckóe shbrl lstl pueth). N
trnvës dl bohcjcmnke, Dl`hcrnckn dl on Tklrrn pnrn oolenr ons onauens
kdletkikcndns phr lo prhylcth dl on qul ls mlrldlrh Dl`hcrncyHS7 "On
dl`hcrnckn HS plr`ktl qul cunoquklrn puldn hirlclr le Ketlrelt, che uen
kestneckn dl dlckskhels le chonbhrnckóe, ohs tlxths, le ohs qul puldl vhtnr
ch`letnedh eulstrn dlckskóe ", rlculrdn Ohuks @nraht-Ducoht. "On vletngn iul
on sk`pokckdnd dl su k`pol`letnckóe, plrh on pontnihr`n qul tklel ncclsh n on
bnsl dl dnths tn`bkëe nccldl no rlsuotndh dl on vhtnckóe y puldl mnclr qul ëo
dkan oh qul quklrl. Tklel ue prhbol`n dl cheiknezn ", nd`ktl. Lsth yn eh slrî lo
cnsh che on pontnihr`n bohcjcmnke dlsnrrhoondn phr Dl`hcrncy Lnrtm. "Ol
>>=
dnrl`hs no hranekzndhr dl uen chesuotn cholctkvn on cnpnckdnd dl dl`hstrnr
qul lo rlsuotndh ikeno dl
d l on dlokblrnckóe lstî ketncth, y rlprlsletn iklo`letl lo
rlsuotndh", prh`ltl Ohuks @nraht-Ducoht.

\e prhthtkph iul prhbndh le lo hthþh dl 26>9. \en leculstn le oàeln dl

skaekikcndh sk`bóokch, hranekzndh phr Dl`hcrnckn dl on Tklrrn le lo
rlilrëedu` pnrnoloh
pnrnoloh rlnokzndh le Choh`bkn le on rlcheckoknckóe che ons INRC *
2, pnrn plr`ktkr qul ohs choh`bknehs qul vkvle iulrn dlo pnàs pnrn vhtnr Lo
rlsuotndh iul shrprledletl7
shrprledletl7 lo =3% dl ohs lolcthrls lolcthrnols nbhanrhe phr
on rlcheckoknckóe che ons Inrc, `kletrns qul ohs choh`bknehs qul
plr`nelcklrhe le lo pnàs rlcmnznrhe lo nculrdh dl pnz che ue <6.2%. "Lsth
ehs plr`ktkó rlnokznr ons prk`lrns lolcckhels le on bohcjcmnke dl Bktchke", dkcl
lo lxplrth irnecës. Ohs pnrtkckpnetls eh elclsktnbne ch`prnr
ch`prnr Bktchke ek pnanr
endn pnrn vhtnr7 cndn vhth sl rlakstrnbn ch`h uen `kcrhtrnesncckóe cuyh chsth
keskaekikcnetl lrn nsu`kdh phr on iuednckóe. \en prk`lrn lxplrkleckn
prh`ltldhrn.

Lo dlsniàh dl on kdletkikcnckóe dl vhtnetls

Le pnrnoloh che Dl`hcrncy Lnrtm, htrns stnrt-ups lstîe oolvnedh n cnbh

kekckntkvns sk`konrls, ch`h lo lstndhuekdlesl Ihoohw @y Yhtl h lo irnecës S@L
Blol`, crlndh le ehvkl`brl dl 26><. Mn dlsnrrhoondh ue `óduoh dl vhtnckóe
le oàeln shbrl lo Ltmlrlu` bohcjcmnke, nudktnbol phr thdhs7 thdhs puldle vlr
lo rlsuotndh dl on vhtnckóe y vlrkikcnr qul chrrlsphedn n thdhs ohs vhths
l`ktkdhs, qul sl puldl buscnr le trnesncckhels p÷bokcns bngh sludóek`hs
nehtndhs le lo rlakstrh. On ch`pnþàn npuetn n thdns ons lolcckhels, tneth
prhilskhenols
prhilskhenols (ch`ktë dl l`prlsn, rlprlsletnetl
rlprlsletnetl dlo plrsheno) ch`h phoàtkcns
(leculstns y rlilrledhs dl cunoquklr tkph), lcheó`kcns h nshckntkvns
(rluekhels alelrnols, vhths dl `kl`brhs `utuhs, chprhpkldnd, ltc.) . Lo
akanetl dl on chestrucckóe, lo lstnckhen`kleth y ons cnrrltlrns, Ykeck, yn ndhptó
on shouckóe dl Blol`. Lstl ls tn`bkëe lo cnsh dlo `hvk`kleth \s Ckthyles,
onezndh le guokh dl 26>3 phr lo l`prlsnrkh
l`prlsnrkh Dleks Vnyrl, qul prhbó lo `óduoh
dl Blol` durnetl sus lolcckhels ketlrens rlakhenols y rlakhenols, le nbrko dl
26>9. On lxplrkleckn mn skdh bnstnetl lxkthsn. "Vudk`hs cheikr`nr on
lilctkvkdnd dlo vhth bohcjcmnke. Ls uen keehvnckóe tlcehoóakcn keelanbol, yn
qul plr`ktl hranekznr lolcckhels iknbol y trnespnrletl, uen conrn hptk`kznckóe
dl vhtnckóe dkaktno ch`h prnctkcndh prlvkn`letl ON; "sl ahzne iuedndhrls dl
Blol`, Ch`h Glne Rh`nke Gnrry y Rhupmnlo. Vlrh loohs rlchehcle, ske l`bnrah,
sl mne lechetrndh dhs oà`ktls n su shouckóe7 "vhtnr n trnvës dl bohcjcmnke
puldl, phr lo `h`leth sustktukr phr ch`polth on vhtnckóe iàskch ÷ekch skstl`n
mnstn on ilcmn rlno`letl puldl clrtkikcnr on kdletkdnd dlo vhtnetl y anrnetkznr
lo slcrlth dlo on cnbken dl vhtnckóe. Thdnvàn eh chetn`hs che ohs `ldkhs
>>;
tëcekchs pnrn vlrkikcnr on kdletkdnd dlo vhtnetl7 mhy endn puldl chetrnrrlstnr
on pkrntlràn dlo buzóe, lo rhbh dl kdletkdnd h ohs gulahs dl keiouleckn ", lscrkbl
loohs. Htrn dlsvletngn hbslrvndn7 on vnokdnckóe dl cndn trnesncckóe, qul th`n
uehs `keuths, oh qul rlqulrkràn uen vhtnckóe dl vnrkhs dàns le lo cnsh dl uen
lolcckóe n arne lscnon. Vlrh endn kesuplrnbol n prkhrk7 le ohs Lstndhs \ekdhs,
phr lgl`poh, ons lolcckhels prlskdlecknols sl lxtkledle phr vnrkns sl`nens.

On vlrdndlrn dkikcuotnd, eulvn`letl, rndkcn le on kdletkikcnckóe dlo vhtnetl.

"Vhdl`hs k`nakenr qul le lo iuturh clrcneh, lo lglrckckh dl vhtnckóe le oàeln
lstî nshckndh che ue sleshr bkh`ëtrkch qul plr`ktkràn no vhtnetl kdletkikcnrsl
dl `nelrn cheiknbol y nsà anrnetkznr on vnokdlz dl su kdletkdnd", suaklrle Ch`h
Glne Gnrry y Rh`nke Rhupmnlo. Vlrh, ¸ohs vhtnetls lstnràne dl nculrdh le qul
su vhth, uen vlz nrcmkvndh, skaul vkecuondh n su kdletkdnd8 ¸^uë slrî dlo
nehek`nth dl cndn vhth8 Le Lsthekn, ue pnàs bîotkch `uy phr dlonetl dlo rlsth
dlo `uedh le lo ush nd`kekstrntkvh dl ons eulvns tlcehohaàns, lo vhth
lolctróekch n trnvës dl Ketlrelt mn skdh phskbol dlsdl 266<. Iul lo prk`lrh le
lo `uedh. Ohs vhtnetls sl kdletkikcne irletl n su ch`putndhrn keslrtnedh su
tnrgltn dl kdletkdnd, qul chetklel ue `kcrhcmkp. Vlrh su skstl`n, qul eh usn on
bohcjcmnke, thdnvàn lstî dlbntkëedhsl. "Cndn vlz qul lo Vnrtkdh Cheslrvndhr
pklrdl, dkcle qul ls cuopn dlo vhth lolctróekch y dlsniàne su iknbkokdnd", nuequl
euecn sl mn dlscubklrth irnudl le ons eulvl bholtns lolctróekcns qul ml`hs
rlnokzndh mnstn nmhrn. 'nquà', on`letn Neen Vkplrno, dkrlcthrn dl on snon dl
lxphskckóe dl l-Lsthekn, on hranekznckóe qul prh`ulvl ohs slrvkckhs dkaktnols
le lo pnàs. Lo pnàs phdràn usnr bohcjcmnke pnrn phelr ike, pnrn bkle, n cunoquklr
shsplcmn shbrl on vnokdlz dl ons urens. On stnrt-up lsthekn Aunrdtk`l, uen dl
ons ch`pnþàns `îs netkauns y `îs arnedls dlo `uedh dl rlakstrhs dkstrkbukdhs,
mn prhpulsth ketlarnr lo bohcjcmnke che lo skstl`n dl vhtnckóe lolctróekcn.
"Lstl skstl`n mnràn k`phskbol `nekpuonr
`nekpuonr ohs rlsuotndhs", keskstl Neen Vkplrno.
"Su shouckóe plr`ktkràn `netlelr lo nehek`nth dl on vhtnckóe no tkl`ph qul ols
dn n ohs vhtnetls on hphrtuekdnd dl vlrkikcnr qul su vhz sl mnyn ntrkbukdh no
cnedkdnth dl su lolcckóe", narlan.

Dlbntkdh, plrh eh le lo ouanr le lstl `h`leth, lstl prhylcth cnrlcl dl on

vhouetnd phoàtkcn pnrn slr npokcndh. Le Irneckn, kecoush ohs `kl`brhs `îs
nbklrths dl on bohcjcmnke, ch`h lo dkputndh dl on Notn Snbhyn, Okhelo Tnrdy,
quklrle `netlelrsl cnuths netls dl l`prledlr tnols nvleturns7 "Shsplcmh
`ucmh dl on vhtnckóe lolctróekcn phr culstkhels dl slaurkdnd. Lo bohcjcmnke
phdràn nyudnr. Sl phdràne th`nr `ldkdns, phr lgl`poh, ue prhxy dl lolcckóe
phr pnrtl dl bohcjcmnke. Lsth phdràn rlsphedlr n on crksks dl cheiknezn le on
phoàtkcn y uen `lehr nbstleckóe ", dkgh le lo ihrh pnron`letnrkh bohcjcmnke. Le
lo hthþh dl 26>9, sl onezó on nshcknckóe OnVrk`nkrl.hra, qul hranekzó uen
prk`nrkn le oàeln pnrn lolakr ue cnedkdnth pnrn ons lolcckhels prlskdlecknols
dl 26>1. "Hranekzn`hs uen dl ons prk`lrns leculstns dkaktnols dlo `uedh le
>26
bohcjcmnke>2", dkcl lo iuedndhr Dnvkd Aulz. Le on prk`lrn rhedn, pnrtkckpnrhe
`îs dl >2,666 plrshens. Ohs vhths sl rlakstrnrhe le on bohcjcmnke dl
Ltmlrlu`. N plsnr dl lstl prk`lr noletndhr, Irneckn prhbnbol`letl lsplrnrî
n qul on vhtnckóe lolctróekcn shbrl bohcjcmnke sln npokcndn che ëxkth phr htrn
arne dl`hcrnckn netls dl su onezn`kleth. Nustrnokn ls ue cnedkdnth pnrn lo
lxplrk`leth.
lxplrk`leth. Le lo vlrneh dl 26>9, on hikcken ohcno dl Chrrlhs dl Nustrnokn Vhst
prhpush chevlrtkrsl le hranekzndhrn dl lolcckhels le Bohcjcmnke, prk`lrh
pnrn ohs vhths ch`lrcknols y ch`uektnrkhs, netls dl nprhbnr, phr slauedn vlz,
le ons lolcckhels pnron`letnrkns.
pnron`letnrkns. Lo skstl`n neueckndh ls `uy sk`konr n ohs dl
Blol` h Dl`hcrncy Lnrtm7 ohs vhths sl rlakstrnràne ch`h trnesncckhels
lolctróekcns, nslaurndns
nslaurndns che convls prkvndns levkndns n cndn vhtnetl, cuyn vhz
slràn neóek`n uen vlz dlphsktndn>3. N slaukr.

DL@HCRNCKN OÀ^\KDN

Sk lo bohcjcmnke ikeno`letl plr`ktl ue `lcneks`h dl vhtnckóe lolctróekch

cheiknbol le Ketlrelt, lethecls ls thdh lo iueckhen`kleth dl`hcrîtkch qul
puldl rlvksnrsl phr ch`polth. Tno skstl`n phdràn nyudnr n rlduckr on
nbstleckóe mnckledh on vkdn `îs iîcko pnrn ohs vhtnetls olghs dl ohs cholakhs
lolcthrnols (y ohs iohghs). Le Lsthekn, dhedl cnsk ue tlrckh dl on phbonckóe sl mn
nchstu`brndh n vhtnr le Ketlrelt, on pnrtkckpnckóe le ons lolcckhels ohcnols
nu`letó le >6 pueths letrl 266<, ilcmn dl on prk`lrn vhtnckóe lolctróekcn y
26>3 (41,4% irletl n <=%). >4) y 2 pueths le ons lolcckhels pnron`letnrkns
letrl 2661 y 26>< (9>.;% y 94.2%). Lo lilcth ls, ske l`bnrah, lstnr cnokikcndh,
yn qul ons lolcckhels lurhplns, phr lgl`poh, eh `hvkokznrhe n ohs lsthekhs, n
plsnr dl on phskbkokdnd dl vhtnr le oàeln (39.<% dl pnrtkckpnckóe le 26>4, le
ch`pnrnckóe
ch`pnrnckóe che 43.;% le 266;).

Vlrh lstns she thdnvàn ihr`ns dl vhtnckóe coîskcn, dupokcndns le Ketlrelt. Sl

puldle k`nakenr htrhs tkphs dl chesuotn y lxprlskóe dl vhtnetls, pnrn sncnr n
on ouz uen eulvn ihr`n dl dl`hcrnckn, `îs iklo n ons nspkrnckhels dl ohs
ckudndnehs7 on "dl`hcrnckn oàqukdn". Lstn lxprlskóe noah hscurn sl rliklrl n
thdhs ohs skstl`ns, n keeu`lrnbols cheikaurnckhels, dlolanckóe y subdkvkskóe
dlo vhth7 pnrn ue vhth dndh, puldl lolakr trnes`ktkr su vhz n on plrshen qul
lokgn, h cheslrvnr on `ktnd y dîrsloh no htrh, h rlanonr cunoquklr prhphrckóe dl
su bholtn n cunoquklr e÷`lrh dl vhtnetls. Tn`bkëe puldl rltkrnr su vhz dlo
cnedkdnth nctuno sk ëo h loon yn eh nct÷n dl nculrdh che sus crlleckns, h sk hptn
phr phelrol plsh n ons culstkhels qul ol ketlrlsne7 46% dl su bholtàe
keihr`ntkvh shbrl on lcheh`àn, 46 % le slaurkdnd, 26% le lducnckóe, phr
lgl`poh. Lsth rlquklrl lethecls vhovlr n k`nakenr ons leculstns eh le
cnedkdnths skeh le pontnihr`ns dl prhpulstns. Ons phskbkokdndls she keikektns
y cn`bkne ch`poltn`letl ons cnrtns dl ons lolcckhels tno ch`h ons chehcl`hs,
c hehcl`hs,
>2>
che ue hbgltkvh7 brkednr `nyhr prlckskóe y ikdlokdnd n on rlprlsletnckóe
phoàtkcn, y dlgnr no lolcthr ue chetrho suplrkhr shbrl su rlprlsletnetl. "On
dl`hcrnckn rlprlsletntkvn
rlprlsletntkvn tno ch`h on chehcl`hs mhy ls vhtnr cndn ckech nþhs,
phr ue cnedkdnth, qul oolvnrî ue prharn`n dl `ldkdns. Lsths trls lol`leths
cn`bkne le on dl`hcrnckn oàqukdn ", dkcl Ohuks @nraht-Ducoht. Eh mny `îs
anrnetàns prk`lrh, yn qul on vhz sl puldl lok`kenr le cunoquklr
c unoquklr `h`leth.
`h`leth. @îs
phoàtkchs dl on prhilskóe tn`phch, hbokandhs n slr h`eksckletls le thdhs ohs
tl`ns dl dlbntl7 on vhz puldl slr dlolandn n lxplrths le cndn tl`n, h
dkstrkbukdn n dkilrletls kdlns le ouanr dl n ue mh`brl.
m h`brl. "Sk tklels ue n`kah qul
chehcl bkle on lcheh`àn, qul eh letkledl endn y lstîs dl nculrdh che ëo,
phdrl`hs dlolanr su vhth, y ëo `ks`h phdrî dlolanr su vhth, mnstn qul
oolaul`hs n ue cnedkdnth h uen dksphskckóe lsplcàikcn ", dkcl Ohuks @nraht-
Ducoht. "Vnsn`hs dl uen hpckóe bkenrkn qul sl cletrn le ons plrshens y ue
plràhdh ikgh dl tkl`ph n ue `hdloh dhedl phdl`hs vhtnr `ldkdn phr `ldkdn,
dlpledkledh dl ohs tl`ns qul dlolaul`hs h eh. Le uen pnonbrn, nconrnrl`hs
on cnetkdnd dl keihr`nckóe chetlekdn le uen vhtnckóe y nikenrl`hs on
rlprlsletnckóe phoàtkcn, qul le `ucmhs nsplcths ls dl`nskndh n`pokn y mn
plrdkdh lo vàecuoh dkrlcth che ohs vhtnetls ", rlsu`l. . Tno skstl`n tno vlz
nyudnràn n `hvkokznr eulvn`letl no lolcthrndh7 "Sk lsthy `ldkh dl nculrdh che
ue cnedkdnth, tledrë qul `ldkh qulrlr vhtnr". Nooà, phdrî vhtnr `ldkdn phr
`ldkdn, oh qul plr`ktl hbtlelr ue pnelo `ucmh `îs rlprlsletntkvh dl ohs
dlslhs dl ohs vhtnetls ", keskstl. Su iuednckóe, Dl`hcrncy Lnrtm, lstî
trnbngnedh nctuno`letl
nctuno`letl le lo dlsnrrhooh dl uen pontnihr`n dl vhtnckóe dl lstl
tkph, che on n`bkckóe dl crlnr uen vlrdndlrn dl`hcrnckn letrl pnrls, cuyhs
rlprlsletnetls vledràne dl on vhouetnd phpuonr y eh mubklrne skdh k`pulsth
phr ons pnrtls.

1.2- Rlplesnedh ohs slrvkckhs dlo lstndh

Le lelrh dl 26>9, on Hikcken Aublren`letno pnrn on Ckleckn, lo hraneks`h

nslshr ckletàikch dlo ahbklreh dlo Rlkeh \ekdh, pubokcó ue lxtlesh keihr`l
pkhelrh shbrl ons hphrtuekdndls dl on bohcjcmnke pnrn on lcheh`àn y lo lstndh.
Ohs nuthrls leu`lrnrhe ons keeu`lrnbols npokcnckhels phskbols dl lstn
tlcehohaàn pnrn `lghrnr on ncckóe p÷bokcn7 "Ohs rlakstrhs dkstrkbukdhs puldle
nyudnr n ohs ahbklrehs n rlcnudnr k`pulsths, dkstrkbukr nskaenckhels, l`ktkr
pnsnphrtls,
pnsnphrtls, rlakstrnr tàtuohs, nslaurnr lo su`kekstrh y `îs alelrno`letl pnrn
anrnetkznr on ketlarkdnd dl ohs nrcmkvhs y slrvkckhs dlo ahbklreh. Vnrn on
Slaurkdnd Shckno * 3, lstn tlcehohaàn nyudn n `lghrnr on ntleckóe no `lghrnr y
nutletkcnr ohs slrvkckhs y ch`pnrtkr nrcmkvhs dl ihr`n slaurn dl nculrdh che
rlaons lsplcàikcns. Vnrn ohs blelikcknrkhs dl lsths slrvkckhs, lstn tlcehohaàn
plr`ktl, sla÷e ons ckrcuestneckns, chetrhonr lo ncclsh n sus dnths plrshenols y
snblr qukëe ohs chesuotó><. Dlscletrnokzndh le uen rld dl ch`putndhrns
>22
`÷otkpols, ohs dnths tn`bkëe she `îs dkiàckols dl pkrntlnr h iudal, narlane ohs
nuthrls. "Le rlsu`le, on tlcehohaàn dl rlakstrh dkstrkbukdh prhphrckhen no
ahbklreh uen lstructurn pnrn rlduckr lo irnudl, on chrrupckóe, lo rklsah dl lrrhr
y lo chsth dl ohs prhcldk`kleths netlrkhrls le pnplo. Tklel lo phtleckno dl
rldlikekr on rlonckóe letrl lo ahbklreh y ohs ckudndnehs le tër`kehs dl
ketlrcn`bkh dl dnths, trnespnrleckn y cheiknezn. "¡\e prharn`n inbuohsh! Eh
mny endn utópkch no rlsplcth, ch`h oh dl`ulstrn lo cnsh dl Lsthekn, dhedl on
nd`kekstrnckóe dkaktno le lo bohcjcmnke yn ls on rlaon.

ON ND@KEKSTRNCKÓE DL LSTHEKN, >66% LOLCTRÓEKCN [ >66%

TRNESVNRLETL

Lo 26 dl nahsth dl >;;>, Lsthekn, on `îs slptletrkheno dl ons trls rlp÷bokcns

bîotkcns, nrrlbntó su kedlpledleckn dl on \ekóe Shvkëtkcn. On lcheh`àn lstî le
ue lstndh dl dltlrkhrh y thdn on nd`kekstrnckóe dlbl rlchestrukrsl dl on N n on
W. Lstl kecrlàbol dlsniàh ls ikeno`letl on phskbkokdnd dl qul lo pnàs, qul sl mn
nphdlrndh dl ëo pnrn chevlrtkrsl le on enckóe `îs dkaktnokzndn dl on nctunokdnd.
lo poneltn. Su prk`lr ahbklreh, okdlrndh phr ue lqukph dl okblrnols dl trlketn y
tneths okdlrndhs phr lo ghvle @nrt Onnr, dl 32 nþhs, onezn ue vnsth prharn`n
dl rlihr`ns pnrn nbrkr su lcheh`àn no `uedh y skletn ons bnsls pnrn uen eulvn
nd`kekstrnckóe qul sl dls`ntlrknokznrî le arne `ldkdn. "Lstîbn`hs le uen
sktunckóe le on qul tleàn`hs qul chestrukr ue eulvh cnpktnoks`h, pnrn lo cuno
eh mnbàn uen lstructurn olano. Lsthekn tleàn ckletàikchs keihr`îtkchs `uy
cnpncktndhs y pudk`hs ch`leznr dlsdl clrh. On `ktnd dlo tlrrkthrkh lstî
cubklrth dl bhsquls, lrn dkiàcko kestnonr hikckens pnrn on nd`kekstrnckóe le thdh
lo pnàs. Lstn ls on rnzóe phr on cuno, phr rnzhels ikenecklrns, sl mne dkaktnokzndh
tneths prhcldk`kleths.
prhcldk`kleths. Ml`hs trntndh dl chestrukr ue slrvkckh p÷bokch lilctkvh
ske chetncth iàskch ">9, lxpokcn Neen Vkplrno.

On chestrucckóe dl lstn nd`kekstrnckóe >66% dkaktno sl rlnokzó le trls ltnpns.

Le 2662, lo lstndh l`ktkó uen tnrgltn dl kdletkdnd lolctróekcn, utkokzndn
nctuno`letl phr lo ;4% dl on phbonckóe. Lstl dhcu`leth dl kdletkdnd lstî
lqukpndh che ue cmkp qul chetklel convls crkptharîikcns qul ol plr`ktle n su
prhpkltnrkh
prhpkltnrkh kdletkikcnrsl pnrn nccldlr n thdhs ohs slrvkckhs nd`kekstrntkvhs
nd`kekstrntkvhs le
oàeln, pnrn vhtnr, plrh tn`bkëe pnrn ch`prnr ue bholth h pnrn rlcuplrnrsl. uen
rlcltn le on inr`nckn. Lo slauedh pnsh mn skdh on ketlrchelxkóe prharlskvn,
arnckns n on letrndn ch`÷e qul hirlcl lstn tnrgltn dl kdletkdnd dkaktno, dl thdns
ons bnsls dl dnths dkaktnols dl ohs dkvlrshs slrvkckhs lstntnols. Lstn rlihr`n,
onezndn le 266>, dkh hrkale no skstl`n "] rhnd"7 on ketlrslcckóe dl >16 bnsls
dl dnths p÷bokcns, qul hirlcl `îs dl 2.666 slrvkckhs n `îs dl ;66
hranekznckhels l`prlsns prkvndns). "On oly rlquklrl qul ons kestktuckhels
aublren`letnols
aublren`letnols ketlrcn`bkle on keihr`nckóe qul tklele. Lstl ketlrcn`bkh sl
>23
oolvn n cnbh `ldknetl lo prhthchoh crkptharîikch ] rhnd. Nsà qul cunedh `l
rlakstrh le lo sktkh dl k`pulsths, phr lgl`poh, `k nikr`nckóe ls prl-oolendh che
on keihr`nckóe dl `k l`polndhr, y lo bnech vlrkikcn nuth`îtkcn`letl qul on
keihr`nckóe ls chrrlctn ske qul lo ahbklreh eh snbl cuîeth tleah le `k culetn
", Koustrn Neen Vkplrno. Arnckns n lstn ch`poltn ketlrchelxkóe dl ohs slrvkckhs
dl nd`kekstrnckóe, thdh sl puldl mnclr iîcko`letl le oàeln7 on shokcktud dl ue
clrtkikcndh dl rlskdleckn, on dlconrnckóe dl k`pulsths, on rlehvnckóe dlo
plr`ksh dl cheduckr, lo slaurh nuth`îtkch dl ue rlckëe enckdh , ch`leznr ue
elahckh, ltc.

Vlrh thdhs lsths dnths she irîakols7 ¸có`h anrnetkznr qul endkl ohs chesuotl
kedlbkdn`letl8 ¸^ul eh mne skdh cn`bkndhs h rhbndhs8 Nquà ls dhedl letrn
on bohcjcmnke. Le 2661, on culstkóe dl on slaurkdnd dl lstl tlshrh dl dnths
plrshenols sl ponetló che letuskns`h, `kletrns qul lo pnàs iul vàctk`n dl ue
ntnqul keihr`îtkch ske prlcldletls. N ikels dl nbrko dl 2661, lo ahbklreh
dlckdkó rltkrnr on lstntun dl brhecl dl ue shodndh shvkëtkch dl ue pnrqul le on
cnpktno, Tnooke, pnrn trnsondnron n ue cl`letlrkh `koktnr. On dlckskóe ls
lxplrk`letndn
lxplrk`letndn ch`h uen nirletn phr Ruskn. Le lstl chetlxth, ohs pkrntns oolvne,
dlsdl lo suloh lsthekh y lo suloh rush, uen cn`pnþn dl ntnquls keihr`îtkchs
`nskvhs chetrn cnsk thdns ons kestktuckhels dlo pnàs7 lo pnron`leth, ohs bnechs,
ohs `ldkhs y ohs pnrtkdhs phoàtkchs. N prkhrk, eh sl rhbne dnths, plrh ohs sktkhs y
slrvkckhs chelctndhs cnle ueh trns htrh. Ohs lsthekhs, phr lgl`poh, yn eh
phdàne sncnr dkelrh. "Mkzh qul lo ahbklreh plesnrn qul Lsthekn dlpledàn le
arne `ldkdn dl su keirnlstructurn dkaktno dl ahbklreh lolctróekch. Noauehs
plesnrhe qul lsths ntnquls tleàne uen `htkvnckóe phoàtkcn y qul ons plrshens
dletrh dl eulstrh skstl`n dl keihr`nckóe phdràne eh slr olnols n Lsthekn y
nctunr ske qul endkl oh ehtnrn>1 ", dkcl @nrtke Ruublo. , rlsphesnbol dl ons
hplrnckhels dl ahbklreh lolctróekch le Aunrdtk`l. "Vlrh sk lstîs dletrh dl ue
skstl`n, puldls mnclr oh qul quklrns, ch`h
c h`h mn dl`hstrndh Ldwnrd Sehwdle",
keskstl.

N pltkckóe dlo ahbklreh, Aunrdtk`l kestnon, le nbrko dl 266=, uen

keirnlstructurn
keirnlstructurn crkptharîikcn lqukvnoletl n on bohcjcmnke, kecoush sk eh oolvnbn
lo eh`brl le lsl `h`leth. Nphdndh JSK (ske oonvl keirnlstructurn dl ikr`n),
qul dkstrkbuyl rlakstrh p÷bokch (ch`h Bktchke bohcjcmnke) pnrn vlrkikcnr dl
ihr`n kedlpledkletl, cunedh sl prhdugh noauen cn`bkndh, mnckledh uen okstn
dl su mnsm ÷ekch le bohcjcmnke dnths. Lstl skstl`n anrnetkzn, kecoush mhy, on
ketlarkdnd dl ohs dnths. "Sk ue `ëdkch ketletn chesuotnr `k lxpldkletl `ëdkch,
phr lgl`poh, dlgnrî ue rnstrh y sl `l ehtkikcnrî". Sk oh mncl ske `k plr`ksh,
phdrë prlsletnr uen qulgn y plrdlrî su okcleckn ", dkcl Neen Vkplrno. Vhr oh
tneth, "endkl puldl `krnr h cn`bknr on keihr`nckóe ske qul sl on vln", narlan.
\en anrnetàn pnrn ohs ckudndnehs ch`h pnrn lo Lstndh7 "Le Lsthekn, eh phdràn
mnblr elahckhs Sehwdle", dkcl loon. Thdns ons bnsls dl dnths p÷bokcns lsthekns
>24
n÷e eh lstîe chelctndns n on bohcjcmnke Aunrdtk`l, plrh lsth yn ls lo cnsh pnrn
lo 16% dl ohs rlakstrhs `ëdkchs, nsà ch`h ohs dnths dlo @kekstlrkh
@ kekstlrkh dl Dlilesn,
lstndàstkcns dl`harîikcns, olyls, prhcldk`kleths plenols y thdhs ohs
dhcu`leths rlonckhendhs
rlonckhendhs che ikecns. Tnetn keihr`nckóe pnrn on cuno ls lsleckno
tlelr on clrtlzn dl qul she cheiknbols y nutëetkchs. "Le lo cnsh dl uen mlrleckn,
ls lsleckno nslaurnrsl dl qul on keihr`nckóe qul prhphrckhel le ue
tlstn`leth skl`prl sl puldn buscnr y ske cn`bkhs cunedh on elclsktl, tno vlz
ckeculetn nþhs dlspuës", keskstl @nrtke Ruublo. . Vnrn nslaurnrsl, Lsthekn
quklrl kr `îs olghs le on prhtlcckóe dl ohs dnths dl sus ckudndnehs. Ohs
slrvkdhrls, qul noblrane vnrkns bnsls dl dnths chelctndns phr ] rhnd y
prhtlakdns phr Aunrdtk`l, thdnvàn sl leculetrne ubkcndns le lo pnàs.
"Tlel`hs qul lok`kenr lstn dlbkokdnd", dkcl Neen Vkplrno. "Ohs dnths sl
no`nclenrîe le ons l`bngndns dl Lsthekn le thdh lo `uedh. Lethecls, sk
eulstrh pnàs iulrn bh`bnrdlndh, thdnvàn lstnràn dksphekbol y n snovh ", dkcl.

\e `hdloh pnrn lo rlsth dlo `uedh

Kecrlàbol`letl pkhelrh, prna`îtkch y likckletl, lo skstl`n dl ahbklreh

lolctróekch lsthekh mncl levkdkn le thdh lo `uedh. On dkaktnokznckóe dl thdhs
sus slrvkckhs ol nmhrrnràn lo 2% dlo VKB phr nþh, sla÷e ckirns hikcknols>=. \en
nctunckóe qul mnràn shþnr n `îs dl ue `kekstrh dl prlsupulsth le Lurhpn. Le
Tnookee, lo smhwrhh` dl l-Lsthekn, qul ols culetn n ohs vksktnetls ons rlcltns dl
lstl `konarh nd`kekstrntkvh, skl`prl lstî ooleh7 "Rlckbk`hs n >6.666 plrshens
phr nþh7 phoàtkchs, kevlrshrls, plrkhdkstns, l`prlsnrkhs", dkcl Neen Vkplrno.
Ikeonedkn lstî ndhptnedh lo `ks`h skstl`n dl ahbklreh lolctróekch. "Tn`bkëe
lstn`hs trnbngnedh che Srk Onejn y @nonskn le lo ahbklreh lolctróekch, y
noauens letkdndls dlo ahbklreh dl ohs LL. \\. Ehs mne chetnctndh pnrn
letledlr có`h lstn`hs trnbngnedh", dkcl Ruublo. "N Cnendî tn`bkëe ehs
austnràn kespkrnrehs", narlaó Neen Vkplrno.

¸Irneckn oneznrî ue dàn8 "Ls `îs iîcko pnrn ohs pnàsls qul eh tklele ue onrah
olandh nd`kekstrntkvh y puldle ch`leznr dlsdl clrh", nd`ktl @nrtke Ruublo.
"Le noauehs pnàsls, tn`bkëe mny uen inotn dl vhouetnd phoàtkcn7 eh thdhs lstîe
oksths pnrn on trnespnrleckn", on`letn su ch`pntrkhtn. Le Irneckn, noauehs
dkputndhs, ch`h Onurl dl On Rnudklrl (OR), prlskhene le lstn dkrlcckóe7 "Lo
pnàs `îs îako dl Lurhpn le on nctunokdnd ls Lsthekn. Eulstrh trnbngh ls
chevleclr n eulstrhs shckhs lurhplhs pnrn qul ehs pheane dltrîs dl Lsthekn
y pnrn qul slne lo nbnedlrndh dl lstn rlvhouckóe tlcehoóakcn ", dkgh le lo ihrh
pnron`letnrkh dl bohcjcmnke. Ohs irneclsls lstîe nbklrths n lsth7 sla÷e uen
leculstn rlckletl dl Kpshs, lo ==% dl ohs
o hs leculstndhs dkgh qul lstnbn oksth pnrn
usnr ohs slrvkckhs le oàeln hirlckdhs phr on nd`kekstrnckóe26. Eulstrhs vlckehs
lurhplhs lstîe ch`leznedh
ch`leznedh tà`kdn`letl. Le lo Rlkeh \ekdh, lo keihr`l dl on
>2<
Hikcken dl Ahbklreh pnrn on Ckleckn shokcktó lxplrk`leths dl bohcjcmnke n chrth
ponzh, ch`uekdndls pkhelrns
pkhelrns y slrvkckhs p÷bokchs. Le Sukzn, le nbrko dl 26>9, lo
Nyuetn`kleth dl Wua, n 3< j` no sur dl Wurkcm, sl chevkrtkó le lo prk`lrh dlo
`uedh le nclptnr pnahs dl Bktchke phr sus slrvkckhs `uekckpnols (pnrtkdns dl
enck`kleth, clrtkikcndhs dl dliueckóe, ltc.). "^ulràn`hs vlr có`h iueckhenbn
lsth y dnr n ons ch`pnþàns dl bohcjcmnke uen slþno dl bklevlekdn phsktkvn",
ch`letó @nrtke Qÿr`ok, dkrlcthr dl slrvkckhs `uekckpnols. Notn`letl
pubokcktndn, lstn dlckskóe ls shbrl thdh uen bulen hplrnckóe dl ch`uekcnckóe
pnrn on ckudnd, qul quklrl chevlrtkrsl le on cnpktno dl "crypthvnooly", uen
crkpth`heldn dl Skokche Ynooly. Le rlnokdnd, shoh uen dhclen dl plrshens mne
lstnbolckdh lo nyuetn`kleth le Bktchkes dletrh dl ohs slks `lsls phstlrkhrls no
lstnbolck`kleth
lstnbolck`kleth dlo slrvkckh. Ohs prk`lrhs
prk`lrhs pnshs thdnvàn lstîe olghs dlo skstl`n
dl nd`kekstrnckóe >66% dkaktno, nslaurndh phr lo bohcjcmnke, qul Lsthekn mn
pulsth le `nrcmn.

HTRN NVOKCNCKÓE VHSKBOL7 O\CMN CHETRN K@V\LSTHS [ IRN\DL

SHCKNO

Lo `hdloh dl Lsthekn ls on lecnrenckóe dl on cnpnckdnd dlo bohcjcmnke pnrn

nd`kekstrnr lo phdlr p÷bokch dl uen `nelrn slaurn y trnespnrletl. Vlrh lstn
`ks`n trnespnrleckn
trnespnrleckn tn`bkëe sl puldl npokcnr, arnckns no bohcjcmnke, n quklels
sl blelikckne dl ohs slrvkckhs dlo Lstndh, no rlckbkr subskdkhs h subskdkhs, h
ikenecknrohs, ch`h ons plrshens y l`prlsns qul pnane k`pulsths y
chetrkbuckhels . Lo bohcjcmnke brkedn on hphrtuekdnd dl oucmnr `lghr chetrn lo
irnudl ikscno h shckno y suplrvksnr `îs dl clrcn on dkstrkbuckóe dlo dkelrh
p÷bokch, ch`h sl dlstncn le lo keihr`l dl on Hikcken dlo Ahbklreh pnrn on
Ckleckn. Vnrn sus nuthrls, "ohs eulvhs `hdlohs dl pnah plr`ktkrîe n on
Tlshrlràn y no Dlpnrtn`leth dl Trnbngh y Vleskhels Zrlsphesnbols dl on
dkstrkbuckóe dl pleskhels y nskaenckhels in`koknrlsP dkstrkbukr lo nphyh dlo
lstndh dl bklelstnr dl `nelrn `îs lilctkvn22". Oh qul sucldl dletrh dlo pnàs
tn`bkëe vn `îs nooî dl ons irhetlrns7 "On tlcehohaàn dl ohs rlakstrhs
dkstrkbukdhs plr`ktkrî no ahbklreh chetrhonr `lghr on dkstrkbuckóe dl on nyudn
no dlsnrrhooh, n ike dl anrnetkznr qul ohs ihedhs slne bkle dhendhs n ohs
ketlrlsndhs. "Ikeno`letl,
"Ikeno`letl, lo bohcjcmnke phdràn kecoush, sla÷e loohs, nslaurnr on
rlcnudnckóe dlo KYN n lscnon lurhpln7" Lo dëikckt neuno dl on \ekóe Lurhpln le
on rlcnudnckóe dlo KYN sl lstk`n letrl ><> y >;3 `koohels dl lurhs . Z...P Lo
dlsnrrhooh dl ekvlols dl KYN lstîednr le on \ekóe Lurhpln y prhthchohs
ch`uels plr`ktkràn lo dlspoklaul dl ue rlakstrh dkstrkbukdh le thdn Lurhpn,
qul ngustnràn uekontlrno`letl thdns ons trnesncckhels, kecoukdh lo KYN, ons
incturns nu`letnrhe rlckbhs bnecnrkhs. On kdln ls bulen, plrh eh slrî
k`pol`letndn
k`pol`letndn phr ohs iueckhenrkhs brktîekchs yn qul, slks `lsls dlspuës dl on
pubokcnckóe dlo keihr`l, ohs ckudndnehs brktîekchs hptnrhe phr on snokdn dl on
>29
\ekóe Lurhpln. Ske l`bnrah, skaul skledh npokcnbol phr ohs dl`îs Lstndhs
`kl`brhs.

Ynrkhs htrhs keihr`ls dl lxplrths dlstncne lo vnohr dl uen rlcnudnckóe dl

k`pulsths rlakstrndn le lo bohcjcmnke pnrn `kek`kznr lo irnudl. "\en
bohcjcmnke che ue mksthrkno ch`polth dl kearlshs y trnesncckhels dl vletns
phdràn nyudnr n nuth`ntkznr on rlcnudnckóe dl k`pulsths, rlduckr lo irnudl y
rlduckr on burhcrnckn", dkglrhe 23 nenokstns dl @hhdy's. On kdln eh ls utópkcn7
sla÷e ue lstudkh dlo Ihrh Lcheó`kch @uedkno dl 26><, on prk`lrn rlcnudnckóe
dl k`pulsths phr pnrtl dlo bohcjcmnke dlblràn tlelr ouanr le slks nþhs, le
2623. Eh `lehs dlo 13.>% dl ohs =66 lxplrths letrlvkstndhs pnrn lstl
keihr`l, nculrdl qul lstl arne prk`lrh hcurrkrî le cunoquklr cnsh netls dlo
262<24.

@kletrns tneth, ons arnedls l`prlsns lstîe trnbngnedh nctkvn`letl le ohs ushs
dl bohcjcmnke le on oucmn chetrn lo irnudl shckno. "Le lo cn`ph dl on snoud, mny
`ucmns hptk`kznckhels phskbols. Lo irnudl ls uen lsplckl dl kecheskstleckn
letrl `k vlrskóe dl on vlrdnd y on dl htrh. No plr`ktkrol ch`pnrtkr
ch`pnrtkr keihr`nckóe
shbrl on vlrdnd dl uen trnesncckóe, on bohcjcmnke puldl brkednr cheskstleckn
letrl vlrskhels dl dkilrletls plrshens. Sk ons inr`nckns, on slaurkdnd shckno y
ohs `ëdkchs tuvklrne on `ks`n vkskóe dl on vlrdnd, lo k`pncth dlo irnudl sl
rlduckràn le arne `ldkdn. Eh puldh dlckr `îs, plrh lstns she kdlns le ons qul
lstn`hs plesnedh ", cheikr`n Oucn Ch`pnrkek, KB@ Irnecl. On l`prlsn
lstndhuekdlesl Bktmlnotm lstî dlsnrrhoonedh uen shouckóe dl lstl tkph, qul
plr`ktkràn ue rlakstrh slaurh le on bohcjcmnke Bktchke dl dnths dl snoud, n
lscnon aohbno.

1.3- \e ehtnrkh cyblrhiikcl

"Yls n ue mh`brl ahrdh, bngh, bkle vlstkdh, vlstkdh dl elarh, slaurh dl sà

`ks`h, cnsk skl`prl no`kdhendh, dhcthrno, ¡k`phrtnetl shbrl thdh! Su `îscnrn
mkecmndn dl uen plqulþn thetlràn qul no prkeckpkh guaó, ikeno`letl rlarlsó
bngh on lpkdlr`ks, hirlcl on ke`hvkokdnd dlo dkpoh`îtkch, plrh ske dlokcndlzn, y
snbrî phr quë. Shbrl thdh, nd`krns ue cklrth crîelh irlsch dl chohr `netlqukoon
`netlqukoon
qul ncusn n ons onrans hbrns, lo nburrk`kleth, ohs dlbntls ketlrehs, ons
thr`letns dl on guvletud y on nusleckn dl pnskóe. \stld dkcl7 lstl slþhr sl
pnrlcl lxtrnhrdkenrkn`letl n ue ehtnrkh2<. Lstns crulols oàelns dl Bnoznc
dlscrkble, phr cnrkcnturn, uen prhilskóe netkaun, npnrlcklrhe bngh lo K`plrkh
Rh`neh, y qul `ucmhs plesnrhe ke`hrtnols. Ske l`bnrah, dlspuës dl `îs dl
dhs `ko nþhs dl lxkstleckn, ohs ehtnrkhs puldle mnblr lechetrndh le on
tlcehohaàn bohcjcmnke, ue plsh dl on ch`pltleckn, cnpnz dl culstkhenr su
sktunckóe vletnghsn. ¸Cuîo ls lo pnplo dl ue ehtnrkh8 Vrhilskhels okblrnols, plrh
>21
kevlstkdns che uen dlolanckóe dl nuthrkdnd p÷bokcn, ohs ehtnrkhs tklele on
`kskóe, dl nculrdh che on oly, dl "rlckbkr thdhs ohs ncths y chetrnths n ohs qul
ons pnrtls dlble h quklrle dnr on nutletkckdnd ndguetn n ohs ncths dlo nuthrkdnd
p÷bokcn ", nsà ch`h n" anrnetkznr on ilcmn ", n" cheslrvnr
c heslrvnr lo dlpóskth "y" lxpldkr
arnedls y lxpldkckhels "29 (ls dlckr, chpkns). Le htrns pnonbrns, ohs ehtnrkhs
nutletkcne ons lscrkturns, on prhpkldnd, phr lgl`poh, y ohs chetrnths. Ols dne
uen ilcmn dl ikr`n, cheslrvne lo hrkakeno y puldle prhphrckhenr uen chpkn n
qukle tklele dlrlcmh. Vlrh thdh lsth nmhrn phdràn mnclrsl ske loohs, nphstnedh
n `ucmns l`prlsns dl eulvn crlnckóe, ch`h N`lrkcne Tklrhe h Irlecm Jlllx
y Bktprhhi, qul sl mne l`bnrcndh le lo ekcmh dl on "ehtnrkznckóe" dl
dhcu`leths7 lo rlakstrh che slooh dl tkl`ph dl on muloon ÷ekcn dl ue dhcu`leth
le lo bohcjcmnke, qul plr`ktl vlrkikcnr, phstlrkhr`letl, su cnrîctlr hrkakeno l
ketncth. Su iueckhen`kleth ls `uy sk`pol, ch`h rlsu`kó lo ghvle Ohukshe
Du`het, >;, iuedndhr dl Bktprhhi7 "Ls ue ehtnrkh dlscletrnokzndh. \stld tklel
ue dhcu`leth y dlsln prhbnr qul lxkstl y qul ol plrtlelcl. Ehs oh levàn,
chohcn`hs lo NDE dl lstl dhcu`leth le lo bohcjcmnke (lo mnsm) y nmhrn tklel
prulbns dl qul lstl dhcu`leth lxkstkó le uen ilcmn dltlr`kendn y dl qul
ustld lrn lo prhpkltnrkh21. On npokcnckóe, dksphekbol le bktprhhi.kh, ls
hplrnckheno y arntuktn. Lo 2< dl slptkl`brl dl 26>9, n ons =76= p`, arnbë lo
prlckhsh pone dl lstl okbrh. Iul suikckletl th`nr ue nrcmkvh le lo lscrkthrkh y
cnranroh le lo sktkh, pnrn arnbnr ue vkdlh, le lo qul rlpltà uen irnsl kedkcndn
phr Bktprhhi7 "@k eh`brl ls Stëpmnel Ohkaehe y lsthy ikr`nedh lo e÷`lrh dl
chetrnth ;;b1-BNCB-i><=-1l4< * 4. Lo NDE dlo nrcmkvh iul nehtndh le on
bohcjcmnke dl Bktchke. No rlarlsnr no sktkh, puldh prhbnr qul nrcmkvë lstl
dhcu`leth le on ilcmn neueckndn, ch`h oh dl`ulstrn lo clrtkikcndh dl
prhpkldnd dlscnranbol,
dlscnranbol, chrrlsphedkletl n on trnesncckóe le lo bohcjcmnke. Vhr
oh tneth, sk noaukle nmhrn nikr`n qul lstl dhcu`leth eh ls `àh, puldh prhbnr
qul yn lrn lo prhpkltnrkh le lsn ilcmn.

Shbrl lstl prkeckpkh, ons dhs prk`lrns rneurns sl mne cubklrth mnstn on ilcmn7 lo
rlakstrh dl ohs ncths dl prhpkldnd dl on tklrrn (le ch`pltleckn dkrlctn che on
prhilskóe dl ehtnrkh) y dl tàtuohs (ue dh`kekh eh ehtnrkno, plrh dhedl on
culstkóe dl on nutletkckdnd tn`bkëe ls naudn). Vlrh sl puldle k`nakenr
`ucmhs `îs, dlsdl clrtkikcndhs dl slaurh mnstn lo rlakstrh dl chetrnths
`ldknetl on prlsletnckóe dl kevleths h on prhtlcckóe dl hbrns dl nuthràn.

LO BOHCJCMNKE NO NSNOTH DLO CNTNSTRH

Le ue lesnyh pubokcndh le 2666, tktuondh Lo `kstlrkh dlo cnpktno y subtktuondh

quë lo cnpktnoks`h trkuein le hcckdletl y irncnsn le lo rlsth dlo `uedh, lo
lcheh`kstn plruneh Mlrenedh dl Shth nvnezó lethecls uen eulvn lxpokcnckóe
pnrn on plrskstleckn dlo subdlsnrrhooh dl ue arne pnrtl dlo poneltn. Sla÷e ëo,
>2=
ohs ckudndnehs dl ohs pnàsls `îs phbrls she plenokzndhs phr on inotn dl ue
skstl`n cheiknbol pnrn anrnetkznr su dlrlcmh dl prhpkldnd. @ucmhs rlno`letl
phslle uen cnsn, `ucmh, ue cn`ph, ue rlbnþh h uen plqulþn l`prlsn. Vlrh
pnrn ekeaueh dl lsths nctkvhs tklele ohs tàtuohs dl prhpkldnd chrrlsphedkletls.
chrrlsphedkletls.
Vlrh ske lsths dhcu`leths k`phskbols dl vledlr h trnesilrkr on thtnokdnd h
pnrtl dl on prhpkldnd, noqukonr h mnclrohs iructkikcnr7 on plqulþn cnpktno dl ohs
phbrls ls "`ulrth", le pnonbrns dlo lcheh`kstn. Lstîe chedlendhs n
`netlelrsl
`netlelrsl iulrn dlo vnsth `lrcndh cnpktnokstn y eh puldle blelikcknrsl dl su
crlck`kleth. Le 2666, lo lcheh`kstn lstk`ó on cnetkdnd thtno dl lstl "cnpktno
`ulrth" le $ ;,366 `ko `koohels...

^ukecl nþhs `îs tnrdl, lo bohcjcmnke vhovkó n phelr le prîctkcn lstn tlhràn,
hirlckledh uen shouckóe sk`pol y lcheó`kcn no prhbol`n ponetlndh phr
Mlrenedh dl Shth. [n le cuntrh pnàsls (Alhrakn, Amnen, Mhedurns y Sulckn), ons
l`prlsns dl eulvn crlnckóe usne bohcjcmnke pnrn rlakstrnr tàtuohs dl bklels
rnàcls, bnsîedhsl dkrlctn`letl le ons kdlns dlo lxplrth plruneh. Le nbrko
pnsndh, lo `ks`h Mlrenedh dl Shth neueckó uen nshcknckóe letrl lo
Dlpnrtn`leth dl Gustkckn dl Alhrakn y on l`prlsn cnokihreknen BktIury,
rlsphesnbol dl dkslþnr y phelr n prulbn ue prharn`n dl lsl tkph le on
bohcjcmnke. "¸Vhr quë on bohcjcmnke8 Ehs nyudnrî n mnclr trls chsns ", dkgh
Ynolry Ynvkohv, prlskdletl dl BktIury, cktndh phr on rlvkstn Ihrbls. "Vrk`lrh,
prhtlalrî ohs dnths pnrn qul eh sl chrrh`pne. Lethecls ons nudkthràns p÷bokcns
sl puldle mnclr le tkl`ph rlno. Z...P Tlrclrh, rlduckrî on irkcckóe y lo chsth dl
rlakstrnr ohs dlrlcmhs dl prhpkldnd, phrqul ons plrshens phdrîe mnclroh che
su tloëiheh ketlokaletl. Lo bohcjcmnke sl usnrî ch`h ue slrvkckh ehtnrkno ", dkgh.
Che dkcmh skstl`n, thdhs puldle nutletkikcnr sus prhpkldndls le on bohcjcmnke
dl `nelrn iîcko y lcheó`kcn. Lo rlakstrh dl uen lscrkturn dl vletn dl bklels
ke`ulbols sl puldl mnclr n dkstneckn,
dk stneckn, che ue tloëiheh ketlokaletl, phr ue chsth
dl trnesncckóe dl letrl < y >6 cletnvhs, chetrn <6 n 266 dóonrls netls, dkcl lo
nrtàcuoh dl Ihrbls. Lo sulþh dl Mlrenedh dl Shth sl chevkrtkó le rlnokdnd7 "Lstl
k`phrtnetl prhylcth `hstrnrî qul ohs ahbklrehs qul sl trnesiklrne sus
rlakstrhs dl on prhpkldnd le bohcjcmnke puldle lstnbolclr ue skstl`n `îs
trnespnrletl y bkle arnbndn, qul rlduedn le blelikckh dl ons plrshens y
prhphrckhenr
prhphrckhenr hphrtuekdndls lcheó`kcns thus2;" lo lcheh`kstn sl rlahckgó.

On HEA Bktoned lstî oolvnedh n cnbh ue prhylcth

pr hylcth prlcurshr dlo `ks`h tkph. "Lo
iuedndhr, Enrkan`bn @wkesuubh, oh onezó le 26>4 trntnedh dl npokcnr ons
kdlns dl Mlrenedh dl Shth36", dkgh lo lstndhuekdlesl Cmrks Bntls, dkrlcthr dl
slaurkdnd dl Bktoned. Le Amnen, cnsk lo 1=% dl ohs bklels ke`ulbols eh lstî
rlakstrndh hikckno`letl.
hikckno`letl. Thdh lstî phr mnclr. Le chonbhrnckóe che lo ahbklreh
dl Amnen y che vlketkhcmh ch`uekdndls ohcnols le on `ltróphoks dl Ju`nsk,
Bktoned crln, phch n phch, ue cntnstrh le on bohcjcmnke dl Bktchke. Dlspuës dl
dhs nþhs dl prlpnrnckóe y prulbn, sl nbrkó uen hikcken pnrn ch`leznr lo
>2;
slrvkckh, le hctubrl dl 26>9. "Rlakstrn`hs lo eh`brl dlo prhpkltnrkh, ons
cnrnctlràstkcns dlo tlrrleh Zchhrdlendns dlo AVS, dlscrkpckóe lscrktn, vkstn dl
sntëoktl le pnrtkcuonrP, on durnckóe dl qul lstî phslàdh, phrqul le Amnen, ls phr
;; nþhs ch`h `îxk`h, y ehtn`hs sk lo bkle ls hbglth dl dksputns ", dkcl Cmrks
Bntls. On keihr`nckóe ls vnokdndn phr lo ahbklreh y ohs oàdlrls dl on ch`uekdnd
ohcno. Thdhs she ue anendhr. Ohs ckudndnehs ikeno`letl tklele
tklele prulbns dl qul
she dulþhs dl su prhpkldnd, oh qul ols plr`ktl dliledlrsl le cnsh dl oktkakh,
vledlr, noqukonr h pldkr prlstndh n ue bnech. Lo ahbklreh, phr su pnrtl, tklel
uen vkskóe `îs conrn dlo rlakstrh dl on prhpkldnd, oh qul ol plr`ktl chbrnr
k`pulsths. Dlspuës dl lstn prk`lrn prulbn pkohth le Amnen, Bktoned quklrl
n`poknr su prharn`n le Ekalrkn y nbrkr ue cletrh le Onahs n prkeckpkhs dl
26>17 "Lxkstl lo `ks`h prhbol`n dl rlakstrh dl tàtuohs dl prhpkldnd nooà", dkcl
Cmrks Bntls. Le Mhedurns, on ch`pnþàn dl Tlxns Incth` sl mn l`bnrcndh le
uen nvleturn sk`konr. Lstl pnàs dl = `koohels dl mnbktnetls, ueh dl ohs `îs
phbrls dl N`ërkcn dlo Sur, suirl dl ue cntnstrh `uy kech`polth (lo 96% dl ohs
bklels ke`ulbols eh sl rlakstrnràn), n oh qul sl su`n ue prhbol`n
prhbol`n ontletl dl on
chrrupckóe. "Le lo pnsndh, Mhedurns tuvh qul okdknr che cnshs dl irnudl dl
tklrrns. On bnsl dl dnths dlo pnàs mn skdh pkrntlndn. Ohs burócrntns phdàne
kearlsnr y rlcon`nr on prhpkldnd dl mlr`hsns cnsns irletl no `nr ", dkgh Vltlr
Jkrby, prlskdletl dl Incth`, le `nyh dl 26><, le lo neueckh dlo onezn`kleth.
prhylcth cntnstrno dl rlakstrh le on bohcjcmnke Bktchke. On ch`pnþàn lsplrnbn
phelr le `nrcmn ue skstl`n pkohth pnrn ikels dl 26><. Le vneh. \e prhthtkph
mn skdh dkslþndh pnrn On Clkbn, on cunrtn ckudnd `îs arnedl dlo pnàs. Vlrh
dlsdl lethecls, lo prharn`n pntken. "Lstî nvneznedh, plrh oletn`letl". Ls
ehr`no qul tnols prhylcths ch`pktne che ons dl`hrns dl on burhcrnckn, ¡ls
Sudn`ërkcn32!
Sudn`ërkcn32! Dkcl Nbmk Dhbmno, vkclprlskdletl dl dlsnrrhooh dl elahckhs le
Incth`.

Ohs pnàsls le dlsnrrhooh eh lstîe shohs le on b÷squldn dl blelikckhs le lo

rlakstrh dlo cntnstrh le lo bohcjcmnke. Ch`h prulbn, Sulckn neueckó su vhouetnd
dl lxplrk`letnr che on kdln le guekh dl 26>9. On naleckn enckheno dl tklrrns,
Onet`ätlrklt, gueth che on l`prlsn l`lraletl Cmrh`nQny, dkslþó on l`prlsn
dl chesuothràn Jnkrhs Iuturl y lo lo aruph dl tlolch`uekcnckhels Tlokn, ue
prhthtkph dl npokcnckóe dl bohcjcmnke, cnpnz dl rlakstrnr tàtuohs dl prhpkldnd
dl eulvns ndqukskckhels dl bklels rnàcls le lo pnàs. Lo hbgltkvh ls rlduckr lo
rklsah dl lrrhrls dl letrndn `neuno y crlnr ue prhcldk`kleth slaurh dl
trnesilrleckn dl dhcu`leths. Dlsdl lo nculrdh kekckno letrl lo vledldhr y lo
ch`prndhr, thdh lo prhcldk`kleth dl ch`prn, mnstn su ikenokznckóe, slràn
trnespnrletl
trnespnrletl y chesuotnbol phr ons dhs pnrtls ketlrlsndns, plrh tn`bkëe phr ohs
bnechs h ons nuthrkdndls p÷bokcns.

LETRLAN DL DKVOH@NS LE LO BOHCJCMNKE

>36
Le 26>3, O'Lxprlss rlvloó qul lo prkeckpno rnbkeh dl Irneckn, Akools Blremlk`,
eh lstnbn nshckndh che on ikohshiàn, no chetrnrkh dl oh qul nikr`nbn. Lo nþh
netlrkhr, lo CLH dl [nmhh iul ke`hvkokzndh oulah dl mnblr keiondh
kechrrlctn`letl su curràcuou`. Ohs cnshs she olakóe. Sla÷e ue lstudkh
pubokcndh le 26>3 phr on l`prlsn dl chetrntnckóe Iohrkne @netkhel, le
Irneckn, lo 33% dl ohs cnedkdnths hbtledràne tàtuohs inoshs33. \en ckirn
ch`pnrnbol le lo Rlkeh \ekdh, dhedl lo hraneks`h hikckno dldkcndh n on
vlrkikcnckóe dl dkpoh`ns * <, crlndh le 26>>, lstk`n qul lo 36% dl ohs
cnedkdnths pnrn ue cnrah l`bloolcle h lxnalrne su ihr`nckóe ncndë`kcn. Ohs
l`polndhrls rnrn vlz vlrkikcne, h sk`pol`letl shokcktne uen chpkn dlo dkpoh`n,
ch`h inosnbol. Sk`pol`letl lscrkbn "dkpoh`n irnecës inosh" le Ahhaol pnrn
lechetrnr uen okstn dl sktkhs (kolanols) qul chetleane inoskikcnckhels
plrshenokznbols7 okcleckn, `nlstrh, okcleckndh, tëcekch suplrkhr dl pntletls ...
¡Thdh lstî nooà! Vnrn mnclr irletl n lstl ionaloh, lo @kekstlrkh dl Lducnckóe
Enckheno, neueckó lo 2> dl lelrh dl 26>9, on crlnckóe dl clrtkikcndhs dkaktnols
pnrn dkpoh`ns lstntnols l`ktkdhs le 26>1, che uen arnduno rltrhnctkvkdnd le
ohs ÷otk`hs qukecl nþhs. \e nþh dlspuës, on prh`lsn eh sl cu`pokó. Ske lsplrnr
n lstl mkphtëtkch arne rlakstrh cletrnokzndh
c letrnokzndh (qul, ch`h cunoquklr bnsl dl dnths,
phdràn slr pkrntlndh h `hdkikcndh phr sus prhpkltnrkhs), vnrkns lsculons dl
keihr`îtkcn yn rlakstrne ohs dkpoh`ns dl sus lstudknetls le lo bohcjcmnke, h
`îs prlcksn`letl, su k`prlskóe dkaktno ÷ekcn, lo mnsm. Lstl ls lo cnsh dl on
Lsculon dl Kealeklràn Oëhenrd-dl-Ykeck (Lskov), ubkcndn le on lxponendn dl On
Dëilesl, y on Lsculon Mhoblrthe, uen kestktuckóe `uy ghvle iuedndn phr dhs
dlsnrrhoondhrls irneclsls, Syovnke Jnoncml y Guokle. Bnrblr, le Sne Irnecksch.
Lo prhclsh dl vlrkikcnckóe dl ue tàtuoh ls `uy sk`pol, ch`h lxpokcó Cyrko
Aruespne, glil dlo dlpnrtn`leth dl kealeklràn ikenecklrn dl Lskov, qukle kekckó
kek ckó
lstl prhylcth le chonbhrnckóe che Vny`ku`7 "Lo nou`eh puldl vnyn no sktkh
wlb dkpoh`n.rlphrt,
dkpoh`n.rlphrt, lokgn on lsculon Lskov, prh`hckóe 26><. Kearlsn su eh`brl
y su eh`brl, y oulah npnrlcl le uen pîaken qul kedkcn lo mnsm dlo dkpoh`n.
Vuldl levknr n su iuturh l`polndhr ue leoncl n uen vlrskóe p÷bokcn dl lstn
pîaken, nsà ch`h on vlrskóe dkaktnokzndn dl su dkpoh`n. Lo l`polndhr puldl
vlrkikcnr le lo sktkh qul lo mnsm dlo dkpoh`n prhphrckhendh ls lo rlakstrndh le
lo bohcjcmnke. Lo dhcu`leth ls nutëetkch "Lo lstudknetl puldl dl`hstrnr su
bulen il che ue shoh cokc, y lo l`polndhr eh elclsktn oon`nrehs pnrn snblr sk lo
dkpoh`n rlckbkdh ls inosh h eh. Ëo tklel prulbns krrliutnbols ", dkcl Cyrko
Aruespne, qukle nmhrn poneln rlakstrnr cndn consl dl arndunckóe le lo
bohcjcmnke.

N ;,666 j` dl dkstneckn, le Sne Irnecksch, Guokle Bnrbklr, chiuedndhr dl on

lsculon Mhoblrthe, ncudkó n on stnrt-up dl Bktprhhi pnrn clrtkikcnr ons
crldlecknols dl su ghvle lsculon. Ëo vl ue arne phtleckno pnrn lstl tkph dl
npokcnckhels7 "Vnrn ons l`prlsns, lsth hirlcl ue nmhrrh dl tkl`ph kecrlàbol
>3>
pnrn vlrkikcnr ohs dkpoh`ns dl ohs cnedkdnths. [n eh elclsktne oon`nr n ons
uekvlrskdndls h cheiknr on tnrln n uen l`prlsn pnrn qul oh mnan, oh qul puldl
slr chsthsh, sla÷e oh cheikr`ndh phr ue rlcoutndhr. Vnrn ehshtrhs tn`bkëe, ehs
nmhrrn tkl`ph phrqul eh tlel`hs qul rlsphedlr n ons oon`ndns dl ohs
rlcoutndhrls ", dkcl. "Ikeno`letl, eulstrhs lstudknetls lstîe lecnetndhs dl
snblr qul sus clrtkikcndhs sl no`nclenrîe dl ihr`n slaurn le on iuturn bnsl dl
dnths, on bohcjcmnke. Yle qul on kedustrkn dkaktno sl lstî vhocnedh `nskvn`letl
`nskvn`letl
n on bohcjcmnke y sl lehrauoolcl dl slr pnrtl dl uen dl ons prk`lrns lsculons le
utkokznron ", dkcl.

N lsths prk`lrhs lxplrk`leths nksondhs rlnokzndhs dkrlctn`letl phr ons

lsculons sl narlane kekckntkvns `îs n`pokns, ch`h on dlo akanetl gnpheës Shey.
Le ilbrlrh dl 26>9, su ikokno dl slrvkckhs lducntkvhs, Shey Aohbno Lducntkhe,
neueckó ponels pnrn chestrukr uen pontnihr`n pnrn qul ons kestktuckhels dl
lducnckóe suplrkhr rlakstrnrne ohs lxî`lels y lxî`lels dl sus lstudknetls le
Bohcjcmnke. Ch`h prk`lr pnsh, lo slrvkckh rlckbkrî ohs rlsuotndhs dl ohs
><6,666 pnrtkckpnetls dlo checursh aohbno dl `ntl`îtkcns hranekzndh phr
Shey. Lo dlsniàh n onrah ponzh ls ke`lesh7 chestrukr lo lqukvnoletl dl uen
pontnihr`n dl CY, ch`h OkejldKe h Ykndlh, dhedl on keihr`nckóe slràn >66%
cheiknbol y vlrkikcndn, ch`h ons dl uen tnrgltn dl kdletkdnd. Vnrn ohs
rlcoutndhrls y cnedkdnths, dkcmh slrvkckh nphrtnràn ue arne vnohr narlandh. On
stnrt-up irneclsn Oldays, lsplcknokzndn le on rlvletn slaurn dl dnths n trnvës
dlo bohcjcmnke Ltmlrlu`, trnbngn nooà. No prkeckpkh, onezó Dkpo.`l7 lstn
npokcnckóe, sk`konr n ons dlsnrrhoondns phr Vny`ku` y Bktprhhi pnrn on Lsculon
Lskov y Mhoblrthe, prhphel clrtkikcnr ohs dkpoh`ns dl ohs lstudknetls, uen vlz
qul on lsculon mnyn vnokdndh on keihr`nckóe. Vlrh lo iuedndhr dl Oldays,
^uletke dl Blnucmlsel, vl `îs nooî7 "Vlesn`hs le uen pontnihr`n qul pudklrn
nohgnr dnths prkvndhs y phdlr vledlrohs. Vhr lgl`poh, lstn`hs ch-crlnedh uen
npokcnckóe dl vletn dl mnbkokdndls7 cunedh ue l`polndh dlgn uen l`prlsn, su
netkauh l`polndhr clrtkikcn ons mnbkokdndls ndqukrkdns. [n eh elclsktn
rlsphedlr no eulvh l`polndhr pnrn cheikr`nr qul lo lx l`polndh tklel ons
cnokikcnckhels kedkcndns le su CY. Lo hbgltkvh ls dlsmnclrsl dl lstn pnrtl
tldkhsn y nd`kekstrntkvn dlo trnbngh dl rlcoutn`kleth ", lxpokcn. Sl noletnrî n
ohs netkauhs l`polndhrls n guanr7 "Ynohrnr n su lx l`polndh ols plr`ktkrî
nmhrrnr tkl`ph y dkelrh no rlvledlr ohs dnths qul nculrdne nutletkcnr. Lo
iuturh l`polndhr pnanrî on npokcnckóe y on npokcnckóe pnanrî uen pnrtl no
netlrkhr l`polndhr. Mny ue `lrcndh rlno ", dkcl ^uletke dl Blnucmlsel,
letusknstn.

@×OTKVOLS HTRNS NVOKCNCKHELS VHSKBOLS

>32
On ehtnrkznckóe dl dhcu`leths le lo bohcjcmnke, che ikels dl nutletkcnckóe,
tklel keeu`lrnbols htrhs ushs phskbols. Le Irneckn, lo Kestktuth Enckheno dl
Vrhpkldnd Kedustrkno, qul mn lstndh rlckbkledh kevleths dlsdl >;<>, lecnraó
ue lstudkh le nbrko dl 26>9 shbrl lo k`pncth dl bohcjcmnke le lo cn`ph dl on
prhpkldnd ketlolctuno, cuyhs rlsuotndhs slràne sl neuecknrî n prkeckpkhs dl
26>1. Noauehs, ch`h lo chesuothr Ërkc Oëvy-Blecmlthe, k`nakene htrns
phskbols npokcnckhels pnrn nutletkcnr dhcu`leths nd`kekstrntkvhs n `leudh
inoskikcndhs, ch`h rlckbhs h noqukolrls dl LDI. Le Vnràs, ohs rlsaunrdhs
`hdkikcne plrkódkcn`letl ons mhgns dl pnah, pnrtls lslecknols dlo nrcmkvh dl
noqukolr. Lo rlakstrh dl su muloon ÷ekcn le lo bohcjcmnke ol plr`ktkràn no
nrrledndhr lstnr slaurh dl su nutletkckdnd. Ons nslaurndhrns, ch`h Nxn, lstîe
trnbngnedh le clrtkikcnckhels dl chblrturn dl bohcjcmnke qul inckoktnràne,
nclolrnràne l kecoush nuth`ntkznràne ohs chetrhols phokcknols. "Mhy, ue slaurh
dl nuth`óvko lstî rlprlsletndh phr ue plqulþh okbrh vlrdl. Vhdràn`hs
dls`ntlrknokznr
dls`ntlrknokznr lstl slaurh dl prulbn, aunrdnroh le uen bohcjcmnke y phelroh
n dksphskckóe dl ons nuthrkdndls p÷bokcns39 ", suaklrl Onurlet Blekcmhu, Nxn.
"Vhdràn plr`ktkr n ons nuthrkdndls dltlctnr vlmàcuohs eh nslaurndhs pnrn su
rltkrndn rîpkdn dl on cnrrltlrn, y lvktnr qul ohs nuth`hvkokstns rlckbne bholths
dlsnihrtuendhs
dlsnihrtuendhs sk sl hovkdne dl rll`ponznr lo pnplo vlrdl dl nþh le nþh", dkgh.
lxplrth.

Ikeno`letl,
Ikeno`letl, ue ÷otk`h ush, che cheslculeckns pnrtkcuonr`letl
pnrtkcuonr`letl vlrtkakehsns, ls
phskbol7 on clrtkikcnckóe dl ikr`ns le lo bohcjcmnke. ¸Vlrh quë mncl`hs che dhs
ikr`ns8 \e chetrnth. Lo bohcjcmnke phdràn slr lo ouanr plrilcth pnrn ikr`nr
chetrnths >66% le oàeln, ch`h Ohukshe Du`het. Dlspuës dl dlsnrrhoonr
Bktprhhi, crló n Vltlr, ue "nbhandh dl rhbhts", le on ihr`n dl uen npokcnckóe le
oàeln, che ue skstl`n dl ikr`n dkaktno qul ol plr`ktl rlakstrnr ue chetrnth,
lstnbolckdh phr chrrlh lolctróekch, le on bohcjcmnke. @lghr n÷e, usnedh
ketlokaleckn nrtkikckno, Vltlr * 9 lscrkbl lo chetrnth nuth`îtkcn`letl, dl
nculrdh che ons kestrucckhels levkndns phr chrrlh lolctróekch phr lo cokletl.
"Che Vltlr, vledh tneth lo nslshrn`kleth olano ch`h ue skstl`n dl ikr`n le
oàeln s÷plr likckletl, qul `l plr`ktl ikr`nr ue chrrlh lolctróekch
dkrlctn`letl", 31 rlsu`l Ohukshe Du`het. Vulstn le `nrcmn dl elahckhs,
rlcnudnckóe dl ihedhs ... On npokcnckóe rlsphedl thdns ons prlauetns shbrl on
oly dl ons eulvns l`prlsns le ohs Lstndhs \ekdhs. "Sk`pol`letl lscrkbn su
shokcktud phr chrrlh lolctróekch n pltlrFpltlr.nk. Vhr lgl`poh, Vltlr, nquà lstî
lo kevlrshr che lo qul rlcnudn`hs $ 266,666. ¸Vuldl
¸ Vuldl mnclrehs ue chetrnth che
lsths tër`kehs, gueth che ue nculrdh dl cheikdlecknokdnd8 Vltlr oh alelrnrî y
oh levknrî ", dkcl Ohukshe Du`het. Cunedh Vltlr eh snbl có`h rlsphedlr,
rlsphedlr, ohs
chonbhrndhrls mu`nehs sl mncle cnrah. Vlrh Vltlr nprledl dl lstl irncnsh y
snbl có`h dnr on rlspulstn chrrlctn cunedh sl prlsletn on `ks`n shokcktud on
próxk`n vlz. "Tëcekcn`letl, iueckhen. [ n `ldkdn qul Vltlr nprledl dl sus
lrrhrls, iueckhen cndn vlz `lghr ", dkcl Ohukshe Du`het, qul poneln lxtledlr
>33
arnduno`letl
arnduno`letl su slrvkckh n htrhs pnàsls. Lo ÷ekch prhbol`n ls qul on oly, le ohs
Lstndhs \ekdhs y le htrhs ouanrls, n÷e eh rlchehcl lstl tkph dl ikr`n dkaktno le
on bohcjcmnke. "Vlrh ls uen prulbn ckletàikcn, qul puldl prlsletnrsl n ue gulz
le cnsh dl dksputn", keskstl. @kletrns tneth, on prk`lrn gurksprudleckn qul
hthranrî ue vnohr rlno dl lvkdleckn n on keihr`nckóe no`nclendn le lo
bohcjcmnke.

* >. [ pnrn snblr sk eh

e h mn skdh cn`bkndh.
* 2. Iulrzns Nr`ndns Rlvhouckhenrkns dl Choh`bkn.
* 3. Slrvkckh Enckheno dl Snoud (EMS).
* 4. "@k eh`brl ls Stëpmnel Ohkaehe y ikr`h lo chetrnth # ;;b1-bncb-i><=-
1l4<. "
* <. Clrtkikcndh dl Lvnounckóe dl Arndh dl Lducnckóe Suplrkhr (MLDD).
* 9. mttps7//mkrlpltlr.ch`/
mttps7//mkrlpltlr.ch`/

>34
Vnrtl 3

OHS DLSNIÀHS DLO BOHCJCMNKE

On bohcjcmnke thdnvàn lstî le su keineckn. N plsnr dlo phtleckno qul cndn vlz
`îs aletl oh rlchehcle, sl leirletn n ohs rlths lelraëtkchs, tëcekchs,
ch`lrcknols, rlauonthrkhs y ëtkchs qul puldle pnrlclr kesuplrnbols, dndh lo
lstndh nctuno dl on tlcehohaàn, on olaksonckóe y lo `lrcndh. "Lo bohcjcmnke, phr
nmhrn, ls ch`h Nrpnelt * > che rlsplcth n Ketlrelt>" ch`pnrn Akools Bnbkelt,
lo rlprlsletnetl dl Irneckn le tl`ns dkaktnols n on Ch`kskóe Lurhpln * 2. "On
tlcehohaàn n÷e eh sl puldl utkokznr n arne lscnon, n÷e eh ml`hs lechetrndh lo
lqukvnoletl pnrn lo bohcjcmnke
bohcjcmnke TCV / KV * 3", narlan.

Ohs prhbol`ns lstîe kdletkikcndhs. "Ohs dhs prkeckpnols she on inotn dl tkl`ph
rlno y lo tn`nþh dlo rlakstrh, qul rlquklrl ue ekvlo `uy noth dl chesu`h dl
lelraàn", dkcl Bnbkelt. On Iuednckóe Ltmlrlu` lstî trnbngnedh nctkvn`letl le
looh. "Yktnokj Butlrke mn lstnbolckdh trls hbgltkvhs pnrn Ltmlrlu` pnrn lo nþh
26>1", dkcl lo dkrlcthr @kea Cmne. "Vrk`lrh, lscnonr, ls dlckr, on cnpnckdnd dl
mnclr `ucmns `îs trnesncckhels: oulah, on trneskckóe dl ue skstl`n dl
vnokdnckóe dl prulbn dl trnbngh n uen prulbn dl `hdh dl npulstn, pnrn lvktnr
dlsplrdkcknr tnetn lolctrkckdnd pnrn on `kelràn: ikeno`letl,
ikeno`letl, pnrn rlshovlr htrhs
prhbol`ns ch`h on shokcktud l`ktkdn phr `ucmns l`prlsns pnrn uen `nyhr
cheikdlecknokdnd2.
cheikdlecknokdnd2. Ohs `ucmhs dlsnrrhoondhrls dl Ltmlrlu` lstîe trnbngnedh
le looh. Loohs eh she ohs ÷ekchs. Le thdh lo `uedh, kevlstkandhrls tnolethshs y
l`prledldhrls
l`prledldhrls le uekvlrskdndls,
u ekvlrskdndls, eulvns l`prlsns y arnedls aruphs tn`bkëe
lstîe lechetrnedh rlspulstns crlntkvns y prîctkcns n lsths dlsniàhs. Lo gulah
vnol on plen7 ue eulvh `uedh lstî dletrh dlo rneah dl códkah.

>3<
CNVÀT\OH =

Dlsnrrhoonr skstl`ns `îs lelraëtkcn`letl

lelraëtkcn`letl likckletls

Lo prkeckpno hbstîcuoh pnrn on dl`hcrntkznckóe dl on bohcjcmnke ls lo chesu`h

dl lelraàn bnstnetl chohsno qul on lxtrncckóe dl trnesncckhels rlquklrl phr lo
`h`leth. Ons dhs bohcjcmnke p÷bokcns prkeckpnols, Bktchke y Ltmlrlu`,
iueckhene mnstn on ilcmn che skstl`ns dl prulbn dl trnbngh7 lstl `ëthdh
`hvkokzn ons cnpnckdndls dl ch`putnckóe dl thdhs ohs ehdhs dl on rld, oh qul
oolvn n uen cnrrlrn pnrn rlshovlr le prk`lrh lo prhbol`n `ntl`îtkch
ponetlndh, vnokdnr on trnesncckóe y slr rlch`plesndh phr noauehs Bktchkes h
Ltmlrs. \en chsn ls cklrtn, ls uen arne cnetkdnd dl lelraàn anstndn pnrn vnokdnr
ue bohqulh. ¸Có`h lxnctn`letl8 Ons lstk`nckhels, bnsndns le lo chesu`h dl
l`prlsns lsplcknokzndns le `kelràn, dkvlrale bnstnetl. Le `nrzh dl 26>9, ue
kevlstkandhr mhonedës, Slbnstknne Dllt`ne, lvnouó, le ue nrtàcuoh pubokcndh
le lo sktkh wlb dl on poncn `ndrl, qul on bohcjcmnke Bktchke chesu`àn uehs 366
`lanvntkhs (@Q) >. \e dlspncmh dl NIV le nahsth dl 26>9 prhpush uen ckirn
dhs vlcls `nyhr7 "On bohcjcmnke dl Bktchke, qul mhy plsn 1= akanbytls,
chesu`l nprhxk`ndn`letl 966 @Q dl lelraàn pnrn iueckhenr, uen quketn
pnrtl dl on cnpnckdnd dl on ponetn prhylcth dl lelraàn eucolnr le Mkejoly
Mk ejoly Vhket
(3.266 @Q) 2. Sk eh sl prhphel uen shouckóe, on dl`hcrntkznckóe arnduno dl
Bktchke y htrns crkpth`heldns l`plhrnrî on sktunckóe. Sla÷e ohs cîocuohs dl
Slbnstknne Dllt`ne, no rkt`h nctuno dl crlck`kleth dl on rld Bktchke, dlblràn
nbshrblr, le 2626, lo lqukvnoletl no chesu`h dl lelraàn dl Dken`nrcn.

Lstl chesu`h nbuednetl rlsuotn le iulrtls kevlrskhels mlcmns phr ch`pnþàns

`kelrns le anophels oolehs dl ch`putndhrns y lqukphs dl có`puth. Sl kestnone
dhedl on lolctrkckdnd y lo lqukph she `îs bnrnths7 le Cmken le pnrtkcuonr, plrh
tn`bkëe le Lurhpn, le ohs Nopls sukzhs (pnrn ohs slrvkdhrls dl Bktchke Sukzn),
le ohs Vkrkelhs (pnrn ohs dl BTC incko) h le Ksonedkn. Le ue nrtàcuoh le Buskelss
Keskdlr3, @nrch Strlea, lo CLH dl Alelsks, uen ch`pnþàn `kelrn bnsndn le on
kson, dkgh qul ons ch`pnþàns dl lelraàn ol hirlcàne pnslhs le mlokcóptlrh, yn qul
su ch`pnþàn sl mnbàn chevlrtkdh le ueh dl ohs prkeckpnols chesu`kdhrls
chesu`kdhrls dl on
ch`pnþàn. pnàsls. Lstn prîctkcn ls prhbol`îtkcn
prhbol`îtkcn le lo irletl n`bkletno7 `îs dlo
16% dl on `kelràn tklel ouanr le Cmken * >, ue pnàs dhedl on prhducckóe dl
lolctrkckdnd sl rlnokzn prkeckpno`letl le ponetns dl cnrbóe, `uy
chetn`kenetls y l`ktkledh CH42. Tn`bkëe chestktuyl uen bnrrlrn pnrn on
letrndn no slcthr supulstn`letl nbklrth
nbklrth dl "`kelràn", qul yn eh lstî no nocnecl
dl on plrshen qul oolan prk`lrh. "Slr ue `kelrh mhy ls kevlrtkr `koohels dl
dóonrls le arnegns dl slrvkdhrls qul sl pnrn`ltrkzne y hptk`kzne pnrn lstl
ike", dkcl Nonke Brëay dl Nldlus. Lo prhbol`n ls qul on kedustrkn dkaktno le
alelrno yn chesu`l `ucmh7 "Le Inclbhhj, ohs cletrhs dl dnths y sus
>39
elclskdndls lelraëtkcns she, che `ucmh, on `nyhr lstnckóe hplrntkvn", dkcl
Akools Bnbkelt. Le lstl chetlxth, narlan lo lxplrth, "eh sl puldl ntlrrkznr che
uen eulvn tlcehohaàn qul tklel on cnrnctlràstkcn dl slr `uy ketleskvn le
lelraàn". Sk ue hbglth chelctndh lstî hptk`kzndh pnrn chesu`kr phch, plrh lo
skstl`n qul lstî dltrîs chesu`l `ucmh, eh iueckhen.

On lcunckóe eh ls iîcko dl rlshovlr phrqul

phrqul ls on lolcckóe dl
d l on dkstrkbuckóe dl on
keihr`nckóe,
keihr`nckóe, le ouanr dl on cletrnokznckóe, lo hrkale dl lstl chesu`h lxclskvh7
"\e skstl`n bnsndh le ue rlakstrh dkstrkbukdh chesu`l `ucmh `îs qul ue
skstl`n cokletl-slrvkdhr, phrqul rlducl on elclskdnd dl prhclsn`kleth dl
dnths ", keskstl Akools Bnbkelt. Vhskbols shouckhels lxkstle. Lo qul alelrno`letl
alelrno`letl
sl prhphel ls cn`bknr lo skstl`n dl vnokdnckóe y rleuecknr n on prulbn dl
trnbngh, qul ls dl`nskndh chsthsn. Dl nculrdh che ohs cnshs dl ush, thdns ons
bohcjcmnkes eh elclsktne vnokdnckóe le on prulbn dl trnbngh, subrnyn Irnechks
Dhrolnes, Strntu`e7 "Trnbngnr guetns le trls l`prlsns, ske elclskdnd dl
prulbn dl trnbngh", gulz-t -sl. \e bohcjcmnke prkvndh, dhedl on nclptnckóe dl
trnesncckhels
trnesncckhels sl dlolan n ueh h `îs vnokdndhrls dlskaendhs, ls suikckletl. Lstl
ls, phr lgl`poh, lo cnsh dl on bohcjcmnke dl Rlvlonthr, on pulstn le `nrcmn
`uskcno dl Brueh Aulz. Vlrh lsths she skstl`ns le ohs qul dlbl`hs cheiknr
eulvn`letl le ue ketlr`ldknrkh, qul prh`ltkó nbhokr on bohcjcmnke hrkakeno,
Bktchke. Vnrn ons cndlens p÷bokcns dl bohquls, on notlrentkvn n on prulbn dlo
trnbngh ls on prulbn dl pnrtkckpnckóe, h prulbn dl pnrtkckpnckóe, qul eh
rlquklrl lsiulrzh dl cîocuoh. Le 26><, on bohcjcmnke ShonrChke, dkslþndn pnrn
prh`hvlr on lelraàn ok`pkn, dlckdkó nbnedhenr
nbnedhenr on prulbn dlo `hdh dl prulbn
dl lstncn qul, sla÷e on Iuednckóe ShonrChke, prlsletn on "vletngn dl tlelr uen
muloon dl cnrbheh". skaekikcntkvn`letl rlduckdh le ch`pnrnckóe che lo
prkskhelrh dl aulrrn, che uen rlducckóe phtleckno dlo ;;.;% le ohs rlcurshs dl
TK elclsnrkhs pnrn `hvlr on `heldn< ". Vlrh on prulbn dl on pnrtkckpnckóe tklel
htrhs kechevlekletls
kechevlekletls k`phrtnetls7 ls on qul tklel `îs crkpth`heldns y, phr oh
tneth, on `îs phdlrhsn ikenecklrn`letl, qul lglrcl lo `nyhr chetrho shbrl on
rld (oh qul ponetln ue prhbol`n dl cheiknezn). y slaurkdnd). Vhr lo `h`leth,
ekea÷e skstl`n ch`bken lo `ks`h arndh dl dlscletrnokznckóe qul Bktchke che
ue chesu`h dl lelraàn `îs rnzhenbol. "@ucmhs kevlstkandhrls lstîe
trnbngnedh le lsth", dkcl Akools Bnbkelt. Dëgnohs tkl`ph pnrn slaukr. "On
ch`uekdnd ls chesckletl dlo prhbol`n. Eh `l prlhcupn qul sl mnane
shouckhels ", dkgh Nethkel [lrltzkne, chiuedndhr dl Bohcjcmnke Irnecl, durnetl
du rnetl
lo ihrh pnron`letnrkh
pnron`letnrkh bohcjcmnke.

* >. Dl cuntrh ch`pnþàns prkeckpnols7 I2Vhho,

I2Vhho, Netphho, BTCC Vhho y BQ.ch`.

>31
CNVÀT\OH ;

Ylohckdnd, cheikdlecknokdnd, slaurkdnd7 trls dlsniàhs tëcekchs

Dlble suplrnrsl vnrkhs htrhs dlsniàhs tëcekchs pnrn plr`ktkr qul on tlcehohaàn
bohcjcmnke oolaul no p÷bokch le alelrno.

NCLOLRNEDH LO VRHCLSN@KLETH DL TRNESNCCKHELS

Lo prk`lrh ls lo dl on vlohckdnd. Lstl prhbol`n sural prkeckpno`letl le on

bohcjcmnke `îs utkokzndn, Bktchke, dhedl lo tn`nþh dl ohs bohquls lstî ok`ktndh
n > @B y dhedl lsths sl vnokdne cndn >6 `keuths. Ch`h rlsuotndh, shoh sl
puldle rlnokznr 1 trnesncckhels phr slauedh, le ch`pnrnckóe che ue
prh`ldkh dl 266 le lo skstl`n Vnypno> y 2,666 le Yksn. On ch`uekdnd dl
Bktchke dlbntkó lxtlesn`letl le 26>9 shbrl sk nu`letnr lo tn`nþh dl ohs
bohquls, pnrn nclolrnr lo prhclsh, plrh n÷e eh mn k`pol`letndh lstl cn`bkh.
"Bktchke ls ue phch n`ntlur, nmhrn ls uen vàctk`n dl su ëxkth. Vhr nmhrn lstî
bkle, plrh eh phdl`hs ch`leznr n mnclr thdns ons ch`prns dlo poneltn le
Bktchke, lo gulz Cyrko Aruespne, Lskov. Ons shouckhels lxkstle \en dl loons ls
mnclr "skdlcmnkes"7 bohcjcmnkes slpnrndns, qul plr`ktle dlschealstkhenr on
bohcjcmnke prkeckpno y `netlelr ue leoncl che loon. On htrn shouckóe, rltlekdn
phr ohs bohcjcmnkes rkvnols dl Bktchke, ls ndhptnr ue `hdh dl vnokdnckóe `îs
sk`pol, ch`h oh mkzh Rlvlonthr7 "Le eulstrn prhpkn bohcjcmnke, phdl`hs
alstkhenr 3.666 trnesncckhels phr slauedh. Vnrn ohs `kcrhpnahs, ls elclsnrkh
chetnr che uen keirnlstructurn
keirnlstructurn qul rlno`letl
rlno`letl rlspnodl lo crlck`kleth ", keskstl
lo iuedndhr, Brueh Aulz.

LO DKOL@N DL TRNESVNRLECKN [ CHEIKDLECKNOKDND

Lo slauedh arne dlsniàh ls lo dl on cheikdlecknokdnd. Le ons cndlens

cnd lens p÷bokcns dl
bohquls, ch`h Bktchke h Ltmlrlu`, thdns ons trnesncckhels she vkskbols. On
÷ekcn prhtlcckóe pnrn prlslrvnr lo slcrlth dl uen hplrnckóe on prhphrckhene
ohs psludóek`hs, le ihr`n dl convls p÷bokcns, qul le`nscnrne ons kdletkdndls
rlnols dl ohs pnrtkckpnetls. Vnrn `ucmns ch`pnþàns, lsth eh ls suikckletl.
Ke`lrshs le `uedhs ch`pltktkvhs, eh puldle plr`ktkrsl dnr dl`nskndn
keihr`nckóe n sus rkvnols. Sk su nphdh iul dlsle`nscnrndh, ohs ch`pltkdhrls
phdràne rnstrlnr thdh su mksthrkno dl trnesncckhels. \en lvletunokdnd
sk`pol`letl
sk`pol`letl k`plesnbol pnrn `ucmhs l`prlsnrkhs. Mny shouckhels7 no `lehs,
cn`bkl rlauonr`letl
rlauonr`letl ons convls p÷bokcns (sludóek`hs), ch`h Vny`ku` oh mncl
phr sus cokletls. Lethecls, noauens hplrnckhels puldle tlelr ouanr le "cndlens
>3=
ontlrnols" prkvndns.
prkvndns. Ohs dltnools dl ons trnesncckhels qul tuvklrhe ouanr le lstn
burbugn prkvndn eh npnrlcle le lo bohcjcmnke p÷bokch. Ch`h ÷otk`h rlcursh, on
`nyhr anrnetàn dl prhtlcckóe dl on prkvnckdnd ls on bohcjcmnke prkvndn.
"L`prlsns ch`h @TY, BBC h RTO eh tklele ketlrës le pubokcnr thdns sus
trnesncckhels le on bohcjcmnke dl Bktchke, phr oh qul lstn`hs chestruyledh
bohcjcmnkes prkvndhs", dkcl Brueh Aulz. Lo `ks`h rnzhen`kleth ls vîokdh le
`ucmhs slcthrls, kecoukdh lo ikenecklrh, dhedl shoh ohs prhylcths dl rlakstrhs
prkvndhs dkstrkbukdhs she dl ketlrës pnrn ohs bnechs.

Noauehs ncndë`kchs lstîe dlsnrrhoonedh shouckhels lxplrk`letnols pnrn

`netlelr on pubokckdnd dl trnesncckhels -uen chedkckóe dl ue skstl`n
dlscletrnokzndh dhedl thdhs puldne vnokdnr uen hplrnckóe- y uen `lghr
prhtlcckóe dl ohs dnths prkvndhs. Lx kevlstkandhr dlo @KT, Auy Wysjked iul ch-
iuedndhr dl Leka`n, uen l`prlsn l`lraletl qul quklrl plr`ktkr qul ohs
bohcjcmnkes p÷bokchs lxkstletls hirlzcne on prkvnckdnd qul ols inotn. "Leka`n
puldl prhclsnr dnths ske vlroh", 2 dkcl Auy Wysjked. "Skl`prl puldls prhbnr
noah, vlrkikcnroh, dksirutnr on trnespnrleckn, plrh ske rlvlonr keihr`nckóe
cheikdleckno. Lsth pnrlcl chetrndkcthrkh. ¸Có`h phdràn dlckr qul uen
trnesncckóe ls chrrlctn sk eh vlh ohs ihedhs8 On shouckóe ls bnstnetl ch`polgn,
plrh lxkstl7 sl oon`n cîocuoh `uotkpnrtl * >. Lo `ëthdh k`pokcn lo ckirndh dl ohs
dnths, cuyn ketlarkdnd ch`poltn euecn sl rlvlon n ekeauen dl ons pnrtls. On
shouckóe ls prh`ltldhrn, y phdràn lechetrnr hphrtuekdndls le ons îrlns dhedl
d hedl
on cheikdlecknokdnd, lsleckno, phr nmhrn bohquln lo ush dl dnths7 "phr lgl`poh,
on kevlstkanckóe `ëdkcn, phrqul phr nmhrn, ls `uy dkiàcko ch`pnrtkr
keihr`nckóe letrl mhspktnols h letrl onbhrnthrkhs inr`ncëutkchs".

BOHCJCMNKE SLA\RHS [ VONTNIHR@NS DL KETLRCN@BKH

Lo ÷otk`h arne dlsniàh tëcekch pnrn ohs dlsnrrhoondhrls dl npokcnckhels dl

bohcjcmnke ls on slaurkdnd. Lstl ls ue pueth dlckskvh, phrqul le nusleckn dl ue
bnech cletrno, lo vnohr thtno dl ons crkpth`heldns dlpledl dl on cheiknezn qul
sl ols hthran. Sk plrskstle ons dudns shbrl on cheiknbkokdnd dl ue rlakstrh
dkstrkbukdh dl trnesncckhels, sus cmkps eh tklele vnohr. Vlrh lo ëxkth dl
bohcjcmnkes dlspklrtn on chdkckn. @kletrns `îs dkelrh lstë kevhoucrndh, `îs
pkrntns lstnrîe tletndhs n lechetrnr onauens pnrn slculstrnr ons
crkpth`heldns. Mny dhs cntlahràns prkeckpnols dl inoons7 on prk`lrn eh sl
rliklrl dkrlctn`letl
dkrlctn`letl n on bohcjcmnke, skeh n su ncclsh. Cunedh ch`prn Bktchkes,
Ltmlrs h cunoquklr htrn `heldn dkaktno pllr-th-pllr, alelrno`letl pnsn phr ue
ketlr`ldknrkh7
ketlr`ldknrkh7 uen pontnihr`n dl ketlrcn`bkh (h ue bnech dl Bktchke qul oulah
pnsn phr uen pontnihr`n dl ketlrcn`bkh). Vuldl no`nclenr su keihr`nckóe
plrsheno le uen bnsl dl dnths (chrrlhs lolctróekchs, kdletkikcndhrls,
chetrnslþns,
chetrnslþns, convl p÷bokcn h kecoush convl prkvndn), qul puldl slr pkrntlndn h
>3;
`hdkikcndn phr quklels tklele on bnsl dl dnths le su bnsl dl dnths. blelikckh.
Ske snblr lxnctn`letl có`h, eh `lehs dl =<6,666 Bktchkes * 2 dlsnpnrlcklrhe
le ilbrlrh dl 26>4 dld l on pontnihr`n gnphelsn @tAhx, qul lrn lethecls ueh dl
ohs prkeckpnols cletrhs dl elahcknckóe dl Bktchke le lo `uedh. @îs
rlckletl`letl,
rlckletl`letl, le nahsth dl 26>9, sl rhbnrhe >26,666 Bktchkes * 3 dl Bktikelx,
ueh dl ohs prkeckpnols ketlrcn`bkhs dl Bktchke. Sla÷e ue cîocuoh dl Rlutlrs, ue
tlrckh dl ons pontnihr`ns dl elahcknckóe mne skdh pkrntlndns dlsdl 266;3. "Ohs
bnechs le oàeln she pkrntlndhs cnsk n dknrkh", 4 rlontkvkzó Vklrrl Ehkznt, lo
iuedndhr dl Vny`ku`. Dlo `ks`h `hdh qul ue ondróe puldl rhbnr ue bnech
h rhbnr ue npnrtn`leth, ohs pkrntns keihr`îtkchs tn`bkëe puldle ntncnr su
prhpkn ch`putndhrn,
ch`putndhrn, lo spywnrl, qul rlcuplrnrî sus convls dl ncclsh. Mny uen
`nelrn sk`pol dl prhtlalrsl no `netlelr sus kdletkikcnckhels, chetrnslþns h
convls dl prlilrleckn le pnplo, y phskbol`letl hcuotîedhons.

Lo slauedh tkph prkeckpno dl rklsah ls lo dl uen pkrntlràn dlo bohcjcmnke le sà

`ks`h. Lo dl Bktchke ls `uy rhbusth y euecn mn skdh pkrntlndh le skltl nþhs dl
lxkstleckn * 4. "Le lo Bktchke, thdhs ohs dlscneshs tuvklrhe ouanr le lo plngl,
euecn mn mnbkdh le on nuthpkstn<", dkgh Vmkokppl Dlwhst, on Cnkssl dls Dlphts
ned Cheskaentkhes, durnetl lo ihrh pnron`letnrkh bohcjcmnke. \en rupturn le
on cnrrltlrn shoh phdràn hcurrkr sk uen plrshen h aruph dl nokndhs chetrhonbn
lstrkctn`letl `îs dlo <6% dl on phtleckn dl on rld. Oulah, phdràne lolakrsl che
on suikckletl rlauonrkdnd pnrn vnokdnr dl ihr`n shstlekbol uen suclskóe dl
trnesncckhels
trnesncckhels kechrrlctns. Lsth euecn mn sucldkdh, plrh on checletrnckóe dl ons
arnegns `kelrns phdràn slr ue prhbol`n sk, phr lgl`poh, ons cuntrh ch`pnþàns
cmkens qul dh`kene lo slcthr dlckdklrne uekr iulrzns pnrn `nekpuonr lo
skstl`n. Ske l`bnrah, eh tklele ue ketlrës, phrqul tno ntnqul dlstrukràn on
cheiknezn dl ohs usunrkhs le lo Bktchke y muedkràn dlikektkvn`letl
dlikektkvn`letl lo vnohr dl on
`heldn. On bohcjcmnke dl Ltmlrlu`, che lo códkah `îs ch`polgh, phr oh qul ls
`îs inokbol, eh `ulstrn on `ks`n shokdlz.

N dkilrleckn dl Bktchke, su códkah ls ch`polth, ch`h dkcle ohs lxplrths7 ol

plr`ktl crlnr bucols, ls dlckr, prharn`ns qul sl lglcutne mnstn lo keikekth. Lsth
nbrl lehr`ls hphrtuekdndls dl elahckh pnrn nuth`ntkznr hplrnckhels, plrh
tn`bkëe crln hphrtuekdndls pnrn mncjlrs `nokckhshs, qul puldle rlakstrnr ue
chetrnth ketlokaletl pnrn dlsvknr dkelrh, mnstn lo ikeno dl ohs tkl`phs. "Lo
oleaungl dl turkea ch`polth nbrl on phskbkokdnd dl lrrhrls y `nownrl
(`nownrl). Sk quklrh dlstrukr Ltmlrlu`, puldh levknr ue chetrnth qul akrl
pnrn cnpturnr thdhs ohs rlcurshs. @ntnràn n lstn crkpth`heldn ", ch`letó
Ekchons Mhuy, lcheh`kstn dlo CERS. On dlsvleturn dlo Ihedh Vnrtkckpntkvh
TmlDNH le guekh dl 26>9 skrvkó dl ndvlrtleckn. "\e lrrhr le ue chetrnth
plr`ktkó lstl ntnqul. Lsth rlchrdó qul oh qul sl puldl prharn`nr tn`bkëe
puldl slr pkrntlndh. Che $ ><6 `koohels le gulah, lrn hbvkh qul kbn n ntrnlr
pkrntns ", dkgh Sk`he Vhorht, iuedndhr dl
d l Ltmlrlu` Irnecl.
>46
Le rlnokdnd, sl trntn dl uen culstkóe dl sustneckn qul dkvkdl n ohs pnrtkdnrkhs
dl Bktchke y Ltmlrlu`7 ¸ls phskbol crlnr uen bohcjcmnke `îs phdlrhsn qul on
dl Bktchke, `îs iîcko`letl prharn`nbol y `îs rîpkdn, y tn`bkëe slaurn8
"Bktchke mn skdh bkle lstudkndh, prhbndh durnetl skltl nþhs. Vlqulþhs cn`bkhs
* < puldle tlelr lehr`ls cheslculeckns ", dkcl Ekchons Mhuy. Vnrn Vklrrl
Ehkznt, ue arne dlileshr dl Bktchke, "on slaurkdnd ls netnaóekcn no rledk`kleth
y on prnctkckdnd. Lxkstl uen chetrndkcckóe letrl lo dlslh dl mnclr uen `îquken
vkrtuno dl noth rledk`kleth pnrn `ucmns npokcnckhels dkilrletls y mnclr lo pnah
che ohs Ltmlr ". Lstl ls lo dlsniàh qul leirletnrîe ohs dlsnrrhoondhrls dl
Ltmlrlu`. \en chsn ls cklrtn7 on dlbncol dl TmlDNH dl`hstró cuîe lsleckno ls
qul lo códkah sln nudktndh che lo `nyhr rkahr, phrqul lo dlilcth `îs plqulþh
puldl slr `uy chsthsh.

* >. "Ch`putnckóe `uotkpnrtktn. "

* 2. Lo lqukvnoletl n $ 996 `koohels durnetl lo >6 dl dkckl`brl dl 26>9.
* 3. Lo lqukvnoletl n $ ;3 `koohels durnetl lo >6 dl dkckl`brl dl 26>9.
* 4. Ske l`bnrah, lo = dl nahsth dl 26>6, on ch`uekdnd dl dlsnrrhoondhrls
dlscubrkó ue lrrhr k`phrtnetl y oh rlshovkó rîpkdn`letl.
* <. No kauno qul on cnpnckdnd dl prharn`nr bucols.

>4>
CNVÀT\OH >6

@nrjltkea7 lechetrnr `hdlohs ch`lrcknols vknbols ske elanr

Lo phdlr dlo checlpth sl bnsn le on dlsketlr`ldknckóe bohcjcmnke7 ls on

mlrrn`kletn dl l`neckpnckóe vks-æ-vks dl ohs chesu`kdhrls bnecnrkhs y Qlb
akanetls. Dkcmh lsth, mnclr elahckhs che lo bohcjcmnke ls dkiàcko. Ons eulvns
l`prlsns y ohs arnedls aruphs quklrle anenr dkelrh. Vhr tneth, lxkstl ue
vlrdndlrh dlsniàh dl `nrjltkea y vletns, dl lechetrnr `hdlohs dl elahckh
rletnbols, rlspltnedh oh qul mncl qul lo vnohr dl on bohcjcmnke7 on
dlscletrnokznckóe,
dlscletrnokznckóe, on trnespnrleckn y on ke`utnbkokdnd dl oh qul lstî lscrkth nooà.

ARNEDLS AR\VHS ^\KLRLE @NETLELR S\ YLETNGN

Vnrn aruphs arnedls, cuyhs `hdlohs lcheó`kchs cletrnokzndhs trndkckhenols

she ntncndhs phr lstn tlcehohaàn, lo lglrckckh ls cnsk netkenturno. On
trnespnrleckn, le pnrtkcuonr, ls prhbol`îtkch, phr oh qul on `nyhràn dl ohs
prhylcths phr pnrtl dl ohs bnechs (phr lgl`poh, lo cheshrckh R3) h phr ohs
arnedls eh`brls dl on tlcehohaàn (KB@ che Myplroldalr) she bohcjcmnke
prkvndhs, dhedl on trnespnrleckn ls ok`ktndh. On ke`utnbkokdnd tn`bkëe
hbstncuokzn n noauehs. Le slptkl`brl, on ikr`n Nccleturl mn dkslþndh ue
bohcjcmnke "ldktnbol", ls dlckr, qul puldl rllscrkbkrsl phr ue nd`kekstrndhr
cletrno (uen mlrlgàn n ohs hghs dl `ucmhs le lo slcthr dl bohcjcmnke). Vhr
÷otk`h, on dlscletrnokznckóe eh ls n su invhr7 ohs bnechs eh quklrle
dlsnpnrlclr, ons ch`pnþàns dl slaurhs eh tklele on ketleckóe dl slr
rll`ponzndh ske pnrls `utun th pllr, akanetls eubl quklrle `netlelr on
phskckóe dl ihrtnolzn qul ols dn lo chetrho dl ohs dnths dl ohs usunrkhs dl
Ketlrelt. Lo ketlrës dl ons ch`pnþàns dl slaurhs n bohcjcmnke pnrls `utun pnrn
`krnr Qljllp.kh ls l`bol`îtkch7 "Ls dl arne ketlrës pnrn letledlr oh qul
mncl`hs, plrh ehs dkcle qul eh tklele prlsupulsth phelr nmà. Loohs quklrle
mnclr keehvnckóe kecrl`letno * >, n `lghrnr sus elahckhs y eh mnclr dl on
keehvnckóe CHRTL> ", dkcl lo crlndhr dlo prhylcth, Ndrkne Snuzndl. Ske
l`bnrah, noauens l`prlsns sl lstîe rlkevletnedh pnrn k`nakenr ohs slrvkckhs
dl bohcjcmnke qul ol dne ue vnohr rlno no chesu`kdhr. Ohs prhylcths dl KB@
pnrn vkecuonr bohcjcmnke y hbglths chelctndhs, h ohs prhylcths dl slaurh dl
nuth dl Nxn, she prh`ltldhrls. Lo bohcjcmnke puldl oolvnr n cnbh eulvns
hphrtuekdndls, ch`h oh suaklrl lo lxplrth irnecës dkaktnols `utun @nki, Lrkj
Nrenud7 "Sk pklrdl su cnrtlrn crkpth`heldn convl prkvndn, qul yn eh tklele
ncclsh n endn. Eh mny elclskdnd tlrclrn dl cheiknezn pnrn anrnetkznr y
nslaurnr lo ncclsh n on bohcjcmnke on lcheh`àn rlno ", qul sl skletl durnetl ons
dkscuskhels dlo Ihrh Vnron`letnrkh bohcjcmnke.
>42
MNCKN E\LYHS KETLR@LDKNRKHS8

Oh `îs prhbnbol, ske l`bnrah, ls qul ons vlrdndlrns keehvnckhels nvnecl

slrîe k`puosndns phr ons l`prlsns dl eulvn crlnckóe le ouanr dl phr ohs
guandhrls lstnbolckdhs, qul sl vlrîe tletndhs n `netlelr su phskckóe dl
ihrtnolzn durnetl lo `nyhr tkl`ph phskbol. Lsth ls oh qul mn sucldkdh mnstn
nmhrn le on lcheh`àn dl Ketlrelt, dhedl on `nyhràn dl ons arnedls hons dl
keehvnckóe mne skdh k`puosndns phr eulvhs pnrtkckpnetls (che on ehtnbol
lxclpckóe dl Nppol che kVmhel). Skaukledh lstn oóakcn, lo dlstkeh dlo bohcjcmnke
lstî le `nehs dl l`prlsnrkhs, eh onbhrnthrkhs dl keehvnckóe dl arnedls
aruphs. Vlrh n÷e elclsktne `netlelr su kedlpledleckn. "Ohs dlsnrrhoondhrls
dl Bktchke nmhrn lstîe chetrntndhs letrl <.666 y >6.666 lurhs no `ls pnrn
trnbngnr le bnechs y ch`pnþàns dl slaurhs, le ouanr dl crlnr eulvns
l`prlsns", on`letn Onurlet Olohup, iuedndhr dlo sktkh Ikeylnr. . Lstl eh ls lo
cnsh pnrn thdhs, nihrtuendn`letl.
nihrtuendn`letl.

Vlrh ons l`prlsns dl eulvn crlnckóe tn`bkëe sl leirletne n ue lschooh7 puldle

vlrsl tletndns n chevlrtkrsl le eulvhs ketlr`ldknrkhs, rll`ponznedh n ohs
netkauhs. Vhr lgl`poh, Nrcndl Ckty, lo rkvno dl bohcjcmnke dl \blr, poneln
chbrnr uen ch`kskóe phr ohs vkngls dl ohs cheducthrls7 lsth ls `îs bngh qul lo
qul chbrn \blr (>6% chetrn 2<%), plrh lo skstl`n eh oh mncl eh ls rlno`letl
dl kauno n kauno. Noauehs dl loohs yn nct÷ne ch`h ketlr`ldknrkhs letrl lo
chesu`kdhr y lo bohcjcmnke, ch`h Vny`ku` h Bktchke Mhusl, qul inckoktne on
ndqukskckóe dl `heldns dkaktnols. Lstn ketlr`ldknckóe eh ls elclsnrkn`letl
prhbol`îtkcn, skl`prl y cunedh lo chesu`kdhr lstë nooà. Tlean le culetn qul
eh ls on ÷ekcn ihr`n dl anenr dkelrh le on bohcjcmnke. Sural ue eulvh `hdloh7
noauehs dlsnrrhoondhrls crlne pontnihr`ns nbklrtns, arntuktns, nutëetkcn`letl
nutëetkcn`letl
pueth n pueth, y sl pnane hirlckledh slrvkckhs le loons. Lstl ls lo cnsh dl on
l`prlsn HB >, lo iuedndhr dl HpleBnznnr, h crlndhrls dl `lrcndh prldkctkvh
Nuaur, on pontnihr`n ls dl okbrl ncclsh y lsplrn`hs qul pnanr ch`h
"rlonthrls", vnokdnedh ohs rlsuotndhs dl pnràs. Ikeno`letl, ons vlrdndlrns
bohcjcmnke y ohs elahckhs eh she netkeó`kchs7 ohs `hdlohs dl códkah nbklrth
puldle iueckhenr y ohs ketlr`ldknrkhs she tholrndhs skl`prl qul nphrtle ue
vnohr narlandh.

¸Ls kealeuh crllr le on arne dlsketlr`ldknckóe prh`ltkdn phr on bohcjcmnke8

Oh `îs prhbnbol ls qul on bohcjcmnke notlrl ons ihrtnolzns lstnbolckdns le on
lcheh`àn y ikenezns dkaktnols, lok`kenedh bohqulhs keelclsnrkhs le on
prlstnckóe dl slrvkckhs, plrh dlgnedh lspnckh pnrn ketlr`ldknrkhs7 netkauns
l`prlsns trndkckhenols
trndkckhenols qul kevletnrhe slrvkckhs rlolvnetls h eulvns l`prlsns
qul crlnrhe ons npokcnckhels dkstrkbukdns qul utkokznrl`hs. "N ons plrshens ols
>43
austne ohs ketlr`ldknrkhs dl thdhs `hdhs, ols austn dlolanr. Bohcjcmnke
rlsulovl ons cnrnctlràstkcns bîskcns, plrh oolvn `ucmh trnbngh netls dl qul
puldn rll`ponznr thdh ", dkcl Ikokppk. On dlsketlr`ldknckóe nbshoutn, n invhr
dl uen lcheh`àn ch`poltn`letl letrl pnrls, ls uen quk`lrn. Le lelraàn, ue
ketlr`ldknrkh
ketlr`ldknrkh qul nsu`n on rlsphesnbkokdnd dl dkstrkbukr on chrrkletl slaukrî
skledh elclsnrkh, kecoush le uen rld ketlokaletl. "Le lstl slcthr, ons
cheslculeckns she arnvls cunedh noah snol `no. Eh puldl slr thtno`letl
dlscletrnokzndh, n÷e elclsktn`hs uen nuthrkdnd cletrno iulrtl, qul anrnetkcl
on slaurkdnd ", dkgh Ghme Okokc, lxplrth le lelraàn dl on ikr`n lstndhuekdlesl
Cheslesys. Vnrn lo iuedndhr dl lstn l`prlsn l`lraletl, Ghslpm Oubke, "lo
bohcjcmnke rlduckrî prkeckpno`letl ons bnrrlrns dl letrndn pnrn chevlrtkrsl
le ueh dl lsths ketlr`ldknrkhs. Rlduckrî lo vnohr cnpturndh phr lstl ÷otk`h y
nu`letnrî on vlohckdnd dl ons kedustrkns kevhoucrndns, no prlskhenr n ohs
ncthrls pnrn qul nphrtle `îs vnohr dl oh qul th`ne. Lsth crln uen ch`pltleckn
`îs n`pokn y skstl`ns `îs ioukdhs. Slrî kecrlàbol`letl dkiàcko `netlelr ue
`hehphokh. No lok`kenr on irkcckóe, bohcjcmnke prh`hvlrî `lrcndhs okbrls y
dlscletrnokzndhs.

* >. Vrharlskvn.

>44
CNVÀT\OH >>

Trnesihr`nr l`polh ske dlstrukroh

No nslaurnr ons ch`uekcnckhels y ons trnesncckhels letrl ohs hbglths

chelctndhs, on bohcjcmnke dlblràn rlihrznr lo vnsth `hvk`kleth, yn le
iueckhen`kleth, dl nuth`ntkznr ue e÷`lrh cndn vlz `nyhr dl ketlrcn`bkhs.
Tn`bkëe dlblràn crlnr htrhs eulvhs. Vlrh ls dl tl`lr qul lsths eh ch`plesle
on përdkdn dl l`polhs dlbkdh n on rhbhtkznckóe.

L]TLESKÓE DLO DH@KEKH DL N\TH@NTKWNCKÓE

Le ikenezns, phr lgl`poh, ohs `kols dl `koohels dl lurhs dl nmhrrh qul lsplrne
ohs bnechs prhvklele dl on dlsnpnrkckóe dl prhclshs ch`polths (nudkthràn,
ch`plesnckóe, nudkthràn, ltc.), oh qul alelrnrî rlchrtls dl l`polhs. Ohs
ehtnrkhs tn`bkëe lstîe prlhcupndhs phr loohs `ks`hs, kecoush phr ohs
nbhandhs. "On prhilskóe dl nbhandh eh dlsnpnrlclrî", `hdlrn Sk`he Vhorht.
"Le ue `uedh dl chetrnths ketlokaletls, lo chehck`kleth olano dlo nbhandh
slaukrî skledh elclsnrkh, pnrn dkslþnr y nslshrnr durnetl lo oktkakh. Vlrh slrî
elclsnrkh letledlr on oóakcn dl on ch`putndhrn y on prharn`nckóe pnrn
dlsckirnr h ch`phelr lstl tkph dl chetrnths ", nd`ktl. Mnstn on ilcmn, eh lxkstl
ue lstudkh dl k`pncth dl bohcjcmnke shbrl lo l`polh. Vlrh lxkstl shbrl ons
cheslculeckns dl on nuth`ntkznckóe plr`ktkdn phr on chelxkóe dl ohs hbglths y
on ketlokaleckn nrtkikckno. Le ehvkl`brl dl 26><,
26>< , on chesuothrn @cJkesly pubokcó
ue nrtàcuoh nonr`kstn, qul lstk`nbn qul "lo 4<% dl ons nctkvkdndls qul sl ols
pnan n ohs kedkvkduhs sl puldle nuth`ntkznr ndnptnedh ons tlcehohaàns
lxkstletls" 2. Lo bohcjcmnke rliulrzn on crldkbkokdnd dl lstl prheóstkch y
noauehs, letrl quklels oh prh`ulvle, oh chehcle `uy bkle.

N on ldnd dl >; nþhs, Ohukshe Du`het, qukle dlsnrrhoon su nbhandh rhbótkch

Vltlr che ketlokaleckn nrtkikckno, tklel arnedls n`bkckhels7 "@k vkskóe n onrah
ponzh ls suprk`kr lo trnbngh. ^uklrh qul on aletl dlgl dl iueckhenr y qul thdhs
slne nrtkstns3. On kdln eh ls tne ohcn. Ohukshe Du`het culetn che lo rlspnodh
dlo kevlrshr `îs arnedl dl Skokche Ynooly, Tk` Drnplr (qukle prlvkn`letl
nphstó phr Mht`nko, Sjypl h Tlson). Su vkskóe dl ue `uedh dhedl lo mh`brl
lstî okbrl dl on cnran dl on hbrn sl mncl
m ncl lch dl oh lxprlsndh phr lo lcheh`kstn
brktîekch Ghme @nyenrd Jlyels, le su Cnrtn n `ks eklths, pubokcndh le >;3>.
Le su hpkekóe, eh lrn elclsnrkh prlhcupnrsl phr lstn crlckletl nuth`ntkznckóe
dlo trnbngh, plrh dnrol on bklevlekdn ch`h uen hphrtuekdnd dl l`neckpnckóe7
"Le `uy phchs nþhs, quklrh dlckr durnetl eulstrn prhpkn lxkstleckn, ske dudn
phdrl`hs oharnr thdh ohs ncths dl on narkcuoturn, on `kelràn y on inbrkcnckóe dl
>4<
chsns no prhphrckhenr shoh uen cunrtn pnrtl dlo lsiulrzh no qul lstn`hs
nchstu`brndhs. On lxtrl`n rnpkdlz dl lsths trnsthrehs ehs dulol. Lstn`hs
suirkledh ue eulvh `no7 lo dlsl`polh tlcehoóakch Z...P. Vlrh lstl ls shoh ue
lstndh tl`phrno dl rlmnbkoktnckóe. Thdh lsth skaekikcn, no ikeno, qul on
mu`nekdnd lstî rlshovkledh lo prhbol`n lcheó`kch Z...P. Vhr prk`lrn vlz
dlsdl sus hràalels, lo mh`brl sl lechetrnrî cnrn n cnrn che su prhbol`n rlno,
su ltlreh7 quë ush mncl dl su okblrtnd, có`h hcupnr lo hckh qul on ckleckn y ohs
ketlrlsls ch`pulsths ol mne nslaurndh, có`h vkvkr snbkn`letl y arntn`letl,
vkvl bkle48 "

\EN RLYHO\CKÓE DL ON ALSTKÓE

Gueth n lstn nuth`ntkznckóe ileó`leh, lo bohcjcmnke cheducl ue slauedh

cn`bkh le lo `uedh dlo trnbngh7 prh`ulvl on nshcknckóe dl nutóeh`hs, qul sl
rluekrîe le hraneks`hs dlscletrnokzndhs (DNH) y ske cnblzn, che rlaons
conrn`letl lstnbolckdhs lo códkah dl chetrnths ketlokaletls. "Ons plrshens
puldle mnclr qul lsths skstl`ns chhplrntkvhs, dhedl sl s l hbtklele, chetrkbuyne
n ue prhylcth, eh ue snonrkh, skeh ue tàtuoh, uen ncckóe, noah cuyh vnohr dlpledl
dlo prhylcth", dkcl lo kevlstkandhr Vrk`nvlrn Dl Ikokppk. "Lo vnohr sl dkstrkbuyl
dl `nelrn `ucmh `îs lquktntkvn dl oh qul ls mhy le oh qul oon`n`hs on
lcheh`àn chonbhrntkvn Z\blr, NkrbebP, dhedl ue ncthr cnpturn lo vnohr dl on
rkqulzn n trnvës dl on chonbhrnckóe dl htrhs", narlan. loon. Le lsths DNH, eh mny
elclskdnd dl npkonr ons cnpns dl alstkóe7 ohs oàdlrls mne dlsnpnrlckdh, on
chhrdkenckóe lstî nslaurndn phr lo códkah.

Lstn ls on vkskóe dndn phr Yktnokj Butlrke n ikenols dl 26>3. Vnrn ëo, on
nuth`ntkznckóe eh rlprlsletn uen n`lenzn tneth pnrn ohs lglcuthrls
lg lcuthrls dl tnrlns
ch`h pnrn ohs chetrntkstns, qul sl mne vuloth
vu loth suplriouhs le prharn`ns dl CND
bkle dkslþndhs7 "Sk n÷e elclsktn`hs qul ohs mu`nehs rlnokcle cklrtns tnrlns,
¸phdl`hs lok`kenr lo `nelgh dl on lcunckóe8 On `nyhràn dl ons l`prlsns
ihr`uone su `kskóe7 n `leudh, sl trntn dl anenr dkelrh
dk elrh pnrn ohs ncckhekstns: n
vlcls mny ue tkph dl k`plrntkvh `hrno vkecuondh no prhducth qul crlne, nsà
ch`h phskbol`letl n htrhs hbgltkvhs, ch`h nyudnr n ons ch`uekdndls, no
`lehs le tlhràn. Nctuno`letl, lstn `kskóe chrphrntkvn lxkstl shoh n trnvës dl
on ketlrprltnckóe dlo ch`ktë lglcutkvh y, le ÷otk`n kestneckn, dl ohs ncckhekstns.
Vlrh quë pnsnràn sk, arnckns no phdlr dl ons tlcehohaàns dl on keihr`nckóe
`hdlrens, pudkërn`hs
pudkërn`hs trnduckr lstn `kskóe le códkah: ls dlckr, on crlnckóe dl
ue chetrnth kevkhonbol qul alelrl kearlshs, ol pnaul n on aletl pnrn qul rlnokcl
cklrtns iueckhels, y dlscubrn qul lo mnrdwnrl `ks`h iueckhen, thdh looh ske on
elclskdnd dl uen nd`kekstrnckóe vlrtkcno mu`nen9. "

>49
Lstn vkskóe dlo CND, ch`h uen chhplrntkvn dhedl on nd`kekstrnckóe ls
rll`ponzndn phr lo códkah, leculetrn su prk`lrn trnducckóe checrltn le ohs
prhylcths okdlrndhs phr on stnrt-up irneclsn Hple Hra y lo Bncjilld ksrnloà. Lo
iuedndhr dl HpleHra.ch, Ohuks @nraht-Ducoht, nslshrn n l`prlsns qul dlslne
qul su prhclsh dl ahbklreh sln `îs nbklrth y trnespnrletl. Vrhphel
rlhranekznrons ch`h pontnihr`ns dl ahblrenezn dlo prhylcth, n ons qul oon`n
"l`prlsns p÷bokcns"7
p÷bokcns"7 cndn prhylcth sl dkvkdl le uen okstn dl tnrlns, n on qul sl
ol rlquklrl ue cklrth tkl`ph pnrn on lglcuckóe y sl nskaen on rl`uelrnckóe. Cndn
trnbngndhr puldl lolakr y rlnokznr on tnrln pnrn on cuno ls `îs ch`pltletl.
"Trndkckheno`letl, ls ue alrletl lo qul nskaen tnrlns. Le eulstrh `hdloh, ls
ue l`polndh qukle oh nskaen. On vlrkikcnckóe, phr oh alelrno, ls rlnokzndn phr lo
alrletl. Le uen shckldnd nbklrtn, puldl mnclrsl yn sln phr lo aruph dl
plrshens qul crló on okstn dl tnrlns pledkletls, h phr plrshens qul mnbràne
skdh eh`brndns pnrn vlrkikcnr lo cu`pok`kleth dl ons tnrlns dl ohs dl`îs ",
lxpokcn. Cunedh sl oolvn n cnbh on `kskóe, on rl`uelrnckóe chrrlsphedkletl sl
pnan nuth`îtkcn`letl
nuth`îtkcn`letl le crkpth`heldn. Cndn trnbngndhr sl chevklrtl le uen
lsplckl dl chetrntkstn dl su l`polndhr ... u htrh. "Le eulstrn vkskóe, on okstn dl
tnrlns pledkletls ls oh `îs nbklrtn phskbol7 ls p÷bokcn, le Ketlrelt y cunoquklrn
puldl rlchalron. Thdhs she chonbhrndhrls dl on l`prlsn y no dàn skaukletl eh
", narlan Ohuks @nraht-Ducoht. Le Ksrnlo, Bncjilld hirlcl ue `hdloh
okalrn`letl dkilrletl dl hranekznckóe dlscletrnokzndn, dhedl cndn
pnrtkckpnetl ls rl`uelrndh le prhphrckóe n su chetrkbuckóe no prhylcth. Su
hbgltkvh ls prhphelr ue `hdloh dl lstructurn y rlaons trnescrktns le lo códkah
qul plr`ktne prh`hvlr on chhplrnckóe n arne lscnon, le cunoquklr tkph dl
prhylcth. Sl dlbl oneznr uen prk`lrn npokcnckóe le on prk`lrn `ktnd dl 26>1.

>41
CNVÀT\OH >2

Rlauonr ske ok`ktnr on keehvnckóe

Lo bohcjcmnke ls uen tlcehohaàn ch`polgn, irletl n on cuno ohs olaksondhrls lstîe

`uy nvlrahezndhs. Vhr ue ondh, ls lo kestru`leth dl trnesilrleckns ikenecklrns
cndn vlz `îs k`phrtnetls, n vlcls trnesirhetlrkzns,
trnesirhetlrkzns, y eh mny rnzóe pnrn qul eh
lscnple ek no `nrch dl on oly, ek n on trkbutnckóe. Vhr htrh ondh, ls uen iuletl dl
keehvnckóe y crlnckóe dl vnohr qul ekea÷e pnàs quklrl shihcnr `ldknetl uen
rlaon kenprhpkndn, oh qul l`pugnràn n ons l`prlsns dl eulvn crlnckóe n
trnsondnrsl n htrh ouanr. Vlrh on nusleckn dl uen rlaon tn`bkëe puldl slr ue
irleh. Lethecls, qul mnclr8 Vhr lo `h`leth, on rlspulstn dndn phr on `nyhràn
dl ohs olaksondhrls ls7 eh `ucmh.

NTLECKÓE [ NTLECKÓE

Le Irneckn, ohs phoàtkchs `îs nvnezndhs shbrl lo tl`n, kzquklrdn y dlrlcmn,

pnrlcle ntlrrndhs netl on kdln dl mnclr noah lst÷pkdh. "Shbrl lstl tl`n, cuneth
`lehs mnan`hs, `lghr". Eh puldh lsplrnr n uen oly Bohcjcmnke> ", dkgh Okhelo
Tnrdy, dkputndh OR dl on Notn Snbhyn, durnetl lo Ihrh Vnron`letnrkh
Bohcjcmnke n prkeckpkhs dl hctubrl dl 26>9."
2 6>9." Eh dlbl`hs olaksonr le lstn ltnpn.
ls dl`nskndh prheth pnrn irlenr lstl tkph dl tlcehohaàn2 ", nbuedó Nxlool
Ol`nkrl, lethecls Slcrltnrkn dl Lstndh dl Dkaktno l Keehvnckóe, no checoukr lo
lvleth. Vnrn VS dl Côtls-d'Nr`hr Chrkeel Lrmlo, "prk`lrh dlbl`hs letledlr
có`h iueckhen, cuîols she ohs prhbol`ns y ohs k`pncths, netls dl rlauonr. Ls
elclsnrkh plr`ktkr lo dlsnrrhooh dl lstn tlcehohaàn, kecoush sk ls cklrth qul
ponetln dudns shbrl on rlsphesnbkokdnd y on slaurkdnd dl ons trnesncckhels le
pnrtkcuonr3 ".

On kedustrkn le sà lstî dkvkdkdn le sk rlauonr h eh lstns eulvns tlcehohaàns dl

ihr`n `îs prlcksn. "Dlbl`hs dlikekr ue `nrch rlauonthrkh ndnptndh n lstn
tlcehohaàn" 4, dkcl Ekchons Rkvnrd, dkrlcthr dl keehvnckóe dl Lurhelxt Vnrks.
"Eh le lstl `h`leth, on bohcjcmnke lstî no prkeckpkh dl on rutn", dkcl Oucn
Ch`pnrkek, lxplrth dl KB@.

@kletrns tneth, le nusleckn dl rlaons nd mhc, sl npokcn on oly lxkstletl. Vlrh eh

skl`prl ls conrh có`h. "Mhy, on inotn dl suplrvkskóe hbstncuokzn n ohs ncthrls,
eh snbl`hs sk oh qul mncl`hs ls olano h eh, phrqul eh mny uen phskckóe conrn
shbrl quë ls uen crkpth`heldn h shbrl lsth oh qul ls lvkdleckn crkptharîikcn,
phr lgl`poh, "9 keskstl Sk`he Vhorht, iuedndhr dl Ltmlrlu` Irnecl y nbhandh
le Iklodiksmlr. Su nikr`nckóe ls cheikr`ndn phr ue lstudkh rlckletl dl Dlohkttl
y on nshcknckóe LI@N7 pnrn lo 4;% dl ohs 3.666 guandhrls le lo `uedh
>4=
ikenecklrh leculstndhs, on prkeckpno prlhcupnckóe shbrl bohcjcmnke ls
"rlauonckóe l keclrtkdu`brls olanols",
olanols", `uy phr dlonetl dl on slaurkdnd (><%)
1. On rlauonckóe eh ls elclsnrkn`letl uen dlsvletngn pnrn on keehvnckóe, phr
lo chetrnrkh, ch`h oh dl`ulstrn on lxplrkleckn irneclsn. Ons dhs kekckntkvns
olanols oolvndns n cnbh phr ons nuthrkdndls irneclsns le 26>9 le lo îrln dl
Bohcjcmnke - on Hrdlenezn dl @kekbhe dlo 2= dl nbrko y on dlo nuthchesu`h dl
lelraàn - nbrkó dhs eulvhs `lrcndhs pnrn ohs ncthrls dlo slcthr, y trnduckdh
uehs `lsls `îs tnrdl phr slrvkckhs checrlths,
c hecrlths, onezndhs rlsplctkvn`letl
rlsplctkvn`letl phr
BEV Vnrkbns (pnrn `kekbhes) y phr Bhuyauls K``hbkoklr y Strntu`e (pnrn
`kcrhrrldls
`kcrhrrldls dl lelraàn).

¸^\Ë LSTNDH OLANO HTHRANR8

Le tër`kehs checrlths, surale vnrkns culstkhels olanols. Vrk`lrh, lo dlo lstndh

dl ons crkpth`heldns7 ¸dlblràne cheskdlrnrsl ch`h `heldns, le cuyh cnsh
lstîe lxletns dlo KYN (k`pulsth no vnohr narlandh) h dl ohs bklels (shbrl ohs
qul sl rlquklrl KYN)8 \en sletleckn dlo Trkbueno dl Gustkckn dl on \ekóe
Lurhpln, dl ilcmn 22 dl hctubrl dl 26><, dlckdkó cheskdlrnr Bktchke ch`h ue
"`ldkh dl pnah" y, phr oh tneth, lxk`kr sus ketlrcn`bkhs dl KYN, neuonedh nsà
uen shokcktud ihr`uondn phr lo Nuthrkdndls ikscnols sulcns. Vlrh su lstndh
(`heldn, nctkvhs iàskchs, nctkvhs ikenecklrhs ...), le pnrtkcuonr le Irneckn, skaul
ske lstnr conrh, phr oh qul ons nuthrkdndls ikscnols, skeh tn`bkëe ons nuthrkdndls
ndunelrns y ikenecklrns (Nuthrktë dls @nrcmës Ikenecklrs, Vrudletkno
Suplrvkshry Nutmhrkty ned rlshouckóe) eh lstîe conrhs le cuneth n quë
rlauonckóe npokcnr (h sk plrtlelcl n su cn`ph dl ch`pltleckn) =. Dlpledkledh
dlo pnàs, ohs ketlr`ldknrkhs dl crkpth`heldns eh lstîe suglths n ons `ks`ns
hbokanckhels7 le lo Lstndh dl Eulvn [hrj, tklele qul hbtlelr uen okcleckn
lsplcàikcn dlsdl lo vlrneh dl 26><. Htrhs lstndhs, ch`h Sukzn, she `lehs
hbslrvndhrls, y plr`ktkr qul ons stnrt-ups ikenecklrns dl Bohcjcmnke hplrle ske
uen okcleckn bnecnrkn (h dl cunoquklr
c unoquklr tkph).

¸^\KËE LS RLSVHESNBOL8

On tlrclrn arne culstkóe olano, iuedn`letno, ls on dl on rlsphesnbkokdnd7 ¸qukëe

on rlspnodn cunedh sural uen dksputn le lo ush dl uen npokcnckóe p÷bokcn dl
bohcjcmnke8 ¸Ls ëo qukle crló on bohcjcmnke8 Thdn on ch`uekdnd dl `kl`brhs8
¸^ukëe crló on npokcnckóe8 ¸^ukëe oh usn8 Endkl8 On oóakcn dl bohcjcmnke ls
bnsnr on cheiknezn dl ohs usunrkhs eh le ue hranekzndhr cletrno, skeh le ue
códkah trnespnrletl.
trnespnrletl. "Lo códkah ls oly", lo códkah ls oly, ch`h n ohs lxplrths dl
on kedustrkn ols austn dlckr. Vlrh, ¸quë sucldl cunedh lstl códkah lstî `no
lscrkth, mny ue lrrhr y ue mncjlr sl nprhvlcmn dl lstn dlbkokdnd8 On prlauetn
>4;
surakó naudn`letl durnetl on pkrntlràn dl TmlDNH. Vnrn lvktnr plrdlr sus
ihedhs, on ch`uekdnd dl usunrkhs dl Ltmlrlu` dlckdkó rlarlsnr, hplrnedh ue
"tleldhr", uen rllscrkturn dl on bohcjcmnke. Ske l`bnrah, lo pkrntn keihr`îtkch
shoh mnbàn lxpohtndh lo códkah lxkstletl7 sk lo códkah lrn rlno`letl uen oly, on
ncckóe dlo pkrntn dlbàn cheskdlrnrsl olano. Dndn lstn lxplrkleckn, lo códkah eh
nct÷n le Ltmlrlu`, skeh qul ls on ch`uekdnd oh qul ls oly. "Ynrkhs `kelrhs
dlckdklrhe rlarlsnr no bohqul netlrkhr on vàsplrn dlo ntnqul. Mkcklrhe uen
`nrcn le on ke`utnbkokdnd dlo códkah. Eh ls nclptnbol qul puldne rllscrkbkr on
mksthrkn phrqul mne skdh plrgudkcndhs. Ls lxtrnþh, phr eh dlckr plokarhsh, "lo
gulz Nonke Brlay dl Nldlus. Sk on ch`uekdnd mn dlckdkdh rlarlsnr uen vlz, ¸phr
quë eh oh vhovlràne n mnclr, le dltrk`leth dl nquloohs cuyns trnesncckhels sl
cneclonrîe8 Le lstl lpkshdkh, on culstkóe dl on rlsphesnbkokdnd iul loudkdn no
cneclonr lo ncckdletl. Vnrlcl qul endkl iul ntncndh dlspuës dl lstl cnsh,
prhbnbol`letl phrqul lo pkrntn, ntrnpndh phr lo tleldhr, eh pudh rlcuplrnr
ohs ihedhs. Vlrh lsth eh puldl slr nsà cndn vlz y ohs iueckhenrkhs slrîe
eh`brndhs phr ohs gulcls, sk ohs oà`ktls dl ons rlsphesnbkokdndls dl cndn ueh
eh lstîe conrn`letl lstnbolckdhs dl netl`neh le lstl tkph dl hranekznckhels
hranekznckhels
nutóeh`ns dlscletrnokzndns (DNH). "Lstl prhbol`n dl ahblrenezn y
plrshenokdnd
plrshenokdnd `hrno hphekbol eh sl trntn, phrqul lo lspàrktu okblrtnrkh ls rlnckh.
r lnckh.
Vlrh vhovlrl`hs n bohcjcmnkes y DNH che guetns dkrlctkvns y ch`ktës
lglcutkvhs>9 ", dkcl Akools Bnbkelt.

¸CÓ@H CH@BNTKR LO IRN\DL8

On ÷otk`n culstkóe guràdkcn qul sl ponetln ls lo chetrho elclsnrkh le on oucmn

chetrn on lvnskóe ikscno, onvndh dl dkelrh, on ikenecknckóe dl ons nctkvkdndls
kolanols y on ch`prn dl `lrcnecàns prhmkbkdns (drhans, nr`ns, ltc.). Le
nusleckn dl rlauonckhels lsplcàikcns, on ch`prn dl crkpth`heldns ketlr`ldkhs
ketlr`ldkhs
ch`h on cnsn dl Bktchke h Vny`ku` rlauonrsl n sà `ks`hs `ldknetl on
chohcnckóe dl oà`ktls le lo vhou`le dl hplrnckhels phr cokletl y rlnokznr
chetrhols dl kdletkdnd. Vlrh eh thdhs oh mncle. Noauens pontnihr`ns dl
ketlrcn`bkh `uy arnedls, ch`h Jrnjle, eh rlquklrle kdletkikcnckóe phr
dlbngh dl cklrtn cnetkdnd. "Kelvktnbol`letl mnbrî rlaons `îs lstrkctns. On
prk`lrn rlqulrkràn plrshens qul vledle Bktchke pnrn pldkr kdletkikcnckóe y
slauk`kleth dl cndn trnesncckóe ", dkgh @neulo Ynoletl On @nkshe du Bktchke.
Lo `hvk`kleth alelrno ls ueh dl `nyhr chetrho y rlstrkcckóe dlo nehek`nth dlo
ch`lrckh phr pnrtl dl ohs ahbklrehs. Vnrn oucmnr chetrn lo bonequlh dl dkelrh
y lo tlrrhrks`h, on Ch`kskóe Lurhpln mn prhpulsth, le lo vlrneh dl 26>9, n on
okstn, le uen bnsl dl dnths, ohs usunrkhs dl Bktchke (bngh su eh`brl rlno y eh ue
sludóek`h). >6 dl ehvkl`brl dl, 26>9, ue dlcrlth dlo ahbklreh irnecës mn
nu`letndh lo pnah ketlr`ldkh hbokanckhels dl vkakoneckn dl dkelrh lolctróekch
qul rlvledle ons `heldns (phr leck`n dl 2<6 lurhs h >66 lurhs no`nclendhs
no`nclendhs
><6
le uen trnesncckóe, qul dlbl slr cnpnz dl kdletkikcnr n su cokletl ). Le lo htrh
ondh dlo Ntoîetkch, lo KRS, lo KRS (Slrvkckh dl K`pulsths Ketlrehs), tn`bkëe sl
mn nprltndh lo eudh7 on oucmn chetrn on lvnskóe ikscno, sl prlsletn netl lo
trkbueno, uen shokcktud pnrn rlqulrkr Chkebnsl, ueh dl ohs `nyhrls bktchkes y
ëtlrls dl ketlrcn`bkh dl pontnihr`ns aohbnols, ohs eh`brls dl thdhs ohs
usunrkhs le suloh n`lrkcneh, le ohs nþhs 26>3 n 26><. sl hphel n on pontnihr`n
dl on `ks`n.

Vnrlcl elclsnrkh qul on nctkvkdnd lcheó`kcn le bktchkes le ëtlrls u htrns

crkpth`heldns
crkpth`heldns eh lscnpn n on trkbutnckóe, sl dlconrn y sl puldl chetrhonr. Vlrh
eh dlbl`hs lxnalrnr on `naektud dlo prhbol`n. Le ohs LL.\\., phr lgl`poh, on
lvnskóe dl k`pulsths chstnràn ue thtno dl 4<= `ko `koohels dl dóonrls phr nþh
pnrn lo ahbklreh, dl nculrdh che KRS>1. Ske l`bnrah, on cnpktnokznckóe thtno dl
on Bktchke iul sóoh $ >3.3 `ko `koohels n >4 dl lelrh dl 26>1. Su
rlsphesnbkokdnd
rlsphesnbkokdnd le lo lscîednoh dl lvnskóe ikscno eh puldl slr nelcdótkcn, le
ch`pnrnckóe che lo skstl`n bnecnrkh `ucmh `îs arnedl coîskch. Le cuneth n
ons trnesncckhels kolanols le Bktchke, lxkstle, phr supulsth. Vlrh she `lehs
irlculetls qul le lo pnsndh, shbrl thdh phrqul thdns ons trnesncckhels dl uen
dkrlcckóe Bktchke p÷bokcn puldle slr rnstrlndhs le ue cokc7 eh ls `uy
chevlekletl pnrn ue pleno le buscn dl on dkscrlckóe. Noauens l`prlsns kecoush
mne lsplcknokzndh le on vkakoneckn dl ohs Lstndhs \ekdhs ch`h bohcjcmnke kekckh
ckblrslaurkdnd Cmnkenoysks, qul rnstrln ohs dlirnudndhrls n Lurhpho culetn
dlsdl lo ch`klezh dlo nþh 26>9>=. Htrns crkpth`heldns, n÷e `îs neóek`h, sl
mkzh cnrah dlo Bktchke le ohs `lrcndhs elarhs kolanols, ch`h Wcnsm h @helrh
ue cyblrdlvksl qul sl mn dkspnrndh le lo vlrneh dl 26>9 y qul sl mn
`netlekdh dlsdl lo ch`klezh dl 26>1 on quketn crkpth`hel
c rkpth`heldn
dn `îs arnedls *>.
"Le @helrh, eh phdl`hs rnstrlnr ons dkrlcckhels dl ohs usunrkhs", dkcl @neulo
Ynoletl. Kdlno pnrn onvndh dl dkelrh h trîikch dl drhans.

RLA\ONR N EKYLO KETLRENCKHENO

Ohs sktkhs dl chestrucckóe she eu`lrhshs pnrn ons nuthrkdndls. Dndh lo nual
dl on nctkvkdnd dl bohcjcmnke, ons nuthrkdndls p÷bokcns tledrîe qul nbhrdnr
lstns prlauetns dlokcndns y lechetrnr ons rlaons `îs nprhpkndns, n plsnr dl on
dkikcuotnd dl rlauonr ons nctkvkdndls enckletls bnsndns le tlcehohaàns
ch`polgns. Ohs lxplrths brktîekchs dl on Hikcken dlo Ahbklreh pnrn on Ckleckn
prhphele ue cn`keh n`bkckhsh plrh ketlrlsnetl pnrn ons nuthrkdndls p÷bokcns7
ketlrvlekr eh le on oly, skeh le lo códkah `ks`h. "Lo códkah tëcekch, kecoukdhs lo
shitwnrl y ohs prhthchohs, puldl surakr dlo slcthr p÷bokch. TCV / KV, phr
lgl`poh, nsà ch`h htrhs prhthchohs iuedn`letnols dl Ketlrelt, prhvklele dl
prhylcths dl kevlstkanckóe ikeneckndhs phr ahbklrehs y nmhrn suplrvksndhs phr
Ketlrelt Shcklty, uen HEA ketlrenckheno Z...P. Lstn eh ls uen shouckóe plrilctn,
><>
plrh `ulstrn on phskbkokdnd dl pnrtkckpnckóe p÷bokcn y rlprlsletnckóe
dl`hcrîtkcn le on prhducckóe dl códkah, uen rlauonckóe p÷bokcn phr lo códkah
keihr`îtkch le ouanr dl phr lo códkah
c ódkah olano>; ", suaklrl lo keihr`l. ¸Vhr quë eh
k`nakenr uen rlauonckóe chhrdkendn dl noauens bohcjcmnke p÷bokcns phr pnrtl
dl uen h `îs hranekznckhels ketlrenckhenols,
ketlrenckhenols, ch`h Ketlrelt * 28 Lstn shouckóe
prhphrckhenràn uen rlspulstn tl`prnen n on culstkóe dl on rlsphesnbkokdnd,
lvktnedh no `ks`h tkl`ph on prkvntkznckóe dlo rlakstrh.

Lurhpn phdràn nprhvlcmnr lstn culstkóe pnrn lvktnr on rlpltkckóe dlo lsclenrkh
dl Ketlrelt7 "Oh qul `îs dulol ls qul on Qlb thdnvàn lrn uen kevleckóe
lurhpln Zdlo brktîekch Tk` Blrelrs-Oll y Lo bloan Rhblrt Cnkooknu, bngh on
bnedlrn lstndhuekdlesl,
lstndhuekdlesl, che lo ahbklreh lstndhuekdlesl7 Kcnee26 ", rlculrdn
Cyrko Aruespne, glil dlo dlpnrtn`leth dl kealeklràn ikenecklrn dl Lskov. Lstn
nuthrkdnd rlauondhrn, rlsphesnbol le pnrtkcuonr dl nskaenr ohs eh`brls dl
dh`kekh y ons dkrlcckhels KV dl ohs sktkhs
sktk hs dl Ketlrelt, iul crlndn phr Bkoo Cokethe
le >;;= y eh sl l`neckpó dl ohs Lstndhs \ekdhs mnstn slptkl`brl dl 26>9. Eh
mny dudn dl qul on Bohcjcmnke chehcl lo `ks`h dlstkeh. Lo lstnbolck`kleth dl
rlaons ch`uels dletrh dl on \ekóe Lurhpln yn plr`ktkràn dnr vkskbkokdnd n ohs
ncthrls dlo slcthr y lvktnr on ch`pltleckn dl nbngh mnckn nrrkbn letrl ohs pnàsls
`kl`brhs. "Mny prhbol`ns rlnols dl shblrneàn" 2>, dkcl Onurl dl On Rnudkírl.
"Ohs pnàsls dl `îs rîpkdh crlck`kleth th`nrîe cuhtn dl `lrcndh aohbno l
k`phedrîe sus rlaons. Ls mhrn dl qul Lurhpn sl dlspklrtl. Vhdràn`hs
lstnbolclr rlaons n ekvlo lurhplh ", suaklrl Onurl dl On Rnudkírl. Ohs
ch`pltkdhrls eh lsplrne. Sla÷e ue keihr`l dl @hhdy's, "on Nuthrkdnd dl
Suplrvkskóe Ikenecklrn dlo Rlkeh \ekdh y on Nuthrkdnd @heltnrkn dl Skeanpur
mne neueckndh on crlnckóe dl nrlens rlauondhrns Zdksphskckhels sunvkzndns
tl`phrno`letl
tl`phrno`letl pnrn plr`ktkr lo crlck`kleth dl on pulstn le `nrcmnP" 22. .

* >. $ ><; `koohels dl cnpktnokznckóe no >4 dl lelrh dl 26>1.

* 2. Ynrkns hranekznckhels chhrdkene lo iueckhen`kleth dl Ketlrelt y
lstnbolcle lstîednrls ch`uels7 on Chrphrnckóe dl Ketlrelt pnrn Eh`brls y
E÷`lrhs Nskaendhs, on Shckldnd dl Ketlrelt, lo Cheshrckh dl on Qhrod Qkdl
Qlb...

><2
CNVÀT\OH >3

\en culstkóe dl shblrneàn pnrn Irneckn y Lurhpn

Sl mn prhduckdh uen vlrdndlrn ch`pltleckn aohbno letrl ohs Lstndhs \ekdhs,

Lurhpn y Nskn (dl Ksrnlo n Cmken) l kecoush dletrh dl Lurhpn, dhedl lo Rlkeh
\ekdh, Lsthekn, Sukzn, Nol`nekn y Irneckn okdlrne lo bnkol. Cndn enckóe tklel
`kldh dl plrdlr lo trle dl lstn eulvn arne rlvhouckóe tlcehoóakcn. "Eh sl
puldle dupokcnr ohs lrrhrls dlo pnsndh y slr ons chohekns dl LL. \\. Le Ketlrelt.
Eh phdl`hs phelrehs le uen phskckóe prhtlcckhekstn. Dlbl`hs anenr Irneckn.
@k chevkcckóe ls qul tlel`hs thdhs ohs tnoleths pnrn mnclroh ", dkgh Onurl dl
On Rnudkírl no checoukr ohs dlbntls le lo Ihrh Vnron`letnrkh
Vnron`letnrkh Bohcjcmnke. Vlrh
lsths tnoleths she `óvkols y sl ols dlbl dnr ons chedkckhels
c hedkckhels ndlcundns pnrn qul
sus kdlns sl `ntlrknokcle. Ch`prh`ltkdn che lo `uedh, on bntnoon sl gulan le
trls cn`phs ch`pol`letnrkhs7 on rlauonckóe (qul ncnbn`hs dl vlr), plrh
tn`bkëe on kevlrskóe y on kevlstkanckóe. Lsths trls incthrls sl letrlonzne pnrn
crlnr ue n`bkletl qul ntrnl prhylcths h, phr lo chetrnrkh, ohs mncl mukr.

KEYLRSKÓE7 L\RHVN LE LO TRLE

"Le tër`kehs dl kevlrskhels, lo cletrh dl arnvldnd dl on kedustrkn sl lstî

dlsponznedh
dlsponznedh dlsdl ohs Lstndhs \ekdhs n Nskn, Lurhpn 2 snotnr", slþnoó Vmkokppl
Dlwhst (Cngn dl Dlpóskths), le on `ks`n cheilrleckn, che ue phch dl rlechr7
"Ske l`bnrah, ls le Lurhpn qul kevletn`hs lo pllr-th-pllr y qul mny ohs
`lghrls lxplrths le crkptharniàn. Elclsktn`hs crlnr checkleckn le Bruslons
shbrl on elclskdnd dl kevlrtkr le lo bohcjcmnke. Mny uen cnrtn pnrn guanr. Ohs
cmkehs kevklrtle `ucmh. Dlblràn`hs `hvkokznr <66 `koohels dl lurhs le
Lurhpn le kevlstkanckóe y dlsnrrhooh n trnvës dl ohs prharn`ns mnbktunols ",
suakrkó n on nsn`boln. Okhelo Chttu, CLH dl lolinetl vkvh, qul lstî prlpnrnedh
on hranekznckóe dl uen arne ilrkn dldkcndn n bohcjcmnke, vl ue prhbol`n dl
shblrneàn, "¸Yn`hs n ike dl ch`pltkr le Ketlrelt che ohs n`lrkcnehs8
¸Vhdl`hs tlelr lo Anin (Ahhaol, Nppol, Inclbhhj, N`nzhe) dlo `nþnen8 Vnrn
lsh, elclsktn kevlrskhels, eh >6 `koohels dl lurhs, skeh 4 `ko `koohels.
¸Tledrl`hs on n`bkckóe dl slr lo e÷`lrh > dlo `uedh le lstl tl`n38 Ëo sl
prlauetn n sà `ks`h. Le lo chetkeletl lurhplh, lo Rlkeh \ekdh ls lo pnàs dhedl
ls `îs iîcko lechetrnr ihedhs pnrn lstl tkph dl prhylcths. "Lo lchskstl`n dl on
bnecn Ohedrls ls lehr`l, phr oh qul kelvktnbol`letl ntrnl on pulstn le \V4",
dkcl Ekchons Stlkelr, ue kevlrshr sukzh le lo lxkokh le Ohedrls, `kl`brh
iuedndhr dl Olvlo3;, ueh dl ohs `îs k`phrtnetls prhylcths dl kecubndhrns
ikenecklrns le Lurhpn. "Blroàe
"Blroàe tn`bkëe ls `uy dkeî`kch, ëo crll, plrh eh ls ue
cletrh ikenecklrh. Lo Rlkeh \ekdh sl blelikckn dl on prlsleckn dl on Ckudnd y dl
><3
uen phoàtkcn narlskvn dl su ahbklreh, qul quklrl ntrnlr prhylcths bohcjcmnke
le su tlrrkthrkh. Lo lx`kekstrh dl Ikenezns Alhral Hsbhrel onezó ue lstudkh le
lo vlrneh dl 26>4 pnrn phskckhenr n Ohedrls ch`h on cnpktno iketlcm dlo `uedh.
Le ch`pnrnckóe, ohs góvlels góvlels irneclsls oucmne phr lechetrnr ohs ihedhs
elclsnrkhs pnrn dlsnrrhoonr sus checlpths. "Lstn`hs bkle lqukpndhs che
l`prlsns dl eulvn crlnckóe, plrh ol inotn uen chsn7 lo `hely<", dkcl Onurlet
Olohup, iuedndhr dl on nshcknckóe prhilskheno Irneckn Bohcjtlcm y sktkh dl
keihr`nckóe ikenecklrn Ikeylnr. Ihrh Vnron`letnrkh dlo chiuedndhr bohcjcmnke
Bohcjcmnke Irneckn, Nethkel [lrltzkne, ch`pnrtkledh
ch`pnrtkledh lsth, y mnclr nvneznr uen
lxpokcnckóe7 "Ohs qul phelr le `nrcmn eulvns l`prlsns bohcjcmnke le Irneckn
she góvlels dlsnrrhoondhrls. Le ohs Lstndhs \ekdhs, she `îs ch`h bnequlrhs,
phr oh qul tklele `îs inckokdndls pnrn rlcnudnr ihedhs9. Su dkscursh tlr`keó
che ue vhth kelquàvhch7 "dkelrh pnrn eulvns l`prlsns".

B×S^\LDN7 LS MHRN DL NCLOLRNR

On kevlstkanckóe y on lducnckóe she lo ÷otk`h pkonr dl lstn cnrrlrn phr on

keehvnckóe. "Le ohs Lstndhs \ekdhs, bohcjcmnke iul lo tl`n dl ohs curshs le
oàeln le 26>3-26>4, kecouyledh
k ecouyledh ueh, lxcloletl, le on \ekvlrskdnd dl Vrkeclthe,
lscrkth phr Ldwnrd Ilotle, nmhrn dkrlcthr tëcekch dl tlcehohaàn Zdkrlcthr
tëcekchP dl on cnsn Bonecml sl skletl nokvkndn, nd`krndn, dl Cyrko Aruespne. On
`lghr uekvlrskdnd dl kealeklràn dlo `uedh, lo Kestktuth dl Tlcehohaàn dl
@nssncmusltts (@KT), le Bhsthe, onezó uen kekckntkvn dl `heldns dkaktnols qul
ntrnl n lstrloons dl on kedustrkn7 "Chetrntnrhe no in`hsh Anvke Nedrlsle, lo
dlsnrrhoondhr
dlsnrrhoondhr n on cnblzn. dl on Iuednckóe Bktchke, cheskdlrndh
c heskdlrndh lo mlrldlrh dl
Snthsmk Enjn`hth, "snoudn. Le lo Rlkeh \ekdh, sl mn nbklrth ue cletrh dl
kevlstkanckóe dl crkpth`heldns le lo K`plrkno Choolal dl Ohedrls. Le ue
keihr`l pubokcndh le lelrh dl 26>9, lo ahbklreh brktîekch yn `ulstrn vnrkhs
hbgltkvhs lsplcàikchs n sus kevlstkandhrls7 "On ch`uekdnd Z...P dlbl kevlrtkr le
bohcjcmnke pnrn nslaurnr qul ohs rlakstrhs dkstrkbukdhs Zbohcjcmnke
Z bohcjcmnke skeóek`hP
skeóek`hP
puldle lxtledlrsl n arne lscnon , she slaurhs y brkedne prulbn dl vlrnckdnd
dl sus chetlekdhs. Dlble
D lble prhphrckhenr hplrnckhels
hplrnckhels dl noth rledk`kleth y bngn
ontleckn nprhpkndns pnrn lo cn`ph le lo qul sl npokcn on tlcehohaàn. Dlble slr
likckletls le lelraàn1. @kletrns tneth, Irneckn sl lstî quldnedh ntrîs. "Shoh
nquà pnrlcl qul dlscubrk`hs lo tl`n. Le Irneckn, Bktchke pnrlcàn trkvkno, eh
`lrlcàn slr leslþndh. Lsth ls slrkh pnrn lo `uedh ncndë`kch ", on`letn Cyrko
Aruespne. Vnrn ch`plesnr lstl rltrnsh, crló, le lo Lskov, uen lsplcknokznckóe
le Iketlcm y onezó le slptkl`brl dl 26>< lo prk`lr cursh le `heldn dkaktno
crkpth`heldn.
crkpth`heldn. Ons elclskdndls she rlnols N plsnr dl on rlchehckdn cnokdnd dl
ohs dlsnrrhoondhrls irneclsls, "n÷e inotne mnbkokdndls tëcekcns", dkcl Conkrl
Bnovn, chiuedndhrn dl Bohcjcmnke Irnecl. "Ls uen tlcehohaàn eulvn y phchs
snble có`h chdkikcnron". Ndl`îs dl Bktchke, on `nyhràn dl ons bohcjcmnke
><4
(ch`h Ltmlrlu`) eh mne lstnbkokzndh su `hdh dl hplrnckóe. "Cndn slks `lsls,
ons chsns cn`bkne, tklels qul nctunokznr thdh lo tkl`ph, ls dkiàcko lstnr
tëcekcn`letl bkle cnpncktndh", dkcl. Eh ls suikckletl pnrn arndunrsl dl
lsplcknokstns. Lo dlsniàh tn`bkëe ls mnclr qul ons hphrtuekdndls dl on
bohcjcmnke slne `lghr ch`prledkdns phr uen nudkleckn `îs n`pokn dl
th`ndhrls dl dlckskhels l`prlsnrknols, qul dlble nsk`konr lstn keehvnckóe
pnrn lolakr sk nprhvlcmnron h eh. Vnrn lsth, ons hilrtns dl cnpncktnckóe sl
`uotkpokcne. Lo prk`lr cursh irnecës le oàeln shbrl lo tl`n iul onezndh le
slptkl`brl dl 26>9 phr Bohcjcmnke Irnecl. "Lo hbgltkvh ls mnclr qul ohs
alrletls dl ons `ldknens y arnedls l`prlsns ch`prledne quë ls lstn
tlcehohaàn, nbhrdnr sus cnshs dl ush phr slcthr y mnclr qul ohs pnrtkckpnetls
pklesle le ons npokcnckhels le lo mhanr", nikr`n Conkrl Bnovn. Ikeno`letl, lo
vlrdndlrh dlsniàh dl ohs ncthrls dl bohcjcmnke ls n÷e `nyhr7 mnclr qul ohs
iuturhs usunrkhs dl lsths slrvkckhs sl dle culetn dl su trl`ledh phtleckno, n
plsnr dl on npnrletl ch`polgkdnd dl su iueckhen`kleth.
iueckhen`kleth.

* >. Lo netlclshr dl Ketlrelt crlndh le >;9;.

* 2. "Cn`plóe dkaktno".
* 3. Lo prhthchoh qul plr`ktkó lo pnsh dl on rld Nrpnelt n Ketlrelt le >;=3.

><<
Checouskóe

"Lxkstl lo iuturh y lo iuturh qul lstn`hs mnckledh. Lo iuturh rlno cheskstl le

n`bhs>. Lstn irnsl dlo ikoóshih irnecës Nonke ehs rlculrdn qul lo iuturh sl
puldl lsbhznr, plrh qul eh lstî lscrkth. Lo lstnookdh dlo bohcjcmnke suaklrl ue
`uedh rndkcno`letl dkilrletl, `îs likckletl, `îs trnespnrletl, `îs
nuth`ntkzndh, dhedl lo kedkvkduh slràn `îs okbrl y `lghr cheskdlrndh ch`h
chesu`kdhr, ch`h trnbngndhr y ch`h ckudndneh. Vlrh lo cu`pok`kleth dl lstns
prh`lsns dlpledl
dlpledl le arne `ldkdn dl on vhouetnd dl thdhs dl nprhvlcmnr lstn
tlcehohaàn pnrn trnesihr`nr lo `uedh7 l`prlsnrkhs y l`polndhs dl eulvns
l`prlsns y arnedls aruphs, chesu`kdhrls, iueckhenrkhs, phoàtkchs,
ckudndnehs... Thdhs tklele su iueckóe guanr pnrn nprhvlcmnr lstn eulvn
mlrrn`kletn
mlrrn`kletn tlcehoóakcn.

¸Slrî on bohcjcmnke uen iuletl dl prharlsh8 Loon puldl slr Kestru`leth dlo
rliulrzh dlo phdlr dlo kedkvkduh, ls uen mlrrn`kletn dl rlvulotn chetrn ohs
phdlrls kestnondhs7 ohs `hehphokhs, ons ikenezns trndkckhenols, l kecoush ohs
rlprlsletnetls phoàtkchs. Bnstn che nprhvlcmnroh pnrn pnrtkckpnr, le su ekvlo,
le lo lqukokbrkh dl phdlr lstnbolckdh mhy. Thdhs puldle chetrkbukr. Lo prk`lr
pnsh ls prk`lrh ketlrlsnrsl phr lstn tlcehohaàn, ch`prledlr su eulvn y
cheiusn oóakcn y nprhvlcmnr thdh su phtleckno. On slauedn ls lxplrk`letnr y
guzanr, phr sà `ks`h, ohs slrvkckhs yn lxkstletls7 phr lgl`poh, ndqukrkledh
noauehs cletnvhs dl Bktchkes y ch`prnedh noah che, rlakstrnedh ue dhcu`leth
le ue slrvkckh dl ehtnrkznckóe, h eulvn`letl no pnrtkckpnr le uen vhtnckóe le
oàeln shbrl lo bohcjcmnke. Lo ÷otk`h pnsh, pnrn ohs `îs chevleckdhs, ls crlnr7
kdletkikcnr quë lstî `no le ue slcthr dl nctkvkdnd qul chehcl`hs bkle, plesnr
le ue ush dl on bohcjcmnke qul rlsulovl lstl prhbol`n y `lghrn on cnokdnd dlo
slrvkckh prlstndh, y trntnr dl dlsnrrhoonr uen shouckóe vknbol. Nvksh pnrn ohs
crlndhrls dl stnrtups7 thdnvàn mny tkl`ph, lo `lrcndh eh lstî snturndh, ¡mny
qul lechetrnr `ucmns bulens kdlns!

Mnstn on ilcmn, lo bohcjcmnke ls lo tl`n dl ue checklrth dl nonbnezn7 slràn ue

lrrhr prkvnr, she rnrhs ohs kevleths che ue arne phtleckno. Vlrh lo letuskns`h
qul dlspklrtn olaàtk`n`letl lstn tlcehohaàn eh dlbl lcokpsnr ohs rklsahs qul
prlsletn. Noauehs lstîe prlhcupndhs, ch`h lo tlórkch dkaktno bloan @kcmlo
Bnuwles, iuedndhr dl on Vllr th Vllr Ihuedntkhe, uen dl ons phcns vhcls
dkshenetls shbrl lstn tlcehohaàn letrl ohs lxplrths dkaktnols. "Lo bohcjcmnke ls
pnrtl dl uen kdlhohaàn qul eh rlchehcl no cholctkvh, dlscheiàn dl on
ahblrenbkokdnd dl`hcrîtkcn y quklrl crlnr skstl`ns thtno`letl leihcndhs le
kedkvkduhs qul lstnbolcle letrl loohs chetrnths nuth`ntkzndhs phr noahrkt`hs.
Ohs prkeckpkhs subyncletls dl Bktchke she crlnr ue `lrcndh uekvlrsno, ske
`ldknckóe, dhedl thdhs slne cheskdlrndhs prhpkltnrkhs shblrnehs2 ", lscrkbkó
><9
le su boha. Lstn dlscheiknezn eh ls keiuedndn. Lo bohcjcmnke prhvklel dl uen
vkskóe `uy pnrtkcuonr dl on shckldnd, mlrldndn dl ohs hràalels okblrtnrkhs dl
Bktchke7 sl checkbl ch`h uen chestlonckóe nth`kzndn dl plrshens,
ch`lrcknedh letrl loons phr chetrnth, n on ouz dl thdhs, y ske on elclskdnd dl
cheiknr le noaukle Vlrh uen shckldnd eh puldl rlduckrsl n uen su`n dl
kedkvkduhs7 ls loon `ks`n uen ch`uekdnd, qul ch`pnrtl cklrths vnohrls y
cklrths bklels, y lstî chestktukdn, dletrh dl loon, dl `ucmns htrns ch`uekdndls
che irhetlrns `óvkols, qul tlgle lo vàecuoh elclskdnd shckno pnrn on vkdn
ch`uektnrkn Le uen pnonbrn, uen shckldnd eh ls ue `lrcndh. Nmhrn, on oóakcn
okblrtnrkn, dl on cuno enckó on bohcjcmnke, puldl prlskhenr pnrn cheskdlrnron
ch`h tno.

Ske l`bnrah, eh mny intnokdnd nooà7 lstn tlcehohaàn eh ls kelquàvhcn. No kauno qul
Ketlrelt netls, qul vkh lo surak`kleth dl slrvkckhs chonbhrntkvhs ske ikels dl
oucrh ch`h Qkjkpldkn y `îqukens dl `ko `koohels dl dóonrls ch`h Inclbhhj,
lo bohcjcmnke dn ouanr n prhylcths che ikohshiàns `uy dkilrletls7 mny ue `uedh
letrl plqulþns y `ldknens l`prlsns. pnah le lo "crypthvnooly" dl Wua, on
ckudnd `lehs arnvndn dl Sukzn, cuyn n`bkckóe ls conrn`letl anenr ue `hetóe
dl dkelrh, y uen eulvn l`prlsn ch`h Bncjilld, dkslþndn pnrn prh`hvlr on
chhplrnckóe letrl kedkvkduhs, h lo Dl`hcrncy Lnrtm Ihuedntkhe, qul quklrl
vhovlr n kevhoucrnr n ohs ckudndnehs le on vkdn dl on ckudnd. Eh hovkdl`hs qul
lo bohcjcmnke tn`bkëe hirlcl arnedls hphrtuekdndls pnrn qul ohs kedkvkduhs
sl nuthhranekcle cholctkvn`letl
cholctkvn`letl le lo cn`ph y prh`ulvne lo dlsnrrhooh dl uen
lcheh`àn ckrcuonr (phr lgl`poh, vledkledh lelraàn shonr le rldls
ketlokaletls).

¸Có`h sl vlrî lo `uedh dlspuës dl on bohcjcmnke8 K`phskbol

K`phskbol dlckroh. Vlrh uen
chsn ls cklrtn7 lstn tlcehohaàn ls uen mlrrn`kletn eulvn y phdlrhsn qul
rlno`letl plr`ktl uen prhiuedn rlehvnckóe dl on lcheh`àn, on shckldnd y on
rlprlsletnckóe
rlprlsletnckóe phoàtkcn. ¸^ukëe oh nanrrnrî `îs rîpkdh y `lghr, pnrn dnr ihr`n
no iuturh n su `nelrn8 Tno vlz ustld.

><1
Ehtns
Th`n ehtn dl on ketrhducckóe dl "on slauedn rlvhouckóe dl Ketlrelt"

>. Shbrl rlphrtndhs phr lx dkrlcthr dl vletns y ch`lrcknokznckóe dl uekvlrsno,

@kcmlo dl Shuzn, dl 29 `nrzh dl 26>3.

2. Dnvkd Oklblr`ne, "CLH Ihru`7 Bnoo`lr dl @kcrhshit che ue arne tkl`ph",

LL.\\. Mhy le dàn, 36 dl Nbrko dl 2661.

3. Akools Bnbkelt y Col`letl Glneelnu, "Lo Bohcjcmnke, uen rlvhouckóe qul

cn`bknrî lo `uedh", On Trkbuel < dl ilbrlrh 26>9.

4. Iohrknel Snoauls, "Ghêo dl Rhseny7" Lstn`hs letrnedh le on rlch`lednckóe

dl on shckldnd "" L-`nrjltkea.ir, 3 dl guekh dl 26>9.

<. @nrc Nedrllssle, "¸Vhr quë nsueths Bktchke", Elw [hrj Tk`ls, 2> dl lelrh
dl 26>4.

9. dlckskhels phoàtkcns, Irneckn Ketlr 2 dl hctubrl dl 26>9.

1. Onurn Smke, "dl Bktchke Ch`pnrtkdh Tlcehohaàn Oldalr7 Skstl`n dl Dkelrh

Eulvn hplrntkvh", Ihrbls ; dl slptkl`brl dl 26><.

=. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr 1 dl hctubrl, lo 26>9.

;. "Kekckntkvn dl Mkoonry Cokethe shbrl Tlcehohaàn l Keehvnckóe"

mkoonrycokethe.ch`
mkoonrycokethe.ch` 21 dl Guekh dl 26>9.

>6. Letrlvkstn n bohcjcmnke Ihrh Vnron`letnrkh

Vnron`letnrkh 4 dl hctubrl, lo 26>9.

>>. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr 2> dl guokh 26>9.

>2. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr >; dl guokh 26>9.

>3. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr 29 dl nahsth 26>9.

>4. Keihr`l Cnpal`kek, Bohcjcmnke7 ue cn`bkh iuedn`letno pnrn kestktuckhels

dl slrvkckhs ikenecklrhs.
ikenecklrhs.

Ehtns dl prlî`buoh

><=
>. Snthsmk Enjn`hth, "Bktchke V2V l-Cnsm Vnplr",
snthsmk.enjn`hthkestktutl.hra,
snthsmk.enjn`hthkestktutl.hra, > dl ehvkl`brl dl 266=.

2. www.bktchke.hra/Bktchke.pdi.
www.bktchke.hra/Bktchke.pdi.

3. Letrlvkstndh le lo Bohcjcmnke Vnrokn`letnry

Vnrokn`letnry Ihru`, 4 dl hctubrl dl 26>9.

4. Snthsmk Enjn`hth, "Bktchke v6.> onezndh", snthsmk.enjn`hthkestktutl.hra, ;

dl lelrh dl 266;.

<. Snthsmk Enjn`hth, "Rl7 Bktchke v6.> onezndh", snthsmk.enjn`hthkestktutl.hra,

snthsmk.enjn`hthkestktutl.hra,
>1 dl lelrh dl 266;.

9. Letrlvkstn dl @kothe Irkld`ne phr on Entkheno Tnxpnylrs \ekhe Ihuedntkhe,

Ihuedntkhe,
>;;;.

1. Snthsmk Enjn`hth, "Rl7 Bktchke V2V l-Cnsm Vnplr",

snthsmk.enjn`hthkestktutl.hra,
snthsmk.enjn`hthkestktutl.hra, 1 dl ehvkl`brl dl 266=.

=. Snthsmk Enjn`hth, "Rl7 Bktchke V2V l-Cnsm Vnplr",

snthsmk.enjn`hthkestktutl.hra,
snthsmk.enjn`hthkestktutl.hra, >4 dl ehvkl`brl dl 266=.

;. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, >3 dl slptkl`brl dl 26>9.

>6. Rhblrt @c@koone, "\e lxthrskhekstn mn lstndh keilstnedh on vkdn n ohs

ndhptnetls dl ohs lnrokels dl Bktchke", cnbolndh, 2; dl dkckl`brl dl 26>4.

>>. Nedrlns Ndrkneh, Muetlr @herhl, Ketlrelt dl on cheiknezn, ikenezns y

dlsnrrhooh, I@K, guekh dl 26>9.

>2. Kbkd.

>3. Elssk` Nkt-Jnck`k, "Bktchke7 Dl on sh`brn n on ouz", Ols Ëcmhs, > dl nahsth
dl 26>9.

>4. @nrc Nedrllssle, "Vhr quë k`phrtn Bktchke", nrt. ckudnd.

><. Akuokh Vrksch "npokcnckhels ikenecklrns Bohcjcmnke sl `ldkrî le ohs bkoohels

dl dóonrls, dkcl Boytml @nstlrs le Ikenezns lxpheleckno 26><" Bktchke Rlvkstn
4 dl guekh dl 26><.

>9. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 26 dl slptkl`brl dl 26>9.

><;
>1. "Npokcnckhels sóokdns y rletnbols convl pnrn dlsbohqulnr ohs phtlecknols
blelikckhs dl crëdkth dl Bohcjcmnke", @hhdy's Kevlsthrs Slrvkcl, 2> dl guokh dl
26>9.

Ehtns dlo cnpàtuoh > "¸^uë ls bohcjcmnke8 "

>. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 2= dl guekh dl 26>9.

2. Dlohkttl, LI@N, Iulrn dl ohs bohquls. Bohcjcmnke7 dlo irlelsà no prhthtkph

(`nyh dl 26>9).

3. Vklrrl Ehkznt, Bktchke,

Bktchk e, kestrucckhels dl ush, Ouou Letlrprksls Kechrphrntld,
26><.

Ehtns dlo Cnpàtuoh 2 "Ohs `lcneks`hs dlo cheslesh"

>. Olsokl On`phrt, Rhblrt Smhstnj, Tml Byznetkel Alelrnos Vrhbol`, @nrsmnoo
Vlnsl, >;=2.

2. Skarkd Slkbhod, Alhral Sn``ne, "Cheslesh. Nculrdh ke`utnbol pnrn Ketlrelt

dlo vnohr, JV@A, guekh dl 26>9.

3. Letrlvkstndh le lo Bohcjcmnke Vnrokn`letnry

Vnrokn`letnry Ihru`, 4 dl hctubrl dl 26>9.

4. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 2> dl guokh dl 26>9.

<. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 29 dl guokh dl 26>9.

9. Jnro G. H'Dwylr, Dnvkd @nohel, Bktchke @kekea Study y su Lelray Ihhtprket,

Mn`kothe Kestktutl y Entkheno \ekvlrskty hi Krloned @nyehhtm, 29 dl guekh dl
26>4.

1. Snthsmk Enjn`hth, "Bktchke7 ue skstl`n dl lilctkvh lolctróekch pueth n

pueth", snthsmk.enjn`hth
snthsmk.enjn`hthkestktutl.hra,
kestktutl.hra, > dl ehvkl`brl dl 266=.

=. Vklrrl Ehkznt, Bktchke, kestrucckhels dl ush, hp. ckt.

;. Skarkd Slkbhod, Alhral Sn``ne, "Cheslesh", nrt. ckudnd.

>6. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 9 dl slptkl`brl

s lptkl`brl dl 26>9.

>96
>>. Vklrrl Ehkznt, Bktchke, kestrucckhels dl ush, hp. ckt.

>2. Ekchons Mhuy, Eh ol chstnrî endn "`ntnr" le Crypth-Currlecy Vrulbn dl

Lstncn, \ekvlrskdnd dl Oyhe 2, lelrh dl 26>4.

>3. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 21 dl slptkl`brl dl 26>9.

>4. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 29 dl guokh dl 26>9.

><. Skarkd Slkbhod, Alhral Sn``ne, "Cheslesh", nrt. ckudnd.

Ehtns dlo Cnpàtuoh 3 "Cnrnctlràstkcns dl ons Bohcjcmnkes"

>. Cëckol @hetlko, "On rlvhouckóe dl on bohcjcmnke7 letrl on inetnsàn y on

rlnokdnd", On Trkbuel, = dl guokh dl 26>9.

2. Tk` Swneshe, Cheslesus-ns-n-Slrvkcl7 ue brlvl keihr`l shbrl lo

surak`kleth dl skstl`ns dkstrkbukdhs y nuthrkzndhs, 9 dl nbrko dl 26><.

3. Snthsmk Enjn`hth, "Bktchke v6.> Rlolnsld", snthsmk.enjn`hthkestktutl.hra,

snthsmk.enjn`hthkestktutl.hra, ;
dl lelrh dl 266;.

4. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 21 dl slptkl`brl dl 26>9.

<. Yktnokj Butlrke, ue chetrnth ketlokaletl dl próxk`n alelrnckóe y pontnihr`n

dl npokcnckhels dlscletrnokzndns, dkckl`brl dl 26>3.

9. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 1 dl hctubrl dl 26>9.

1. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, >= dl guokh dl 26>9.

=. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 9 dl slptkl`brl dl 26>9.

;. Stëpmnel Bhrtz`lylr, "Ltmlrlu`. Lo próxk`h pnsh le skstl`ns

trnespnrletls
trnespnrletls ", bhrtz`lylr.hra,
bhrtz`lylr.hra, >2 dl slptkl`brl dl 26><.

>6. Yktnokj Butlrke, "Ykskhes, Vnrt >7 Tml Ynoul hi Bohcjcmnke Tlcmehohay",
Boha.ltmlrlu`.hra,
Boha.ltmlrlu`.hra, >3 dl nbrko dl 26><.

>>. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, >; dl guokh dl 26>9.

>2. Dlohkttl, LI@N, Hut hi tml Bohcjs, hp. ckt.

>9>
>3. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 9 dl slptkl`brl
s lptkl`brl dl 26>9.

>4. Rkcmnrd Brhwe, "Vrlsletn`hs R3 Chrdn7 Oldalr dkstrkbukdh

dks trkbukdh dkslþndh pnrn
slrvkckhs ikenecklrhs",
ikenecklrhs", Aledno.`l, < dl nbrko dl 26>9.

><. Dlohkttl, LI@N, Hut hi tml Bohcjs, hp. ckt.

>9. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 9 dl slptkl`brl

s lptkl`brl dl 26>9.

>1. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 2< dl nahsth dl 26>9.

>=. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 3> dl nahsth dl 26>9.

>;. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 22 dl slptkl`brl dl 26>9.

Ehtns dlo Cnpàtuoh 4 "\en rlvhouckóe ikenecklrn"

>. Tmh`ns Vmkokpphe, Lo iuturh dl on kedustrkn ikenecklrn, \ekvlrskdnd dl Eulvn

[hrj Stlre, 9 dl ehvkl`brl dl 266=.

2. Aukoonu`l Bnzht, ¸sl mn vuloth dl`nskndh cnrh lo Ikenecl8, Vubokc Vhokcy

Kestktutl, guekh dl 26>4.

3. Rhbke Arllewhhd, Dnvkd Scmnristlke, Lo crlck`kleth dl ons ikenezns

`hdlrens, Mnrvnrd Buskelss Scmhho, guokh dl 26>2.

4. Tmh`ns Vmkokpphe, Lo iuturh dl on kedustrkn ikenecklrn, hp. ckt.

<. Nedrlns Ndrkneh, Muetlr @herhl, "Ketlrelt dl on cheiknezn", nrt. ckudnd.

9. Keihr`l Cnpal`kek, Bohcjcmnke, hp. ckt.

1. Snetnedlr KeehYleturls, "Tml Iketlcm 2.6 Vnplr7 Rlkekcknr ohs slrvkckhs

ikenecklrhs",
ikenecklrhs", guekh dl 26><.

=. Cnpal`kek, "Chetrnth ketlokaletl le slrvkckhs ikenecklrhs, có`h oolanr dlo

bh`bh n on rlnokdnd", >> dl hctubrl dl 26>9.

;. Dlohkttl, LI@N, Hut hi tml Bohcjs, hp. ckt.

>92
>6. @nrc Nedrllssle, "Vhr quë k`phrtn Bktchke", Elw [hrj Tk`ls, 2> dl lelrh
dl 26>4.

>>. Ykeclet @kaeht, "Tnrgltn dl crëdkth7 on tnsn dl dëbkth dkilrkdh cndn vlz `îs
vletnghsn",
vletnghsn", Cbnequl.ch`, 24 dl ilbrlrh dl 26>9.

>2. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, ; dl slptkl`brl

s lptkl`brl dl 26>9.

>3. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, = dl guokh

g uokh dl 26>9.

>4. Netmhey Cutmblrtshe, "Bktchke nmhrn nclptndh phr >66.666 ch`lrcknetls

le thdh lo `uedh", Ketlrentkheno
Ketlrentkheno Buskelss Tk`ls, 4 dl
d l ilbrlrh dl 26><.

><. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, >3 dl slptkl`brl dl 26>9.

>9. "HDK & Ch`kc Rlokli7 $ >.=be Nirkcne Rl`kttnecl Suplr Tnx", Kestktuth dl
Dlsnrrhooh
Dlsnrrhooh dl \otrn`nr,
\otrn`nr, 22 dl nbrko dl 26>4.

>1. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 29 dl nahsth dl 26>9.

>=. Dkokp Rntmn, "Tledleckns le ons rl`lsns, 26>97 uen eulvn ehr`nokdnd dlo
crlck`kleth oleth",
oleth", Bnech @uedkno, >6 dl guekh dl 26>9.

>;. @nrc Nedrllssle, "Vhr quë k`phrtn Bktchke", nrt. ckudnd.

26. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 9 dl hctubrl

hc tubrl dl 26>9.

2>. "Cnàdn `nskvn le lo e÷`lrh dl eh bnecnrkzndhs", dkcl lo eulvh keihr`l,

"Bnech @uedkno, >< dl nbrko dl 26><.

22. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 9 dl hctubrl

hc tubrl dl 26>9.

23. Letrlvkstndh le lo Bohcjcmnke Vnrokn`letnry Ihru`, 4 dl hctubrl dl 26>9.

24. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 2= dl guekh dl 26>9.

2<. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 22 dl slptkl`brl dl 26>9.

29. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 1 dl slptkl`brl

s lptkl`brl dl 26>9.

21. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 22 dl slptkl`brl dl 26>9.

2=. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 9 dl slptkl`brl

s lptkl`brl dl 26>9.
>93
2;. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, >= dl guokh dl 26>9.

36. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 21 dl slptkl`brl dl 26>9.

3>. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, = dl slptkl`brl

s lptkl`brl dl 26>9.

32. "Rhbusth, rletnbol", nrt. ckudnd.

33. @lamne Lokshe, "Skltl bnechs oàdlrls sl uele n on rld aohbno dl Rkppol",
Rkppol, 22 dl guekh dl 26>9.

34. "Rhbusth, chsth-lilctkvh ...", nrt. ckudnd.

3<. "Ensdnq Okeq mnbkoktn su prk`lrn l`kskóe dl vnohrls prkvndhs

dhcu`letndn che tlcehohaàn Bohcjcmnke", Ensdnq, 36 dl dkckl`brl dl 26><.

39. "Bnrconys y Ch`poltl Qnvl Qhrod Ikrst Bohcjcmnke Trndl Ikenecl

Trnesnctkhe", Bnrconys,
Bnrconys, 1 dl slptkl`brl dl 26>9.

31. "On tlcehohaàn Bohcjcmnke dl Ensdnq pnrn trnesihr`nr on pnrtkckpnckóe

ncckhenrkno dl ohs ckudndnehs dl on Rlp÷bokcn dl Lsthekn", Ensdnq, >2 dl
ilbrlrh dl 26>9.

3=. Ghme Bnrrdlnr, @kcmnlo Ju`mhi, "On @ncrhlcheh`àn dl ons `heldns

dkaktnols l`ktkdns phr lo Bnech Cletrno", Bnech dl Keaontlrrn, guokh dl 26>9.

3;. dntn.bktchkekty.hra.

46. Qledy Qu, "Lo Bnech Cletrno dl Cmken ketleskikcn ohs lsiulrzhs pnrn crlnr
`heldn dkaktno", Shutm Cmken @hrekea Vhst, >1 dl ehvkl`brl dl 26>9.

4>. Cmneynphre Cmnegnrhle, Dnvkd Rh`ne, "Skeanpur prhbnrî on `heldn

dkaktno le on ÷otk`n kekckntkvn dl Iketlcm",
Ik etlcm", Bohh`blra,
Bohh`blra, >9 dl ehvkl`brl dl 26>9.

42. Onurn Smke, "Cnendî mn lstndh lxplrk`letnedh che ue Iknt Dkaktno oon`ndh
CND-Chke Dkaktno", Ihrbls, >9 dl guekh dl 26>9.

43. Rkjsbnej (Bnech Cletrno dl Sulckn), Sjkeasoly7 ¸Dlblràn lo Rkjsbnej l`ktkr

l-Jrhen8 >9 dl ehvkl`brl dl 26>9.
2 6>9.

44. Dkctn`le dlo Bnech Cletrno Lurhplh, Vrhpulstn dl Dkrlctkvn dlo

Vnron`leth Lurhplh y dlo Cheslgh phr on qul sl `hdkikcn on Dkrlctkvn (\L)
>94
26></=4; shbrl on prlvleckóe dlo ush dlo skstl`n ikenecklrh n ohs ikels dlo
bonequlh dl cnpktnols h dlo tlrrhrks`h Ikenecknckóe y `hdkikcnckóe dl on
Dkrlctkvn 266;/>6> / CL ", >2 dl hctubrl dl 26>9.

4<. [neks Ynrhuinjks, "BKTCHKE7 \e pone dl `heldn dlilctuhsh che uen

npokcnckóe phtleckno`letl
phtleckno`letl ÷tko pnrn on zhen dlo lurh", yneksvnrhuinjks.lu,
yneksvnrhuinjks.lu, >< dl
ilbrlrh dl 26>4.

49. Hokvlr Rnopm, "Ohs rlnslaurndhrls rlcurrle n on tlcehohaàn Bohcjcmnke",

Ikeneckno Tk`ls, >9 dl `nyh dl 26>9.

41. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, = dl slptkl`brl

s lptkl`brl dl 26>9.

4=. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, ; dl guokh

g uokh dl 26>9.

4;. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 1 dl slptkl`brl

s lptkl`brl dl 26>9.

<6. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 9 dl slptkl`brl

s lptkl`brl dl 26>9.

<>. Cnpal`kek, "Chetrnth ketlokaletl le slrvkckhs ikenecklrhs ...", nrt. ckt.

<2. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, >< dl slptkl`brl dl 26>9.

<3. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 22 dl slptkl`brl dl 26>9.

Ehtns dlo cnpàtuoh < "\en vlrdndlrn lcheh`àn chonbhrntkvn"

>. Nclrcn dl oh keihr`ndh phr ^uletke Mnrdy, "Lo crlndhr dl on Qlb buscn
rlkevletnroh",
rlkevletnroh", Elw [hrj Tk`ls, 1 dl guekh dl 26>9.

2. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr 22 dl guokh 26>9.

3. Yktnokj Butlrke, "Bhhtstrnppkea tklel Chrphrnckóe Nutóeh`n

dlscletrnokzndn,
dlscletrnokzndn, Vnrtl 37 Kdletkdnd Chrp." boha.ltmlrlu`.hra 3> dl dkckl`brl
dl 26>3.

4. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 29 dl Slptkl`brl 26>9.

<. mttps7//tml-ildlrntkhe.keih/
mttps7//tml-ildlrntkhe.keih/

9. Sl Hrl`us, "On b÷squldn dl on Netk-Inclbhhj", pkznrrn 2= dl hctubrl dl

26>4.
>9<
1. Elko Strnuss, "¸Vuldl lstl sktkh dl rldls shcknols qul mnclr rkch8 "Rhookea
Sthel, >> dl Ehvkl`brl 26>9.

=. "cyblr.Iued pnrn phelr le `nrcmn on prk`lrn rld shckno le oleaun rusn sl

bnsn bohcjcmnke" Bktchkechei.`hschw.
Bktchkechei.`hschw.

;. nedrlw6 "Stll`kt @lesngls le lo Bohcjcmnke7 Có`h lok`kenrohs8

"Stll`kt.ch`.

>6. Vmkokppl @nbkool "Vnrn lo iuedndhr dl Nkrbeb, on lcheh`àn dlo rlpnrth tklel
ue iuturh brkoonetl", Trkbuel, lelrh 23 dl 26>4.
26> 4.

>>. Aknen @. Lcjmnrdt, Iolurn Bnrdmk, "On Lcheh`àn Ch`pnrtkr eh sl trntn dl

ch`pnrtkr le nbshouth", Mnrvnrd Buskelss Rlvklw, 2= dl Lelrh dl 26><.

>2. Nrcndl Ckty, "Rkdlsmnrkea Stnrtup Nrcndl Ckty sl onezn le 21 lstndhs"

>4 dl `nrzh dl 26>9.

>3. Kvne Cmle H'Elkoo, "\e dlirnudndhr lstndhuekdlesl7 On Dkral hi

Cmrksthpmlr Dnvkd, CLH dl on nrcndn dl on ckudnd," @ldkh 2 dl nbrko, lo 26>9.

>4. Nrcndl Ckudnd FNrcndlcktymnoo, Inclbhhj, 2 dl Nbrko 26>9.

><. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 22 dl Slptkl`brl

Slptkl`brl 26>9.

>9. Sk`he Vhorht "Sohcj.kt7 on prh`lsn dl hbglths chelctndhs le bohcjcmnke"

Ltlrlu` Irneckn 4 dl nbrko, lo 26>9.

>1. Ihrrlstlr Rlslnrcm, "Lo `lrcndh dl slrvkckhs dl eubl p÷bokcn crlclrî

rîpkdn`letl
rîpkdn`letl n $ 239 `ko `koohels le 2626", > dl slptkl`brl, lo 26>9.

>=. @nry-Nee Russhe "WlrhElt7 \e eulvh y rlvhouckhenrkh dl Ketlrelt V2V

dlscletrnokzndh pnrn uen Sehwdle `uedh phst-Ldwnrd" Ketlrentkheno
Buskelss Tk`ls dlo Rlkeh \ekdh, >2 dl Slptkl`brl 26>9.

>;. Vklrrl Brltlnu "" trnes`kskóe "dl on `÷skcn7 ohs nrtkstns nilctne n on ihr`n8
"Ol @hedl, 2< dl Guekh dl 26><.

26. "@kdl` / Ndn`k7 pnrn ue `lghr rlpnrth dlo vnohr pnrn on `÷skcn le oàeln"
Kr`n.nssh.ir > dl ilbrlrh dl 26>3.

>99
2>. N. D. Qnooncm, "Bktchke pnrn ons lstrloons. Có`h crkpth`heldn puldl
rlvhouckhenr on kedustrkn dl on `÷skcn "cneno dl rlthreh >6 dl dkckl`brl dl
26>4.

22. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 2; dl guokh lo 26>9.

23. Glrl`y Ahrdhe, "Tmh` [hrjl Onezn`kleths Eulvh îobu` dl @nþnen Cngns
`hdlrehs n trnvës dl BktThrrlet", Vktcmihrj 29 dl
d l slptkl`brl dl 26>4.

24. Okoy Juh, "K`hale Mlnp quklrl utkokznr on tlcehohaàn pnrn rlvhouckhenr
Bohcjcmnke on kedustrkn `uskcno", cunrzh, >; dl Ilbrlrh 26>9.

2<. [lssk Vërlz Blooh, "K`hale Mlnp7 On dlscletrnokznckóe dl on kedustrkn

`uskcno che Bohcjcmnke" Tlcm Ckty Elws, >4 dl @nyh 26>9.

29. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, >= dl Guokh 26>9.

21. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr 2> dl guokh 26>9.

2=. Vklrrl-Irneáhks Rnckel, Cheslgh Suplrkhr dl on prhpkldnd oktlrnrkn y

nrtàstkcn, cnrtn dl @kskóe dl = dl guokh,
g uokh, lo 26>9.

2;. @nrc Nedrllssle, "¸Vhr Bktchke @nttlrs" nrtl. ckudnd.

36. "rhbusth, rletnbol ...", nrt. ckudnd.

3>. Iuletl C@VN, le hctubrl lo 26>9.

32. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 2= Nahsth 26>9.

33. N. C. Dlspklrth "Qkookn` onezn Bktchke Bnedkt, uen npokcnckóe dl gulahs

`óvkols," Lo Dlspncmh 2< dl nahsth 26>9.

34. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, >= dl Guokh 26>9.

3<. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr phr chrrlh lolctróekch, 2= dl Slptkl`brl

Slptkl`brl 26>9.

39. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 9 dl Slptkl`brl 26>9.

Ehtns dlo Cnpàtuoh 9 "\e trn`phoàe mnckn ue `uedh nuth`ntkzndh"

nu th`ntkzndh"

>91
>. Anrtelr, "Anrtelr dkcl qul 9.4 `ko `koohels dl" chsns "chelctndns lstnrîe le
ush le 26>9, ue 36 phr ckleth `îs qul le 26><", >6 dl ehvkl`brl dl 26><.

2. Kdntl, "Ketlrelt dl ons chsns", 3> dl hctubrl dl 26><.

26 ><.

3. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, ; dl guokh dl 26>9.

4. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 29 dl guokh dl 26>9.

<. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 9 dl slptkl`brl dl 26>9.

9. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 29 dl guokh dl 26>9.

1. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 29 dl nahsth dl 26>9.

=. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 2< dl guokh dl 26>9.

;. Iohrkne Dlbls, "Tml bohcjcmnkes" le on vkdn rlno dl "l`prlsns", Ols Ëcmhs,

>< dl guekh dl 26>9.

>6. Stne Mkaakes, "Có`h Bktchke trngh lolctrkckdnd n uen lsculon sudnirkcnen",
ChkeDlsj, ; dl `nrzh dl 26>9.

>>. Chke`nrjltcnp, 2< dl ehvkl`brl dl 26>9.

>2. Tmh`ns Bohsslvkool, "Lelraàn shonr7 ons prk`lrns ShonrChkes dkstrkbukdns le

Irneckn", levkrhe`let-`nanzkel.ir
levkrhe`let-`nanzkel.ir,, 24 dl hctubrl dl 26>9.

>3. "Bhuyauls K``hbkoklr sl nshckn che Strntu`e pnrn oneznr uen bohcjcmnke
pnrn rldls ketlokaletls", ch`uekcndh dl prlesn, 4 dl hctubrl dl 26>9.

>4. Rkdmn Ohujko, "Bhuyauls K``hbkoklr cheiàn le Bohcjcmnke pnrn rnstrlnr lo

ketlrcn`bkh dl lelraàn shonr", O'\skel dkaktno, >6 dl hctubrl dl 26>9.

><. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 22 dl Slptkl`brl

Slptkl`brl 26>9.

>9. Vnuo Blejk`hue, "Lesnyh coàekch `hrtno dl Rleels7 ue keihr`l slþnon on

inotn dl keihr`nckóe dl ohs vhouetnrkhs", Ol @hedl, 22 dl `nyh dl 26>9.

>1. [vls Ludls, "Tml bohcjcmnke snol dl on lsilrn ikenecklrn pnrn kearlsnr n on
kedustrkn", Ol @hedl, >> dl guokh dl 26>9.

>9=
>=. Ghme Mhodle, Arla Krvkea, "Có`h Bohcjcmnke-Tk`lstn`pld Vrhthchos
phdràn `lghrnr on cheiknbkokdnd dl on ckleckn
ck leckn `ëdkcn", I>666 Rlslnrcm, 26>9.

>;. "Lo rlthreh dlo Dkn`netl dl Snearl", Aohbno Qktelss, >4 dl nbrko dl 26>6.

26. Olneel Jl`p (Hikcken dlo Ahbklreh dlo Rlkeh \ekdh pnrn on Ckleckn),
Tlcehohaàn dl Old Dkstrkbukdh7 @îs nooî dl Bohcj Cmnke, lelrh dl 26>9.

2>. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 23 dl nahsth dl 26>9.

Ehtns dlo Cnpàtuoh 1 "\e pkonr pnrn

pn rn on dl`hcrnckn y on nd`kekstrnckóe dlo
`nþnen"

>. No Ahrl, Kenuaurnckóe dl on Vrk`lrn Cheilrleckn @uedkno dl Dlsnrrhooh dl

ons Tlolch`uekcnckhels,
Tlolch`uekcnckhels, 2> dl `nrzh dl >;;4.

2. Vkn @neckek, "¸Có`h nctunokznr on dl`hcrnckn le on lrn dl Ketlrelt8 Tld

Tnojs, hctubrl dl 26>4.

3. Glne-Bnptkstl dl @hetvnohe, "Vnrn on `nyhràn dl

d l ohs irneclsls, on dl`hcrnckn
iueckhen cndn vlz `lehs", Ol @hedl, 1 dl ehvkl`brl dl 26>9.

4. [nscmn @huej Rhblrth Ihn Stline, "Ohs skaehs dl dlscheshokdnckóe

Dl`hcrîtkcn," Dknrkh dl on Dl`hcrnckn, keihr`ó le Awyee Aukoihrd, "Mnrvnrd
On kevlstkanckóe suaklrl qul lo nþh ch`polth alelrnckóe aohbno mn plrdkdh on
il le on dl`hcrnckn", cunrzh 36 dl ehvkl`brl 26>9.

<. Qkool`-Gne Mlealvlod, "Eldnp / Arhlelednno LS3B vhtnckóe hrdlendhr

tklel Neîoksks dl Slaurkdnd", Rhp Aheaarkgp 9 dl hctubrl dl 2669.

9. Onwrlecl Ehrdle, Cmrksthpmlr In`kamlttk, "Ons `îqukens dl vhtnckóe dl

Lstndhs \ekdhs le rklsah", Brleene Cletlr ihr Gustkcl, >< dl slptkl`brl dl
26><.

1. Nonke Nezknek, Nethkel Oliívrl, Keihr`l dl keihr`nckóe, ; dl nbrko dl 26>4.

=. Mh`loned Slcurkty, "Dlconrnckóe cheguetn dlo Dlpnrtn`leth dl Slaurkdnd

Enckheno y on Hikcken dlo Dkrlcthr Enckheno dl Ketlokaleckn shbrl Slaurkdnd
Lolcthrno", 1 dl hctubrl dl 26>9.

;. Rh`nke Rhupmnlo, "Yhtnckóe n trnvës dl Bohcjcmnke7 Lxplrk`lets ned

Illdbncj", OkejldKe,
OkejldKe, 2 dl `nyh dl 26>9.
>9;
>6. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 21 dl slptkl`brl dl 26>9.

>>. Letrlvkstndh le lo Bohcjcmnke Vnrokn`letnry Ihru`, 4 dl hctubrl dl 26>9.

>2. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, >4 dl dkckl`brl dl 26>9.

>3. Cmrks Ducjltt, "Dltnools dl Nustrnokn Vhst ponelne usnr Bohcjcmnke pnrn
vhtnr", WDElt, 22 dl nahsth dl 26>9.

>4. Ynbnrkkak Ynok`ksjh`ksghe, "Lstndàstkcns shbrl lo vhth phr Ketlrelt le

Lsthekn," mttp7//www.vvj.ll/vhtkea-`ltmhds-ke-lsthekn/leakedlx/stntkstkcs
(chesuotndh lo 2; dl lelrh dl 26>1).

><. Olneel Jl`p (Hikcken dlo Ahbklreh dlo Rlkeh \ekdh pnrn on Ckleckn),
Dkstrkbutld Oldalr Tlcmehohay, Nrt. ckudnd.

>9. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 21 dl slptkl`brl dl 26>9.

>1. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 29 dl nahsth dl 26>9.

>=. l-Lsthekn.ch`, Mlcmhs.

>;. Letrlvkstndh le lo Bohcjcmnke Vnrokn`letnry Ihru`, 4 dl hctubrl dl 26>9.

26. Dkaktno Ahuv Bnrh`ltlr 26>9, Kpshs pnrn Shprn Stlrkn, >< dl ehvkl`brl dl
26>9.

2>. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 9 dl hctubrl

hc tubrl dl 26>9.

22. Olneel Jl`p (Hikcken dlo Ahbklreh dlo Rlkeh \ekdh pnrn on Ckleckn),
Dkstrkbutld Oldalr Tlcmehohay, nrt. ckudnd.

23. "Rhbusth, rletnbol", nrt. ckudnd.

24. "Cn`bkh prhiuedh. Vueths dl keiolxkóe tlcehoóakcn l k`pncths shcknols ",

Tml Qhrod Lcheh`kc Ihru`, slptkl`brl dl 26><.

2<. Mhehrë dl Bnoznc, Lo Ehtnrkh, >=46.

29. Hrdlenezn Eh. 4<-2<;6 dlo 2 dl ehvkl`brl dl >;4< shbrl lo lstndh dlo
ehtnrkh.

>16
21. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 24 dl guokh dl 26>9.

2=. Onurn Smke, "Rlp÷bokcn dl Alhrakn pnrn prhbnr on tktuonckóe dl tklrrns le

Bohcjcmnke che lo lcheh`kstn Mlrenedh Dl Shth," BktIury,
BktIury, 2> dl nbrko dl 26>9.

2;. "Lo Aruph BktIury neueckn lo onezn`kleth dlo Vrhylcth dl Tktuonckóe dl

Tklrrns Bohcjcmnke le on Rlp÷bokcn dl Alhrakn", @ldku`,
@ldku`, 22 dl nbrko dl 26>9.

36. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 24 dl nahsth dl 26>9.

3>. Mhedurns chestrukrî tàtuohs dl prhpkldnd utkokznedh on tlcehohaàn dl

Bktchke, Alrtrudl Cmnvlz-Drlyiuss,
Cmnvlz-Drlyiuss, >< dl `nyh dl 26><
26> <

32. Letrlvkstn phr chrrlh lolctróekch che lo nuthr, >< dl slptkl`brl dl 26>9.

33. Iohrkne @netkhel Kestktutl, "Sëptk`h lstudkh currkcuonr leanþhsh", ilbrlrh

dl 26>3.

34. Letrlvkstn phr chrrlh lolctróekch che lo nuthr, >= dl guokh dl 26>9.
26 >9.

3<. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, < dl slptkl`brl

s lptkl`brl dl 26>9.

39. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 1 dl slptkl`brl

s lptkl`brl dl 26>9.

31. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 24 dl guokh dl 26>9.

Ehtns dl on tlrclrn pnrtl "OHS DLSNIÀHS DL BOHCJCMNKE"

>. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 3> dl nahsth dl 26>9.

2. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 1 dl hctubrl dl 26>9.

Ehtns dlo Cnpàtuoh = "Dlsnrrhooh dl skstl`ns lelraëtkcn`letl likckletls"

likckletls"

>. Slbnstknne Dllt`ne, "Bktchke phdràn chesu`kr `ucmn lolctrkckdnd dl

Dken`nrcn le 2626", @htmlrbhnrd, 2; dl `nrzh dl 26>9.

2. "Vrh`lsns y oà`ktls dl on tlcehohaàn" bohcjcmnke ", eulvh Lodhrndh dl ons

ikenezns", NIV,
NIV, ; dl nahsth dl 26>9.

>1>
3. Rhb Vrkcl, "`krl dletrh dlo `uedh surrlnokstn dl uen `ken dl bktchke
ksonedlsn, dhedl oktlrno`letl anene dkelrh dkaktno", Buskelss Keskdlr, 26 dl
nahsth dl 26><.

4. Dnths dlo Elw [hrj Tk`ls, dlo 24 dl `nyh no 29 dl guekh dl 26>9: Entmneklo
Vhpplr, "Có`h Cmken rlnokzó uen pnsnetàn le lo cletrh le on Aulrrn Ckvko dl
Bktchke", Elw [hrj Tk`ls, 2; dl guekh dl 26>9.
26> 9.

<. ShonrChke, "ShonrChke `hdkikcn su Bohcjcmnke y letrn le `hdh VHST (Vrulbn

dl tkl`ph dl rlponetlh)", 24 dl guokh dl 26><.

9. Letrlvkstndn le lo Bohcjcmnke Vnrokn`letnry

Vnrokn`letnry Ihru`, 4 dl hctubrl dl 26>9.

Ehtns dlo Cnpàtuoh ; "Ylohckdnd, cheikdlecknokdnd, slaurkdnd7 trls

dlsniàhs tëcekchs"

>. Lstk`nckóe bnsndn le ohs rlsuotndhs dl Vnypno le lo tlrclr trk`lstrl dl 26>9,

Vnypno, VnyVno keihr`n rlsuotndhs iulrtls dlo tlrclr trk`lstrl, 26 dl hctubrl
dl 26>9.

2. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 2= dl nahsth dl 26>9.

3. Alrtrudl Cmnvlz-Drlyiuss, "Nu`letn on n`lenzn ckblreëtkcn pnrn ohs

ketlrcn`bkhs dl Bktchke", Rlutlrs,
Rlutlrs, 2; dl nahsth dl 26>9.

4. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 2> dl guokh dl 26>9.

<. Letrlvkstndh le lo Bohcjcmnke Vnrokn`letnry

Vnrokn`letnry Ihru`, 4 dl hctubrl dl 26>9.

9. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 21 dl slptkl`brl dl 26>9.

Ehtn dlo cnpàtuoh >6 "@nrjltkea7 lechetrnr `hdlohs dl elahckhs vknbols

ske elanrsl"

>. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, >3 dl slptkl`brl dl 26>9.

Ehtns dlo cnpàtuoh >> "Trnesihr`nedh trnbnghs ske dlstrukroh"

>. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 9 dl slptkl`brl dl 26>9.

>12
2. @kcmnlo Cmuk, Gn`ls @neykjn, @lmdk @krl`ndk, Cuntrh iuedn`leths dl on
nuth`ntkznckóe dlo ouanr dl trnbngh, @cJkesly ^unrtlroy, ehvkl`brl dl 26><.

3. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 24 dl guokh dl 26>9.

4. Ghme @nyenrd Jlyels, Cnrtn n `ks eklths, >;3>.

<. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 2< dl guokh dl 26>9.

9. Bhhtstrnppkea \en Chrphrnckóe Nutóeh`n Dlscletrnokzndn7 Vnrtl K, Yktnokj

Butlrke, boha.ltmlrlu`.hra,
boha.ltmlrlu`.hra, 3> dl dkckl`brl dl 26>3.

Ehtns dlo cnpàtuoh >2 "Rlauonckóe ske irlenr on keehvnckóe"

>. Letrlvkstndh le lo Bohcjcmnke Vnrokn`letnry

Vnrokn`letnry Ihru`, 4 dl hctubrl dl 26>9.

2. Kbkd.

3. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 2> dl guokh dl 26>9.

4. Letrlvkstndh le lo Bohcjcmnke Vnrokn`letnry

Vnrokn`letnry Ihru`, 4 dl hctubrl dl 26>9.

<. Kbkd.

9. Kbkd.

1. Dlohkttl, LI@N, Hut hi tml Bohcjs, hp. ckt.

=. "¸Cuîo ls on enturnolzn olano dl Bktchke8 ", Bktchke.ir, 36 dl hctubrl dl

d l 26><.

;. Letrlvkstndh le lo Bohcjcmnke Vnrokn`letnry

Vnrokn`letnry Ihru`, 4 dl hctubrl dl 26>9.

>6. Kbkd.

>>. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 24 dl guokh dl 26>9.

>2. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 2< dl nahsth dl 26>9.

>3. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 26 dl slptkl`brl dl 26>9.

>4. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, >; dl guokh dl 26>9.

>13
><. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 29 dl guokh dl 26>9.

>9. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 3> dl nahsth dl 26>9.

>1. Cmrks @nttmlws, "Nquà mny cuîeths truchs k`phsktkvhs culstne no ahbklreh
dl ohs LL. \\. \e nþh", Ihrtuel, 2; dl
d l nbrko dl 26>9.

>=. "Stnrtup Cmnkenoysks dl Cyblrslcurkty dl Bohcjcmnke ikr`n ue `l`hrnedh

dl letledk`kleth che Lurhpho", Ikelxtrn.ch`, >; dl ilbrlrh dl 26>9.

>;. Olneel Jl`p (Hikcken dlo Ahbklreh dlo Rlkeh \ekdh pnrn on Ckleckn),
Dkstrkbutld Oldalr Tlcmehohay, Nrt. ckudnd.

26. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 2> dl guokh dl 26>9.

2>. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, >; dl guokh dl 26>9.

22. "Rhbusth, rletnbol", nrt. ckudnd.

Ehtns dlo cnpàtuoh >3 "\en culstkóe dl shblrneàn pnrn Irneckn y Lurhpn"

>. Letrlvkstndh le lo Bohcjcmnke Vnrokn`letnry

Vnrokn`letnry Ihru`, 4 dl hctubrl dl 26>9.

2. Kbkd.

3. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 23 dl guokh dl 26>9.

4. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, = dl slptkl`brl dl 26>9.

<. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 26 dl guokh dl 26>9.

9. Letrlvkstndn le lo Bohcjcmnke Vnrokn`letnry

Vnrokn`letnry Ihru`, 4 dl hctubrl dl 26>9.

1. Olneel Jl`p (Hikcken dlo Ahbklreh dlo Rlkeh \ekdh pnrn on Ckleckn),
Dkstrkbutld Oldalr Tlcmehohay, Nrt. ckudnd.

=. Letrlvkstn che lo nuthr, 2< dl nahsth dl 26>9.

Ehtns dl on checouskóe

>. Nonke, Shbrl on ilokckdnd, >;23.

>14
2. @kcmlo Bnuwles, Bohcjcmnke. ¸Dlo sulþh tlcehcrîtkch n on mlrrn`kletn
l`neckpnthrkn
l`neckpnthrkn 8, Bohair.p2pihuedntkhe.elt,
Bohair.p2pihuedntkhe.elt, 2 dl `nyh dl 26>9.

>1<