BALANCING BUILT ENVIRONMENT: A HYBRID DESIGN APPROACH

Other air pollutants, such as lead-based compounds, can lead to serious health effects like
cancer, or other types of reproductive effects and birth defects.

1.1.3. Change in Climate

Climate change is the variation in regional and global weather or climatic pattern studied for
the extended period typically decades or longer. In present context, the climate change is
global concerned since the range of its effect on environment is considerable. Earth's climate
has fluctuated for millions of years but the rate of changes verified since industrial revolution
is very alarming. These changes are linked to some natural phenomenon and human activities
such as the combustion of fossil fuels, large scale industrial pollution, deforestation and land-
use change connected to urbanization and human settlement around the world. (Ede, et al.,
2013).
The world is heading towards rapid urbanization which has directly aided the emission of green
house gases. The plants and equipments required for infrastructural project consume huge
amount of fuel and energy for their operation which seems to be large emitter giving negative
impact to the environment.

1.2. Urban Heat Island Effects

Urban heat island (UHI) effect is widely recognized as a heat accumulation phenomenon,
which is the most obvious characteristic of urban climate caused by urban construction and
human being activities. (Yang Li, 2016)

Urban Heat Island is classified into two types, namely, Surface Urban Heat Island and
Atmospheric Urban Heat Island. Surface Urban Heat Island is a phenomenon where surfaces
like roofs, pavements are heated on day time. When urban air gets warmer than the adjacent
rural air temperature, it defines as Atmospheric Urban Heat Island which is further divided in
two subdivisions in the form of Canopy Layer Urban Heat Island and Boundary Layer Urban
Heat Island. Canopy Layer Urban Heat Island Heat Island forms from the ground to below the
tops of trees or roofs whereas Boundary Layer Urban Heat Island start from the roof top or
tree top level and extend up to the point where urban landscape no longer influence the
atmosphere. (Bhargava A, 2017)

One of the vital reasons for the formation of UHI is the large amount of built up surfaces like
concrete, asphalt which has a high heat capacity (Akbari et al. 2001). Low albedo materials
are further contributing to worsening the phenomenon.

The urbanization causes an increased need for mobility in conjunction with the expansion of
trade and the improvement of accessibility to different parts of the globe which then leads to
congestion in traffic. Urban centers are often developed according to specific natural settings
and thus in singular conditions. Thus, the transport will concentrate mainly in the urban areas
and its impact will therefore appear dramatically on the environment and the atmosphere that
lead to climate change. (Haddad Louiza, 2015)

GROUP-5 3