AN EVALUATION OF GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE FOR

THE RESTORATION OF ECOSYSTEM IN HONG KONG

Johnny Mok 1, Abid Nadeem2, Daniel Ho3

ABSTRACT

Environmental greening is becoming a pressing issue in the construction industry as Hong

Kong Government has set its sights on improving Hong Kong people's quality of life and the
environment. Environmental improvement inevitably brings health benefits and makes Hong
Kong a more attractive and enjoyable place to live.

In recent years engineers in Hong Kong have used hydro mulching greening method for
rehabilitation of rockfill slope. The spraying of hydro mulching on top of the rockfill slope
will not only increase the aesthetic appearance of the environment but also promote the
growth of vegetation as well as the restoring the ecosystem in our environment. Besides,
green roofing technology has been used quite extensively in the construction industry so as to
provide a friendly environment which creates a pleasing visual appearance, improve air
quality, minimise sunlight reflection and reducing the ambient temperature of the building in
the hot summer.

This paper describes the merits of greening on artificial slope as well as roofing system for
the remediation of our environment. The major constraints of applying green technology for
the restoration of the ecology of the slope and roof are discussed and integrated merits of this
approach are provided.

KEYWORDS

Rockfill slope, Sustainability, roof greening, ecosystem restoration, Waste material, Hong
Kong.

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INTRODUCTION
Unlike many other big cities in the world, Hong Kong is small in size as it has an area of
1,124 sq. km with a population of about 6.8 millions. The average population density is
around 6,300 per sq. m. (Chan & Fong, 2002). Owning to the hilly nature, Hong Kong has to
obtain land by either reclamation or excavation of the hillsides. The ever increasing demand
in land and the high living standard has enabled further development of the society and it is
difficult to maintain an equilibrium development in the society including economy and the
well being of the natural environment. Additional floor spaces are generated by
redevelopment of urban area with more old building being demolished and replaced by high-
rise building.

Hong Kong is in a geographically hilly region and most of the territories developments are
associated with cutting of hills and leaving many slopes behind. These slopes in the past had
caused some loss of life and a significant amount of property damage. In order to ensure
safety of slopes, geotechnical control measures were enforced on building and infrastructure
developments (Chan R.K. S., 1997).

Waste material arising from construction sites also produced large amount of construction
wastes generated during the construction phase. As construction is taking place continuously in
Hong Kong, the amount of solid waste and its disposal have become a serious environmental
problem, leading to visual pollution, public health hazards, water and air pollution. The
sustainability of the regime due to rapid development in this area is a big concern.

In Hong Kong, about 11 million tones of demolition waste are produced yearly, which
amounts to about 4 times as much as of municipal solid waste generated by the construction
industry. Unfortunately, the generation of MSW has been growing at a much faster rate than
expected, and our consumption-led lifestyle is putting enormous pressure on these landfills
and it is anticipated that the three existing landfills will be full in the early 2010s. If the
waste loads continue to increase, there will be a need to allocate an additional 400 hectares of
land to develop new landfill sites to meet our waste disposal needs up to 2030. Recycling of
waste material can be considered as the key concept of modern waste management and is
classified as the third component of waste hierarchy to relieve the waste pressure on the
society and both waste management and ecological rehabilitation of man-made slopes are
major concerns in the society.

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The production of waste material in Hong Kong has imposed tremendous amount of pressure
in this regime due to rapid increase of economic activity and population growth of this small
area, natural resources are consumed in their day-to-day operations and generating wastes.
The construction process can impose significant environmental impacts over the entire life
cycle (Polster et al., 1996; Morledge and Jackson, 2001).

Although recycling of waste material is nothing new, it is a relatively innovative idea in

construction industry. Using recycled material is one of the solutions to overcome the
excessive waste problem. In addition to the environmental benefits in reducing the demand
on land for disposing the wastes, the use of recycled material can also help to conserve
natural materials. In Hong Kong, the tall buildings on either side of narrow streets can trap
heat and pollution and result in a sort of microclimate.

Greening plays an important role in building an environmentally friendly society as it brings

about benefits to our environment, and engages various sectors of the society. Green roofing
plays an important role in Hong Kong as it can provide extra green space and improve
townscape. Further it can also enhance the effectiveness of heat insulation and reducing the
ambient temperature around us. In this era, sustaining our environment is becoming an
increasingly important issue as all countries are making an effort to protect their environment.
The object of this paper is to appraise the merits of applying recycling material and to analyze
the scope and various possible applications of recycle materials for slope stability and green
roofing system.

THE DEMAND OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN HONG KONG

There are three main threats for the implementation of green technology in Hong Kong due to
increasing in waste loads as well as the risk of landslide caused by rainfall and the climate
change in Hong Kong. Like many developed places in the other parts of the countries, waste
loads usually increases as its economy is progressing. Hong Kong’s three strategic landfills
will be filled up in the early 2010.

The Policy Framework study by (EPD 2005) was trying to resolve targets for reducing waste
and to ensure that local waste management can be minimized, not only in the immediate
future, but also in the long term basis.

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 Figure 1: Solid Waste Disposal in 2007
(Source: Environment Hong Kong 2008 – Quality Living Environment)

Figure 1 indicates that in 2007, 45 per cent of municipal solid waste was recovered for the
purpose of recycling or re-use. Domestic waste loads at landfills also fell by 4 per cent.
However, waste generated from the commercial and industrial sectors increased due to the
robust economic growth and strong tourism influx. This contributed to a 1.6 per cent
increase in the total municipal solid waste disposed of at landfills (EPD 2008).

CLIMATE CHANGE
According to the Fourth Assessment Report of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC 2007), warming of the climate system is unequivocal and most of
the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century is very
likely due to the increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentration. Global warming
would also lead to thermal expansion of sea water and extensive melting of ice and snow over
ground resulting in the rise of the global mean sea level.

According to the analysis of observed data from the (Hong Kong Observatory 2010), the
climate change in Hong Kong can be attributed to the combined effect of global warming and
local urbanization. Temperature and rainfall are the major changes of environmental
elements.

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 Figure 2: Annual Mean Temperature Record between 1947 to 2008
(Source: Hong Kong Observatory Headquarters)

Figure 2 shows that from 1947 to 2008, the average rise of temperature amounted to 0.16°C
per decade. The warming has become faster in the period 1989 to 2008, at a rate of 0.23°C
per decade.

Urbanization is one of the possible causes for the rainfall's increasing trend and the regional
variation in Hong Kong. The rainfall over different regions of HK was generally on a rising
trend. The rate was higher over the urban areas than the New Territories, offshore islands
and high grounds. Figure 3 shows that in the 62 year period after the World War II, the
annual total rainfall has been risen at a rate of 56mm per decade.

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 Figure 3: Annual Rainfall Record between 1947 to 2008
(Source: Hong Kong Observatory Headquarters)

RAIN INDUCED SLOPE PROBLEM IN HONG KONG

As discussed before, there are several incidents of exceptionally heavy rainfall during the
summer in the past decades. As such rainfall has increased substantially and in turn heavy
rainfall can cause rain induced slope in Hong Kong. This is especially true when there is a
development of low pressure trough and tropical cyclone during the summer which caused
many landslide problems. These landslides had caused some loss of life and a significant
amount of property damage.

Non-circular methods such Janbu (1954) and Morgenstern (1965) methods have been used
quite widely to analyze failure surface and to search for the minimum non-circular failure
surface. Many landslides associated with heavy rainfall had happened in the past 30 years
such as Sau Mau Ping Resettlement Estate in 1972 and Shum Wan Road in 1995 creating as
much as nearly 57,000 man-made slopes and retaining walls in Hong Kong.

One of the major factors affecting the slope stability performance is the growing of
vegetation along the slope. Technical guidelines were developed (GCO, 1984) by the
government for the use of vegetations for slope surface protection. The simulation of the
vegetation growth can be done by the concept Leaf Area Index which is an important
parameter relating to the potential soil evaporation and potential transpiration for modelling a

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hydrological cycle. Many simulation programs such as SWATRE (Belmans et. al. 1983)
have been used successfully to simulate the water movement in soil through the plant roots to
the atmosphere. In the analysis of slope stability, two different methods such as Janbu and
Morgenstern and Price have been used extensively in Hong Kong.

The other method known as Combined Hydrology and Stability Model (CHASM) developed
by (Wilkinson et al., 2000) has been used quite commonly. The software incorporates
vegetation and soil parameters to solve slope stability problem by non-circular slip failure
surface incorporating Janbu method of analysis.

THE THORITICAL BASIS OF THE MECHANISM OF SOIL VEGETATION

INTERACTION
It has been well documented that the removal of slope vegetation can increase the rate of soil
erosion and reduces the factor of safety. Soil bioengineering which incorporates soil
engineering and ecology offers a viable solution for the protection of water and soil resources
against soil losses and erosion in slope area (Sotir and Christopher, 2003). An integrated
slope hydrology and slope stability model can be used to evaluate the stability of a slope. If
vegetation in a slope is well established, then it can provide a canopy to intercept the rainfall
so as to prevent soil detachment and movement. Furthermore, substantial lowering of water
table by the soil suction of root uptake through evaporation- transpiration could also reduce
the risk of slope failure.

The equation by Richard (Belmans, C. et al. 1983) has been used extensively by scientist and
engineer to solve infiltration and soil water transport problems in soils for unsaturated zone.
The equation is derived from a combination of the Darcy’s law and the continuity equation:

where

K = the hydraulic conductivity (m/day)

h = the pressure (matric) potential (m)
0 = the volumetric water content (m3/m3)

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z = the gravitational potential in (m)
t = time (day)

The above equation considers precipitation and potential evapotranspiration rate as the upper
boundary condition. Actual transpiration is limited by the rate of water uptake by plant root.
Plants are main carriers of water incorporating root uptake capability in regulating the
moisture-root-plant-air system. The vegetation parameters included plant height, rooting
depth and leaf area index. The soil parameters are soil permeability, soil suction and others.

The effective precipitation is the difference between the measured rainfall and the computed
interception since surface runoff increases in low permeability soils during high intensity
rainstorms in summer monsoon season. Water will stay on the ground surface when rainfall
intensity is greater than the capacity of the soil for absorbing water. Since the topographic in
Hong Kong is complicated, the surface features ensure that overland flow will occur in
rainfall events of moderate to high intensities.

Potential evapotranspiration is the upper boundary condition in the simulation of water

content redistribution in soils. Although the rainfall data show much variability, the use of the
average daily rainfall can usually be used in the simulation. The modelling of the plant
characteristics can be performed through the input of vegetation coefficients including plant
height and root depth and leaf area index value which is function of the soil surface covered
by plants. A second degree polynomial function can be used for the prediction of the leaf area
index for the vegetation. The LAI is a function of the soil cover for the plant.

BENEFITS OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN THE SUSTAINABILITY OF

ENVIRONMENT
Hydro mulching system and green roof system are very similar vegetation process as both of
them are using plants to cover the surface of the construction site such as rockfill slope and
rooftop. The plants of hydro mulching and green roof provide a broad range of benefits,
whether on the ground, rockfill slope or on a rooftop. The exploration continues on the
natural processes of vegetation and how best it can be used in an urban environment. In
photosynthesis, for example, plant use energy from the sun to turn carbon dioxide into
oxygen with the help of chlorophyll. Leaves collect dust, transpire moisture in the air and
provide shade. Roots hold soil in place and prevent erosion, thus preventing sedimentation of
nearby waterways. Plant roots and their attached enzymes and micro-rhzyal fungi, filter and
treat rainwater as it percolates through the ground and marking the environment more

8
resilient. Transferring these processes to roofs can provide substantial advantages such as
viable storm water management, energy efficiency, urban ecology, aesthetic and other
benefit.

Hydro mulching system and green roofing system can have moderation effect on the Urban
Heat Island Effect (UHI). Through the daily dew and evaporation cycle, plants on vertical
and horizontal surfaces are able to cool cities during hot summer months. In the process of
evapotranspiration, plants use heat energy from their surroundings (approximately 592 kcal
per L of water) when evaporating water. One m2 (10.76 ft2) of foliage can evaporate over 0.5
litres of water on a hot day and on an annual basis, the same area can evaporate up to 700
litres of water which can substantially reduce the unban heat island (UHI) effect in the
summer.

Green roofs and green slope can play important roles in reducing the (UHI), augmenting the
existing vegetation, but the precise amount of coverage is still uncertain. A pilot study of the
Tsing Yi Green Site Office (Hui, S. C. M., 2006) revealed that the temperature inside the
ceiling of the site office nearby on a sunny day with 33℃ can have a high temperature of up
to 52℃ at 2pm under sunshine. In comparing to the green roofing site office, the temperature
of the ceiling can reduce to about 33℃ under sunshine at 3pm with a 19℃ difference
comparing to ordinary site office. This is an indication that the green roof installation has
made significant contribution in reducing the thermal loading during the evapotranspiration
process.

On the other hand, slopes, retaining walls, sky scrapers and high rise buildings can be seen
everywhere in Hong Kong either in living or working environment, and their appearance has
a direct visual impact on our city and living environment as buildings have been constructed
with grey concrete and the various paraphernalia of pipes, electrical and mechanical
equipments and maintenance apparatus that usually clutters roof spaces.

Visual aesthetic benefits are offered by both hydro mulching slope greening and green roof
methods. These green technologies have been credited with the ability to significantly
improve the visual appearance of both rockfill slope and rooftop. Greening of slope provides
a gorgeous outlook and improves the environment with harmonious atmosphere. The
improvement is the environment that helps to soothe the emotion of the residents and enhance
the recovery pace during therapy. Beside, by converting a conventional roof into a green
roof, it is also more appealing to the senses of people. The therapeutic effects of having

9
green plants and natural vegetation around human beings can be substantial which include
stress reduction, lowering of blood pressure, relief of muscle tension and increase in positive
feeling. Imagine different kinds and colours of flowers and plants are grown on the road side
and rooftop of the building, what a perfect way to decorate the city.

CASE STUDY 1: HYDRO MULCHING ON ROCKFILL SLOPE

In 2000 an agreement has been established between the government and the Disney
International to build Hong Kong Disneyland at a site near Penny’s bay in Lantau Island. As
shown in figure 4, the project site is at Yam O Fresh Water Services Reservoir, Lantau Island
where a service reservoir with access and pipeline was constructed within the site of the
country park in the Southern part of the Island. As the slope was designed to be covered by
(Gabion Wall) rockfill that will cause bad visual impact to visitors during the opening
ceremony of the Hong Kong Disneyland. Toyo Greenland Ltd has been assigned to green up
the slope to provide excellent visual appearance for visitors and the rehabilitate the ecosystem
of the site area. The existing rockfill slope was treated with organic hydro mulching which
serves to maintain the slope integrity as well as providing an environmental friendly greening
effect. The mulching system comprises of a double layer of non-woven fertilizer strip which
is installed inside the three dimensioned PVC coated wire mesh and fixed on rock slope with
galvanized mild steel anchor and sub-anchor to firm support beneath the rock surface to
provide full vegetation cover to the slope.

Figure 4 - Project Site Located at Yam O (Disney Land)

The construction project lasted for seven months and ended in May 2004 and it only took a
few months after hydro-mulching installation that the slope was changed to fresh green.

10
Some of the pioneer species of grass seeds even germinated very rapidly. As the plantations
are native flowering and evergreen species, hence very low maintenance was required. The
flower was green all year around as shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5 - View of the Project Site before and 4 Years after Green Slope Construction

PROCEDURE OF WORK
The construction of the rockfill green slope involved the installation of wire mesh with
anchor and sub-anchor followed by fertilizer strip installation. Turf reinforcement Mat is
fixed with fabricated fertilizer strip in order to strength the planting material to prevent
leakage and washout between the rocks. Spacers are fixed under the Turf Reinforcement Mat
in order to indicate the thickness of fiber soil sprayed on the top. The fiber soil, which
consists with peat moss, compost, slow release fertilizer and bonding agent and then mixed
with grass seeds. Unique wet spraying machinery is used to spray the mortar to cover the
whole slope. The fiber soil is a good planting media and its high air permeability will
encourage development of the rooting system. It could also retain moisture and nutrients for
roots to improve bioengineering strength of vegetation so as to hold soil particles to prevent
erosion. A biodegradable erosion control mat, Geomat, is laid to provide the temporary
surface erosion control until the successful establishment of vegetation.

The spraying of the unique fiber soil called Soil-Factor Mix which consists of more than 60%
of organic matter such that 50mm thickness of the layer is good enough to support the
selected vegetation of climber and grass species. The high permeability of the Soil-Factor

11
allows roots of vegetation to penetrate into the planting medium which is the most important
factor in promotion fast vegetation growth with the chosen seed mix. Besides, the Soil Factor
Mix is the self-sustained material being proved to be non-washed out under the heavy
rainstorm on steep slope in Hong Kong. It is light in weight compared to traditional topsoil
and has cohesive ability to provide surface erosion control functions. On the other hand,
distinctive Eco-Bay has been used for plantation of scrubs and small trees. The vegetation
can be self-sustained on the steep slope of rockfill slope and sand, clay or mud was included
for hydro mulching with the fiber soil consists of high content of natural fiber. This material
is light and has been used to minimize the surcharge load to the existing slope.

CASE STUDY 2: GREEN ROOF IN FU SHAN ESTATE MARKET

Fu Shan Estate market is located at Fu Shan Estate at Wong Tai Sin (Housing Authority,
2009) which is a single storey market block. This project was located at the roof floor of the
building with an area of about 914 square meter supervised by the Hong Kong Housing
Authority (HA) as shown in figure 6. In early November 2008, the Transport and Housing
Bureau briefed the Legislative Council Panel on Housing on the environment-friendly
designs and green measures implemented by the Housing Authority (HA) in 2007/08 in
general, the project of the green roof of the Fu Shan Estate market was the second pilot
scheme of HA. The construction cost of green roofing system is about $1,000 per square
meter which include the green roofing system, plants and design and construction fee.

When the Transport and Housing Bureau embarked on the re-roofing works for the Fu Shan
Estate market block in September 2007, they were having discussion with the local District
Council Members and some local tenants’ representatives. A series of feasibility studies
were performed to ensure that the existing single-storey market block was suitable for the
green roof installation. These included structural inspection of its capability to take on the
extra loading and that the draining system could cope with the greening installation. Since
the roof will be re-roofed, and apart from installing a few water points for irrigation, there
was no substantial additional plumbing works, therefore the water-proof condition of the roof
did not require further inspection.

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 Figure 6 - Rooftop of Market before Greening
(Source: Hong Kong Housing Authority)

DESIGN CONCEPT
The green roofing system at Fu Shan Estate market is an extensive roofing system as shown
in figure 7. On top of the inorganic growing substrate and drainage layer, maintenance
pebble paths and greening materials of mainly sedum plants were installed according to the
design pattern. A landscape pattern carrying good wishes for residents and of strong visual
effect was developed an plants of different types and colours were organised into the form of
a fish symbolising wealth and abundance as shown in figures 8 and cross section drawing
plan in figure 9.

Figure 7 - Design Concept

(Source: Hong Kong Housing Authority)

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 Figure 8 - Drawing Plan
(Source: Hong Kong Housing Authority)

Figure 9 - Drawing Plan – Side Plan

(Source: Hong Kong Housing Authority)
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The majority of the plants used in the project are sedum plants, commonly known as
stonecrop and mostly found in the Northern Hemisphere. They are hardy succulents that can
survive in extreme drought and climatic conditions. As shown in figure 10 most of the
Northern Hemisphere plants were used for this project. Sedums are usually slow-growing
spreading groundcovers with pink, white or yellow flowers. They exist as annuals to
perennials, and even herbaceous.

Figure 10 - Front View and Plant Layout

(Source: Hong Kong Housing Authority)

CONCLUSIONS

Upon completion of the construction works, both sites have been restored by vegetation such
as grass and plants throughout all seasons. The organic hydro-mulching system has now been
adopted by local engineer and architect as a cost effective methodology to enable vegetation
to grow on rock fill slope. In the Yam O project, it was found that local native species of
shrub and flower can be adopted seamlessly into the natural vegetation system which would
enhance the ecology restoration of surrounding environment. The native bushes attract a
variety of birds, butterflies and other animals, supporting biodiversity. Roof greening method
however has been used extensively by the housing authority and other government agency
such as (ASD 2007) on building roofs and once the vegetation is established, the native plants
can benefit the environment by producing more green spaces. The constructed area covered
by green surfaces can reduce the quantity of sealed surfaces and provide wildlife
development for ecology restoration.

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The demand for green technology in our society is becoming increasingly important to our
environment as this technology has been widely adopted in other parts of the world, such as
Europe, North America, Germany. Many studies and research revealed that green roofs can
provide different benefits, not only our present living condition; ultimately it can affect our
next generation. Today, many countries have been threatened by environmental factors due
to global warming, air pollution, urban heat island effect, climate change and greenhouse
effect which may eventually lead to the retardation of our economic growth and threaten our
health.

In this paper, two cases studies are reviewed, all representing recent project developments in
relation to green infrastructure. The case study in Yam O indicates that organic hydro-
mulching is a viable method to control waste material and simultaneously can restore the
appearance of the problematic slope. The rehabilitated slope and roof can provide substantial
benefits such as improving air quality, the ecology of our environment, enhancing
biodiversity, alleviation the (UHI) effect, provide energy saving building and adding visual
and aesthetic values. High quality green infrastructure can provide more accessible space
which is essential for the development and support of our economic growth and aspirations to
our society.

END NOTES:
1
Johnny Mok is a member of the Centre of Urban and Built Environment, Hong Kong College of Technology,
johnymok@hkct.edu.hk
2
Abid Nadeem is a Lecturer of Hong Kong College of Technology, dat_nabid@mymail.hkct.edu.hk
3
Daniel Ho is the Managing Director of Toyo Greenland Co., Ltd., Hong Kong, Danielho@toyogreen.com

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